In this paper, we present our exploration of annotating Chinese word senses using English WordNet synsets, with examples extracted from OntoNotes Chinese sense inventories. Given a target word along with the example that contains it, the annotators select a WordNet synset that best describes the meaning of the target word in the context. The result demonstrates an inter-annotator agreement of 38% between two annotators. We delve into the instances of disagreement by comparing the two annotated synsets, including their positions within the WordNet hierarchy. The examination reveals intriguing patterns among closely related synsets, shedding light on similar concepts represented within the WordNet structure. The data offers as an indirect linking of Chinese word senses defined in OntoNotes Chinese sense inventories to WordNet sysnets, and thus promotes the value of the OntoNotes corpus. Compared to a direct linking of Chinese word senses to WordNet synsets, the example-based annotation has the merit of not being affected by inaccurate sense definitions and thus offers a new way of mapping WordNets of different languages. At the same time, the annotated data also serves as a valuable linguistic resource for exploring potential lexical differences between English and Chinese, with potential contributions to the broader understanding of cross-linguistic semantic mapping

Machine translation (MT) evaluation has evolved toward a trend of fine-grained granularity, enabling a more precise diagnosis of hidden flaws and weaknesses of MT systems from various perspectives. This paper examines how MT systems are potentially affected by certain grammatical features, offering insights into the challenges these features pose and suggesting possible directions for improvement. We develop a new test suite by extracting 7,848 sentences from a multi-domain Chinese-English parallel corpus. All the Chinese text was further annotated with 43 grammatical features using a semi-automatic method. This test suite was subsequently used to evaluate eight state-of-the-art MT systems according to six different automatic evaluation metrics. The results reveal intriguing patterns of MT performance associated with different domains and various grammatical features, highlighting the test suite’s effectiveness. The test suite was made publicly available and it will serve as an important benchmark for evaluating and diagnosing Chinese-English MT systems.