@inproceedings{lasheras-pinheiro-2025-calquest,
    title = "{C}a{LQ}uest.{PT}: Towards the Collection and Evaluation of Natural Causal Ladder Questions in {P}ortuguese for {AI} Agents",
    author = "Lasheras, Uriel Anderson  and
      Pinheiro, Vladia",
    editor = "Hettiarachchi, Hansi  and
      Ranasinghe, Tharindu  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Gaber, Mohamed  and
      Premasiri, Damith  and
      Tan, Fiona Anting  and
      Uyangodage, Lasitha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Models for Low-Resource Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/fix-sig-urls/2025.loreslm-1.26/",
    pages = "325--343",
    abstract = "Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly central to the development of generative AI across diverse fields. While some anticipate these models may mark a step toward artificial general intelligence, their ability to handle complex causal reasoning remains unproven. Causal reasoning, particularly at Pearl{'}s interventional and counterfactual levels, is essential for true general intelligence. In this work, we introduce CaLQuest.PT, a dataset of over 8,000 natural causal questions in Portuguese, collected from real human interactions. Built upon a novel three-axis taxonomy, CaLQuest.PT categorizes questions by causal intent, action requirements, and the level of causal reasoning needed (associational, interventional, or counterfactual). Our findings from evaluating CaLQuest.PT{'}s seed questions with GPT-4o reveal that this LLM face challenges in handling interventional and relation-seeking causal queries. These results suggest limitations in using GPT-4o for extending causal question annotations and highlight the need for improved LLM strategies in causal reasoning. CaLQuest.PT provides a foundation for advancing LLM capabilities in causal understanding, particularly for the Portuguese-speaking world."
}