For other uses, see Alcatraz (disambiguation).

  This article is about the island of Alcatraz. For a more detailed article specifically on the high-security prison which existed from 1934 to 1963, also commonly referred to as Alcatraz, see Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary.

Alcatraz Island
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Alcatraz Island from Tiburon Ferry
Location | San Francisco Bay, California, US
Nearest city | San Francisco, California
Coordinates | 37°49′36″N 122°25′24″W﻿ / ﻿37.82667°N 122.423333°W﻿ / 37.82667; -122.423333 Coordinates: 37°49′36″N 122°25′24″W﻿ / ﻿37.82667°N 122.423333°W﻿ / 37.82667; -122.423333[1]
Area | 22 acres (8.9 ha)[2]
Established | 1934 (1934)
Governing body | National Park Service

Alcatraz Island is located in the San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States.[2] Often referred to as "The Rock," the small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1933 until 1963.[3] Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Aboriginal Peoples from San Francisco who were part of a wave of Native activism across the nation with public protests through the 1970s. In 1972 Alcatraz became a national recreation area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

Today, the island's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area; it is open to tours. Visitors can reach the island by ferry ride from Pier 33, near Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco. Hornblower Cruises and Events, operating under the name Alcatraz Cruises, is the official ferry provider to and from the island. Hornblower launched the nation's first hybrid propulsion ferry in 2008, the Hornblower Hybrid, which now serves the island, docking at the Alcatraz Wharf.[4]

It is home to the abandoned prison, the site of the oldest operating lighthouse on the west coast of the United States, early military fortifications, and natural features such as rock pools and a seabird colony (mostly Western Gulls, cormorants, and egrets). According to a 1971 documentary on the History of Alcatraz, the island measures 1,675 feet (511 m) by 590 feet (180 m) and is 135 feet (41 m) at highest point during mean tide.[5] However, the total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres (8.9 ha).[2]

Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse, Dining Hall, Library, Lighthouse, the ruins of the Warden's House and Officers Club, Parade Grounds, Building 64, Water Tower, New Industries Building, Model Industries Building, and the Recreation Yard.

## History[edit]

Alcatraz Island, 1895.
Alcatraz in the dawn mist, from the east. The "parade ground" is at left.
Alcatraz Island from the southwest.
The water tower and powerhouse (at right), which generated electricity for the island.
A model of Military Point Alcatraz, 1866?1868, now on display at Alcatraz Island

Native Americans kept well away from the island, believing it to be cursed.[5] The first Spaniard to document the island was Juan Manuel de Ayala in 1775, who charted San Francisco Bay, and named one of the three islands he identified as the "La Isla de los Alcatraces," which translates as "The Island of the Pelicans,"[1][6][7][8][9][10] from the archaic Spanish alcatraz, "pelican", a word which was probably borrowed from Arabic ?????? al-qa?r?s, meaning sea eagle.[11] Over the years, the English version ?Alcatraz? became popular and is now widely used. In August 1827, French Captain Auguste Bernard Duhaut-Cilly wrote "...running past Alcatraces (Pelicans) Island...covered with a countless number of these birds. A gun fired over the feathered legions caused them to fly up in a great cloud and with a noise like a hurricane."[12] The California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) is not known to nest on the island today. The Spanish put a few small buildings on the island, little else.[5]

### Military garrison[edit]

The earliest recorded owner of the island of Alcatraz is Julian Workman, to whom it was given by Mexican governor Pio Pico in June, 1846, with the understanding that Workman would build a lighthouse on it. Julian Workman is the baptismal name of William Workman, co-owner of Rancho La Puente and personal friend of Pio Pico. Later in 1846, acting in his capacity as Military Governor of California, John C. Fremont, champion of Manifest Destiny and leader of the Bear Flag Republic, bought the island for $5,000 in the name of the United States government from Francis Temple.[5][13][14][15] In 1850, President Millard Fillmore ordered that Alcatraz Island be set aside specifically as a United States military reservation,[9] for military purposes based upon the U.S. acquisition of California from Mexico following the Mexican-American War.[16] Fremont had expected a large compensation for his initiative in purchasing and securing Alcatraz Island for the U.S. government, but the U.S. government later invalidated the sale and paid Fremont nothing. Fremont and his heirs sued for compensation during protracted but unsuccessful legal battles that extended into the 1890s.[14][16]

Following the acquisition of California by the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican-American War, and the onset of the California Gold Rush the following year, the U.S. Army began studying the suitability of Alcatraz Island for the positioning of coastal batteries to protect the approaches to San Francisco Bay. In 1853, under the direction of Zealous B. Tower, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began fortifying the island, work which continued until 1858, eventuating in Fortress Alcatraz. The island's first garrison at Camp Alcatraz, numbering about 200 soldiers and 11 cannon, arrived at the end of that year. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861 the island mounted 85 cannon (increased to 105 cannon by 1866) in casemates around its perimeter, though the small size of the garrison meant only a fraction of the guns could be used at one time. At this time it also served as the San Francisco Arsenal for storage of firearms to prevent them falling into the hands of Confederate sympathizers.[17] Alcatraz built as a "heavily fortified military site on the West Coast" formed a "triangle of defense" along with Fort Point and Lime Point, ensured security to the bay. The island was also the site of the first operational lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States.[9] Alcatraz never fired its guns offensively, though during the war it was used to imprison Confederate sympathizers and privateers on the west coast.[18]

#### Military prison[edit]

Main article: Alcatraz Citadel

Because of its isolation from the outside by the cold, strong, hazardous currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz was used to house Civil War prisoners as early as 1861.

Following the war in 1866, the army determined that the fortifications and guns were being rapidly rendered obsolete by advances in military technology. Modernization efforts, including an ambitious plan to level the entire island and construct shell-proof underground magazines and tunnels, were undertaken between 1870 and 1876 but never completed (the so-called "parade ground" on the southern tip of the island represents the extent of the flattening effort).[19] Instead, the army switched the focus of its plans for Alcatraz from coastal defense to detention, a task for which it was well suited because of its isolation. In 1867, a brick jailhouse was built (previously inmates had been kept in the basement of the guardhouse), and in 1868, Alcatraz was officially designated a long-term detention facility for military prisoners. Among those incarcerated at Alcatraz were confederates caught on the west coast,[5] and some Hopi Native American men in the 1870s.[20]

In 1898, the Spanish-American war increased the prison population from 26 to over 450. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, civilian prisoners were transferred to Alcatraz for safe confinement. On March 21, 1907, Alcatraz was officially designated as the Western U.S. Military Prison, later Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, 1915.[17] In 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell block, designed by Major Reuben Turner, which remains the island's dominant feature. It was completed in 1912. To accommodate the new cell block, the Citadel, a three-story barracks, was demolished down to the first floor, which was actually below ground level. The building had been constructed in an excavated pit (creating a dry "moat") to enhance its defensive potential. The first floor was then incorporated as a basement to the new cell block, giving rise to the popular legend of "dungeons" below the main cell block. The Fortress was deactivated as a military prison in October 1933 and transferred to the Bureau of Prisons.[17]

During World War I, the prison held conscientious objectors, including Philip Grosser, who wrote a pamphlet entitled Uncle Sam's Devil's Island about his experiences.[21]

### Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary[edit]

Main article: Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
An exterior view of the Alcatraz's main cell block from the exercise yard.

The United States Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island became a Federal Bureau of Prisons federal prison in August 1934. Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons.[22] At 9:40 am in the morning of August 11, 1934, the first batch of 137 prisoners arrived at Alcatraz, arriving by railroad from the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas at Santa Venetia, California, before being escorted to Alcatraz, handcuffed in high security coaches and guarded by some 60 special FBI agents, U.S. marshalls and railway security officials.[5][23] Most of the prisoners were notorious bank robbers, murderers, or sodomites.[5] The prison initially had a staff of 155, including the first warden James A. Johnston and associate warden J. E. Shuttleworth, both considered to be "iron men".[5] The staff were highly trained in security, but not rehabilitation.[5]

During the 29 years it was in use, the jail held some of the worst hoodlums America had ever known,[5] such as Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the Birdman of Alcatraz), George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Bumpy Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda (a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who attacked the United States Capitol building in 1954),[24] Mickey Cohen, Arthur R. "Doc" Barker, James "Whitey" Bulger, and Alvin "Creepy" Karpis (who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate). It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons staff and their families.

During its 29 years of operation, the penitentiary claimed that no prisoner successfully escaped. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts, two men trying twice; 23 were caught, six were shot and killed during their escape, two drowned, and five are listed as "missing and presumed drowned".[25] The most violent occurred on May 2, 1946, when a failed escape attempt by six prisoners led to the Battle of Alcatraz. On June 11, 1962, Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin carried out one of the most intricate escapes ever devised.

## Post-prison years[edit]

Alcatraz
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
The Social Hall, destroyed by fire during the Native American occupation.
Location | San Francisco, California
Area | 47 acres (19 ha)[26]
Built | 1847
Architect | U.S. Army, Bureau of Prisons; U.S. Army
Architectural style | Mission/Spanish Revival
Governing body | National Park Service
NRHP Reference # | 76000209[26]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP | June 23, 1976[26]
Designated NHL | January 17, 1986[27]

Because the penitentiary cost much more to operate than other prisons (nearly $10 per prisoner per day, as opposed to $3 per prisoner per day at Atlanta),[28] and half a century of salt water saturation had severely eroded the buildings, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the penitentiary closed on March 21, 1963. In addition, citizens were increasingly protesting the environmental effects of sewage released into San Francisco Bay from the approximately 250 inmates and 60 Bureau of Prisons families on the island. That year, the United States Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, on land, opened as the replacement facility for Alcatraz.

### Native American occupation[edit]

Main article: Occupation of Alcatraz
A lingering sign of the 1969?71 Native American occupation (2006 Photograph).

Beginning on November 20, 1969, a group of Native Americans called United Indians of All Tribes, mostly college students from San Francisco, occupied the island to protest federal policies related to American Indians. Some of them were children of Indians who had resettled in the city as part of an urbanization program encouraged by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) from the 1930s to the 1950s. The BIA hoped to give Indians new opportunities in the cities, as many Indian reservations were isolated from job markets.

The occupiers, who stayed on the island for nearly two years, demanded the island's facilities be adapted and new structures built for an Indian education center, ecology center and cultural center. The American Indians claimed the island by provisions of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the U.S. and the Sioux; they said the treaty promised to return all retired, abandoned or out-of-use federal lands to the Native peoples from whom it was acquired. (Note: The Treaty of 1868 stated that all abandoned or unused federal land adjacent to the Great Sioux Reservation could be reclaimed by descendants of the Sioux Nation.) Indians of All Tribes then claimed Alcatraz Island by the "Right of Discovery", as indigenous peoples knew it thousands of years before any Europeans had come to North America. Begun by urban Indians of San Francisco, the occupation attracted other Native Americans from across the country, including American Indian Movement (AIM) urban activists from Minneapolis.

The Native Americans demanded reparation for the many treaties broken by the US government and for the lands which were taken from so many tribes. In discussing the Right of Discovery, the historian Troy R. Johnson states in The Occupation of Alcatraz Island, that indigenous peoples knew about Alcatraz at least 10,000 years before any European knew about any part of North America.

Native Americans objected to federal policies such as intense pressure to send their children to boarding schools. They cited the Moqui Hopi in 1895, who were held as military prisoners by the US. The U.S. government offered to release the people if they agreed to send their children to U.S. Indian schools. The Hopi refused, believing this would cause their culture to deteriorate and force assimilation. The effect of the policy was to break any positive relations the Hopi may have built with the U.S. government.[29]

During the nineteen months and nine days of occupation by the American Indians, several buildings at Alcatraz were damaged or destroyed by fire, including the recreation hall, the Coast Guard quarters and the warden's home. The origin of the fires is disputed. The U.S. government demolished a number of other buildings (mostly apartments) after the occupation had ended. Graffiti from the period of Native American occupation are still visible at many locations on the island.[30]

During the occupation, President Richard Nixon rescinded the Indian termination policy, designed by earlier administrations to end federal recognition of tribes and their special relationship with the US government. He established a new policy of self-determination, in part as a result of the publicity and awareness created by the occupation. The occupation ended on June 11, 1971.[31]

Following a succession of demands at Alcatraz, the U.S. government returned excess, unused land to the Taos, Yakama, Navajo and Washoe tribes.[29]

In 2011 a permanent multimedia exhibit was opened on Alcatraz examining the 19-month occupation. Located in the former band practice room in a cellblock in the basement, the space serves as the cultural center the Native American occupiers requested upon their occupation. The exhibit, called "We Are Still Here," features photos, videos and sound recordings gathered by staff and students at San Francisco State University and California State University, East Bay. Curators of the exhibit interviewed descendents of occupation leader Richard Oakes, and others who participated.[32]

## Landmarks[edit]

Main article: List of Alcatraz Island features

The entire Alcatraz Island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976,[26] and was further declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.[27][33] In 1993, the National Park Service published a plan entitled Alcatraz Development Concept and Environmental Assessment.[34] This plan, approved in 1980, doubled the amount of Alcatraz accessible to the public to enable visitors to enjoy its scenery and bird, marine, and animal life.[35]

Map of Alcatraz

- Baker Beach
- Boat Dock
- Building 64
- Citadel
- Dining Hall
- Former Military Chapel (Bachelor Quarters)
- Helipad
- Library
- Lighthouse
- Main Cellhouse
- Model Industries Building
- Morgue
- New Industries Building
- Officers Club
- Parade Grounds
- Power House
- Recreation Yard
- Wardens House
- Water Tower

## Development[edit]

Today American Indian groups, such as the International Indian Treaty Council, hold ceremonies on the island, most notably, their "Sunrise Gatherings" every Columbus Day and Thanksgiving Day.

The Global Peace Foundation proposed to raze the prison and build a peace center in its place. During the previous year, supporters collected 10,350 signatures that placed it on the presidential primary ballots in San Francisco for February 5, 2008.[36] The proposed plan was estimated at $1 billion. For the plan to pass, Congress would have had to have taken Alcatraz out of the National Park Service. Critics of the plan said that Alcatraz is too rich in history to be destroyed.[37] On February 6, 2008, the Alcatraz Island Global Peace Center Proposition C failed to pass, with 72% of voters rejecting the proposition.[38]

## Fauna and flora[edit]

### Habitat[edit]

Brandt's Cormorant nesting on Alcatraz Island

- Cisterns. A bluff that, because of its moist crevices, is believed to be an important site for California slender salamanders.
- Cliff tops at the island's north end. Containing a onetime manufacturing building and a plaza, the area is listed as important to nesting and roosting birds.
- The powerhouse area. A steep embankment where native grassland and creeping wild rye support a habitat for deer mice.
- Tide pools. A series of them, created by long-ago quarrying activities, contains still-unidentified invertebrate species and marine algae.[citation needed] They form one of the few tide-pool complexes in the bay, according to the report.
- Western cliffs and cliff tops. Rising to heights of nearly 100 feet (30 m), they provide nesting and roosting sites for sea birds including pigeon guillemots, cormorants, Heermann's Gulls, and Western Gulls. Harbor seals can occasionally be seen on a small beach at the base.
- The parade grounds. Carved from the hillside during the late 19th century and covered with rubble since the government demolished guard housing in 1971, the area has become a habitat and breeding ground for black-crowned night herons, western gulls, slender salamanders, and deer mice.
- The Agave Path, a trail named for its dense growth of agave. Located atop a shoreline bulkhead on the south side, it provides a nesting habitat for night herons.
- Alcatraz prison and its surroundings.

### Flora[edit]

Flowers on Alcatraz

Gardens planted by families of the original Army post, and later by families of the prison guards, fell into neglect after the prison closure in 1963. After 40 years, they are being restored by a paid staff member and many volunteers, thanks to funding by the Garden Conservancy and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. The untended gardens had become severely overgrown and had developed into a nesting habitat and sanctuary for numerous birds. Now, areas of bird habitat are being preserved and protected, while many of the gardens are being restored to their original state.

In clearing out the overgrowth, workers found that many of the original plants were growing where they had been planted ? some more than 100 years ago. Numerous heirloom rose hybrids, including a Welsh rose that had been believed to be extinct, have been discovered and propagated. Many species of roses, succulents, and geraniums are growing among apple and fig trees, banks of sweet peas, manicured gardens of cutting flowers, and wildly overgrown sections of native grasses with blackberry and honeysuckle.

## In popular culture[edit]

Main article: Alcatraz Island in popular culture

Alcatraz Island appears often in popular culture, including the films The Book of Eli (2010), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Catch Me If You Can (2002), The Rock (1996), Murder in the First (1995), Escape from Alcatraz (1979), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), and J. J. Abrams' 2012 television series Alcatraz. It also was featured in the animated series Yu-Gi-Oh!

## Gallery[edit]

A panorama of Alcatraz as viewed from San Francisco Bay, facing east. Sather Tower and UC Berkeley are visible in the background on the right.

## See also[edit]

| Government of the United States portal
| Criminal justice portal

- Asinara
- Robben Island

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b "Alcatraz Island". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey.
2. ^ a b c "Alcatraz Island". Encyclop?dia Britannica Online. Encyclop?dia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
3. ^ Odier, Odier (1982). The Rock: A History of Alcatraz: The Fort/The Prison. L'Image Odier. ISBN 0-9611632-0-8.
4. ^ Waitley, Denis; Waitley, Dayna; Waitley, Deborah (25 April 1999). The psychology of winning for women. Executive Excellence Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-890009-13-7. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "This Is An Alcatraz Documentary (Part 1)". Narrated by Howard Duff. 1971. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
6. ^ "The March of Portol? and the Log of the San Carlos ? Zoeth S. Eldredge E. J. Molera ? Log of the San Carlos". Books-about-california.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
7. ^ "The History of Alcatraz Island". Alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
8. ^ "History: Military Fortress". Alcatrazcruises.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
9. ^ a b c "BOP: Alcatraz". Bop.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
10. ^ "Alcatraz Island ? History Culture (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 2010-03-27. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
11. ^ "alcatras, n.". OED Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
12. ^ Auguste Duhaut-Cilly (1999). University of California Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-520-21752-2. Text "A Voyage to California, the Sandwich Islands, and Around the World in the Years 1826 - 1829 " ignored (help); Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
13. ^ "Full text of "The expeditions of John Charles Fr?mont"". Archive.org. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
14. ^ a b "Famous Hauntings". Sgha.net. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
15. ^ "h2g2 ? Alcatraz, San Francisco, California, USA". BBC. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
16. ^ a b "Alcatraz-World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
17. ^ a b c Hannings, Bud (March 2005). Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Co Inc. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7864-1796-4.
18. ^ "Historic Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Post at Alcatraz Island". Militarymuseum.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
19. ^ Alcatraz Preservation Project: Exposing the Layers of An American Landmark (pamphlet), Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, 2003.
20. ^ "The most painful story of resistance to assimilation programs and compulsory school attendance laws involved the Hopis in Arizona, who surrendered a group of men to the military rather than voluntarily relinquish their children. The Hopi men served time in federal prison at Alcatraz". Child, Brenda J. (February 2000). Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900?1940. University of Nebraska Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-8032-6405-4.
21. ^ Grosser, P., Block, H., Blackwell, A. S., Berkman, A. (1933). Uncle Sam's Devil's Island: experiences of a conscientious objector in America during the World War. Boston: Published by a Group of friends. OCLC 13728108
22. ^ Oliver, Marilyn Tower (1998). Alcatraz Prison in American HIstory. Berkley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-89490-990-8.
23. ^ "For Desperate or Irredeemable Types United States Federal Penitentiary Alcatraz". A History of Alcatraz Island, 1847-1972, Historic Resources Study. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
24. ^ "Former Alcatraz inmate speaks about his time", San Francisco Examiner, by D. Morita; October 9, 2009
25. ^ "Alcatraz Escape Attempts". Alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
26. ^ a b c d "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.
27. ^ a b "Alcatraz Island". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
28. ^ Ocean View Publishing Company. "A Brief History of Alcatraz, p. 5". Alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
29. ^ a b Larry R. Solomon, Roots of Justice, You Are Now on Indian Land, 2003
30. ^ Alcatraz Island, California State University Long Beach
31. ^ Indians of All Tribes, Alcatraz Is Not an Island, Berkeley, Wingbow Press, 1972
32. ^ Meredith May (2011-11-21). "American Indians get permanent exhibit at Alcatraz". Bay Area State (SFGate). Retrieved 20 November 2011.
33. ^ Stephen A. Haller (April 15, 1985). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Alcatraz Island / La Isla de los Alcatraces / Fort Alcatraz / The Post at Alcatraz / Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison / U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz Island / United States Penitentiary ad Alcatraz Island (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-21 Text "1.68?Mebibyte" ignored (help) and Accompanying 18 photos, exterior and interior, from 1985, 1980, and undated. PDF (4.03?MB)
34. ^ http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:sCBari8GzzMJ:www.nps.gov/archive/goga/admin/planning/alca-eis/doc/chap1.doc Alcatraz Development Concept and Environmental Assessmenthl=engl=usct=clnkcd=2
35. ^ Adams, Gerald D., Alcatraz Proposal Highlights Wildlife Plan Would Open Up More of Rock, San Francisco Examiner (July 27, 1993), News section, p. A1.
36. ^ "Voters consider changing Alcatraz to peace center". Reuters. February 4, 2008.
37. ^ Locke, Michelle (2008-02-02). "LJWorld.com / Activist wants to transform Alcatraz into global peace center". .ljworld.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
38. ^ "Elections and Results". NBC 11. Retrieved 2011-01-24. Text " KNTV Bay Area " ignored (help)

## External links[edit]

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alcatraz Island.

- Alcatraz Official Website
- Photograph collection on official site
  - Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- Alcatraz Island Virtual Museum Exhibit, National Park Service, Park Museum Management Program
- Science 1933 plane "Popular Science"hl=enei=fbVcTaibJoep8Abi1Zn8Cgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CE4Q6AEwCTge#v=onepageqf=true "American Devils Island Holds Toughest Prisoners" Popular Science, February 1935
- A Brief History of Alcatraz ? Federal Bureau of Prisons
- California State Military Museum ? Post at Alcatraz Island
- 2012 KDRT radio interview with former Alcatraz convict Robert Luke
- Alphabetical Index of Former Inmates of U.S. Penitentiary, Alcatraz, 1934?63 from Records of the National Archives.
- Escape Report on the 1962 escape incident (from the FBI's FOIA electronic reading room)
- AlcatrazHistory.com
- Map of Alcatraz with marker pictures.
- Alcatraz.mobi mobile website
- Alcatraz Map and Tour for iPhone and iPad.

San Francisco attractions
Landmarks | 49-Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F-Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight-Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square
Museums and art | Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Palace of the Legion of Honor Cartoon Art Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas-Lilienthal House Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley's Believe It or Not! SFMOMA San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Zeum
Recreation and parks | Alamo Square Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens
Entertainment | American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts
Sports | San Francisco 49ers San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Candlestick Park Kezar Stadium
Food and drink | Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark
Shopping | Metreon Stonestown Galleria Westfield San Francisco Centre
Events | Chinese New Year Festival and Parade San Francisco Pride Bay to Breakers Moscone Center
National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco

City and County of San Francisco
History Culture Landmarks Media Museums Neighborhoods Notable people Skyscrapers Theatres Universities
Government | City Hall Mayor Board of Supervisors Superior Court San Francisco consulates Sister cities Arts Commission Board of Education City Attorney District Attorney Ethics Commission Fire Department Human Rights Commission San Francisco International Airport Municipal Transportation Agency Police Commission Police Department Port of San Francisco Public Library Public Utilities Commission Public Works Recreation & Parks Department Sheriff's Department Transportation Authority San Francisco Unified School District Youth Commission |
Transit | AC Transit Amtrak California BART Caltrain Clipper card Golden Gate Ferry Golden Gate Transit SamTrans San Francisco Bay Ferry San Francisco Municipal Railway SolTrans WestCAT
Parks | Alamo Square Balboa Park Buena Vista Park Candlestick Point Corona Heights Park Dolores Park Glen Canyon Park Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Grand View Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Lincoln Park McLaren Park Mountain Lake Park Panhandle Pioneer Park/Coit Tower The Presidio San Francisco Maritime Stern Grove South Park Sutro Heights Park Washington Square Park Yerba Buena Gardens
Related articles | Golden Gate Bridge Fisherman's Wharf Alcatraz Island Cable Cars
Topics Category Portal

Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Parks |
Marin County | Muir Woods National Monument Muir Beach Olema Valley Stinson Beach Bolinas Ridge Tennessee Valley Oakwood Valley Marin Headlands Point Bonita Fort Baker
San Francisco | Presidio of San Francisco Alcatraz Lands End Sutro Baths Fort Miley Sutro Heights Ocean Beach Fort Funston Crissy Field Fort Point Fort Mason San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park
San Mateo County | Mori Point Sweeney Ridge Milagra Ridge Rancho Corral de Tierra Phleger Estate
People | Ohlone People Coast Miwok John Muir William Kent
Natural Settings | San Francisco Bay Area Climate Geology Ecosystems Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve
Natural Disasters | Cosco Busan oil spill
History | Marincello Founding and Growth
Bay Area Parks | Golden Gate Park Marin Municipal Water District Bay Area Ridge Trail Mount Tamalpais State Park Point Reyes National Seashore Pinnacles National Monument
Administration | National Park Service Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy Presidio Trust
Related | Dipsea Race Golden Gate Bridge

U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Topics | Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types
Lists by states | Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Lists by insular areas | American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands
Lists by associated states | Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau
Other areas | District of Columbia Morocco
Category Portal WikiProject

San Francisco Bay watershed
Outline | Hydrography Ecology List of tributaries List of lakes |
Subdivisions | Major San Francisco Bay Suisun Bay San Pablo Bay Minor Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Richardson Bay San Rafael Bay Richmond Inner Harbor San Leandro Bay
Waterways | Rivers San Joaquin Sacramento Napa Guadalupe Petaluma Creeks (discharging into the Bay) Alameda Baxter Cerrito Codornices Coyote (Santa Clara) Coyote (Marin) San Leandro San Lorenzo Schoolhouse Temescal Sausal Redwood San Mateo Sonoma Corte Madera Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio San Rafael Miller Novato Tolay San Francisquito Pacheco Alhambra Adobe Rodeo Refugio Pinole Garrity Rheem Karlson San Pablo Castro Wildcat Fluvius Innominatus Marin (Alameda County) Strawberry Easton Reservoirs Calaveras Reservoir Straits and estuaries Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Carquinez Strait Oakland Estuary Raccoon Strait
Parks and protected areas | Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge Eden Landing Ecological Reserve Hayward Regional Shoreline Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center Crown Memorial State Beach Eastshore State Park Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve Point Isabel Regional Shoreline César Chávez Park Brooks Island Regional Shoreline Point Pinole Regional Shoreline Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge Coyote Point Park Middle Harbor Shoreline Park National Estuarine Research Reserve China Camp State Park San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park SF Bay Trail Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline Big Break Regional Shoreline
Islands and peninsulas | Major islands Alameda Alcatraz Angel Treasure Island Yerba Buena Minor Brooks Bair Bay Farm Belvedere Brother Castro Rocks Coast Guard Mare Red Rock The Sisters Marin Islands Roe Ryer Seal Islands Peninsulas/infill Albany Bulb Point Isabel Foster City Fleming Point Hunters Point
Wetlands | Chelsea Cordelia Crissy Field Hoffman Meeker Mowry Napa Sonoma Point Molate Seal Stege Suisun Westpoint
Bridges and tubes | Bridges San Francisco–Oakland Eastern span replacement Richmond–San Rafael San Mateo–Hayward Dumbarton Golden Gate Benicia–Martinez Antioch Carquinez Leimert Fruitvale Tubes Posey/Webster Street Transbay
Ports and marinas | Port of San Francisco Port of Oakland Port of Richmond San Francisco Naval Shipyard Mare Island Naval Shipyard Port of Redwood City Berkeley Marina Oyster Point Marina/Park Clipper Yacht Harbor Foster City Marina (proposed)
Other | Discovery Site Humphrey the Whale COSCO Busan oil spill Delta and Dawn Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve California Clapper Rail Reber Plan San Leandro Oyster Beds Thicktail chub Delta smelt Richmond Shipyards U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model Guadalupe Watershed Clifton Court Forebay Conservation and Development Commission The Watershed Project Save The Bay Harold Gilliam Marincello Citizens for East Shore Parks Friends of Five Creeks Urban Creeks Council Cargill Salt infill Ferry service/SF Bay Ferry 1971 oil spill Greenbelt Alliance The Bay Institute San Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Water Trail Estuary Partnership Leslie Salt
Portal Category