@inproceedings{chia-etal-2025-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the effectiveness of Data Augmentation and Contrastive Learning for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Chia, Noel  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    editor = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint 25th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics and 11th Baltic Conference on Human Language Technologies (NoDaLiDa/Baltic-HLT 2025)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Tallinn, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Library",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/fix-sig-urls/2025.nodalida-1.8/",
    pages = "66--79",
    ISBN = "978-9908-53-109-0",
    abstract = "Data Augmentation (DA) and Contrastive Learning (CL) are widely used in NLP, but their potential for NER has not yet been investigated in detail. Existing work is mostly limited to zero- and few-shot scenarios where improvements over the baseline are easy to obtain. In this paper, we address this research gap by presenting a systematic evaluation of DA for NER on small, medium-sized and large datasets with coarse and fine-grained labels. We report results for a) DA only, b) DA in combination with supervised contrastive learning, and c) DA with transfer learning. Our results show that DA on its own fails to improve results over the baseline and that supervised CL works better on larger datasets while transfer learning is beneficial if the target dataset is very small. Finally, we investigate how contrastive learning affects the learned representations, based on dimensionality reduction and visualisation techniques, and show that CL mostly helps to separate named entities from non-entities."
}