@inproceedings{ben-atya-etal-2026-trustworthy,
    title = "Trustworthy {NLP} for Low-Resource Languages: Agent-Based Uncertainty Modeling for {H}ebrew Radiology Report Structuring",
    author = "Ben Atya, Hadas  and
      Gavrielov, Naama  and
      Badash, Zvi  and
      Focht, Gili  and
      Cytter-Kuint, Ruth  and
      Hagopian, Talar  and
      Turner, Dan  and
      Freiman, Moti",
    editor = "Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Roberts, Kirk  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2026",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-acl-workshops/2026.bionlp-1.24/",
    pages = "292--311",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-434-7",
    abstract = "Reliable extraction of structured information from radiology reports using Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge, particularly for complex, non-English texts such as Hebrew. This study proposes an agent-based, uncertainty-aware framework to enhance the reliability and interpretability of LLM predictions in clinical contexts. A total of 9,683 Hebrew radiology reports from Crohn{'}s disease patients (2010?2023) across three medical centers were analyzed. Of these, 512 reports were manually annotated for six gastrointestinal organs and 15 pathological findings, while the remainder were automatically labeled using HSMP-BERT. Structured data extraction was performed with Llama 3.1 (Llama 3-8b-instruct) employing Bayesian Prompt Ensembles (BayesPE), which utilized six semantically equivalent prompts to quantify uncertainty. An Agent-Based Decision Model aggregated prompt outputs into five calibrated confidence levels and was benchmarked against three entropy-based approaches. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, F1 score, precision, recall, and Cohen{'}s Kappa before and after filtering high-uncertainty cases. The agent-based model outperformed all baselines, achieving an F1 score of 0.3967, recall of 0.6437, and Kappa of 0.3006; after excluding cases with uncertainty = 0.5, the F1 score increased to 0.4787 and Kappa to 0.4258. The proposed framework improves uncertainty calibration and predictive reliability, advancing the safe deployment of LLMs in medical data extraction."
}