For other uses, see API (disambiguation).

Relationships
Types Family Kinship Siblings Cousin Marriage Husband Wife Friendship (romantic) Significant other Boyfriend Girlfriend Casual Cohabitation Same-sex relationship Sexual partner Monogamy Non-monogamy Open marriage Polyamory Polyfidelity Polygamy Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress
Activities Bonding Courtship Dating Mating Meet market Romance Singles event Wedding
Endings Breakup Separation Annulment Divorce Widowhood
Emotions Affinity Attachment Compersion Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Passion Platonic love Unconditional love
Practices Bride price dower dowry Hypergamy Infidelity Sexual activity Transgression Repression
Abuse Child Dating Domestic Elderly

Family law
Family
Marriage and other equivalent or similar unions and status
Marriage Types of marriages Prenuptial agreement Cohabitation Civil union Domestic partnership
Validity of marriages
Void and Voidable marriages Annulment
Dissolution of marriages
Divorce Adultery Grounds for divorce Matrimonial Causes Act Legal separation Alimony Parenting plan Residence (UK (E.W. and NI)) Parental rights Custody Evaluator (U.S.) Parenting coordinator (U.S.)
Other issues
Paternity Legitimacy Child custody Legal guardian Adoption Child support Contact & Visitation CAFCASS (UK (E.W.)) Grandparent visitation U.N. Rights of the Child Children's rights Emancipation Foster care Ward Parental child abduction
Private international law
Private international law Divorce Marriage International child abduction Hague Convention (child abduction)
The Family and the Criminal Code (or Criminal Law)
Paternity fraud Bigamy CPS (U.S.) Child abuse Domestic violence Incest Child-selling

In human context, a family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies it is the principal institution for the socialization of children. Anthropologists most generally classify family organization as matrilocal (a mother and her children); conjugal (a wife, husband, and children, also called nuclear family); and consanguinal (also called an extended family) in which parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent's family.

There are also concepts of family that break with tradition within particular societies, or those that are transplanted via migration to flourish or else cease within their new societies.[clarification needed] As a unit of socialization the family is the object of analysis for sociologists of the family. Genealogy is a field which aims to trace family lineages through history. In science, the term "family" has come to be used as a means to classify groups of objects as being closely and exclusively related. In the study of animals it has been found that many species form groups that have similarities to human "family"?often called "packs." Sexual relations among family members are regulated by rules concerning incest such as the incest taboo.

Extended from the human "family unit" by affinity and consanguinity are concepts of family that are physical and metaphorical, or that grow increasingly inclusive extending to community, village, city, region, nationhood, global village and humanism.

## Procreation[edit]

Main article: Family planning

One of the primary functions of the family is to produce and reproduce persons, biologically and/or socially. This can occur through the sharing of material substances (such as semen, and food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture (nurture kinship); jural ties of rights and obligations; and moral and sentimental ties.[1][2] Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. From the perspective of children, the family is a "family of orientation": the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their enculturation and socialization.[3] From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a "family of procreation," the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children.[4] However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household.[5][6][7]

A "conjugal" family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age. The most common form of this family is regularly referred to in sociology as a nuclear family.[8] A "consanguineal" family consists of a parent and his or her children, and other people. Although the concept of consanguinity originally referred to relations by "blood," cultural anthropologists[1] have argued that one must understand the idea of "blood" metaphorically and that many societies understand family through other concepts rather than through genetic distance. A "matrilocal" family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society. This kind of family is common where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women.

## History of the family[edit]

Main article: History of the family
A group portrait of a mother, son and daughter on glass, Roman Empire, c. 450 AD.

The diverse data coming from ethnography, history, law and social statistics, establish that the human family is an institution and not a biological fact founded on the natural relationship of consanguinity.[9][10]

Early scholars of family history applied Darwin's biological theory of evolution in their theory of evolution of family systems.[11] American anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan published Ancient Society in 1877 based on his theory of the three stages of human progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization.[12] Morgan's book was the "inspiration for Friedrich Engels' book" The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State published in 1884.[13]

Engels expanded Morgan's hypothesis that economical factors caused the transformation of primitive community into a class-divided society.[14] Engels' theory of resource control, and later that of Karl Marx, was used to explain the cause and effect of change in family structure and function. The popularity of this theory was largely unmatched until the 1980s, when other sociological theories, most notably structural functionalism, gained acceptance.

## Kinship terminology[edit]

Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the orange person. Cousins are colored green. The genetic kinship degree of relationship is marked in red boxes by percentage (%).
Family chart. Note that not all relatives are shown in the chart (specially at step-relatives).
Main article: Kinship terminology

Anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan (1818?1881) performed the first survey of kinship terminologies in use around the world. Although much of his work is now considered dated, he argued that kinship terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions. For example, most kinship terminologies distinguish between sexes (the difference between a brother and a sister) and between generations (the difference between a child and a parent). Moreover, he argued, kinship terminologies distinguish between relatives by blood and marriage (although recently some anthropologists have argued that many societies define kinship in terms other than "blood").

Morgan made a distinction between kinship systems that use classificatory terminology and those that use descriptive terminology. Classificatory systems are generally and erroneously understood to be those that "class together" with a single term relatives who actually do not have the same type of relationship to ego. (What defines "same type of relationship" under such definitions seems to be genealogical relationship. This is problematic given that any genealogical description, no matter how standardized, employs words originating in a folk understanding of kinship.) What Morgan's terminology actually differentiates are those (classificatory) kinship systems that do not distinguish lineal and collateral relationships and those (descriptive) kinship systems that do. Morgan, a lawyer, came to make this distinction in an effort to understand Seneca inheritance practices. A Seneca man's effects were inherited by his sisters' children rather than by his own children.[15] Morgan identified six basic patterns of kinship terminologies:

- Hawaiian: only distinguishes relatives based upon sex and generation.
- Sudanese: no two relatives share the same term.
- Eskimo: in addition to distinguishing relatives based upon sex and generation, also distinguishes between lineal relatives and collateral relatives.
- Iroquois: in addition to sex and generation, also distinguishes between siblings of opposite sexes in the parental generation.
- Crow: a matrilineal system with some features of an Iroquois system, but with a "skewing" feature in which generation is "frozen" for some relatives.
- Omaha: like a Crow system but patrilineal.

### Western kinship[edit]

See also: Cousin chart
Georgian family of writer Vazha-Pshavela (in the middle, sitting)

Most Western societies employ Eskimo kinship terminology. This kinship terminology commonly occurs in societies based on conjugal (or nuclear) families, where nuclear families have a degree of relative mobility. Members of the nuclear use descriptive kinship terms:

- Mother: a female parent
- Father: a male parent
- Son: a male child of the parent(s)
- Daughter: a female child of the parent(s)
- Brother: a male child of the same parent(s)
- Sister: a female child of the same parent(s)
- Grandfather: father of a father or mother
- Grandmother: mother of a mother or father
- Cousins: two people that share the same grandparent(s)

An infant, his mother, his maternal grandmother, and his great-grandmother.

Such systems generally assume that the mother's husband has also served as the biological father. In some families, a woman may have children with more than one man or a man may have children with more than one woman. The system refers to a child who shares only one parent with another child as a "half-brother" or "half-sister." For children who do not share biological or adoptive parents in common, English-speakers use the term "stepbrother" or "stepsister" to refer to their new relationship with each other when one of their biological parents marries one of the other child's biological parents. Any person (other than the biological parent of a child) who marries the parent of that child becomes the "stepparent" of the child, either the "stepmother" or "stepfather." The same terms generally apply to children adopted into a family as to children born into the family.

Typically, societies with conjugal families also favor neolocal residence; thus upon marriage a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood (family of orientation) and forms a new nuclear family (family of procreation). However, in the western society the single parent family has been growing more accepted and has begun to truly make an impact on culture. The majority of single parent families are more commonly single mother families than single father. These families face many difficult issues besides the fact that they have to rear their children on their own, but also have to deal with issues related to low income. Many single parents struggle with low incomes and must cope with other issues, including rent, child care, and other necessities required in maintaining a healthy and safe home. Members of the nuclear families of members of one's own (former) nuclear family may class as lineal or as collateral. Kin who regard them as lineal refer to them in terms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family:

- Grandparent
  - Grandfather: a parent's father
  - Grandmother: a parent's mother
- Grandson: a child's son
- Granddaughter: a child's daughter

For collateral relatives, more classificatory terms come into play, terms that do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family:

- Uncle: father's brother, mother's brother, father's sister's husband, mother's sister's husband
- Aunt: father's sister, mother's sister, father's brother's wife, mother's brother's wife
- Nephew: sister's son, brother's son, wife's brother's son, wife's sister's son, husband's brother's son, husband's sister's son
- Niece: sister's daughter, brother's daughter, wife's brother's daughter, wife's sister's daughter, husband's brother's daughter, husband's sister's daughter

When additional generations intervene (in other words, when one's collateral relatives belong to the same generation as one's grandparents or grandchildren), the prefixes "great-" or "grand-" modifies these terms. Also, as with grandparents and grandchildren, as more generations intervene the prefix becomes "great-grand-," adding an additional "great-" for each additional generation. Most collateral relatives have never had membership of the nuclear family of the members of one's own nuclear family.

- Cousin: the most classificatory term; the children of aunts or uncles. One can further distinguish cousins by degrees of collaterality and by generation. Two persons of the same generation who share a grandparent count as "first cousins" (one degree of collaterality); if they share a great-grandparent they count as "second cousins" (two degrees of collaterality) and so on. If two persons share an ancestor, one as a grandchild and the other as a great-grandchild of that individual, then the two descendants class as "first cousins once removed" (removed by one generation); if they shared ancestor figures as the grandparent of one individual and the great-great-grandparent of the other, the individuals class as "first cousins twice removed" (removed by two generations), and so on. Similarly, if they shared ancestor figures as the great-grandparent of one person and the great-great-grandparent of the other, the individuals class as "second cousins once removed". Hence one can refer to a "third cousin once removed upwards."

Cousins of an older generation (in other words, one's parents' first cousins), although technically first cousins once removed, are often classified with "aunts" and "uncles." Similarly, a person may refer to close friends of one's parents as "aunt" or "uncle," or may refer to close friends as "brother" or "sister," using the practice of fictive kinship. English-speakers mark relationships by marriage (except for wife/husband) with the tag "-in-law." The mother and father of one's spouse become one's mother-in-law and father-in-law; the female spouse of one's child becomes one's daughter-in-law and the male spouse of one's child becomes one's son-in-law. The term "sister-in-law" refers to three essentially different relationships, either the wife of one's sibling, or the sister of one's spouse, or, in some uses, the wife of one's spouse's sibling. "Brother-in-law" expresses a similar ambiguity. The terms "half-brother" and "half-sister" indicate siblings who share only one biological or adoptive parent.

## Family in the West[edit]

### Family types[edit]

Family arrangements in the United States have become more diverse with no particular household arrangement representing half of the United States population.[16]

The different types of families occur in a wide variety of settings, and their specific functions and meanings depend largely on their relationship to other social institutions. Sociologists have a special interest in the function and status of these forms in stratified (especially capitalist) societies. The term "nuclear family" is commonly used, especially in North America and Europe, to refer to conjugal families. Sociologists distinguish between conjugal families (relatively independent of the kindred of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear families (which maintain relatively close ties with their kindred). The term "extended family" is also common, especially in North America and Europe. This term has two distinct meanings. First, it serves as a synonym of "consanguinal family" (consanguine means "of the same blood"). Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers to "kindred" (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family. These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families. Much sociological, historical and anthropological research dedicates itself to the understanding of this variation, and of changes in the family that form over time. Times have changed; it is more acceptable and encouraged for mothers to work and fathers to spend more time at home with the children. The way roles are balanced between the parents will help children grow and learn valuable life lessons. There is great importance of communication and equality in families, in order to avoid role strain. [17]

According to the work of scholars Max Weber, Alan Macfarlane, Steven Ozment, Jack Goody and Peter Laslett, the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in Western democracies was "fueled by the religio-cultural value system provided by elements of Judaism, early Christianity, Roman Catholic canon law and the Protestant Reformation".[18]

## Less-known family types[edit]

In contemporary Europe and North America, people in academic, political and civil sectors have called attention to single-father-headed households, and families headed by same-sex couples,[citation needed] although academics point out that these forms exist in other societies. Also the term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.[19] Also in sociology, particularly in the works of social psychologist Michael Lamb,[20] traditional family refers to "a middleclass family with a bread-winning father and a stay-at-home mother, married to each other and raising their biological children," and nontraditional to exceptions from this rule. Most of the US households are now non-traditional under this definition.[21]

In terms of communication patterns in families, there are a certain set of beliefs within the family that reflect how its members should communicate and interact. These family communication patterns arise from two underlying sets of beliefs. One being conversation orientation (the degree to which the importance of communication is valued) and two, conformity orientation (the degree to which families should emphasize similarities or differences regarding attitudes, beliefs, and values).[22]

Family members

### Sociological views[edit]

Contemporary society generally views the family as a haven from the world, supplying absolute fulfilment.[citation needed] Zinn and Eitzen discuss the image of the "family as haven [...] a place of intimacy, love and trust where individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society".[23] During industrialization, "[t]he family as a repository of warmth and tenderness (embodied by the mother) stands in opposition to the competitive and aggressive world of commerce (embodied by the father). The family's task was to protect against the outside world."[24] However, Zinn and Eizen note, "The protective image of the family has waned in recent years as the ideals of family fulfillment have taken shape. Today, the family is more compensatory than protective. It supplies what is vitally needed but missing in other social arrangements."[25]

"The popular wisdom", according to Zinn and Eitzen, sees the family structures of the past as superior to those today, and families as more stable and happier at a time when they did not have to contend with problems such as illegitimate children and divorce. They respond to this, saying, "there is no golden age of the family gleaming at us in the far back historical past."[26] "Desertion by spouses, illegitimate children, and other conditions that are considered characteristics of modern times existed in the past as well."[27]

Others argue that whether or not one views the family as "declining" depends on one's definition of "family". The high rates of divorce and out-of-wedlock births indicate a decline in the institution of the family[citation needed]. Married couples have dropped below half of all American households. This drop is shocking from traditional forms of the family system. Only a fifth of households were following traditional ways of having married couples raising a family together.[28] No longer are marriages arranged for political or economic gain, and children are not expected to contribute to family income. Instead, people choose mates based on love. This increased role of love indicates a societal shift toward favoring emotional fulfilment and relationships within a family, and this shift necessarily weakens the institution of the family.[29]

Margaret Mead considers the family as a main safeguard to continuing human progress. Observing, "Human beings have learned, laboriously, to be human", she adds: "we hold our present form of humanity on trust, [and] it is possible to lose it" ... "It is not without significance that the most successful large-scale abrogations of the family have occurred not among simple savages, living close to the subsistence edge, but among great nations and strong empires, the resources of which were ample, the populations huge, and the power almost unlimited"[30]

As an agent of socialization, family is the primary source of influence behind the formation of personality and the growth of a child,[31] due to its influence on the basics of personality and its role providing gender identity. This impact is large as the family confers its social position onto the child when it is brought into the world.

### Oedipal family model and fascism[edit]

The model, common in the western societies, of the family triangle, husband-wife-children isolated from the outside, is also called the oedipal model of the family,and it is a form of patriarchal family. Many philosophers and psychiatrists analyzed such a model. In the family, they argue, the young develop in a perverse relationship, wherein they learn to love the same person who beats and oppresses them. Young children grow up and develop loving the person that is oppressing them physically or mentally. These children are taught differently than the appropriate way of raising affectionate children.[32] The family therefore constitutes the first cell of the fascist society, as they will carry this attitude of love for oppressive figures in their adult life.[33][34] Fathers torment their sons.[35][36] Deleuze and Guattari, in their analysis of the dynamics at work within a family, "track down all varieties of fascism, from the enormous ones that surround and crush us to the petty ones that constitute the tyrannical bitterness of our everyday lives".[33]

As it has been explained by Deleuze, Guattari and Foucault, as well as other philosophers and psychiatrists such as Laing and Reich, the patriarchal-family conceived in the West tradition serves the purpose of perpetuating a propertarian and authoritarian society.[37] The child grows according to the oedipal model, which is typical of the structure of capitalist societies,[9][10] and he becomes in turn owner of submissive children and protector of the woman.[36][38][39][40][41]

As the young undergoes physical and psychological repression from someone for whom they develop love, they develop a loving attitude towards authority figures. They will bring such attitude in their adult life, when they will desire social repression and will form docile subjects for society.[37] Michel Foucault, in his systematic study of sexuality, argued that rather than being merely repressed, the desires of the individual are efficiently mobilized and used,[33] to control the individual, alter interpersonal relationships and control the masses. Foucault believed organized religion, through moral prohibitions, and economic powers, through advertising, make use of unconscious sex drives. Dominating desire, they dominate individuals.[42] According to the analysis of Michel Foucault, in the west:

> the [conjugal] family organization, precisely to the extent that it was insular and heteromorphous with respect to the other power mechanisms, was used to support the great "maneuvers" employed for the Malthusian control of the birthrate, for the populationist incitements, for the medicalization of sex and the psychiatrization of its nongenital forms.

> —Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality vol I, chap. IV, sect. Method, rule 3, p. 99

## Size[edit]

Natalism is the belief that human reproduction is the basis for individual existence, and therefore promotes having large families. Many religions, e.g., Islam, Christianity and Judaism,[43] encourage their followers to procreate and have many children, however many of them also propound stewardship and responsibility to care for the environment and society. In recent times, however, there has been an increasing amount of family planning and a following decrease in the total fertility rate in many parts of the world, in part due to improvements in health care, concerns of overpopulation, decreasing need for manual labor and increasing cost of raising a child as workers need to be more skilled. Many countries with population decline offer incentives for people to have large families as a means of national efforts to reverse declining populations.

## Criticism[edit]

The family being such a deep-rooted and much-venerated institution, few intellectuals have ventured to speak against it. Familialism has been atypically defined as a ?social structure where ? a family's values are held in higher esteem than the values of the individual members of the family.?[44] Favoritism granted to relatives regardless of merit is called nepotism.

The Russian-American rationalist and individualist philosopher, novelist and playwright Ayn Rand compared partiality towards consanguinity with racism, as a small-scale manifestation of the latter.[45] ?The worship of the family is merely racism, like a crudely primitive first installment on the worship of the tribe. It places the accident of birth above a man's values and duty to the tribe above a man's right to his own life.?[46] Additionally, she spoke in favor of childfree lifestyle, while following it herself.[45]

The British social critic, poet, mountaineer and occultist Aleister Crowley censured the institution of family in his works: ?Horrid word, family! Its very etymology accuses it of servility and stagnation. / Latin, famulus, a servant; Oscan, Faamat, he dwells. ? [T]hink what horrid images it evokes from the mind. Not only Victorian; wherever the family has been strong, it has always been an engine of tyranny. Weak members or weak neighbours: it is the mob spirit crushing genius, or overwhelming opposition by brute arithmetic. ? In every Magical, or similar system, it is invariably the first condition which the Aspirant must fulfill: he must once and for all and for ever put his family outside his magical circle.?[47]

The American journalist Marty Nemko considers family to be overrated. ?Politicians, clerics, and just plain folks extol family as our most important institution. / I believe family is overrated. So many people suffer inordinately from family. ? / Millions of people don't even speak with a family member. Millions more spend years and fortunes on therapists, trying to undo the ills that family perpetrated on them. / All this shouldn?t be surprising. After all, unlike with friends, we are placed in our family of origin at random, with no say in the matter.?[48]

### In the Bible[edit]

In the gospels of the New Testament Mark 3:31-35 and Matthew 23:9, it is written, ?There came then [Jesus'] brethren and his mother, and, standing without, sent unto him, calling him. / And the multitude sat about him, and they said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren without seek for thee. / And he answered them, saying, Who is my mother, or my brethren? / And he looked round about on them which sat about him, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! / For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother, and my sister, and mother. ? / And call no man your father upon the earth: for one is your Father, which is in heaven.?

Jesus Christ is also recorded in the Bible as saying, ?If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple? (Luke 14:26), as well as ?Then Peter began to say unto him, Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee. / And Jesus answered and said, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my sake, and the gospel's, / But he shall receive an hundredfold now in this time, houses, and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with persecutions; and in the world to come eternal life.? (Mark 10:29-30).

Such passages abound: Matthew 8-21, 10:34-36, 12:47-49, 15:4-7; Luke 2:46-49, 8:20-21, 9:59-62, 11:27-28, 12:51-53.

## See also[edit]

- Familialism
- Nepotism
- Childlessness
- Childfree

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ a b Schneider, David 1984 A Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 182
2. ^ Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 3, p. 80
3. ^ Russon, John, (2003) Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life, Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 61?68.
4. ^ George Peter Murdoch Social Structure p. 13
5. ^ Wolf, Eric. 1982 Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. 92
6. ^ Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in Population. Ecology, and Social Evolution, Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers: the Hague.
7. ^ Rivi?re, Peter 1987 "Of Women, Men, and Manioc", Etnologiska Studien (38).
8. ^ Oregonstate.edu, Nuclear family ? "A family group consisting of wife, husband (or one of these) and dependent children." ? Definitions of Anthropological Terms ? Anthropological Resources ? (Court Smith) Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University
9. ^ a b Lacan 1938?2001, pp. 24?25, 56
10. ^ a b Fugier Pascal, 2007, p.226-8
11. ^ "Sociology/Founding the discipline". Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
12. ^ Morgan 1877
13. ^ "Cultural Anthropology". Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
14. ^ "The Marxists Internet Archive". Retrieved 2009-07-17.
15. ^ Tooker, Elisabeth. <131:AVOMOK>2.0.CO;2-E "Another View of Morgan on Kinship." Current Anthropology 20, no. 1 (March 1979): 131?134.
16. ^ Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer, Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). Marriages, Families Intinamte Relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-36674-0.
17. ^ Levitan, Sara. 2010. What Happens to Family Life? http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/09/art4full.pdf
18. ^ "The Collapse of Marriage by Don Browning ? The Christian Century". Religion-online.org. February 7, 2006. pp. 24?28. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
19. ^ Blended and Blessed ? Encouraging Step-Families, blendedandblessed.com[dead link]
20. ^ "Department of Social and Developmental Psychology: PPSIS Faculty, Academic Profile". Sdp.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
21. ^ [1] paragraph 17
22. ^ McCornack, Steven (2010). Reflect Relate an introduction to interpersonal communication. Boston/NY: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 369?370.
23. ^ Zinn, Maxine Baca; D. Stanley Eitzen (2002). Diversity in families (6 ed.). Allyn and Bacon. p. 557. ISBN 978-0-205-33522-0. Retrieved 2012-01-06. "This 'family as haven' image of a refuge from an impersonal world characterizes the family as a place of intimacy, love, and trust in which individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society. Christopher Lasch (1977:8) has named this image a 'haven in a heartless world' and described it as a glorification of private life made necessary by the deprivations experienced in the public world."
24. ^ Zinn and Eitzen (1987) "vitally needed but missing in other social arrangements"q=protection#search_anchor Diversity in American families, p. 3
25. ^ Zinn and Eitzen (1987) "vitally needed but missing in other social arrangements"dq="vitally needed but missing in other social arrangements"cd=2 Diversity in American families, p. 3
26. ^ Zinn and Eitzen (1987) "age of the family gleaming"dq="age of the family gleaming"lr=cd=14 Diversity in American families, p. 8
27. ^ Zinn and Eitzen (1987) "Desertion by spouses, illegitimate"dq="Desertion by spouses, illegitimate"cd=4 Diversity in American families, p. 8
28. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina. (2011). Married Couples Are No Longer a Majority, Census Finds. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/us/26marry.html?_r=1#
29. ^ Coontz, Stephanie. 2005. Marriage, A History: How Love Conquered Marriage. New York: Viking/Penguin Books.
30. ^ Male and Female, New York, 1949. pp. 193-194
31. ^ Macionis, John J. "Sociology: 7th Canadian Edition". (Toronto: Pearson, 2011), 112
32. ^ ?About Family.? Word Press. Published 31 March 2012. http://kirkomrik.wordpress.com/2012/03/31/more-notes-about-family/
33. ^ a b c Foucault (1984) Preface to the American edition of Anti-?dipus pp. xiii?xvi).
34. ^ Wilhelm Reich (1933) The Mass Psychology of Fascism, Chapter V, The Sex-Economic Presuppositions of the Authoritarian Family
35. ^ John Phillips Anthropology Structural Linguistics and Anthropology, courses.nus.edu.sg
36. ^ a b Wilhelm Reich [1936] The Sexual Revolution, Chapter V, The compulsive family as educational apparatus, pp. 71?77
37. ^ a b Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 7, pp. 129?31
38. ^ (Italian) Gianni Vattimo Tutto in famiglia (article appeared on Il Manifesto October 15, 2004), feltrinelli.it (Italian)
39. ^ (Italian) Luttazzi, Daniele Bollito misto con mostarda (2005) p. 262, books.google.com
40. ^ Theodor W. Adorno and Stephen Crook Adorno ISBN 0-415-27099-5, p. 9-10, books.google.com
41. ^ E. James Anthony, The Family and the Psychoanalytic Process in Children (1980). Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 35:3?34, pep-web.org
42. ^ Foucault, The History of Sexuality
43. ^ Joys of A Large Family, by Rebbetzin Faige Twerski. angelfire.com
44. ^ ?Your Dictionary (the Dictionary You Can Understand)?. Dictionary definitions. familialism.
45. ^ a b Heller, Anne C. (2009). Ayn Rand and the World She Made. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51399-9. OCLC 2290274371. Text "pages 320?321 " ignored (help) Said in one of the lectures Ayn Rand delivered.
46. ^ Said in one of the public lectures Ayn Rand delivered
47. ^ Crowley, Aleister. Magick Without Tears. Capter LII ?Family: Public Enemy No. 1?. Falcon Press, 1982. ISBN 0-941404-17-X
48. ^ Nemko, Marty. "Family is Overrated. September 12, 2008

## References[edit]

- American Kinship, David M. Schneider
- A Natural History of Families, Scott Forbes, Princeton University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-691-09482-9
- Foucault, Michel (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume I: An Introduction. New York Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-72469-8
- More Than Kin and Less Than Kind, Douglas W. Mock, Belknap Press, 2004, ISBN 0-674-01285-2
- Denis Chevallier, ? Famille et parent?: une bibliographie ?, Terrain, Num?ro 4 ? Famille et parent? (mars 1985), mis en ligne le 17 juillet 2005. Consult? le 15 juin 2007, terrain.revues.org (French)
- Paul Gilroy (2000) [Identity Belonging and the Critique of Pure Sameness] in Gilroy, Paul (2000) Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Ch. I.3, pp.?97?133
- Jack Goody (1983) The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge University Press); translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese.

## Further reading[edit]

- Mattox, William R., Jr., "America's family time famine", Children Today, Nov?Dec, 1990
- Tabak I., Mazur J., Granado M.C., ?rkenyi ?., Zaborskis A., Aasvee K. Moreno C. (2012). Examining trends in parent-child communication in Europe over 12 years. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 32 (1), 26-54. DOI: 10.1177/0272431611419509 [2]

## External links[edit]

| Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Family

| For a list of words relating to family, see the en:Family category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

- Family database, OECD,
- Family Research Laboratory, unh.edu
- inglesa Historical CharacterRev.pdf Family evolution and contemporary social transformations, seres.fcs.ucr.ac.cr (Estaci?n de Econom?a Pol?tica)
- Family Facts: Social Science Research on Family, Society Religion (a Heritage Foundation site). familyfacts.org
- Families Australia ? independent peak not-for-profit organisation. familiesaustralia.org.au
- FAMILYPLATFORM - A consortium of 12 organisations providing input into the European Union's Socio-Economic and Humanities Research Agenda on Family Research and Family Policies.
- Unitedfamilies.org, International organisation
- UN.org, Families and Development
- Family, marriage and "de facto" unions, Vatican.va

Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
General principles
Article 1: Freedom, Egalitarianism, Dignity and Brotherhood Article 2: Universality of rights
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Articles 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination Article 3: Right to life, liberty and security of person Article 4: Freedom from slavery Article 5: Freedom from torture or cruel and unusual punishment Article 6: Right to personhood Article 7: Equality before the law Article 8: Right to effective remedy from the law Article 9: Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile Article 10: Right to a fair trial Article 11.1: Presumption of innocence Article 11.2: Prohibition of retrospective law Article 12: Right to privacy Article 13.1: Freedom of movement Article 13.2: Right of return Article 14: Right of asylum Article 15: Right to a nationality Article 16: Right to marriage and family life Article 17: Right to property Article 18: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Article 19: Freedom of opinion and expression and information Article 20.1: Freedom of assembly Article 20.2: Freedom of association Article 21.1: Right to participation in government Article 21.2: Right of equal access to public office Article 21.3: Right to universal suffrage
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Article 22: Right to social security Article 23.1: Right to work Article 23.2: Right to equal pay for equal work Article 23.3: Right to just remuneration Article 23.4: Right to join a trade union Article 24: Right to rest and leisure Article 25.1: Right to an adequate standard of living Article 25.2: Right to special care and assistance for mothers and children Article 26.1: Right to education Article 26.2: Human rights education Article 26.3: Right to choice of education Article 27: Right to science and culture
Context, limitations and duties
Article 28: Social order Article 29.1: Social responsibility Article 29.2: Limitations of human rights Article 29.3: The supremacy of the purposes and principles of the United Nations Article 30: Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
Human rights category · Human rights portal

Family
Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Stepfamily Dysfunctional family
Immediate family | Spouse Husband Wife Parents Father Mother Children Son Daughter Siblings Brother Sister Uncles Uncle Aunt Nephews Nephew Niece Grandchildren Grandson Granddaughter Grandparents Grandfather Grandmother Great-grandchildren Great-grandson Great-granddaughter Great-grandparents Great-grandfather Great-grandmother Great-uncles Granduncle Grandaunt Great-nephews Grandnephew Grandniece
Extended family | Grandmother Grandfather Grandson Granddaughter Aunt Uncle Cousin-uncle Cousin Nephew Niece Cousin-nephew Great-grandmother Great-grandfather Great-grandson Great-granddaughter Grandaunt Granduncle Grandniece Grandnephew Cousin-grandnephew Cousin-granduncle Great-granduncle Common ancestor
Family-in-law | Parents-in-law Mother-in-law Father-in-law Sister-in-law Brother-in-law Siblings-in-law Son-in-law Daughter-in-law Children-in-law
Kinship | Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Fictive kinship Marriage
Lineage | Bilateral descent Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart
Relationships | Agape (parental love) Eros (marital love) Filial piety Philia (friendly love) Storge (familial love) Veneration Matrifocal family
Stepfamily | Stepparents Stepmother Stepfather Half-sister Half-brother Half-siblings Stepson Stepdaughter Stepchildren
Theories | Anti-Oedipus Kommune 1

Family rights
Elements | Fetal rights Children's rights Youth rights Reproductive rights
Rights movements | Children's Fathers' Mothers' rights Parents' Matrimonial rights
See also | Family law Parental responsibility Parental liability

Parenting
See also: School Family
Types | Adoptive Alloparenting Complex family Coparenting Foster care Kommune 1 LGBT Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared Single parent Stepfamily Surrogacy Three-parents In loco parentis
Theories/Areas | Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social psychology
Styles | Attachment parenting Concerted cultivation Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Work at home parent
Techniques | After-school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Homeschooling Latchkey kid Play (date) Role model Spoiled child Television Toy (educational)
Discipline | Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Tactical ignoring Time-out
Abuse | Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children
Legal / social aspects | Child support Cost of raising a child Marriage Parental responsibility (Deadbeat parent) Paternity Disownment
Experts | Tanya Byron Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Madeline Levine William Sears B. F. Skinner Benjamin Spock

Substantive human rights
Note: What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights.
Civil and political | Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment Freedom from discrimination Freedom from exile Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Liberty LGBT rights Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Security of person Universal suffrage
Economic, social and cultural | Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Trade union membership
Reproductive | Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Reproductive health
Violations | Corporal punishment
War and conflict | Civilian Combatant Freedom from genocide Prisoner of war War rape