<table class="infobox" cellspacing="3" style="border-spacing:3px;width:22em;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:lightblue; color:black;;">Greek alphabet<br /></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greekalphabet.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greekalphabet.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greekalphabet.svg/250px-Greekalphabet.svg.png" width="250" height="31" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greekalphabet.svg/375px-Greekalphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greekalphabet.svg/500px-Greekalphabet.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Type</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Languages</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Time period</th>
<td>~800 BC to the present<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiggers1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiggers1996-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Parent systems</th>
<td>
<div style="line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px; padding-left:0">
<li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0">
<li>Greek alphabet</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Child systems</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" title="Old Italic alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Old Italic alphabet</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th>
<td><tt>Grek, 200</tt></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Direction</th>
<td>Left-to-right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Unicode alias</th>
<td>Greek</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mapping_of_Unicode_characters" title="Mapping of Unicode characters">Unicode range</a></th>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf">U 0370?U 03FF</a> Greek?and?Coptic,<br />
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F00.pdf">U 1F00?U 1FFF</a> Greek?Extended</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The <b>Greek alphabet</b> is the script that has been used to write the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> since the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook19879_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook19879-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> It was derived from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, and was in turn the ancestor of numerous other European and Middle Eastern scripts, including <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Apart from its use in writing the Greek language, both in its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of <a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">technical symbols and labels</a> in many domains of mathematics, science and other fields.</p>
<p>In its classical and modern form, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a>. Like Latin and Cyrillic, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter; it developed the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_script" title="Bicameral script" class="mw-redirect">distinction between upper case and lower case</a> in parallel with Latin during the modern era. (The letter <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> ??? has two different lowercase forms, ??? and ???, with ??? being used in word-final position<sup id="cite_ref-nicholas_finalsigma_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholas_finalsigma-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> and ??? elsewhere.)</p>
<p>Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> usage, owing to phonological changes in the language.</p>
<p>In traditional ("polytonic") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">diacritics</a>, including accent marks, so-called "breathing" marks, and the <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a>. In common present-day usage for Modern Greek since the 1980s, this system has been simplified to a so-called "monotonic" convention.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:left;">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Letter</th>
<th rowspan="2">Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Sound value</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Ancient<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_2008_15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard_2008_15-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></th>
<th>Modern<sup id="cite_ref-holton_1998_31_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holton_1998_31-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "a?" not found in list</strong>|a?]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" title="Voiced bilabial stop">b</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop" title="Voiced alveolar stop">d</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">zeta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[zd]</span> (or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[dz]</span><sup id="cite_ref-hinge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinge-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>)</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant" class="mw-redirect">z</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "??" not found in list</strong>|??]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "t?" not found in list</strong>|t?]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "i?" not found in list</strong>|i?]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" title="Bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" title="Bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:left;">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Letter</th>
<th rowspan="2">Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Sound value</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Ancient</th>
<th>Modern</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" title="Alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" title="Alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">xi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ks]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ks]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">p</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">p</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" title="Alveolar trill">r</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" title="Alveolar trill">r</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant" class="mw-redirect">s</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant" class="mw-redirect">s</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop" title="Voiceless alveolar stop">t</a>]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop" title="Voiceless alveolar stop">t</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "y?" not found in list</strong>|y?]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "p?" not found in list</strong>|p?]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "k?" not found in list</strong>|k?]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ps]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ps]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:120%;"> ? ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "??" not found in list</strong>|??]]]</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:left;" /></p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Letters"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Letters</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Sound_values"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sound values</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Digraphs_and_letter_combinations"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Digraphs and letter combinations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Diacritics"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Diacritics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Romanization"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Romanization</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Archaic_variants"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Archaic variants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Letter_names"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Letter names</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Letter_shapes"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Letter shapes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Derived_alphabets"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Derived alphabets</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other_uses"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Other uses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Use_for_other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Use for other languages</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Antiquity"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Antiquity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Early_modern"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#In_mathematics_and_science"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">In mathematics and science</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#International_Phonetic_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">International Phonetic alphabet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Use_as_numerals"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Use as numerals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Glyph_variants"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Glyph variants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Computer_encodings"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Computer encodings</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#ISO.2FIEC_8859-7"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">ISO/IEC 8859-7</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Greek_in_Unicode"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Greek in Unicode</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Combining_and_letter-free_diacritics"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Combining and letter-free diacritics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Encodings_with_a_subset_of_the_Greek_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Letters">Letters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Letters">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sound_values">Sound values</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sound values">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek orthography</a></div>
<p>Both in Ancient and Modern Greek, the letters of the Greek alphabet have fairly stable and consistent symbol-to-sound mappings, making pronunciation of words largely predictable. Ancient Greek spelling was generally near-phonemic. For a number of letters, sound values differ considerably between Ancient and Modern Greek, because their pronunciation has followed a set of systematic phonological shifts that affected the language in its post-classical stages.<sup id="cite_ref-horrocks_231_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horrocks_231-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Among consonant letters, all letters that denoted voiced plosive consonants (/b, d, g/) and aspirated plosives (/p?, t?, k?/) in Ancient Greek stand for corresponding fricative sounds in Modern Greek. The correspondences are as follows:</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">?</th>
<th colspan="3">Former voiced plosives</th>
<th colspan="3">Former aspirates</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Letter</th>
<th>Ancient</th>
<th>Modern</th>
<th>Letter</th>
<th>Ancient</th>
<th>Modern</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Labial</td>
<td>? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" title="Voiced bilabial stop">b</a>/</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span></td>
<td>? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "p?" not found in list</strong>|p?]]/</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dental</td>
<td>? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop" title="Voiced alveolar stop">d</a>/</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
<td>? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "t?" not found in list</strong>|t?]]/</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Coronal</td>
<td>? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]]</span> ~ <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" title="Palatal approximant">j</a>]</span></td>
<td>? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "k?" not found in list</strong>|k?]]/</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> ~ <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Among the vowel symbols, Modern Greek sound values reflect the fact that the vowel system of post-classical Greek was radically simplified, merging multiple formerly distinct vowel phonemes into a much smaller number. This leads to several groups of vowel letters denoting identical sounds today. Modern Greek orthography remains true to the historical spellings in most of these cases. As a consequence, the spellings of words in Modern Greek are often not predictable from the pronunciation alone, while the reverse mapping, from spelling to pronunciation, is usually regular and predictable.</p>
<p>The following vowel letters and digraphs are involved in the mergers:</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>letter</th>
<th>ancient</th>
<th>modern</th>
<th>letter</th>
<th>ancient</th>
<th>modern</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ? ?</td>
<td><strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "??" not found in list</strong></td>
<td rowspan="5">> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td>
<td> ? ?</td>
<td><strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "??" not found in list</strong></td>
<td rowspan="2">> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>(<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span>)</td>
<td> ? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?? ??</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ei</span></td>
<td> ? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td>
<td rowspan="2">> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ? ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>(<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span>) > <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></td>
<td>A? a?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ai</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?? ??</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">oi</span> > <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></td>
<td colspan="3">?</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Modern Greek speakers typically use the same, modern, sound-symbol mappings in reading Greek of all historical stages. In other countries, students of Ancient Greek may use a variety of <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">conventional approximations</a> of the historical sound system in pronouncing Ancient Greek.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Digraphs_and_letter_combinations">Digraphs and letter combinations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Digraphs and letter combinations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Several letter combinations have special conventional sound values different from those of their single components. Among them are several <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> of vowel letters that formerly represented <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> but are now monophthongized. In addition to the three mentioned above (???, ??, ???) there is also ???? = /u/. The Ancient Greek diphthongs ???? and ???? are pronounced [ev] and [av] respectively in Modern Greek ([ef, af] in devoicing environments). The Modern Greek consonant combinations ???? and ???? stand for [b] and [d] (or [mb] and [nd]) respectively; ???? stands for [dz]. In addition, both in Ancient and Modern Greek, the letter ???, before another <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonant</a>, stands for the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> [?]; thus ???? and ???? are pronounced like English ?ng?.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diacritics">Diacritics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diacritics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></div>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" title="Polytonic orthography" class="mw-redirect">polytonic orthography</a> traditionally used for ancient Greek, the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks: either the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<big style="font-size:115%;"><span lang="grc">?</span></big>), the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (<big style="font-size:115%;"><span lang="grc">?</span></big>), or the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" title="Circumflex accent" class="mw-redirect">circumflex accent</a> (<big style="font-size:115%;"><span lang="grc">??</span></big> or <big style="font-size:115%;"><span lang="grc">??</span></big>). These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> in Ancient Greek. By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing, in late antiquity, pitch accent was evolving into a single <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a>, and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since. In addition to the accent marks, every word-initial vowel must carry either of two so-called "breathing marks": the <a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper" class="mw-redirect">rough breathing</a> (<big style="font-size:115%;"><span lang="grc">?</span></big>), marking an <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/h/</span> sound at the beginning of a word, or the <a href="/wiki/Spiritus_lenis" title="Spiritus lenis" class="mw-redirect">smooth breathing</a> (<big style="font-size:115%;"><span lang="grc">?</span></big>), marking its absence. The letter rho (?), although not a vowel, also carries a rough breathing in word-initial position.</p>
<p>The vowel letters ??, ?, ?? carry an additional diacritic in certain words, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a>, which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature ??? below the letter. This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs, ???, ??, ??? (i.e. /a?i, ??i, ??i/), which became monophthongized during antiquity.</p>
<p>Another diacritic used in Greek is the <a href="/wiki/Double_dot_(diacritic)" title="Double dot (diacritic)" class="mw-redirect">diaeresis</a> (<big style="font-size:115%;"><span lang="grc">?</span></big>), indicating a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>.</p>
<p>In 1982, a new, simplified orthography, known as "monotonic", was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state. It uses only a single accent mark, the acute (also known in this context as <i>tonos</i>, i.e. simply "accent"), marking the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words, and occasionally the diaeresis to distinguish diphthongal from digraph readings in pairs of vowel letters. The polytonic system is still conventionally used for writing Ancient Greek, while in some book printing and generally in the usage of conservative writers it can still also be found in use for Modern Greek.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Romanization">Romanization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romanization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization of Greek</a></div>
<p>There are many different methods of rendering Greek text or Greek names in the Latin script. The form in which classical Greek names are conventionally rendered in English goes back to the way Greek loanwords were incorporated into Latin in antiquity. In this system, ??? is replaced with ?c?, the diphthongs ???? and ???? are rendered as ?ae? and ?oe? (or ??,??) respectively; and ???? and ???? are simplified to ?i? and ?u? respectively. In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek, ??? will instead be rendered as ?k?, and the vowel combinations ???, ??, ??, ??? as ?ai, oi, ei, ou? respectively. The letters ??? and ??? are generally rendered as ?th? and ?ph?; ??? as either ?ch? or ?kh?; and word-initial ??? as ?rh?.</p>
<p>For Modern Greek, there are multiple different transcription conventions. They differ widely, depending on their purpose, on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek-based transcription systems, and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter-by-letter <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> or rather a phonetically based transcription. Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (as <a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">Library of Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> and others.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipylon_Inscription.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dipylon_Inscription.JPG/220px-Dipylon_Inscription.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dipylon_Inscription.JPG/330px-Dipylon_Inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dipylon_Inscription.JPG/440px-Dipylon_Inscription.JPG 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipylon_Inscription.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Dipylon_inscription" title="Dipylon inscription">Dipylon inscription</a>, one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet, ca. 740?BC</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Greek alphabet emerged in the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2003-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Another, unrelated writing system, <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, had been in use to write the Greek language during the earlier <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greece" title="Mycenean Greece" class="mw-redirect">Mycenean</a> period, but the two systems are separated from each other by a hiatus of several centuries, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. The Greeks adopted the alphabet from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, a member of the family of closely related <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">West Semitic scripts</a>. The most notable change made in adapting the Phoenician system to Greek was the introduction of vowel letters. According to a definition used by some modern authors, this feature makes Greek the first "alphabet" in the narrow sense,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> as distinguished from the purely consonantal alphabets of the Semitic type, which according to this terminology are called "abjads".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright19964_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright19964-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Greek initially took over all of the 22 letters of Phoenician. Five of them were reassigned to denote vowel sounds: the glide consonants <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/j/</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a></i>) and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/w/</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a></i>) were used for [i] (?, <i><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a></i>) and [u] (?, <i><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a></i>) respectively; the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> consonant <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/?/</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">'aleph</a></i>) was used for [a] (?, <i><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a></i>); the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/?/</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin"><span class="Unicode">?ayin</span></a></i>) was turned into [o] (?, <i><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a></i>); and the letter for <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/h/</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a></i>) was turned into [e] (?, <i><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a></i>). A doublet of waw was also borrowed as a consonant for [w] (?, <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a>). In addition, the Phoenician letter for the emphatic glottal <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/?/</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">heth</a></i>) was borrowed in two different functions by different dialects of Greek: as a letter for /h/ (?, <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">heta</a>) by those dialects that had such a sound, and as an additional vowel letter for the long <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/??/</span> (?, <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a>) by those dialects that lacked the consonant. Eventually, a seventh vowel letter for the long <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/??/</span> (?, <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a>) was introduced.</p>
<p>Greek also introduced three new consonant letters for its aspirated plosive sounds and consonant clusters: ? (<i><a href="/wiki/Phi_(letter)" title="Phi (letter)" class="mw-redirect">phi</a></i>) for <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/p?/</span>, ? (<i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a></i>) for <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/k?/</span> and ? (<i><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a></i>) for <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ps/</span>. In western Greek variants, ? was instead used for <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ks/</span> and ? for <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/k?/</span> The origin of these letters is a matter of some debate.</p>
<div style="float:none;">
<table class="wikitable" style="float:left;">
<tr>
<th colspan="3">Phoenician</th>
<th colspan="4">Greek</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician aleph.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/12px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/18px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/24px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(letter)" title="Aleph (letter)" class="mw-redirect">aleph</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Alpha 03.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/13px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/19px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/26px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "a?" not found in list</strong>|a?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician beth.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/12px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/18px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/24px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" title="Beth (letter)" class="mw-redirect">beth</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" title="Voiced bilabial stop">b</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Beta 16.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" title="Voiced bilabial stop">b</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician gimel.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/12px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/18px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/24px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(letter)" title="Gimel (letter)" class="mw-redirect">gimel</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Gamma archaic 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician daleth.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/12px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/18px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/24px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Daleth_(letter)" title="Daleth (letter)" class="mw-redirect">daleth</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop" title="Voiced alveolar stop">d</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Delta 04.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop" title="Voiced alveolar stop">d</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician he.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/12px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/18px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/24px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Epsilon archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "e?" not found in list</strong>|e?]]/</span><sup id="cite_ref-longepsilon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longepsilon-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician waw.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/12px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/18px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Labio-velar_approximant" title="Labio-velar approximant">w</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Digamma oblique.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/26px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a>)</i></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Labio-velar_approximant" title="Labio-velar approximant">w</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician zayin.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zayin_(letter)" title="Zayin (letter)" class="mw-redirect">zayin</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant" class="mw-redirect">z</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Zeta archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" title="Zeta (letter)" class="mw-redirect">zeta</a></td>
<td>[zd](?)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician heth.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/12px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/18px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/24px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" title="Heth (letter)" class="mw-redirect">heth</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Eta archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eta_(letter)" title="Eta (letter)" class="mw-redirect">eta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "??" not found in list</strong>|??]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician teth.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/12px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/18px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/24px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Teth_(letter)" title="Teth (letter)" class="mw-redirect">teth</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "t?" not found in list</strong>|t?]]/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Theta archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "t?" not found in list</strong>|t?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_yodh.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician yodh.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/12px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/18px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/24px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Yodh_(letter)" title="Yodh (letter)" class="mw-redirect">yodh</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" title="Palatal approximant">j</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Iota normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "i?" not found in list</strong>|i?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician kaph.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/12px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/18px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/24px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kaph_(letter)" title="Kaph (letter)" class="mw-redirect">kaph</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Kappa normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician lamedh.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/12px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/18px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/24px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh_(letter)" title="Lamedh (letter)" class="mw-redirect">lamedh</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_09.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Lambda 09.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician mem.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/12px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/18px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/24px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mem_(letter)" title="Mem (letter)" class="mw-redirect">mem</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" title="Bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Mu 04.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" title="Bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician nun.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/12px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/18px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/24px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" title="Alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Nu 01.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" title="Alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:left;">
<tr>
<th colspan="3">Phoenician</th>
<th colspan="4">Greek</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_samekh.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician samekh.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/12px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/18px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/24px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">samekh</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant" class="mw-redirect">s</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Xi archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">xi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ks/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician ayin.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ayin_(letter)" title="Ayin (letter)" class="mw-redirect">?ayin</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Omicron 04.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "o?" not found in list</strong>|o?]]/</span><sup id="cite_ref-longepsilon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longepsilon-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_pe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician pe.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/12px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/18px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/24px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(letter)" title="Pe (letter)">pe</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">p</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Pi archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">p</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sade.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician sade.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/12px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/18px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/24px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tsade_(letter)" title="Tsade (letter)" class="mw-redirect">?ade</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "s?" not found in list</strong>|s?]]/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_San_02.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek San 02.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/13px-Greek_San_02.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/19px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/26px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><i>(<a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a>)</i></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant" class="mw-redirect">s</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician qoph.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/12px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/18px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/24px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qoph</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_stop" title="Voiceless uvular stop">q</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Koppa_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Koppa normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a>)</i></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician res.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/12px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/18px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/24px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">re?</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" title="Alveolar trill">r</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Rho pointed.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" title="Alveolar trill">r</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician sin.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/12px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/18px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/24px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">?in</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Sigma normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant" class="mw-redirect">s</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician taw.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/12px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/18px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/24px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">taw</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop" title="Voiceless alveolar stop">t</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Tau normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tau_(letter)" title="Tau (letter)" class="mw-redirect">tau</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop" title="Voiceless alveolar stop">t</a>/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician waw.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/12px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/18px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a>)</i></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Labio-velar_approximant" title="Labio-velar approximant">w</a>/</span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Upsilon normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "u?" not found in list</strong>|u?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"> ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Phi archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "p?" not found in list</strong>|p?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"> ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Chi normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "k?" not found in list</strong>|k?]]/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"> ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Psi straight.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ps/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"> ?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Omega normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td>?</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "??" not found in list</strong>|??]]/</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:left;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" width="220" height="192" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens" class="mw-redirect">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape: the letter <span class="Unicode">?</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a></i>), which had been in competition with ? (<i><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a></i>) denoting the same phoneme /s/; the letter <span class="Unicode">?</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Qoppa" title="Qoppa" class="mw-redirect">qoppa</a></i>), which was redundant with ? (<i><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a></i>) for /k/, and ? (<i><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a></i>), whose sound value /w/ dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period.</p>
<p>Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left, just like Phoenician, but scribes could freely alternate between directions. For a time, a writing style with alternating right-to-left and left-to-right lines (called <i><a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a></i>, literally "ox-turning", after the manner of an ox ploughing a field) was common, until in the classical period the left-to-right writing direction became the norm. Individual letter shapes were mirrored depending on the writing direction of the current line.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Archaic_variants">Archaic variants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archaic variants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek alphabets</a></div>
<p>There were initially numerous <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">local variants</a> of the Greek alphabet, which differed in the use and non-use of the additional vowel and consonant symbols and several other features. A form of western Greek native to <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, which among other things had ? for /ks/, was transplanted to Italy by early Greek colonists, and became the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" title="Old Italic alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Old Italic alphabets</a> and ultimately, through <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> used a local form of the alphabet until the 5th century BC; it lacked the letters ? and ? as well as the vowel symbols ? and ?. The classical 24-letter alphabet that became the norm later was originally the local alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>; this was adopted by Athens in 403 BC under <a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">archon</a> <a href="/wiki/Eucleides" title="Eucleides">Eucleides</a> and in most other parts of the Greek-speaking world during the 4th century BC.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Letter_names">Letter names</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Letter names">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>When the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet, they took over not only the letter shapes and sound values, but also the names by which the sequence of the alphabet could be recited and memorized. In Phoenician, each letter name was a word that began with the sound represented by that letter; thus <i><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">?aleph</a></i>, the word for "ox", was used as the name for the glottal stop <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/?/</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a></i>, or "house", for the <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/b/</span> sound, and so on. When the letters were adopted by the Greeks, most of the Phoenician names were maintained or modified slightly to fit Greek phonology; thus, <i>?aleph, bet, gimel</i> became <i>alpha, beta, gamma</i>.</p>
<p>The Greek names of the following letters are more or less straightforward continuations of their Phoenician antecedents. Between Ancient and Modern Greek they have remained largely unchanged, except that their pronunciation has followed regular sound changes along with other words (for instance, in the name of <i>beta</i>, ancient /b/ regularly changed to modern /v/, and ancient /??/ to modern /i/, resulting in the modern pronunciation <i>vita</i>). The name of lambda is attested in early sources as <span lang="grc">?????</span> besides <span lang="grc">??????</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> in Modern Greek the spelling is often <span lang="el">?????</span>. The name of iota is sometimes rendered as <span lang="el">?????</span> in Modern Greek, following regular spelling conventions for the rendering of an initial glide /j/. In the tables below, the Greek names of all letters are given in their traditional polytonic spelling; in modern practice, like with all other words, they are usually spelled in the simplified monotonic system.</p>
<table class="mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em;">
<div class="haudio">
<div style="padding:2px 0;" class="fn"><a href="/wiki/File:Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg" title="File:Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg">Greek Alphabet.</a></div>
<div style="padding-right:4px;">
<div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" style="width:220px;height:23px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf5/skins/common/images/icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="21.132131519274" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (132 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="131569"></source>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player.<br />
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</div>
<div style="padding:2px 0 0 0;" class="description">(Names of the letters pronounced in Modern Greek)</div>
</div>
<hr /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">media help</a>.</i></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Phoenician</th>
<th colspan="4">Greek</th>
<th rowspan="2">English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>letter</th>
<th>ancient</th>
<th>modern</th>
<th>spelling</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>aleph</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">alp?a</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?alfa</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">????</span></td>
<td>alpha</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>beth</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">b??ta</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?vita</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">????</span></td>
<td>beta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gimel</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">gamma</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">??ama</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">?????</span></td>
<td>gamma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>daleth</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">delta</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">??elta</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">?????</span></td>
<td>delta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>heth</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">h??ta, ??ta</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?ita</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???</span></td>
<td>eta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>teth</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t???ta</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">??ita</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">????</span></td>
<td>theta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>yodh</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">i??ta</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?jota</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">????</span></td>
<td>iota</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>kaph</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">kappa</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?kapa</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">?????</span></td>
<td>kappa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>lamedh</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">lambda</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?lam?a</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??????</span></td>
<td>lambda</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mem</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">my?</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">mi</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>mu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>nun</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ny?</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ni</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>nu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>re?</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">r??</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ro</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>rho</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>taw</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">tau</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">taf</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???</span></td>
<td>tau</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In the cases of the three historical sibilant letters below, the correspondence between Phoenician and Ancient Greek is less clear, with apparent mismatches both in letter names and sound values. The early history of these letters (and the fourth sibilant letter, obsolete <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a>) has been a matter of some debate. Here too, the changes in the pronuncation of the letter names between Ancient and Modern Greek are regular.</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Phoenician</th>
<th colspan="4">Greek</th>
<th rowspan="2">English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>letter</th>
<th>ancient</th>
<th>modern</th>
<th>spelling</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zayin</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">dz??ta</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">zita</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">????</span></td>
<td>zeta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>samekh</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">kse?</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ksi</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???, ??</span></td>
<td>xi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?in</td>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">si?ma</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">si?ma</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">?????</span></td>
<td>si?ma</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In the following group of consonant letters, the older forms of the names in Ancient Greek were spelled with <span lang="grc">-??</span>, indicating an original pronunciation with <i>-?</i>. In Modern Greek these names are spelled with <span lang="el">-?</span>.</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th colspan="5">Greek</th>
<th rowspan="2">English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>letter</th>
<th>ancient</th>
<th>spellin?</th>
<th>modern</th>
<th>spelling</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">kse?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ksi</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>xi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">pe?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">pi</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>pi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">p?e?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">fi</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>phi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">k?e?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?i</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>chi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">pse?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???</span></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">psi</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td>psi</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The following group of vowel letters were originally called simply by their sound values as long vowels: ?, ?, ?, and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span>. Their modern names contain adjectival qualifiers that were added during the Byzantine period, to distinguish between letters that had become confusable. Thus, the letters ??? and ???, pronounced identically by this time, were called <i>o mikron</i> ("small o") and <i>o mega</i> ("big o") respectively. The letter ??? was called <i>e psilon</i> ("plain e") to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ????, while, similarly, ???, which at this time was pronounced <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span>, was called <i>y psilon</i> ("plain y") to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ????.</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th colspan="7">Greek</th>
<th rowspan="2">English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>letter</th>
<th>ancient</th>
<th>spellin?</th>
<th>medieval</th>
<th>meaning</th>
<th>modern</th>
<th>spelling</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">e?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">? ?????</span></td>
<td>'plain e'</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?epsilon</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??????</span></td>
<td>epsilon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">o?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">? ??????</span></td>
<td>'small o'</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?omikron</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">???????</span></td>
<td>omicron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">u?</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">y?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">? ?????</span></td>
<td>'plain y'</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?ipsilon</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">??????</span></td>
<td>upsilon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ?</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">??</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">?</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">? ????</span></td>
<td>'big o'</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">o?me?a</span></td>
<td><span lang="el">?????</span></td>
<td>omega</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Letter_shapes">Letter shapes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Letter shapes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/170px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg" width="170" height="273" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/255px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/340px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
A 16th century edition of the New Testament, printed in a renaissance typeface by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Like Latin and other alphabetic scripts, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter, without a distinction between uppercase and lowercase. This distinction is an innovation of the modern era, drawing on different lines of development of the letter shapes in earlier handwriting.</p>
<p>The oldest forms of the letters in antiquity are <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" title="Majuscule" class="mw-redirect">majuscule</a> forms. Besides the upright, straight inscriptional forms (capitals) found in stone carvings or incised pottery, more fluent writing styles adapted for handwriting on soft materials were also developed during antiquity. Such handwriting has been preserved especially from <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> manuscripts in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. Ancient handwriting developed two distinct styles: <a href="/wiki/Uncial" title="Uncial" class="mw-redirect">uncial</a> writing, with carefully drawn, rounded block letters of about equal size, used as a <a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">book hand</a> for carefully produced literary and religious manuscripts, and <a href="/wiki/Cursive#Cursive_Greek" title="Cursive">cursive</a> writing, used for everyday purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The cursive forms approached the style of lowercase letter forms, with <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascenders</a> and descenders, as well as many connecting lines and ligatures between letters.</p>
<p>In the 9th and 10th century, uncial book hands were replaced with a new, more compact writing style, with letter forms partly adapted from the earlier cursive.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">minuscule</a> style remained the dominant form of handwritten Greek into the modern era. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, western printers adopted the minuscule letter forms as lowercase printed typefaces, while modelling uppercase letters on the ancient inscriptional forms. The orthographic practice of using the letter case distinction for marking proper names, titles etc. developed in parallel to the practice in Latin and other western languages.</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Inscription</th>
<th colspan="2">Manuscript</th>
<th colspan="2">Modern print</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>archaic</th>
<th>classical</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Uncial" title="Uncial" class="mw-redirect">uncial</a></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">minuscule</a></th>
<th>lowercase</th>
<th>uppercase</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Alpha 03.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/13px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/19px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/26px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Alpha classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png" width="14" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Alpha.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Alpha.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Beta 16.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Beta classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Beta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Beta_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Beta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Beta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Beta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Beta_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Beta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Beta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_uncial_Beta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Beta.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_uncial_Beta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Beta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_uncial_Beta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Beta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Beta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Gamma archaic 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Gamma classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Gamma_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Gamma_classical.svg.png" width="14" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Gamma_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Gamma_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Gamma_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Gamma_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Gamma.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Gamma.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Delta 04.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Delta classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_Delta_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Delta_classical.svg.png" width="14" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_Delta_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Delta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_Delta_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Delta_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Delta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Delta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Greek_uncial_Delta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Delta.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Greek_uncial_Delta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Delta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Greek_uncial_Delta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Delta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Delta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Epsilon archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Epsilon classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Epsilon.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Epsilon.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Zeta archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Zeta classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Zeta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Zeta_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Zeta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Zeta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Zeta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Zeta_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Zeta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Zeta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Eta archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Eta classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greek_Eta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Eta_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greek_Eta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Eta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greek_Eta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Eta_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Eta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Eta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_uncial_Eta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Eta.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_uncial_Eta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Eta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_uncial_Eta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Eta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Eta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Theta archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Theta classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_Theta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Theta_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_Theta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Theta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_Theta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Theta_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Theta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Theta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Theta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Theta.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Theta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Theta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Theta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Theta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Theta.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Iota normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Iota classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greek_Iota_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Iota_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greek_Iota_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Iota_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greek_Iota_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Iota_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Iota.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Iota.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_uncial_Iota.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Iota.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_uncial_Iota.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Iota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_uncial_Iota.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Iota.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Iota.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Kappa normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Kappa classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greek_Kappa_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Kappa_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greek_Kappa_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Kappa_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greek_Kappa_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Kappa_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Kappa.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Kappa.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_09.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Lambda 09.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Lambda classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_Lambda_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Lambda_classical.svg.png" width="14" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_Lambda_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Lambda_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_Lambda_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Lambda_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Lambda.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Lambda.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Mu 04.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Mu classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png" width="14" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Mu.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Mu.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_uncial_Mu.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Mu.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_uncial_Mu.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Mu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_uncial_Mu.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Mu.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Mu.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Nu 01.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Nu classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_Nu_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Nu_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_Nu_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Nu_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_Nu_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Nu_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Nu.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Nu.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greek_uncial_Nu.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Nu.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greek_uncial_Nu.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Nu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greek_uncial_Nu.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Nu.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Nu.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Xi archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Xi classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Greek_Xi_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Xi_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Greek_Xi_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Xi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Greek_Xi_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Xi_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Xi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Xi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_uncial_Xi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Xi.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_uncial_Xi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Xi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_uncial_Xi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Xi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Xi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Omicron 04.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Omicron classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greek_Omicron_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Omicron_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greek_Omicron_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Omicron_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greek_Omicron_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Omicron_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Omicron.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Omicron.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Pi archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Pi classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_Pi_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Pi_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_Pi_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Pi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_Pi_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Pi_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Pi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Pi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greek_uncial_Pi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Pi.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greek_uncial_Pi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Pi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greek_uncial_Pi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Pi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Pi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Rho pointed.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Rho classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Greek_Rho_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Rho_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Greek_Rho_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Rho_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Greek_Rho_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Rho_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Rho.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Rho.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Rho.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Rho.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Rho.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Rho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Rho.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Rho.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Rho.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Sigma normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Sigma classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greek_Sigma_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_classical.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greek_Sigma_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greek_Sigma_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Sigma.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Sigma.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">??</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Tau normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Tau classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Tau_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_classical.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Tau_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Tau_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Tau.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Tau.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_uncial_Tau.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Tau.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_uncial_Tau.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Tau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_uncial_Tau.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Tau.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Tau.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Upsilon normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Upsilon classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Upsilon.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Upsilon.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Phi 03.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_archaic.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Phi archaic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Phi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Phi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Greek_uncial_Phi.svg/16px-Greek_uncial_Phi.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Greek_uncial_Phi.svg/24px-Greek_uncial_Phi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Greek_uncial_Phi.svg/32px-Greek_uncial_Phi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Phi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Chi normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Chi classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Chi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Chi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_uncial_Chi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Chi.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_uncial_Chi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Chi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_uncial_Chi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Chi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Chi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Psi straight.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Psi classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Psi_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_classical.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Psi_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Psi_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Psi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Psi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_uncial_Psi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Psi.svg.png" width="19" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_uncial_Psi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Psi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_uncial_Psi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Psi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Psi.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_normal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Omega normal.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_classical.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek Omega classical.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Omega_classical.svg/15px-Greek_Omega_classical.svg.png" width="15" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Omega_classical.svg/22px-Greek_Omega_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Omega_classical.svg/30px-Greek_Omega_classical.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Omega.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek uncial Omega.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_uncial_Omega.svg/26px-Greek_uncial_Omega.svg.png" width="26" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_uncial_Omega.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Omega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_uncial_Omega.svg/51px-Greek_uncial_Omega.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek minuscule Omega.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg.png" width="85" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
<td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">?</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Derived_alphabets">Derived alphabets</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Derived alphabets">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Masiliana_tablet.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Masiliana_tablet.svg/300px-Masiliana_tablet.svg.png" width="300" height="24" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Masiliana_tablet.svg/450px-Masiliana_tablet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Masiliana_tablet.svg/600px-Masiliana_tablet.svg.png 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Masiliana_tablet.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The earliest Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">abecedarium</a>, from Marsiliana d'Albegna, still almost identical with contemporary archaic Greek alphabets</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wulfila_bibel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wulfila_bibel.jpg/220px-Wulfila_bibel.jpg" width="220" height="277" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wulfila_bibel.jpg/330px-Wulfila_bibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wulfila_bibel.jpg/440px-Wulfila_bibel.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wulfila_bibel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
A page from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Argenteus" title="Codex Argenteus">Codex Argenteus</a>, a 6th century bible manuscript in Gothic</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Greek alphabet was the model for various others:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, together with various other <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" title="Old Italic script">ancient scripts in Italy</a>, adopted from an archaic form of the Greek alphabet brought to Italy by Greek colonists in the late 8th century BC, via <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a>, devised in the 4th century AD to write the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a>, based on a combination of Greek and Latin models</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, devised in the 9th century AD for writing <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, which replaced the Glagolitic alphabet shortly afterwards</li>
</ul>
<p>It is also considered a possible ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a>, which in turn influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_for_other_languages">Use for other languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use for other languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Apart from the daughter alphabets listed above, which were adapted from Greek but developed into separate writing systems, the Greek alphabet has also been adopted at various times and in various places to write other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrakis.2C_Stavros_M.1996_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrakis.2C_Stavros_M.1996-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> For some of them, additional letters were introduced.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Antiquity">Antiquity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul>
<li>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">alphabets of Asia Minor</a>, in use c. 800?300 BC to write languages like <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>, were the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications ? as were the original <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" title="Old Italic alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Old Italic alphabets</a>.</li>
<li>Some <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>. For other neighboring languages or dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a>, isolated words are preserved in Greek texts, but no continuous texts are preserved.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a> was used for writing the ancient <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian language</a> in parts of modern Spain.</li>
<li>Some <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> inscriptions (in modern France) use the Greek alphabet (c. 300 BC).</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> text of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was written in Greek letters in <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iranic_languages" title="Iranic languages" class="mw-redirect">Iranic</a> language spoken in what is now <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, was written in the Greek alphabet during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (65?250 AD). It adds an extra letter ?<a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">?</a>? for the <i>sh</i> sound <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "?" not found in list</strong>|?]]]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1997-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a> adds eight letters derived from <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a>. It is still used today, mostly in Egypt, to write <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians. Letters usually retain an <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial form</a> different from the forms used for Greek today.</li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul>
<li>An 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet.</li>
<li>An <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" title="Ossetic language" class="mw-redirect">Old Ossetic</a> inscription of the 10-12c AD found in <a href="/wiki/Arxyz" title="Arxyz" class="mw-redirect">Arxyz</a>, the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria" class="mw-redirect">Makuria</a> (modern Sudan) adds three Coptic letters, two letters derived from <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script" class="mw-redirect">Meroitic script</a>, and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> sound.</li>
<li>Various <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> dialects, similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian languages</a>, have been written in Greek script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiletich1920_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiletich1920-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazonVaillant1938_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazonVaillant1938-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristophson197411_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristophson197411-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyfuss1989_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyfuss1989-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The modern South Slavic languages now use modified <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabets</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern">Early modern</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early modern">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG/220px-Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG" width="220" height="302" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG/330px-Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG/440px-Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
18th century title page of a book printed in Karamanli Turkish</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a></i>) was often written in Greek script, and called <i><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanlidika</a></i>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_language" title="Tosk language" class="mw-redirect">Tosk</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> was often written using the Greek alphabet, starting in about 1500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie1991_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie1991-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup>. The printing press at <a href="/wiki/Moschopolis" title="Moschopolis" class="mw-redirect">Moschopolis</a> published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century. It was only in 1908 that the <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Monastir</a> conference standardized a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Latin orthography</a> for both Tosk and <a href="/wiki/Gheg_language" title="Gheg language" class="mw-redirect">Gheg</a>. Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>) in Greece.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> (Vlach) has been written in Greek characters. There is not yet a standardized orthography for Aromanian, but it appears that one based on the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> orthography will be adopted.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" title="Turkic language" class="mw-redirect">Turkic language</a> of the northeast Balkans.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surguch" title="Surguch" class="mw-redirect">Surguch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" title="Turkic language" class="mw-redirect">Turkic language</a> spoken by a small group of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> in northern Greece.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a> or Greek Tatar.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_mathematics_and_science">In mathematics and science</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In mathematics and science">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering</a></div>
<p>Greek symbols are traditionally used as names in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>. Many symbols have traditional uses, such as lower case epsilon (?) for <a href="/wiki/Limit_(mathematics)" title="Limit (mathematics)">an arbitrarily small positive number</a>, lower case pi (?) for the <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter</a>, capital sigma (?) for <a href="/wiki/Summation" title="Summation">summation</a>, and lower case sigma (?) for <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_Phonetic_alphabet">International Phonetic alphabet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International Phonetic alphabet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Several Greek letters are used as phonetic symbols in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Several of them denote <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative" class="mw-redirect">fricative</a> consonants; the rest stand for variants of vowel sounds. The glyph shapes used for these letters in specialized phonetic fonts is sometimes slightly different from the conventional shapes in Greek typography proper, with glyphs typically being more upright and using <a href="/wiki/Serifs" title="Serifs" class="mw-redirect">serifs</a>, to make them conform more with the typographical character of other, Latin-based letters in the phonetic alphabet. Nevertheless, in the Unicode encoding standard, the following three phonetic symbols are considered the same characters as the corresponding Greek letters proper:</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>beta</td>
<td>U 03B2</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>theta</td>
<td>U 03B8</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>chi</td>
<td>U 03C7</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>On the other hand, the following phonetic letters have Unicode representations separate from their Greek alphabetic use, either because their conventional typographic shape is too different from the original, or because they also have secondary uses as regular alphabetic characters in some Latin-based alphabets, including separate Latin uppercase letters distinct from the Greek ones.</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Greek letter</th>
<th colspan="4">Phonetic letter</th>
<th>Uppercase</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?</td>
<td>phi</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>U 0278</td>
<td>Latin small letter phi</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">voiceless bilabial fricative</a></td>
<td> ?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?</td>
<td>gamma</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>U 0263</td>
<td>Latin small letter gamma</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a></td>
<td> ? U 0194</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?</td>
<td>epsilon</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>U 025B</td>
<td>Latin small letter open e<br />
(alias: epsilon)</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">Open-mid front unrounded vowel</a></td>
<td> ? U 0190</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?</td>
<td>alpha</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>U 0251</td>
<td>Latin small letter alpha</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">Open back unrounded vowel</a></td>
<td> ? U 2C6D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?</td>
<td>upsilon</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>U 028A</td>
<td>Latin small letter upsilon</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_vowel" title="Near-close near-back vowel">Near-close near-back vowel</a></td>
<td> ? U 01B1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?</td>
<td>iota</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">?</span></td>
<td>U 0269</td>
<td>Latin small letter iota</td>
<td>obsolete for <a href="/wiki/%3F" title="?" class="mw-redirect">?</a></td>
<td> ?</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The Greek letter ? has also been used as a phonetic symbol, as an alternate for IPA "?" (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_fricative" title="Lateral fricative" class="mw-redirect">lateral fricative</a>), especially in <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist phonetic notation</a>, but is not officially part of the IPA.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_as_numerals">Use as numerals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Use as numerals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></div>
<p>Greek letters were also used to write numbers. In the classical Ionian system, the first nine letters of the alphabet stood for the numbers from 1 to 9, the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 10, from 10 to 90, and the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 100, from 100 to 900. For this purpose, in addition to the 24 letters which by that time made up the standard alphabet, three otherwise obsolete letters were retained or revived: <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> ??? for 6, <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a> ??? for 90, and a rare Ionian letter for [ss], today called <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">sampi</a> ???, for 900. This system has remained in use in Greek up to the present day, although today it is only employed for limited purposes such as enumerating chapters in a book, similar to the way Roman numerals are used in English. The three extra symbols are today written as ???, ??? and ??? respectively. To mark a letter as a numeral sign, a small stroke called <i>keraia</i> is added to the right of it.</p>
<div style="float:none;">
<table class="wikitable" style="float:left;">
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a></td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a></td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a></td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a></td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a></td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>??</td>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> (stigma)</i></td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" title="Zeta (letter)" class="mw-redirect">zeta</a></td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a></td>
<td>8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a></td>
<td>9</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:left;">
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a></td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a></td>
<td>20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a></td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a></td>
<td>40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a></td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">xi</a></td>
<td>60</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a></td>
<td>70</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a></td>
<td>80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>??</td>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a></i></td>
<td>90</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:left;">
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a></td>
<td>100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a></td>
<td>200</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tau_(letter)" title="Tau (letter)" class="mw-redirect">tau</a></td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a></td>
<td>400</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Phi_(letter)" title="Phi (letter)" class="mw-redirect">phi</a></td>
<td>500</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a></td>
<td>600</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a></td>
<td>700</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>?? ??</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a></td>
<td>800</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ??</td>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">sampi</a></i></td>
<td>900</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:left;" /></p>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Glyph_variants">Glyph variants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Glyph variants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Some letters can occur in variant shapes, mostly inherited from medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet#Later_developments" title="History of the Greek alphabet">minuscule</a> handwriting. While their use in normal typography of Greek is purely a matter of font styles, some such variants have been given separate encodings in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li>The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> ("curled beta") is a cursive variant form of <a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" title="Beta (letter)" class="mw-redirect">beta</a> (?). In the French tradition of Ancient Greek typography, ? is used word-initially, and <span class="Unicode">?</span> is used word-internally.</li>
<li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants, either shaped <img class="tex" alt="\epsilon\,\!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/2/3/223a19789dba17194e2f96e9c37b87d1.png" /> ('lunate epsilon', like a semicircle with a stroke) or <img class="tex" alt="\varepsilon\,\!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/a/7/fa74d9e81618ddb721e8357adcb90892.png" /> (similar to a reversed number 3). The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> (U 03F5) is designated specifically for the lunate form, used as a technical symbol.</li>
<li>The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> ("script theta") is a cursive form of <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a> (?), frequent in handwriting, and used with a specialized meaning as a technical symbol.</li>
<li>The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> ("kappa symbol") is a cursive form of <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a> (?), used as a technical symbol.</li>
<li>The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> ("variant pi") is an archaic script form of <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a> (?), also used as a technical symbol.</li>
<li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" title="Rho (letter)" class="mw-redirect">rho</a> (?) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the descending tail either going straight down or curled to the right. The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> (U 03F1) is designated specifically for the curled form, used as a technical symbol.</li>
<li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a>, in standard orthography, has two variants: ?, used only at the ends of words, and ?, used elsewhere. The form <span class="Unicode">?</span> ("<a href="/wiki/Sigma#Lunate_sigma" title="Sigma">lunate sigma</a>", resembling a Latin <i><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></i>) is a medieval stylistic variant that can be used in both environments without the final/non-final distinction.</li>
<li>The capital letter <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a> (?) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the upper strokes either straight like a Latin <i>Y</i>, or slightly curled. The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> (U 03D2) is designated specifically for the curled form, used as a technical symbol.</li>
<li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Phi_(letter)" title="Phi (letter)" class="mw-redirect">phi</a> can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants, either shaped as <img class="tex" alt="\textstyle\phi\,\!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/4/a/64a9e7313ac88009f507236db403421d.png" /> (a circle with a vertical stroke through it) or as <img class="tex" alt="\textstyle\varphi\,\!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/8/e/c8eecb80683345bf2b071bf6f5c4d396.png" /> (a curled shape open at the top). The symbol <span class="Unicode">?</span> (U 03D5) is designated specifically for the closed form, used as a technical symbol.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Computer_encodings">Computer encodings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Computer encodings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>For the usage in computers, a variety of encodings have been used for Greek online, many of them documented in <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1947">RFC 1947</a>.</p>
<p>The two principal ones still used today are <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">ISO/IEC 8859-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. ISO 8859-7 supports only the monotonic orthography; Unicode supports the polytonic orthography.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISO.2FIEC_8859-7">ISO/IEC 8859-7</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: ISO/IEC 8859-7">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>For the range A0?FF (hex) it follows the Unicode range 370?3CF (see below) except that some symbols, like ?, ?, ? etc. are used where Unicode has unused locations. Like all ISO-8859 encodings it is equal to ASCII for 00?7F (hex).</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Greek_in_Unicode">Greek in Unicode</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Greek in Unicode">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Unicode supports polytonic orthography well enough for ordinary continuous text in modern and ancient Greek, and even many archaic forms for <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>. With the use of <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining characters</a>, Unicode also supports Greek <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectology</a> and various other specialized requirements. However, Unicode still falls short in rendering the full range of Greek letter forms. Most current text rendering engines do not support diacritics well, so, though alpha with <a href="/wiki/Macron" title="Macron">macron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> can be <i>represented</i> as U 03B1 U 0304 U 0301, this rarely renders well: <span lang="grc">??</span>.</p>
<p>There are 2 main blocks of Greek characters in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. The first is "Greek and Coptic" (U 0370 to U 03FF). This block is based on <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-7" title="ISO 8859-7" class="mw-redirect">ISO 8859-7</a> and is sufficient to write Modern Greek. There are also some archaic letters and Greek-based technical symbols.</p>
<p>This block also supports the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a>. Formerly most Coptic letters shared codepoints with similar-looking Greek letters; but in many scholarly works, both scripts occur, with quite different letter shapes, so as of Unicode 4.1, Coptic and Greek were disunified. Those Coptic letters with no Greek equivalents still remain in this block (U 03E2 to U 03EF).</p>
<p>To write polytonic Greek, one may use <a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritical_mark" title="Combining diacritical mark" class="mw-redirect">combining diacritical marks</a> or the precomposed characters in the "Greek Extended" block (U 1F00 to U 1FFF).</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center">
<tr>
<td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_and_Coptic_(Unicode_block)" title="Greek and Coptic (Unicode block)" class="mw-redirect">Greek and Coptic</a></b><sup class="reference" id="ref_U0370_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U0370_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br />
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf">Unicode chart</a> (PDF)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">
<td style="width:45pt"> </td>
<td style="width:20pt">0</td>
<td style="width:20pt">1</td>
<td style="width:20pt">2</td>
<td style="width:20pt">3</td>
<td style="width:20pt">4</td>
<td style="width:20pt">5</td>
<td style="width:20pt">6</td>
<td style="width:20pt">7</td>
<td style="width:20pt">8</td>
<td style="width:20pt">9</td>
<td style="width:20pt">A</td>
<td style="width:20pt">B</td>
<td style="width:20pt">C</td>
<td style="width:20pt">D</td>
<td style="width:20pt">E</td>
<td style="width:20pt">F</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+037x</td>
<td title="U+0370: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER HETA"><a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Ͱ</a></td>
<td title="U+0371: GREEK SMALL LETTER HETA"><a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">ͱ</a></td>
<td title="U+0372: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ARCHAIC SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Ͳ</a></td>
<td title="U+0373: GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ͳ</a></td>
<td title="U+0374: GREEK NUMERAL SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%CA%B9" title="ʹ" class="mw-redirect">ʹ</a></td>
<td title="U+0375: GREEK LOWER NUMERAL SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B5" title="͵" class="mw-redirect">͵</a></td>
<td title="U+0376: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B6" title="Ͷ" class="mw-redirect">Ͷ</a></td>
<td title="U+0377: GREEK SMALL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B6" title="Ͷ" class="mw-redirect">ͷ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+037A: GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CD%BA" title="ͺ" class="mw-redirect">ͺ</a></td>
<td title="U+037B: GREEK SMALL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BD" title="Ͻ" class="mw-redirect">ͻ</a></td>
<td title="U+037C: GREEK SMALL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BE" title="Ͼ" class="mw-redirect">ͼ</a></td>
<td title="U+037D: GREEK SMALL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BF" title="Ͽ" class="mw-redirect">ͽ</a></td>
<td title="U+037E: GREEK QUESTION MARK"><a href="/wiki/;" title=";" class="mw-redirect">;</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+038x</td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+0384: GREEK TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%84" title="΄" class="mw-redirect">΄</a></td>
<td title="U+0385: GREEK DIALYTIKA TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%85" title="΅" class="mw-redirect">΅</a></td>
<td title="U+0386: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" title="Ά" class="mw-redirect">Ά</a></td>
<td title="U+0387: GREEK ANO TELEIA"><a href="/wiki/%C2%B7" title="·" class="mw-redirect">·</a></td>
<td title="U+0388: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" title="Έ" class="mw-redirect">Έ</a></td>
<td title="U+0389: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" title="Ή" class="mw-redirect">Ή</a></td>
<td title="U+038A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" title="Ί" class="mw-redirect">Ί</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+038C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" title="Ό" class="mw-redirect">Ό</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+038E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" title="Ύ" class="mw-redirect">Ύ</a></td>
<td title="U+038F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" title="Ώ" class="mw-redirect">Ώ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+039x</td>
<td title="U+0390: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%90" title="ΐ" class="mw-redirect">ΐ</a></td>
<td title="U+0391: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA"><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Α</a></td>
<td title="U+0392: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA"><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Β</a></td>
<td title="U+0393: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA"><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Γ</a></td>
<td title="U+0394: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA"><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Δ</a></td>
<td title="U+0395: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON"><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Ε</a></td>
<td title="U+0396: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA"><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Ζ</a></td>
<td title="U+0397: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA"><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Η</a></td>
<td title="U+0398: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA"><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Θ</a></td>
<td title="U+0399: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA"><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Ι</a></td>
<td title="U+039A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA"><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Κ</a></td>
<td title="U+039B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Λ</a></td>
<td title="U+039C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Μ</a></td>
<td title="U+039D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU"><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Ν</a></td>
<td title="U+039E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI"><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Ξ</a></td>
<td title="U+039F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON"><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Ο</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+03Ax</td>
<td title="U+03A0: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a></td>
<td title="U+03A1: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO"><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Ρ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+03A3: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA"><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Σ</a></td>
<td title="U+03A4: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU"><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Τ</a></td>
<td title="U+03A5: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON"><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Υ</a></td>
<td title="U+03A6: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI"><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Φ</a></td>
<td title="U+03A7: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI"><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Χ</a></td>
<td title="U+03A8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI"><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">Ψ</a></td>
<td title="U+03A9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA"><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Ω</a></td>
<td title="U+03AA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AA" title="Ϊ" class="mw-redirect">Ϊ</a></td>
<td title="U+03AB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AB" title="Ϋ" class="mw-redirect">Ϋ</a></td>
<td title="U+03AC: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" title="Ά" class="mw-redirect">ά</a></td>
<td title="U+03AD: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" title="Έ" class="mw-redirect">έ</a></td>
<td title="U+03AE: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" title="Ή" class="mw-redirect">ή</a></td>
<td title="U+03AF: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" title="Ί" class="mw-redirect">ί</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+03Bx</td>
<td title="U+03B0: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%B0" title="ΰ" class="mw-redirect">ΰ</a></td>
<td title="U+03B1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA"><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">α</a></td>
<td title="U+03B2: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA"><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">β</a></td>
<td title="U+03B3: GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA"><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">γ</a></td>
<td title="U+03B4: GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA"><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">δ</a></td>
<td title="U+03B5: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON"><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">ε</a></td>
<td title="U+03B6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA"><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">ζ</a></td>
<td title="U+03B7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA"><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">η</a></td>
<td title="U+03B8: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA"><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">θ</a></td>
<td title="U+03B9: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA"><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a></td>
<td title="U+03BA: GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA"><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">κ</a></td>
<td title="U+03BB: GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a></td>
<td title="U+03BC: GREEK SMALL LETTER MU"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">μ</a></td>
<td title="U+03BD: GREEK SMALL LETTER NU"><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">ν</a></td>
<td title="U+03BE: GREEK SMALL LETTER XI"><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">ξ</a></td>
<td title="U+03BF: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON"><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">ο</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+03Cx</td>
<td title="U+03C0: GREEK SMALL LETTER PI"><a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">π</a></td>
<td title="U+03C1: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO"><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">ρ</a></td>
<td title="U+03C2: GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA"><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">ς</a></td>
<td title="U+03C3: GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA"><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">σ</a></td>
<td title="U+03C4: GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU"><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">τ</a></td>
<td title="U+03C5: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON"><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a></td>
<td title="U+03C6: GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI"><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">φ</a></td>
<td title="U+03C7: GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI"><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">χ</a></td>
<td title="U+03C8: GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI"><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">ψ</a></td>
<td title="U+03C9: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA"><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">ω</a></td>
<td title="U+03CA: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AA" title="Ϊ" class="mw-redirect">ϊ</a></td>
<td title="U+03CB: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AB" title="Ϋ" class="mw-redirect">ϋ</a></td>
<td title="U+03CC: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" title="Ό" class="mw-redirect">ό</a></td>
<td title="U+03CD: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" title="Ύ" class="mw-redirect">ύ</a></td>
<td title="U+03CE: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" title="Ώ" class="mw-redirect">ώ</a></td>
<td title="U+03CF: GREEK CAPITAL KAI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">Ϗ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+03Dx</td>
<td title="U+03D0: GREEK BETA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β" class="mw-redirect">ϐ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D1: GREEK THETA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ" class="mw-redirect">ϑ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D2: GREEK UPSILON WITH HOOK SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%92" title="ϒ" class="mw-redirect">ϒ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D3: GREEK UPSILON WITH ACUTE AND HOOK SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%93" title="ϓ" class="mw-redirect">ϓ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D4: GREEK UPSILON WITH DIAERESIS AND HOOK SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%94" title="ϔ" class="mw-redirect">ϔ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D5: GREEK PHI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" title="Φ" class="mw-redirect">ϕ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D6: GREEK PI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A0" title="Π" class="mw-redirect">ϖ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D7: GREEK KAI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D8: GREEK LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Ϙ</a></td>
<td title="U+03D9: GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϙ</a></td>
<td title="U+03DA: GREEK LETTER STIGMA"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(letter)" title="Stigma (letter)">Ϛ</a></td>
<td title="U+03DB: GREEK SMALL LETTER STIGMA"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(letter)" title="Stigma (letter)">ϛ</a></td>
<td title="U+03DC: GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Ϝ</a></td>
<td title="U+03DD: GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϝ</a></td>
<td title="U+03DE: GREEK LETTER KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9E" title="Ϟ" class="mw-redirect">Ϟ</a></td>
<td title="U+03DF: GREEK SMALL LETTER KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9E" title="Ϟ" class="mw-redirect">ϟ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+03Ex</td>
<td title="U+03E0: GREEK LETTER SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Ϡ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E1: GREEK SMALL LETTER SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E2: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SHEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A2" title="Ϣ" class="mw-redirect">Ϣ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E3: COPTIC SMALL LETTER SHEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A2" title="Ϣ" class="mw-redirect">ϣ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E4: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER FEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A4" title="Ϥ" class="mw-redirect">Ϥ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E5: COPTIC SMALL LETTER FEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A4" title="Ϥ" class="mw-redirect">ϥ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E6: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KHEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A6" title="Ϧ" class="mw-redirect">Ϧ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E7: COPTIC SMALL LETTER KHEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A6" title="Ϧ" class="mw-redirect">ϧ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E8: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER HORI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A8" title="Ϩ" class="mw-redirect">Ϩ</a></td>
<td title="U+03E9: COPTIC SMALL LETTER HORI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A8" title="Ϩ" class="mw-redirect">ϩ</a></td>
<td title="U+03EA: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER GANGIA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%AA" title="Ϫ" class="mw-redirect">Ϫ</a></td>
<td title="U+03EB: COPTIC SMALL LETTER GANGIA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%AA" title="Ϫ" class="mw-redirect">ϫ</a></td>
<td title="U+03EC: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SHIMA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%AC" title="Ϭ" class="mw-redirect">Ϭ</a></td>
<td title="U+03ED: COPTIC SMALL LETTER SHIMA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%AC" title="Ϭ" class="mw-redirect">ϭ</a></td>
<td title="U+03EE: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%AE" title="Ϯ" class="mw-redirect">Ϯ</a></td>
<td title="U+03EF: COPTIC SMALL LETTER DEI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%AE" title="Ϯ" class="mw-redirect">ϯ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+03Fx</td>
<td title="U+03F0: GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ" class="mw-redirect">ϰ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F1: GREEK RHO SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" title="Ρ" class="mw-redirect">ϱ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F2: GREEK LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B9" title="Ϲ" class="mw-redirect">ϲ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F3: GREEK LETTER YOT"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B3" title="ϳ" class="mw-redirect">ϳ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F4: GREEK CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B4" title="ϴ" class="mw-redirect">ϴ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F5: GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε" class="mw-redirect">ϵ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F6: GREEK REVERSED LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B6" title="϶" class="mw-redirect">϶</a></td>
<td title="U+03F7: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SHO"><a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Ϸ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F8: GREEK SMALL LETTER SHO"><a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">ϸ</a></td>
<td title="U+03F9: GREEK CAPITAL LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B9" title="Ϲ" class="mw-redirect">Ϲ</a></td>
<td title="U+03FA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SAN"><a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">Ϻ</a></td>
<td title="U+03FB: GREEK SMALL LETTER SAN"><a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">ϻ</a></td>
<td title="U+03FC: GREEK RHO WITH STROKE SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BC" title="ϼ" class="mw-redirect">ϼ</a></td>
<td title="U+03FD: GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BD" title="Ͻ" class="mw-redirect">Ͻ</a></td>
<td title="U+03FE: GREEK CAPITAL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BE" title="Ͼ" class="mw-redirect">Ͼ</a></td>
<td title="U+03FF: GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BF" title="Ͽ" class="mw-redirect">Ͽ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b>
<dl>
<dd>1. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0370_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U0370_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 6.3<br /></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center">
<tr>
<td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_Extended_(Unicode_block)" title="Greek Extended (Unicode block)" class="mw-redirect">Greek Extended</a></b><sup class="reference" id="ref_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br />
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F00.pdf">Unicode.org chart</a> (PDF)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">
<td style="width:45pt"> </td>
<td style="width:20pt">0</td>
<td style="width:20pt">1</td>
<td style="width:20pt">2</td>
<td style="width:20pt">3</td>
<td style="width:20pt">4</td>
<td style="width:20pt">5</td>
<td style="width:20pt">6</td>
<td style="width:20pt">7</td>
<td style="width:20pt">8</td>
<td style="width:20pt">9</td>
<td style="width:20pt">A</td>
<td style="width:20pt">B</td>
<td style="width:20pt">C</td>
<td style="width:20pt">D</td>
<td style="width:20pt">E</td>
<td style="width:20pt">F</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F0x</td>
<td title="U+1F00: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%88" title="Ἀ" class="mw-redirect">ἀ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F01: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%89" title="Ἁ" class="mw-redirect">ἁ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F02: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8A" title="Ἂ" class="mw-redirect">ἂ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F03: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8B" title="Ἃ" class="mw-redirect">ἃ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F04: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8C" title="Ἄ" class="mw-redirect">ἄ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F05: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8D" title="Ἅ" class="mw-redirect">ἅ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F06: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8E" title="Ἆ" class="mw-redirect">ἆ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F07: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8F" title="Ἇ" class="mw-redirect">ἇ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F08: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%88" title="Ἀ" class="mw-redirect">Ἀ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F09: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%89" title="Ἁ" class="mw-redirect">Ἁ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F0A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8A" title="Ἂ" class="mw-redirect">Ἂ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F0B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8B" title="Ἃ" class="mw-redirect">Ἃ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F0C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8C" title="Ἄ" class="mw-redirect">Ἄ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F0D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8D" title="Ἅ" class="mw-redirect">Ἅ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F0E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8E" title="Ἆ" class="mw-redirect">Ἆ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F0F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8F" title="Ἇ" class="mw-redirect">Ἇ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F1x</td>
<td title="U+1F10: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%98" title="Ἐ" class="mw-redirect">ἐ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F11: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%99" title="Ἑ" class="mw-redirect">ἑ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F12: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9A" title="Ἒ" class="mw-redirect">ἒ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F13: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9B" title="Ἓ" class="mw-redirect">ἓ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F14: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9C" title="Ἔ" class="mw-redirect">ἔ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F15: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9D" title="Ἕ" class="mw-redirect">ἕ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1F18: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%98" title="Ἐ" class="mw-redirect">Ἐ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F19: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%99" title="Ἑ" class="mw-redirect">Ἑ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F1A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9A" title="Ἒ" class="mw-redirect">Ἒ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F1B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9B" title="Ἓ" class="mw-redirect">Ἓ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F1C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9C" title="Ἔ" class="mw-redirect">Ἔ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F1D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9D" title="Ἕ" class="mw-redirect">Ἕ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F2x</td>
<td title="U+1F20: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A8" title="Ἠ" class="mw-redirect">ἠ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F21: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A9" title="Ἡ" class="mw-redirect">ἡ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F22: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AA" title="Ἢ" class="mw-redirect">ἢ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F23: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AB" title="Ἣ" class="mw-redirect">ἣ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F24: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AC" title="Ἤ" class="mw-redirect">ἤ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F25: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AD" title="Ἥ" class="mw-redirect">ἥ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F26: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AE" title="Ἦ" class="mw-redirect">ἦ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F27: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AF" title="Ἧ" class="mw-redirect">ἧ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F28: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A8" title="Ἠ" class="mw-redirect">Ἠ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F29: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A9" title="Ἡ" class="mw-redirect">Ἡ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F2A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AA" title="Ἢ" class="mw-redirect">Ἢ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F2B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AB" title="Ἣ" class="mw-redirect">Ἣ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F2C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AC" title="Ἤ" class="mw-redirect">Ἤ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F2D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AD" title="Ἥ" class="mw-redirect">Ἥ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F2E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AE" title="Ἦ" class="mw-redirect">Ἦ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F2F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AF" title="Ἧ" class="mw-redirect">Ἧ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F3x</td>
<td title="U+1F30: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B8" title="Ἰ" class="mw-redirect">ἰ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F31: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B9" title="Ἱ" class="mw-redirect">ἱ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F32: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BA" title="Ἲ" class="mw-redirect">ἲ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F33: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BB" title="Ἳ" class="mw-redirect">ἳ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F34: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BC" title="Ἴ" class="mw-redirect">ἴ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F35: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BD" title="Ἵ" class="mw-redirect">ἵ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F36: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BE" title="Ἶ" class="mw-redirect">ἶ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F37: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BF" title="Ἷ" class="mw-redirect">ἷ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F38: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B8" title="Ἰ" class="mw-redirect">Ἰ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F39: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B9" title="Ἱ" class="mw-redirect">Ἱ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F3A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BA" title="Ἲ" class="mw-redirect">Ἲ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F3B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BB" title="Ἳ" class="mw-redirect">Ἳ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F3C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BC" title="Ἴ" class="mw-redirect">Ἴ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F3D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BD" title="Ἵ" class="mw-redirect">Ἵ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F3E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BE" title="Ἶ" class="mw-redirect">Ἶ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F3F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BF" title="Ἷ" class="mw-redirect">Ἷ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F4x</td>
<td title="U+1F40: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%88" title="Ὀ" class="mw-redirect">ὀ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F41: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%89" title="Ὁ" class="mw-redirect">ὁ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F42: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8A" title="Ὂ" class="mw-redirect">ὂ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F43: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8B" title="Ὃ" class="mw-redirect">ὃ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F44: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8C" title="Ὄ" class="mw-redirect">ὄ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F45: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8D" title="Ὅ" class="mw-redirect">ὅ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1F48: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%88" title="Ὀ" class="mw-redirect">Ὀ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F49: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%89" title="Ὁ" class="mw-redirect">Ὁ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F4A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8A" title="Ὂ" class="mw-redirect">Ὂ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F4B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8B" title="Ὃ" class="mw-redirect">Ὃ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F4C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8C" title="Ὄ" class="mw-redirect">Ὄ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F4D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8D" title="Ὅ" class="mw-redirect">Ὅ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F5x</td>
<td title="U+1F50: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%90" title="ὐ" class="mw-redirect">ὐ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F51: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%99" title="Ὑ" class="mw-redirect">ὑ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F52: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%92" title="ὒ" class="mw-redirect">ὒ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F53: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9B" title="Ὓ" class="mw-redirect">ὓ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F54: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%94" title="ὔ" class="mw-redirect">ὔ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F55: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9D" title="Ὕ" class="mw-redirect">ὕ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F56: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%96" title="ὖ" class="mw-redirect">ὖ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F57: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9F" title="Ὗ" class="mw-redirect">ὗ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1F59: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%99" title="Ὑ" class="mw-redirect">Ὑ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1F5B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9B" title="Ὓ" class="mw-redirect">Ὓ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1F5D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9D" title="Ὕ" class="mw-redirect">Ὕ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1F5F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9F" title="Ὗ" class="mw-redirect">Ὗ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F6x</td>
<td title="U+1F60: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A8" title="Ὠ" class="mw-redirect">ὠ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F61: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A9" title="Ὡ" class="mw-redirect">ὡ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F62: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AA" title="Ὢ" class="mw-redirect">ὢ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F63: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AB" title="Ὣ" class="mw-redirect">ὣ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F64: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AC" title="Ὤ" class="mw-redirect">ὤ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F65: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AD" title="Ὥ" class="mw-redirect">ὥ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F66: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AE" title="Ὦ" class="mw-redirect">ὦ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F67: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AF" title="Ὧ" class="mw-redirect">ὧ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F68: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A8" title="Ὠ" class="mw-redirect">Ὠ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F69: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A9" title="Ὡ" class="mw-redirect">Ὡ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F6A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AA" title="Ὢ" class="mw-redirect">Ὢ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F6B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AB" title="Ὣ" class="mw-redirect">Ὣ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F6C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AC" title="Ὤ" class="mw-redirect">Ὤ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F6D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AD" title="Ὥ" class="mw-redirect">Ὥ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F6E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AE" title="Ὦ" class="mw-redirect">Ὦ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F6F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AF" title="Ὧ" class="mw-redirect">Ὧ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F7x</td>
<td title="U+1F70: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA" title="Ὰ" class="mw-redirect">ὰ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F71: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" title="Ά" class="mw-redirect">ά</a></td>
<td title="U+1F72: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%88" title="Ὲ" class="mw-redirect">ὲ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F73: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" title="Έ" class="mw-redirect">έ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F74: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A" title="Ὴ" class="mw-redirect">ὴ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F75: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" title="Ή" class="mw-redirect">ή</a></td>
<td title="U+1F76: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9A" title="Ὶ" class="mw-redirect">ὶ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F77: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" title="Ί" class="mw-redirect">ί</a></td>
<td title="U+1F78: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B8" title="Ὸ" class="mw-redirect">ὸ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F79: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" title="Ό" class="mw-redirect">ό</a></td>
<td title="U+1F7A: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AA" title="Ὺ" class="mw-redirect">ὺ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F7B: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" title="Ύ" class="mw-redirect">ύ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F7C: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA" title="Ὼ" class="mw-redirect">ὼ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F7D: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" title="Ώ" class="mw-redirect">ώ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F8x</td>
<td title="U+1F80: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%88" title="ᾈ" class="mw-redirect">ᾀ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F81: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%89" title="ᾉ" class="mw-redirect">ᾁ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F82: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8A" title="ᾊ" class="mw-redirect">ᾂ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F83: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8B" title="ᾋ" class="mw-redirect">ᾃ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F84: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8C" title="ᾌ" class="mw-redirect">ᾄ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F85: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8D" title="ᾍ" class="mw-redirect">ᾅ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F86: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8E" title="ᾎ" class="mw-redirect">ᾆ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F87: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8F" title="ᾏ" class="mw-redirect">ᾇ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F88: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%88" title="ᾈ" class="mw-redirect">ᾈ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F89: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%89" title="ᾉ" class="mw-redirect">ᾉ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F8A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8A" title="ᾊ" class="mw-redirect">ᾊ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F8B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8B" title="ᾋ" class="mw-redirect">ᾋ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F8C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8C" title="ᾌ" class="mw-redirect">ᾌ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F8D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8D" title="ᾍ" class="mw-redirect">ᾍ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F8E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8E" title="ᾎ" class="mw-redirect">ᾎ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F8F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8F" title="ᾏ" class="mw-redirect">ᾏ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1F9x</td>
<td title="U+1F90: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%98" title="ᾘ" class="mw-redirect">ᾐ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F91: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%99" title="ᾙ" class="mw-redirect">ᾑ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F92: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9A" title="ᾚ" class="mw-redirect">ᾒ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F93: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9B" title="ᾛ" class="mw-redirect">ᾓ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F94: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9C" title="ᾜ" class="mw-redirect">ᾔ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F95: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9D" title="ᾝ" class="mw-redirect">ᾕ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F96: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9E" title="ᾞ" class="mw-redirect">ᾖ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F97: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9F" title="ᾟ" class="mw-redirect">ᾗ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F98: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%98" title="ᾘ" class="mw-redirect">ᾘ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F99: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%99" title="ᾙ" class="mw-redirect">ᾙ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F9A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9A" title="ᾚ" class="mw-redirect">ᾚ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F9B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9B" title="ᾛ" class="mw-redirect">ᾛ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F9C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9C" title="ᾜ" class="mw-redirect">ᾜ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F9D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9D" title="ᾝ" class="mw-redirect">ᾝ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F9E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9E" title="ᾞ" class="mw-redirect">ᾞ</a></td>
<td title="U+1F9F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9F" title="ᾟ" class="mw-redirect">ᾟ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1FAx</td>
<td title="U+1FA0: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A8" title="ᾨ" class="mw-redirect">ᾠ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA1: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A9" title="ᾩ" class="mw-redirect">ᾡ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA2: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AA" title="ᾪ" class="mw-redirect">ᾢ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA3: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AB" title="ᾫ" class="mw-redirect">ᾣ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA4: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AC" title="ᾬ" class="mw-redirect">ᾤ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA5: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AD" title="ᾭ" class="mw-redirect">ᾥ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA6: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AE" title="ᾮ" class="mw-redirect">ᾦ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA7: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AF" title="ᾯ" class="mw-redirect">ᾧ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A8" title="ᾨ" class="mw-redirect">ᾨ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FA9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A9" title="ᾩ" class="mw-redirect">ᾩ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FAA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AA" title="ᾪ" class="mw-redirect">ᾪ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FAB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AB" title="ᾫ" class="mw-redirect">ᾫ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FAC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AC" title="ᾬ" class="mw-redirect">ᾬ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FAD: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AD" title="ᾭ" class="mw-redirect">ᾭ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FAE: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AE" title="ᾮ" class="mw-redirect">ᾮ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FAF: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AF" title="ᾯ" class="mw-redirect">ᾯ</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1FBx</td>
<td title="U+1FB0: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B8" title="Ᾰ" class="mw-redirect">ᾰ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FB1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B9" title="Ᾱ" class="mw-redirect">ᾱ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FB2: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B2" title="ᾲ" class="mw-redirect">ᾲ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FB3: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BC" title="ᾼ" class="mw-redirect">ᾳ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FB4: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B4" title="ᾴ" class="mw-redirect">ᾴ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1FB6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B6" title="ᾶ" class="mw-redirect">ᾶ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FB7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B7" title="ᾷ" class="mw-redirect">ᾷ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FB8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B8" title="Ᾰ" class="mw-redirect">Ᾰ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FB9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B9" title="Ᾱ" class="mw-redirect">Ᾱ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FBA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA" title="Ὰ" class="mw-redirect">Ὰ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FBB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" title="Ά" class="mw-redirect">Ά</a></td>
<td title="U+1FBC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BC" title="ᾼ" class="mw-redirect">ᾼ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FBD: GREEK KORONIS"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BD" title="᾽" class="mw-redirect">᾽</a></td>
<td title="U+1FBE: GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" title="Ι" class="mw-redirect">ι</a></td>
<td title="U+1FBF: GREEK PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BF" title="᾿" class="mw-redirect">᾿</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1FCx</td>
<td title="U+1FC0: GREEK PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%80" title="῀" class="mw-redirect">῀</a></td>
<td title="U+1FC1: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%81" title="῁" class="mw-redirect">῁</a></td>
<td title="U+1FC2: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%82" title="ῂ" class="mw-redirect">ῂ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FC3: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8C" title="ῌ" class="mw-redirect">ῃ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FC4: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%84" title="ῄ" class="mw-redirect">ῄ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1FC6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%86" title="ῆ" class="mw-redirect">ῆ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FC7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%87" title="ῇ" class="mw-redirect">ῇ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FC8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%88" title="Ὲ" class="mw-redirect">Ὲ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FC9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" title="Έ" class="mw-redirect">Έ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FCA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A" title="Ὴ" class="mw-redirect">Ὴ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FCB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" title="Ή" class="mw-redirect">Ή</a></td>
<td title="U+1FCC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8C" title="ῌ" class="mw-redirect">ῌ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FCD: GREEK PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8D" title="῍" class="mw-redirect">῍</a></td>
<td title="U+1FCE: GREEK PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8E" title="῎" class="mw-redirect">῎</a></td>
<td title="U+1FCF: GREEK PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8F" title="῏" class="mw-redirect">῏</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1FDx</td>
<td title="U+1FD0: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%98" title="Ῐ" class="mw-redirect">ῐ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FD1: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%99" title="Ῑ" class="mw-redirect">ῑ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FD2: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%92" title="ῒ" class="mw-redirect">ῒ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FD3: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%90" title="ΐ" class="mw-redirect">ΐ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1FD6: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%96" title="ῖ" class="mw-redirect">ῖ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FD7: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%97" title="ῗ" class="mw-redirect">ῗ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FD8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%98" title="Ῐ" class="mw-redirect">Ῐ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FD9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%99" title="Ῑ" class="mw-redirect">Ῑ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FDA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9A" title="Ὶ" class="mw-redirect">Ὶ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FDB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" title="Ί" class="mw-redirect">Ί</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1FDD: GREEK DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9D" title="῝" class="mw-redirect">῝</a></td>
<td title="U+1FDE: GREEK DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9E" title="῞" class="mw-redirect">῞</a></td>
<td title="U+1FDF: GREEK DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9F" title="῟" class="mw-redirect">῟</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1FEx</td>
<td title="U+1FE0: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A8" title="Ῠ" class="mw-redirect">ῠ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE1: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A9" title="Ῡ" class="mw-redirect">ῡ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE2: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A2" title="ῢ" class="mw-redirect">ῢ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE3: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%B0" title="ΰ" class="mw-redirect">ΰ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE4: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A4" title="ῤ" class="mw-redirect">ῤ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE5: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AC" title="Ῥ" class="mw-redirect">ῥ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE6: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A6" title="ῦ" class="mw-redirect">ῦ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE7: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A7" title="ῧ" class="mw-redirect">ῧ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A8" title="Ῠ" class="mw-redirect">Ῠ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FE9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A9" title="Ῡ" class="mw-redirect">Ῡ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FEA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AA" title="Ὺ" class="mw-redirect">Ὺ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FEB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" title="Ύ" class="mw-redirect">Ύ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FEC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AC" title="Ῥ" class="mw-redirect">Ῥ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FED: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AD" title="῭" class="mw-redirect">῭</a></td>
<td title="U+1FEE: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%85" title="΅" class="mw-redirect">΅</a></td>
<td title="U+1FEF: GREEK VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%60" title="`" class="mw-redirect">`</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1FFx</td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1FF2: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B2" title="ῲ" class="mw-redirect">ῲ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FF3: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BC" title="ῼ" class="mw-redirect">ῳ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FF4: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B4" title="ῴ" class="mw-redirect">ῴ</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
<td title="U+1FF6: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B6" title="ῶ" class="mw-redirect">ῶ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FF7: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B7" title="ῷ" class="mw-redirect">ῷ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FF8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B8" title="Ὸ" class="mw-redirect">Ὸ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FF9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" title="Ό" class="mw-redirect">Ό</a></td>
<td title="U+1FFA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA" title="Ὼ" class="mw-redirect">Ὼ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FFB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" title="Ώ" class="mw-redirect">Ώ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FFC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BC" title="ῼ" class="mw-redirect">ῼ</a></td>
<td title="U+1FFD: GREEK OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%C2%B4" title="´" class="mw-redirect">´</a></td>
<td title="U+1FFE: GREEK DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BE" title="῾" class="mw-redirect">῾</a></td>
<td title="Reserved" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b>
<dl>
<dd>1.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 6.3<br /></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Combining_and_letter-free_diacritics">Combining and letter-free diacritics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Combining and letter-free diacritics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritical_mark" title="Combining diacritical mark" class="mw-redirect">Combining</a> and spacing (letter-free) <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" title="Diacritical mark" class="mw-redirect">diacritical marks</a> pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>:</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>combining</th>
<th>spacing</th>
<th>sample</th>
<th>description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0300</td>
<td>U 0060</td>
<td>( <span lang="grc">??</span>)</td>
<td>"varia / <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0301</td>
<td>U 00B4, U 0384</td>
<td>( <span lang="grc">??</span>)</td>
<td>"oxia / tonos / <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0304</td>
<td>U 00AF</td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"<a href="/wiki/Macron" title="Macron">macron</a>"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0306</td>
<td>U 02D8</td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"vrachy / <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0308</td>
<td>U 00A8</td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"dialytika / <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0313</td>
<td>U 02BC</td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"psili / comma above" (<a href="/wiki/Spiritus_lenis" title="Spiritus lenis" class="mw-redirect">spiritus lenis</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0314</td>
<td>U 02BD</td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"dasia / reversed comma above" (<a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper" class="mw-redirect">spiritus asper</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0342</td>
<td></td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"perispomeni" (<a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0343</td>
<td></td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"<a href="/wiki/Coronis_(diacritic)" title="Coronis (diacritic)" class="mw-redirect">koronis</a>" (= U 0313)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0344</td>
<td>U 0385</td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">???</span>)</td>
<td>"dialytika tonos" (deprecated, = U 0308 U 0301)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>U 0345</td>
<td>U 037A</td>
<td>( <span class="Unicode">??</span>)</td>
<td>"ypogegrammeni / <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a>".</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Encodings_with_a_subset_of_the_Greek_alphabet">Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> code pages <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_860" title="Code page 860">860</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a> contain the letters ???????????? (plus ? as an alternate interpretation for <a href="/wiki/%3F" title="?" class="mw-redirect">?</a>).</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiggers1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiggers1996_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiggers1996">Swiggers 1996</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook19879-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook19879_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook1987">Cook 1987</a>, p. 9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulmas1996">Coulmas 1996</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nicholas_finalsigma-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nicholas_finalsigma_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some 19th-century typesetting, ??? was also used word-medially at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> morpheme, e.g. "?????????????", marking the morpheme boundary between "???-??????????" ('difficult to understand'); modern standard practice is to spell "?????????????" with a non-final sigma. <span class="citation web">Nicholas, Nick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/dist/sigma.html">"Sigma: final versus non-final"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-07-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+Nick&rft.btitle=Sigma%3A+final+versus+non-final&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlg.uci.edu%2F~opoudjis%2Fdist%2Fsigma.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-woodard_2008_15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woodard_2008_15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodard2008">Woodard 2008</a>, pp. 15?17</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-holton_1998_31-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holton_1998_31_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltonMackridgePhilippaki-Warburton1998">Holton, Mackridge & Philippaki-Warburton 1998</a>, p. 31</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hinge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hinge_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinge2001">Hinge 2001</a>, pp. 212?234</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-horrocks_231-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horrocks_231_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2008">Horrocks 2008</a>, pp. 231?250</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> (2010). "ISO 843:1997 (Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters)".</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.au=ISO&rft.aulast=ISO&rft.btitle=ISO+843%3A1997+%28Conversion+of+Greek+characters+into+Latin+characters%29&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code>|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>);</span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|accessdate=</code> requires <code>|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm">"Greek"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-07-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aulast=UNGEGN+Working+Group+on+Romanization+Systems&rft.au=UNGEGN+Working+Group+on+Romanization+Systems&rft.btitle=Greek&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From1_el.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">"Greek (ALA-LC Romanization Tables)". 2010.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.btitle=Greek+%28ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables%29&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code>|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>);</span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|accessdate=</code> requires <code>|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston2003">Johnston 2003</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright19964-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright19964_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels & Bright 1996</a>, p. 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-longepsilon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-longepsilon_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-longepsilon_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Epsilon ??? and omicron ??? originally could denote both short and long vowels in pre-classical archaic Greek spelling, just like other vowel letters. They were restricted to the function of short vowel signs in classical Greek, as the long vowels <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "e?" not found in list</strong>|e?]]/</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/[[<strong class="error">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "o?" not found in list</strong>|o?]]/</span> came to be spelled instead with the digraphs ???? and ????, having phonologically merged with a corresponding pair of former diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ respectively.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1940">Liddell & Scott 1940</a>, s.v. "?????"</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-thompson-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1912">Thompson 1912</a>, pp. 102?103</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2007">Stevenson 2007</a>, p. 1158</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrakis.2C_Stavros_M.1996-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrakis.2C_Stavros_M.1996_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacrakis.2C_Stavros_M.1996">Macrakis, Stavros M. 1996</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1997_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSims-Williams1997">Sims-Williams 1997</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiletich1920-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiletich1920_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiletich1920">Miletich 1920</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazonVaillant1938-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazonVaillant1938_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazonVaillant1938">Mazon & Vaillant 1938</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristophson197411-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristophson197411_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristophson1974">Kristophson 1974</a>, p. 11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyfuss1989-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyfuss1989_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeyfuss1989">Peyfuss 1989</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie1991-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie1991_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie1991">Elsie 1991</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i>. Cambridge: University Press. 1999. pp. 176?181.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=176%3F181&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><span id="CITEREFCook1987" class="citation book">Cook, B. F. (1987). <i>Greek inscriptions</i>. University of California Press/British Museum.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.au=Cook%2C+B.+F.&rft.aufirst=B.+F.&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.btitle=Greek+inscriptions&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press%2FBritish+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFCoulmas1996" class="citation book">Coulmas, Florian (1996). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21481-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21481-X">0-631-21481-X</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.au=Coulmas%2C+Florian&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-631-21481-X&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book">Daniels, Peter T; Bright, William (1996). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford University Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Peter+T&rft.aufirst=Peter+T&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFElsie1991" class="citation journal">Elsie, Robert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf">"Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing"</a>. <i>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</i> <b>15</b> (20).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.atitle=Albanian+Literature+in+Greek+Script%3A+the+Eighteenth+and+Early+Nineteenth-Century+Orthodox+Tradition+in+Albanian+Writing&rft.au=Elsie%2C+Robert&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsie.de%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2FA1991AlbLitGreek.pdf&rft.issue=20&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=15" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFHinge2001" class="citation thesis">Hinge, George (2001). <i>Die Sprache Alkmans: Textgeschichte und Sprachgeschichte</i> (Ph.D.). University of Aarhus.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Hinge%2C+George&rft.aulast=Hinge&rft.btitle=Die+Sprache+Alkmans%3A+Textgeschichte+und+Sprachgeschichte&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Aarhus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFHoltonMackridgePhilippaki-Warburton1998" class="citation book">Holton, David; Mackridge, Peter; Philippaki-Warburton, Irini (1998). <i>Grammatiki tis ellinikis glossas</i>. Athens: Pataki.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Holton%2C+David&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.au=Mackridge%2C+Peter&rft.au=Philippaki-Warburton%2C+Irini&rft.btitle=Grammatiki+tis+ellinikis+glossas&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Pataki&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Horrocks, Geoffrey (2006). <i>Ellinika: istoria tis glossas kai ton omiliton tis</i>. Athens: Estia.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Horrocks%2C+Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.btitle=Ellinika%3A+istoria+tis+glossas+kai+ton+omiliton+tis&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Estia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> [Greek translation of <i>Greek: a history of the language and its speakers</i>, London 1997]</li>
<li><span id="CITEREFJohnston2003" class="citation encyclopaedia">Johnston, A. W. (2003). "The alphabet". In Stampolidis, N.; Karageorghis, V. <i>Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th ? 6th c. B.C</i>. Athens: Museum of Cycladic Art. pp. 263?276.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+A.+W.&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.btitle=The+alphabet&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=263%3F276&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Museum+of+Cycladic+Art&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFKristophson1974" class="citation journal">Kristophson, J?rgen (1974). "Das Lexicon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis". <i>Zeitschrift f?r Balkanologie</i> <b>10</b>: 4?128.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.atitle=Das+Lexicon+Tetraglosson+des+Daniil+Moschopolitis&rft.aufirst=J%3Frgen&rft.au=Kristophson%2C+J%3Frgen&rft.aulast=Kristophson&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%3Fr+Balkanologie&rft.pages=4%3F128&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=10" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book">Liddell, Henry G; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Henry+G&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.au=Liddell%2C+Henry+G&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.date=1940&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFMacrakis1996" class="citation book">Macrakis, Stavros M (1996). "Character codes for Greek: Problems and modern solutions". In Macrakis, Michael. <i>Greek letters: from tablets to pixels</i>. Newcastle: Oak Knoll Press. p. 265.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.atitle=Greek+letters%3A+from+tablets+to+pixels&rft.aufirst=Stavros+M&rft.aulast=Macrakis&rft.au=Macrakis%2C+Stavros+M&rft.btitle=Character+codes+for+Greek%3A+Problems+and+modern+solutions&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=265&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFMazonVaillant1938" class="citation book">Mazon, Andr?; Vaillant, Andr? (1938). <i>L'Evang?liaire de Kulakia, un parler slave de Bas-Vardar</i>. Biblioth?que d'?tudes balkaniques <b>6</b>. Paris: Librairie Droz.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Andr%3F&rft.aulast=Mazon&rft.au=Mazon%2C+Andr%3F&rft.au=Vaillant%2C+Andr%3F&rft.btitle=L%27Evang%3Fliaire+de+Kulakia%2C+un+parler+slave+de+Bas-Vardar&rft.date=1938&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.series=Biblioth%3Fque+d%27%3Ftudes+balkaniques&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=6" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> ? selections from the Gospels in Macedonian.</li>
<li><span id="CITEREFMiletich1920" class="citation journal">Miletich, L. (1920). "Dva b?lgarski ru?kopisa s gr?tsko pismo". <i>B?lgarski starini</i> <b>6</b>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.atitle=Dva+b%3Flgarski+ru%3Fkopisa+s+gr%3Ftsko+pismo&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.aulast=Miletich&rft.au=Miletich%2C+L.&rft.date=1920&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=B%3Flgarski+starini&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=6" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFPeyfuss1989" class="citation book">Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1989). <i>Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731?1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung in Erzbistum Achrida</i>. Wiener Archiv f?r Geschichte des Slawentums und Osteuropas <b>13</b>. B?hlau Verlag.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Max+Demeter&rft.aulast=Peyfuss&rft.au=Peyfuss%2C+Max+Demeter&rft.btitle=Die+Druckerei+von+Moschopolis%2C+1731%3F1769%3A+Buchdruck+und+Heiligenverehrung+in+Erzbistum+Achrida&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=B%3Fhlau+Verlag&rft.series=Wiener+Archiv+f%3Fr+Geschichte+des+Slawentums+und+Osteuropas&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=13" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFSims-Williams1997" class="citation web">Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hkum/bactrian.html">"New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan ? the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu-Kush"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.au=Sims-Williams%2C+Nicholas&rft.btitle=New+Findings+in+Ancient+Afghanistan+%3F+the+Bactrian+documents+discovered+from+the+Northern+Hindu-Kush&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2F~hkum%2Fbactrian.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFSwiggers1996" class="citation encyclopaedia">Swiggers, Pierre (1996). "Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West". In Daniels; Bright. <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford: University Press. pp. 261?270.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Swiggers&rft.au=Swiggers%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=Transmission+of+the+Phoenician+Script+to+the+West&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=261%3F270&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFStevenson2007" class="citation book">Stevenson, Jane (2007). "Translation and the spread of the Greek and Latin alphabets in Late Antiquity". In Harald Kittel et al. <i>Translation: an international encyclopedia of translation studies</i> <b>2</b>. Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 1157?1159.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.atitle=Translation%3A+an+international+encyclopedia+of+translation+studies&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Jane&rft.btitle=Translation+and+the+spread+of+the+Greek+and+Latin+alphabets+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=1157%3F1159&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFThompson1912" class="citation book">Thompson, Edward M (1912). <i>An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography</i>. Oxford: Clarendon.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.aufirst=Edward+M&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Edward+M&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Greek+and+Latin+palaeography&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book">Woodard, Roger D. (2008). "Attic Greek". In Woodard, Roger D. <i>The ancient languages of Europe</i>. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 14?49.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPI&rft.atitle=The+ancient+languages+of+Europe&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.au=Woodard%2C+Roger+D.&rft.btitle=Attic+Greek&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=14%3F49&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=API&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Look up <i><b><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_script" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Greek script">Appendix:Greek script</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></b></i>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf">Unicode 5.1</a> Greek range</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellinikasimera.dartmouth.edu/resources/texts/shapes1.html">Examples of Greek handwriting</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode.html">Greek Unicode Issues</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/faq/greek.html">Unicode FAQ ? Greek Language and Script</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/greek.html">Unicode 5.1 alphabetic test for Greek Unicode range</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ancient-greek-numbers.html">Unicode 5.1 numeric test for Greek Unicode range</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis//unicode/unicode_stories.html">Unicode 5.1 test for all Greek-related Unicode ranges</a></li>
<li>Collection of free fonts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekfontsociety.gr/pages/en_typefaces1.html">greekfontsociety.gr</a></li>
<li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Greek)</span> Collection of free truetype polytonic fonts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enoriaka.gr/index.php?option=contenttask=viewid=748">enoriaka.gr</a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Origin</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="17" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;">
<div><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46"><img alt="P46.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/100px-P46.jpg" width="100" height="141" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/150px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/200px-P46.jpg 2x" /></a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (c. 3rd millennium BC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (c. 1600–1100 BC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (c. 800–300 BC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (c. 300 BC–AD 330)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (c. 330–1453)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li>
</ul>
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</td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Letters</div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">Psi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></li>
<li><i>Obsolete:</i> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
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<td></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Phonology</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Grammar</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar_(tables)" title="Ancient Greek grammar (tables)">tables</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Modern Greek</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Varieties</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></div>
</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotica</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li>
<li>Italiot
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek_dialect" title="Calabrian Greek dialect">Greco/Calabrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" title="Griko dialect">Griko/Apulian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rume%C3%ADka" title="Rumeíka">Mariupolitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern Greek</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
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<td></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Promotion and study</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_language" title="Center for the Greek language" class="mw-redirect">Center for the Greek language</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related topics</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_morphemes" title="Greek morphemes">Morphemes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Wikipedia" title="Greek Wikipedia">Greek Wikipedia</a></li>
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<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_writing_systems&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Overview</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Lists</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventors_of_writing_systems" title="List of inventors of writing systems">inventors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system" title="List of languages by writing system">Languages by writing system</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><span style="font-size:105%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></span></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ashuri_alphabet" title="Ashuri alphabet">Ashuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script" class="mw-redirect">Jawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_script" title="Libyco-Berber script" class="mw-redirect">Libyco-Berber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_alphabet" title="Manichaean alphabet">Manichaean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_(language)" title="Pegon (language)" class="mw-redirect">Pegon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_alphabet" title="Psalter alphabet">Psalter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" title="Punic alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Punic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script" class="mw-redirect">Samaritan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_alphabet" title="South Arabian alphabet">South Arabian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_alphabet#Zabur_script" title="South Arabian alphabet">Zabur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_alphabet#Musnad" title="South Arabian alphabet">Musnad</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_.CA.BEEs.E1.B9.ADrang.C4.93l.C4.81" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Ser.E1.B9.AD.C4.81" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Ma.E1.B8.8Fn.E1.B8.A5.C4.81y.C4.81" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_script" title="Ugaritic script" class="mw-redirect">Ugaritic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scripts" title="Brahmic family of scripts" class="mw-redirect">Brahmic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Northern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anga_Lipi" title="Anga Lipi">Anga Lipi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol" title="Bhujimol">Bhujimol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" title="Brāhmī script" class="mw-redirect">Brāhmī</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deodhai_script" title="Deodhai script">Deodhai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nagari_script" title="Eastern Nagari script">Eastern Nagari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_script" title="Gondi script">Gondi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_alphabet" title="Gujarati alphabet">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khojki" title="Khojki">Khojki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_alphabet" title="Khudabadi alphabet">Khudabadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_alphabet" title="Lepcha alphabet">Lepcha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_alphabet" title="Limbu alphabet">Limbu|Kiranti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_Mayek_alphabet" title="Meitei Mayek alphabet">Meitei Mayek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mithilakshar" title="Mithilakshar" class="mw-redirect">Mithilakshar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modi_alphabet" title="Modi alphabet">Modi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Barap" title="Nagar Barap">Nagar Barap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prachalit_Nepal_alphabet" title="Prachalit Nepal alphabet">Prachalit Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_alphabet" title="Ranjana alphabet">Ranjana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81rad%C4%81_script" title="Śāradā script">Śāradā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_alphabet" title="Saurashtra alphabet">Saurashtra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_alphabet" title="Siddhaṃ alphabet"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhaṃ</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_alphabet" title="Soyombo alphabet">Soyombo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syloti_Nagri" title="Syloti Nagri" class="mw-redirect">Syloti Nagri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takri_alphabet" title="Takri alphabet">Takri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Southern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_alphabet" title="Ahom alphabet">Ahom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_alphabet" title="Balinese alphabet">Balinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batak_alphabet" title="Batak alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Batak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_alphabet" title="Bhattiprolu alphabet">Bhattiprolu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_alphabet" title="Buhid alphabet">Buhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_alphabet" title="Chakma alphabet">Chakma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cham_alphabet" title="Cham alphabet">Cham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi-Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi-Cox alphabet">Coorgi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Damili" title="Damili" class="mw-redirect">Damili</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_alphabet" title="Hanunó'o alphabet">Hanunó'o</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_alphabet" title="Javanese alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_alphabet" title="Kadamba alphabet">Kadamba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_alphabet" title="Kalinga alphabet">Kalinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_alphabet" title="Kannada alphabet">Kannada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_alphabet" title="Tai Tham alphabet">Lanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lao_alphabet" title="Lao alphabet">Lao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_alphabet" title="Lontara alphabet">Lontara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_alphabet" title="Malayalam alphabet">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Mon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script" class="mw-redirect">Old Sundanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oriya_alphabet" title="Oriya alphabet">Oriya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_alphabet" title="Sinhala alphabet">Sinhala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng" title="Sorang Sompeng" class="mw-redirect">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_alphabet" title="Sundanese alphabet">Sundanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_alphabet" title="Tagbanwa alphabet">Tagbanwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_alphabet" title="Tai Le alphabet">Tai Le</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script" class="mw-redirect">Tai Viet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_alphabet" title="Tamil alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_alphabet" title="Telugu alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" title="Thai alphabet">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tua_Tham_alphabet" title="Tua Tham alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Tua Tham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_alphabet" title="Tulu alphabet">Tulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vatteluttu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_alphabet" title="Visayan alphabet">Visayan</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9n%C3%A9_syllabics" title="Déné syllabics" class="mw-redirect">Déné syllabics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_braille" title="Japanese braille" class="mw-redirect">Japanese braille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet" title="Meroitic alphabet">Meroitic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_alphabet" title="Pollard alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Miao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_alphabet" title="Mwangwego alphabet">Mwangwego</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81na" title="Tāna" class="mw-redirect">Tāna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Linear</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_alphabet" title="Bassa alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Borama_alphabet" title="Borama alphabet">Borama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script#Buryat" title="Mongolian script">Buryat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabet" title="Carian alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Carian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_alphabet" title="Caucasian Albanian alphabet">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" title="Elbasan script" class="mw-redirect">Elbasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Etruscan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" title="Evenki alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Evenki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_alphabet" title="Fraser alphabet">Fraser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" title="Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect">Asomtavruli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" title="Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect">Nuskhuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" title="Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect">Mkhedruli</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greco%E2%80%93Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco–Iberian alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Greco–Iberian alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" title="Kaddare script" class="mw-redirect">Kaddare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" title="Marcomannic runes" class="mw-redirect">Marcomannic runes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval runes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabet" title="Mongolian alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mro_script" title="Mro script" class="mw-redirect">Mro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Tifinagh" title="Neo-Tifinagh" class="mw-redirect">Neo-Tifinagh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script" class="mw-redirect">N'Ko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_alphabet" title="Oirat alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Oirat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script" class="mw-redirect">Ol Chiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_alphabet" title="Old Hungarian alphabet">Old Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" title="Old Italic alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Old Italic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script" class="mw-redirect">Old Permic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_alphabet" title="Old Turkic alphabet">Orkhon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" title="Runic alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Runic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_script" title="Sidetic script">Sidetic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabet" title="Somali alphabet">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless runes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_alphabet" title="Wolof alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Wolof</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_alphabet" title="Zaghawa alphabet">Zaghawa</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Non-linear</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_braille" title="Korean braille" class="mw-redirect">Korean</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" title="Semaphore line">Semaphore line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictograms</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_writing" title="Aztec writing">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DanceWriting" title="DanceWriting">DanceWriting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Míkmaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" title="New Epoch Notation Painting" class="mw-redirect">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script" class="mw-redirect">Zapotec</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_n%C3%B4m" title="Chữ nôm">Nom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Zhuang</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Chinese-influenced</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Cuneiform</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" title="Akkadian cuneiform" class="mw-redirect">Akkadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" title="Assyrian cuneiform" class="mw-redirect">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" title="Cuneiform Luwian" class="mw-redirect">Luwian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_cuneiform" title="Sumerian cuneiform" class="mw-redirect">Sumerian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Other logo-syllabic</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" title="Cuneiform script" class="mw-redirect">Cuneiform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script" class="mw-redirect">Proto-Elamite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shui_script" title="Shui script" class="mw-redirect">Shui</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Logo-consonantal</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Numerals</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Full</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script" title="Khom script">Khom</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Redundant</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Zhùyīn fúhào</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mende_script" title="Mende script" class="mw-redirect">Kikakui</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu_script" title="Nüshu script">Nüshu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian Cuneiform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Braille&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille <span style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠇</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Braille cell (6 or 8 dot)</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille" title="International uniformity of braille" class="mw-redirect">International uniformity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_braille_patterns" title="Unicode braille patterns" class="mw-redirect">Unicode braille patterns</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Braille scripts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered scripts</a><br />
(see for more)</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_Braille" title="Amharic Braille">Amharic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille" class="mw-redirect">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" title="Hindi Braille" class="mw-redirect">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Braille" title="Sinhalese Braille">Sinhalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Braille" title="Cambodian Braille">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catalonian_Braille" title="Catalonian Braille">Catalonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese</a> (Mandarin, mainland)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_Braille" title="Northern Sami Braille">Northern Sami</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai & Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Reordered scripts</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Frequency-based scripts</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Independent scripts</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Two-Cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-Cell Chinese Braille">Two-Cell Chinese</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Eight-dot scripts</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_Braille" title="Gardner–Salinas Braille" class="mw-redirect">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Symbols in braille</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_Braille" title="Gardner–Salinas Braille" class="mw-redirect">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8/GS6)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Persons</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Organisations</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span id="interwiki-la-fa"></span></p>

