QUESTION = The history of Canada

GENERATION = This Nova special explains it better than I ever could. _URL_0_ 

RETRIEVAL #0 = History of Canada---towards the British presence in North America. Section::::Canada under British rule.:Rebellions and the Durham Report. The rebellions of 1837 against the British colonial government took place in both Upper and Lower Canada. In Upper Canada, a band of Reformers under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie took up arms in a disorganized and ultimately unsuccessful series of small-scale skirmishes around Toronto, London, and Hamilton. In Lower Canada, a more substantial rebellion occurred against British rule. Both English- and French-Canadian rebels, sometimes using bases in the neutral United States, fought several skirmishes against the authorities. The towns of Chambly and Sorel were taken by the rebels, and Quebec City was isolated from the rest of the colony. Montreal rebel leader Robert Nelson read the "Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada" to a crowd assembled at the town of Napierville in 1838. The rebellion of the "Patriote movement" was defeated after battles across Quebec. Hundreds were arrested, and several villages were burnt in reprisal. British Government then sent Lord Durham to examine the situation; he stayed in Canada only five months before returning to Britain and brought with him his Durham Report, which strongly recommended responsible government. A less well-received recommendation was the amalgamation of Upper and Lower Canada for the deliberate assimilation of the French-speaking population. The Canadas were merged into a single colony, the United Province of Canada, by the 

RETRIEVAL #1 = Canada---changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850. New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic-speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891. The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The "Act of Union" merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). The Alaska Purchase of 1867 by the United States established the border along the Pacific coast, although there would continue to be some disputes about the exact demarcation of the Alaska-Yukon and Alaska-BC border for years to come. Section::::History.:Confederation and expansion. Following several constitutional conferences, the Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the 

RETRIEVAL #2 = History of Canada---; essays by experts evaluate the scholarly literature BULLET::::- ; essays by experts evaluate the scholarly literature Section::::External links. BULLET::::- The Canadian Encyclopedia BULLET::::- National Historic Sites of Canada BULLET::::- The Dictionary of Canadian Biography BULLET::::- Canadian Studies – Guide to the Sources BULLET::::- The Quebec History encyclopedia by Marianopolis College BULLET::::- The Historica-Dominion Institute, includes Heritage Minutes BULLET::::- H-CANADA, daily academic discussion email list BULLET::::- Canadian History & Knowledge – Association for Canadian Studies BULLET::::- Baldwin Collection of Canadiana at Toronto Public Library 

RETRIEVAL #3 = History of Canada---History of Canada The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day. Prior to European colonization, the lands encompassing present-day Canada were inhabited for millennia by Indigenous peoples, with distinct trade networks, spiritual beliefs, and styles of social organization. Some of these older civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have been discovered through archaeological investigations. Starting in the late 15th century, French and British expeditions explored, colonized, and fought over various places within North America in what constitutes present-day Canada. The colony of New France was claimed in 1534 with permanent settlements beginning in 1608. France ceded nearly all its North American possessions to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French defeat in the Seven Years' War. The now British Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 and reunified in 1841. In 1867, the Province of Canada was joined with two other British colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia through Confederation, forming a self-governing entity named Canada. The new country expanded by incorporating other parts of British North America, finishing with Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949. Although responsible government had existed in Canada since 1848, Britain continued to set its foreign and defence policies until the end of the First World War. The passing of 

RETRIEVAL #4 = 1st millennium in Canada---1st millennium in Canada Events from the first millennium AD in Canada. Section::::Events. BULLET::::- c. 175 AD: Funeral offerings in graves at the Norton Mounds in Michigan are elaborate. Materials imported from great distances indicate vigorous trade. BULLET::::- c. 500 AD: The Thule people arrive in Alaska BULLET::::- c. 550 AD: In the Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes areas, Woodland peoples construct their burial mounds in the shape of birds or animals. BULLET::::- c. 985-1014 AD: Norsemen led by Leif Ericson, son of Erik the Red, set up outposts in North America like L'Anse aux Meadows with encounters with the Inuit, Beothuks, and Micmacs. 

RETRIEVAL #5 = The Canadas---Lower, and Upper Canada. The creation of Upper Canada was a in response to the influx of United Empire Loyalist settlers, who desired a colonial administration modelled under British institutions and common law, especially British laws of land tenure. Conversely, Lower Canada maintained most of the French Canadian institutions guaranteed under the Quebec Act, such as the French civil law system. In 1838 Lord Durham was sent to the colonies to examine the causes for rebellion in the Canadas. His report on the colonies recommended that the two colonies should be united, and the introduction of responsible government. The British Parliament would eventually act on the former suggestion, with the passage of the "Act of Union 1840". The "Act of Union" went into force in 1841, and saw the Canadas united into the Province of Canada. However, the Act did not establish responsible government, with responsible government not being introduced until 1848. Section::::See also. BULLET::::- The Californias BULLET::::- The Carolinas BULLET::::- The Dakotas BULLET::::- The Floridas BULLET::::- The Virginias 

RETRIEVAL #6 = Outline of Canada---Outline of Canada The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Canada: Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area, and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest, and marine borders with France and Greenland on the east and northeast, respectively. The lands have been inhabited for millennia by various groups of aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of additional provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and culminating in the Canada Act in 1982 which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament. Canada is a federation that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth