In this work, we present the Language Computer Corporation (LCC) annotated metaphor datasets, which represent the largest and most comprehensive resource for metaphor research to date. These datasets were produced over the course of three years by a staff of nine annotators working in four languages (English, Spanish, Russian, and Farsi). As part of these datasets, we provide (1) metaphoricity ratings for within-sentence word pairs on a four-point scale, (2) scored links to our repository of 114 source concept domains and 32 target concept domains, and (3) ratings for the affective polarity and intensity of each pair. Altogether, we provide 188,741 annotations in English (for 80,100 pairs), 159,915 annotations in Spanish (for 63,188 pairs), 99,740 annotations in Russian (for 44,632 pairs), and 137,186 annotations in Farsi (for 57,239 pairs). In addition, we are providing a large set of likely metaphors which have been independently extracted by our two state-of-the-art metaphor detection systems but which have not been analyzed by our team of annotators.

In this work, we present two complementary methods for the expansion of psycholinguistics norms. The first method is a random-traversal spreading activation approach which transfers existing norms onto semantically related terms using notions of synonymy, hypernymy, and pertainymy to approach full coverage of the English language. The second method makes use of recent advances in distributional similarity representation to transfer existing norms to their closest neighbors in a high-dimensional vector space. These two methods (along with a naive hybrid approach combining the two) have been shown to significantly outperform a state-of-the-art resource expansion system at our pilot task of imageability expansion. We have evaluated these systems in a cross-validation experiment using 8,188 norms found in existing pscholinguistics literature. We have also validated the quality of these combined norms by performing a small study using Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT).