@inproceedings{schulder-etal-2020-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing a Lexicon of Polarity Shifters through the Supervised Classification of Shifting Directions",
    author = "Schulder, Marc  and
      Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/fix-sig-urls/2020.lrec-1.616/",
    pages = "5010--5016",
    language = "eng",
    ISBN = "979-10-95546-34-4",
    abstract = "The sentiment polarity of an expression (whether it is perceived as positive, negative or neutral) can be influenced by a number of phenomena, foremost among them negation. Apart from closed-class negation words like ``no'', ``not'' or ``without'', negation can also be caused by so-called polarity shifters. These are content words, such as verbs, nouns or adjectives, that shift polarities in their opposite direction, e.g. ``abandoned'' in ``abandoned hope'' or ``alleviate'' in ``alleviate pain''. Many polarity shifters can affect both positive and negative polar expressions, shifting them towards the opposing polarity. However, other shifters are restricted to a single shifting direction. ``Recoup'' shifts negative to positive in ``recoup your losses'', but does not affect the positive polarity of ``fortune'' in ``recoup a fortune''. Existing polarity shifter lexica only specify whether a word can, in general, cause shifting, but they do not specify when this is limited to one shifting direction. To address this issue we introduce a supervised classifier that determines the shifting direction of shifters. This classifier uses both resource-driven features, such as WordNet relations, and data-driven features like in-context polarity conflicts. Using this classifier we enhance the largest available polarity shifter lexicon."
}