Tetsunori Kobayashi


2022

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BERT Meets CTC: New Formulation of End-to-End Speech Recognition with Pre-trained Masked Language Model
Yosuke Higuchi | Brian Yan | Siddhant Arora | Tetsuji Ogawa | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Shinji Watanabe
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022

This paper presents BERT-CTC, a novel formulation of end-to-end speech recognition that adapts BERT for connectionist temporal classification (CTC). Our formulation relaxes the conditional independence assumptions used in conventional CTC and incorporates linguistic knowledge through the explicit output dependency obtained by BERT contextual embedding. BERT-CTC attends to the full contexts of the input and hypothesized output sequences via the self-attention mechanism. This mechanism encourages a model to learn inner/inter-dependencies between the audio and token representations while maintaining CTC’s training efficiency. During inference, BERT-CTC combines a mask-predict algorithm with CTC decoding, which iteratively refines an output sequence. The experimental results reveal that BERT-CTC improves over conventional approaches across variations in speaking styles and languages. Finally, we show that the semantic representations in BERT-CTC are beneficial towards downstream spoken language understanding tasks.

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Phrase-Level Localization of Inconsistency Errors in Summarization by Weak Supervision
Masato Takatsuka | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics

Although the fluency of automatically generated abstractive summaries has improved significantly with advanced methods, the inconsistency that remains in summarization is recognized as an issue to be addressed. In this study, we propose a methodology for localizing inconsistency errors in summarization. A synthetic dataset that contains a variety of factual errors likely to be produced by a common summarizer is created by applying sentence fusion, compression, and paraphrasing operations. In creating the dataset, we automatically label erroneous phrases and the dependency relations between them as “inconsistent,” which can contribute to detecting errors more adequately than existing models that rely only on dependency arc-level labels. Subsequently, this synthetic dataset is employed as weak supervision to train a model called SumPhrase, which jointly localizes errors in a summary and their corresponding sentences in the source document. The empirical results demonstrate that our SumPhrase model can detect factual errors in summarization more effectively than existing weakly supervised methods owing to the phrase-level labeling. Moreover, the joint identification of error-corresponding original sentences is proven to be effective in improving error detection accuracy.

2020

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Word Attribute Prediction Enhanced by Lexical Entailment Tasks
Mika Hasegawa | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference

Human semantic knowledge about concepts acquired through perceptual inputs and daily experiences can be expressed as a bundle of attributes. Unlike the conventional distributed word representations that are purely induced from a text corpus, a semantic attribute is associated with a designated dimension in attribute-based vector representations. Thus, semantic attribute vectors can effectively capture the commonalities and differences among concepts. However, as semantic attributes have been generally created by psychological experimental settings involving human annotators, an automatic method to create or extend such resources is highly demanded in terms of language resource development and maintenance. This study proposes a two-stage neural network architecture, Word2Attr, in which initially acquired attribute representations are then fine-tuned by employing supervised lexical entailment tasks. The quantitative empirical results demonstrated that the fine-tuning was indeed effective in improving the performances of semantic/visual similarity/relatedness evaluation tasks. Although the qualitative analysis confirmed that the proposed method could often discover valid but not-yet human-annotated attributes, they also exposed future issues to be worked: we should refine the inventory of semantic attributes that currently relies on an existing dataset.

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Sentiment Analysis for Emotional Speech Synthesis in a News Dialogue System
Hiroaki Takatsu | Ryota Ando | Yoichi Matsuyama | Tetsunori Kobayashi
Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics

As smart speakers and conversational robots become ubiquitous, the demand for expressive speech synthesis has increased. In this paper, to control the emotional parameters of the speech synthesis according to certain dialogue contents, we construct a news dataset with emotion labels (“positive,” “negative,” or “neutral”) annotated for each sentence. We then propose a method to identify emotion labels using a model combining BERT and BiLSTM-CRF, and evaluate its effectiveness using the constructed dataset. The results showed that the classification model performance can be efficiently improved by preferentially annotating news articles with low confidence in the human-in-the-loop machine learning framework.

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Exploiting Narrative Context and A Priori Knowledge of Categories in Textual Emotion Classification
Hikari Tanabe | Tetsuji Ogawa | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics

Recognition of the mental state of a human character in text is a major challenge in natural language processing. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of the narrative context in recognizing the emotional states of human characters in text and discuss an approach to make use of a priori knowledge regarding the employed emotion category system. Specifically, we experimentally show that the accuracy of emotion classification is substantially increased by encoding the preceding context of the target sentence using a BERT-based text encoder. We also compare ways to incorporate a priori knowledge of emotion categories by altering the loss function used in training, in which our proposal of multi-task learning that jointly learns to classify positive/negative polarity of emotions is included. The experimental results suggest that, when using Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions, it is better to jointly classify the basic emotion categories with positive/negative polarity rather than directly exploiting its characteristic structure in which eight basic categories are arranged in a wheel.

2019

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Towards Answer-unaware Conversational Question Generation
Mao Nakanishi | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering

Conversational question generation is a novel area of NLP research which has a range of potential applications. This paper is first to presents a framework for conversational question generation that is unaware of the corresponding answers. To properly generate a question coherent to the grounding text and the current conversation history, the proposed framework first locates the focus of a question in the text passage, and then identifies the question pattern that leads the sequential generation of the words in a question. The experiments using the CoQA dataset demonstrate that the quality of generated questions greatly improves if the question foci and the question patterns are correctly identified. In addition, it was shown that the question foci, even estimated with a reasonable accuracy, could contribute to the quality improvement. These results established that our research direction may be promising, but at the same time revealed that the identification of question patterns is a challenging issue, and it has to be largely refined to achieve a better quality in the end-to-end automatic question generation.

2018

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Answerable or Not: Devising a Dataset for Extending Machine Reading Comprehension
Mao Nakanishi | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics

Machine-reading comprehension (MRC) has recently attracted attention in the fields of natural language processing and machine learning. One of the problematic presumptions with current MRC technologies is that each question is assumed to be answerable by looking at a given text passage. However, to realize human-like language comprehension ability, a machine should also be able to distinguish not-answerable questions (NAQs) from answerable questions. To develop this functionality, a dataset incorporating hard-to-detect NAQs is vital; however, its manual construction would be expensive. This paper proposes a dataset creation method that alters an existing MRC dataset, the Stanford Question Answering Dataset, and describes the resulting dataset. The value of this dataset is likely to increase if each NAQ in the dataset is properly classified with the difficulty of identifying it as an NAQ. This difficulty level would allow researchers to evaluate a machine’s NAQ detection performance more precisely. Therefore, we propose a method for automatically assigning difficulty level labels, which measures the similarity between a question and the target text passage. Our NAQ detection experiments demonstrate that the resulting dataset, having difficulty level annotations, is valid and potentially useful in the development of advanced MRC models.

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Social Image Tags as a Source of Word Embeddings: A Task-oriented Evaluation
Mika Hasegawa | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)

2017

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Classifying Lexical-semantic Relationships by Exploiting Sense/Concept Representations
Kentaro Kanada | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications

This paper proposes a method for classifying the type of lexical-semantic relation between a given pair of words. Given an inventory of target relationships, this task can be seen as a multi-class classification problem. We train a supervised classifier by assuming: (1) a specific type of lexical-semantic relation between a pair of words would be indicated by a carefully designed set of relation-specific similarities associated with the words; and (2) the similarities could be effectively computed by “sense representations” (sense/concept embeddings). The experimental results show that the proposed method clearly outperforms an existing state-of-the-art method that does not utilize sense/concept embeddings, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the sense representations.

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Incorporating visual features into word embeddings: A bimodal autoencoder-based approach
Mika Hasegawa | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Yoshihiko Hayashi
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS) — Short papers

2013

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A Four-Participant Group Facilitation Framework for Conversational Robots
Yoichi Matsuyama | Iwao Akiba | Akihiro Saito | Tetsunori Kobayashi
Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2013 Conference

2000

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IPA Japanese Dictation Free Software Project
Katsunobu Itou | Kiyohiro Shikano | Tatsuya Kawahara | Kasuya Takeda | Atsushi Yamada | Akinori Itou | Takehito Utsuro | Tetsunori Kobayashi | Nobuaki Minematsu | Mikio Yamamoto | Shigeki Sagayama | Akinobu Lee
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’00)