"Mary of England" redirects here. For other uses, see Mary of England (disambiguation).

Mary I
Portrait by Antonis Mor, 1554
Queen of England and Ireland (more...)
Reign | 19 July 1553[1] ? 17 November 1558
Coronation | 1 October 1553
Predecessor | Jane (disputed) or Edward VI
Successor | Elizabeth I
Co-monarch | Philip
Queen consort of Spain
Tenure | 16 January 1556 ? 17 November 1558
Spouse | Philip II of Spain
Full name
Mary Tudor
House | House of Tudor
Father | Henry VIII of England
Mother | Catherine of Aragon
Born | (1516-02-18)18 February 1516 Palace of Placentia, Greenwich
Died | 17 November 1558(1558-11-17) (aged 42) St James's Palace, London
Burial | 14 December 1558 Westminster Abbey, London
Signature |
Religion | Roman Catholicism

Mary I (18 February 1516?? 17 November 1558) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her opponents gave her the sobriquet "Bloody Mary".

She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded Henry in 1547. When Edward became mortally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because of religious differences. On his death, their cousin Lady Jane Grey was at first proclaimed queen. Mary assembled a force in East Anglia and successfully deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.

As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her half-brother. During her five-year reign, she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions. Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her younger half-sister and successor, Elizabeth?I.

## Birth and family[edit]

Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London. She was the only child of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive infancy. Her mother had many miscarriages;[2] before Mary's birth, four previous pregnancies had resulted in a stillborn daughter and three short-lived or stillborn sons, including Henry, Duke of Cornwall.[3] Through her mother, Mary was a granddaughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. She was baptised into the Catholic faith at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich three days after her birth.[4] Her godparents included her great-aunt the Countess of Devon, Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey, and the Duchess of Norfolk.[5] Henry VIII's cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, stood sponsor for Mary's confirmation, which was held immediately after the baptism.[6] The following year, Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin Frances Brandon.[7] In 1520, the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary's governess.[8] Sir John Hussey, later Lord Hussey, was her chamberlain from 1530, and his wife, Lady Anne, daughter of George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent, was one of Mary's attendants.[9]

## Education and marriage plans[edit]

Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon, c. 1525
Mary at the time of her engagement to Charles V. She is wearing a square brooch inscribed with "The Emperour".[10]

Mary was a precocious child.[11] In July 1520, when scarcely four and a half years old, she entertained a visiting French delegation with a performance on the virginals (a type of harpsichord).[12] A great part of her early education came from her mother, who consulted the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives for advice and commissioned him to write De Institutione Feminae Christianae, a treatise on the education of girls.[13] By the age of nine, Mary could read and write Latin.[14] She studied French, Spanish, music, dance, and perhaps Greek.[15] Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the Venetian ambassador Sebastian Giustiniani, "This girl never cries".[16]

Despite his affection for Mary, Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons.[17] By the time Mary was nine years old, it was apparent that Henry and Catherine would have no more children, leaving Henry without a legitimate male heir.[18] In 1525, Henry sent Mary to the border of Wales to preside, presumably in name only, over the Council of Wales and the Marches.[19] She was given her own court based at Ludlow Castle and many of the royal prerogatives normally reserved for the Prince of Wales. Vives and others called her the Princess of Wales, although she was never technically invested with the title.[20] She appears to have spent three years in the Welsh Marches, making regular visits to her father's court, before returning permanently to the home counties around London in mid-1528.[21]

Throughout Mary's childhood, Henry negotiated potential future marriages for her. When she was only two years old she was promised to the Dauphin, the infant son of King Francis I of France, but the contract was repudiated after three years.[22] In 1522, at the age of six, she was instead contracted to marry her 22-year-old first cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.[23] However, the engagement was broken off within a few years by Charles with Henry's agreement.[24] Cardinal Wolsey, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the Dauphin's father, King Francis I himself, who was eager for an alliance with England.[25] A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary marry either Francis I or his second son Henry, Duke of Orleans,[26] but Wolsey secured an alliance with France without the marriage. According to a Venetian observer, Mario Savorgnano, Mary was developing into a pretty, well-proportioned young lady with a fine complexion.[27]

## Adolescence[edit]

Meanwhile, the marriage of Mary's parents was in jeopardy. Disappointed at the lack of a male heir, and eager to re-marry, Henry attempted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled, but Pope Clement VII refused his requests. Henry claimed, citing biblical passages (Leviticus 20:21), that his marriage to Catherine was unclean because she was previously married, briefly at age 16, to his late brother (Mary's uncle) Arthur. Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated, and so was not a valid marriage. Indeed, her first marriage had been annulled by a previous pope, Julius II, on that basis. Clement may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V, Catherine's nephew and Mary's former betrothed, whose troops had surrounded and occupied Rome in the War of the League of Cognac.[28]

From 1531, Mary was often sick with irregular menstruation and depression, although it is not clear whether this was caused by stress, puberty or a more deep-seated disease.[29] She was not permitted to see her mother, who had been sent to live away from court by Henry.[30] In early 1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn, who was pregnant with his child, and in May Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, formally declared the marriage with Catherine void, and the marriage to Anne valid. Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as the widow of Arthur), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. She was styled "The Lady Mary" rather than Princess, and her place in the line of succession was transferred to her newborn half-sister, Elizabeth, Anne's daughter.[31] Mary's own household was dissolved;[32] her servants (including the Countess of Salisbury) were dismissed from her service, and in December 1533 she was sent to join the household of the infant Elizabeth at Hatfield, Hertfordshire.[33]

Mary determinedly refused to acknowledge that Anne was the queen or that Elizabeth was a princess, further enraging King Henry.[34] Under strain and with her movements restricted, Mary was frequently ill, which the royal physician attributed to her "ill treatment".[35] The Imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys became her close adviser, and interceded, unsuccessfully, on her behalf at court.[36] The relationship between Mary and her father worsened; they did not speak to each other for three years.[37] Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine.[38] When Catherine died in 1536, Mary was "inconsolable".[39] Catherine was interred in Peterborough Cathedral while Mary grieved in semi-seclusion at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire.[40]

## Adulthood[edit]

Henry VIII, c. 1537

In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the king's favour and was beheaded. Elizabeth, like Mary, was downgraded to the status of Lady and removed from the line of succession.[41] Within two weeks of Anne's execution, Henry married Jane Seymour. Jane urged her husband to make peace with Mary.[42] Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England, repudiate papal authority, acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful, and accept her own illegitimacy. She attempted to reconcile with him by submitting to his authority as far as "God and my conscience" permitted, but she was eventually bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry's demands.[43] Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court.[44] Henry granted her a household (which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite Susan Clarencieux).[45] Her privy purse expenses for this period show that Hatfield House, the Palace of Beaulieu (also called Newhall), Richmond and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence, as well as Henry's palaces at Greenwich, Westminster and Hampton Court.[46] Her expenses included fine clothes and gambling at cards, one of her favourite pastimes.[47] Rebels in the North of England, including Lord Hussey, Mary's former chamberlain, campaigned against Henry's religious reforms, and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate. The rebellion, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, was ruthlessly suppressed.[48] Along with other rebels, Hussey was executed, but there was no suggestion that Mary was directly involved.[49] The following year, 1537, Jane died after giving birth to a son, Edward. Mary was made godmother to her half-brother Edward and acted as chief mourner at the queen's funeral.[50]

Mary was courted by Duke Philip of Bavaria from late 1539, but Philip was Lutheran and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful.[51] Over 1539, the king's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves. Suggestions that Mary marry the Duke of Cleves, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister Anne was agreed.[52] When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he did not find her attractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and in the absence of a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage.[53] Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June 1540; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself.[54] Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage, which had not been consummated, and Cromwell was beheaded.[55]

Mary in 1544

In 1541, Henry had the Countess of Salisbury, Mary's old governess and godmother, executed on the pretext of a Catholic plot, in which her son (Reginald Pole) was implicated.[56] Her executioner was "a wretched and blundering youth" who "literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces".[57] In 1542, following the execution of Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities.[58] At court, while her father was between marriages and without a consort, Mary acted as hostess.[59] In 1543, Henry married his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, who was able to bring the family closer together.[60] Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession, through the Act of Succession 1544, placing them after Edward. However, both remained legally illegitimate.[61]

In 1547, Henry died and Edward succeeded as Edward VI. Mary inherited estates in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own.[62] Since Edward was still a child, rule passed to a regency council dominated by Protestants, who attempted to establish their faith throughout the country. For example, the Act of Uniformity 1549 prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's new Book of Common Prayer. Mary remained faithful to Roman Catholicism, and defiantly celebrated the traditional mass in her own chapel. She appealed to her cousin Charles V to apply diplomatic pressure demanding that she be able to practice her religion.[63]

For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates, and rarely attended court.[64] A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing.[65] Religious differences between Mary and Edward continued. When Mary was in her thirties, she attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship.[66] Mary repeatedly refused Edward's demands that she abandon Catholicism, and Edward repeatedly refused to drop his demands.[67]

## Accession[edit]

On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died from a lung infection, possibly tuberculosis.[68] He did not want the crown to go to Mary because he feared she would restore Catholicism and undo his reforms, as well as those of Henry VIII, and so he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. His advisers, however, told him that he could not disinherit only one of his sisters, but that he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, even though she embraced the Church of England. Guided by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and perhaps others, Edward excluded both of his sisters from the line of succession in his will.[69]

Contradicting the Succession Act, which restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession, Edward named Dudley's daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey, the granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister Mary, as his successor. Lady Jane's mother was Frances Brandon, who was Mary's cousin and goddaughter. Just before Edward VI's death, Mary was summoned to London to visit her dying brother. She was warned, however, that the summons was a pretext on which to capture her and thereby facilitate Lady Jane's accession to the throne.[70] Instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled into East Anglia, where she owned extensive estates and Dudley had ruthlessly put down Kett's Rebellion. Many adherents to the Catholic faith, opponents of Dudley, lived there.[71] On 9 July, from Kenninghall, Norfolk, she wrote to the privy council with orders for her proclamation as Edward's successor.[72]

On 10 July 1553, Lady Jane was proclaimed queen by Dudley and his supporters, and on the same day Mary's letter to the council arrived in London. By 12 July, Mary and her supporters had assembled a military force at Framlingham Castle, Suffolk.[73] Dudley's support collapsed, and Mary's grew.[74] Jane was deposed on 19 July.[75] She and Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower of London. Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August 1553 on a wave of popular support. She was accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth, and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen.[76]

One of Mary's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner from imprisonment in the Tower of London, as well as her kinsman Edward Courtenay.[77] Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Dudley's scheme, and Dudley was the only conspirator of rank executed for high treason in the immediate aftermath of the coup. Lady Jane and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed, while Lady Jane's father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, was released.[78] Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the Privy Counsellors had been implicated in the plot to put Lady Jane on the throne.[79] She appointed Gardiner to the council and made him both Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor, offices he held until his death in November 1555. Susan Clarencieux became Mistress of the Robes.[80] On 1 October 1553, Gardiner crowned Mary at Westminster Abbey.[81]

### Spanish marriage[edit]

Philip of Spain by Titian

At age 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, thus preventing the Protestant Elizabeth (still her successor under the terms of Henry VIII's will and the Act of Succession of 1544) from succeeding to the throne. Edward Courtenay and Reginald Pole were both mentioned as prospective suitors, but her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, Prince Philip of Spain.[82] Philip had a son from a previous marriage, and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip by Titian was sent to her in September 1553.[83]

Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons unsuccessfully petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs.[84] The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear of Catholicism.[85] When Mary insisted on marrying Philip, insurrections broke out. Thomas Wyatt the younger led a force from Kent to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as Wyatt's rebellion, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, the father of Lady Jane.[86] Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage, and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the advantage of the kingdom, she would refrain from pursuing it.[87] On reaching London, Wyatt was defeated and captured. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, his daughter Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. Courtenay, who was implicated in the plot, was imprisoned, and then exiled. Elizabeth, though protesting her innocence in the Wyatt affair, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months, then was put under house arrest at Woodstock Palace.[88]

Mary was?excluding the brief, disputed reigns of Jane Grey and Empress Matilda?England's first queen regnant. Further, under the English common law doctrine of jure uxoris, the property and titles belonging to a woman became her husband's upon marriage, and it was feared that any man she married would thereby become King of England in fact and in name.[89] While Mary's grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella, had retained sovereignty of their own realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England.[90] Under the terms of Queen Mary's Marriage Act, Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including Acts of Parliament) were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple, for Mary's lifetime only. England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England.[91] Philip was unhappy at the conditions imposed, but he was ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage.[92] He had no amorous feelings toward Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains; Philip's aide Ruy G?mez de Silva wrote to a correspondent in Brussels, "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries."[93]

Mary and her husband, Philip

To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to Philip. Therefore, Mary became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem upon marriage.[94] Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting.[95] Philip could not speak English, and so they spoke in a mixture of Spanish, French, and Latin.[96]

### Pregnancy[edit]

In September 1554, Mary stopped menstruating. She gained weight, and felt nauseous in the mornings. Virtually the whole court, including her doctors, thought she was pregnant.[97] Parliament passed an act making Philip regent in the event of Mary's death in childbirth.[98] In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently.[99] According to Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian ambassador, Philip may have planned to marry Elizabeth in the event of Mary's death in childbirth,[100] but in a letter to his brother-in-law, Maximilian of Austria, Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether his wife was pregnant.[101]

Thanksgiving services in the diocese of London were held at the end of April after false rumours that Mary had given birth to a son spread across Europe.[102] Through May and June, the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant.[103] Susan Clarencieux revealed her doubts to the French ambassador, Antoine de Noailles.[104] Mary continued to exhibit signs of pregnancy until July 1555, when her abdomen receded. There was no baby. Michieli dismissively ridiculed the pregnancy as more likely to "end in wind rather than anything else".[105] It was most likely a phantom pregnancy, perhaps induced by Mary's overwhelming desire to have a child.[106] In August, soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy, Philip left England to command his armies against France in Flanders.[107] Mary was heartbroken and fell into a deep depression. Michieli was touched by the queen's grief; he wrote she was "extraordinarily in love" with her husband, and was disconsolate at his departure.[108]

Elizabeth remained at court until October, apparently restored to favour.[109] In the absence of any children, Philip was concerned that after Mary and Elizabeth, one of the next claimants to the English throne was the Queen of Scotland, who was betrothed to the Dauphin of France. Philip persuaded Mary that Elizabeth should marry his cousin, Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, to secure the Catholic succession and preserve the Habsburg interest in England, but Elizabeth refused to comply and parliamentary consent was unlikely.[110]

### Religious policy[edit]

Bronze medal showing Mary in profile, 1554
Mary by Hans Eworth, 1554. She wears a jewelled pendant bearing the pearl known as La Peregrina set beneath two diamonds.

In the month following her accession, Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion, but by the end of September leading reforming churchmen, such as John Bradford, John Rogers, John Hooper, Hugh Latimer and Thomas Cranmer were imprisoned.[111] Mary's first Parliament, which assembled in early October 1553, declared the marriage of her parents valid, and abolished Edward's religious laws.[112] Church doctrine was restored to the form it had taken in the 1539 Six Articles, which, for example, re-affirmed clerical celibacy. Married priests were deprived of their benefices.[113]

Mary had always rejected the break with Rome instituted by her father and the establishment of Protestantism by Edward VI. She and her husband wanted England to reconcile with Rome. Philip persuaded Parliament to repeal the Protestant religious laws passed by Mary's father, thus returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction. Reaching an agreement took many months, and Mary and Pope Julius III had to make a major concession: the monastery lands confiscated under Henry were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of the new landowners, who were very influential.[114] By the end of 1554, the pope had approved the deal, and the Heresy Acts were revived.[115]

Under the Heresy Acts, numerous Protestants were executed in the Marian Persecutions. Many rich Protestants, including John Foxe, chose exile, and around 800 left the country.[116] The first executions occurred over a period of five days in early February 1555: John Rogers on 4 February, Laurence Saunders on 8 February, and Rowland Taylor and John Hooper on 9 February.[117] The imprisoned Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer was forced to watch Bishops Ridley and Latimer being burned at the stake. Cranmer recanted, repudiated Protestant theology, and rejoined the Catholic faith.[118] Under the normal process of the law, he should have been absolved as a repentant. Mary, however, refused to reprieve him. On the day of his burning, he dramatically withdrew his recantation.[119] All told 283 were executed, most by burning.[120] The burnings proved so unpopular, that even Alfonso de Castro, one of Philip's own ecclesiastical staff, condemned them,[121] and Philip's adviser, Simon Renard, warned him that such "cruel enforcement" could "cause a revolt".[122] Mary persevered with the policy, which continued until her death and exacerbated anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feeling among the English people.[123] The victims of the persecutions became lauded as martyrs.[124]

Reginald Pole, the son of Mary's executed governess, and once considered a suitor, arrived as papal legate in November 1554.[125] He was ordained a priest and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury immediately after Cranmer's death in March 1556.[126][127]

### Foreign policy[edit]

Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland, under Mary's reign English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands to reduce the attacks on the Pale (the area around Dublin controlled by the English). Queen's and King's Counties (now Counties Laois and Offaly) were founded, and their plantation began.[128] Their principal towns were respectively named Maryborough (now Portlaoise) and Philipstown (now Daingean).

In January 1556, Mary's father-in-law abdicated and Philip became King of Spain, with Mary as his consort. They were still apart; Philip was declared king in Brussels, but Mary stayed in England. Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556. The following month, the French ambassador in England, Antoine de Noailles, was implicated in a plot against Mary when Sir Henry Dudley, a second cousin of the executed Duke of Northumberland, attempted to assemble an invasion force in France. The plot, known as the Dudley conspiracy, was betrayed, and the conspirators in England were rounded up. Dudley remained in exile in France, and Noailles prudently left Britain.[129]

Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a renewed war against France. Mary was in favour of declaring war, but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised, it contravened the marriage treaty, and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances.[130] War was only declared after Reginald Pole's nephew, Thomas Stafford, invaded England with French help in an attempt to depose Mary.[131] As a result of the war, relations between England and the Papacy became strained, since Pope Paul IV was allied with Henry II of France.[132] In January 1558, French forces took Calais, England's sole remaining possession on the European mainland. Although the territory was financially burdensome, it was an ideological loss that damaged Mary's prestige.[133] According to Holinshed's Chronicles, Mary later lamented, "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart".

### Commerce and revenue[edit]

The years of Mary's reign were consistently wet. The persistent rain and subsequent flooding led to famine.[134] Another problem was the decline of the Antwerp cloth trade.[135] Despite Mary's marriage to Philip, England did not benefit from Spain's enormously lucrative trade with the New World.[136] The Spanish guarded their trade routes jealously, and Mary could not condone illegitimate trade (in the form of piracy) because she was married to the King of Spain.[137] In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy, Mary's counsellors continued Northumberland's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities. She granted a royal charter to the Muscovy Company, whose first governor was Sebastian Cabot,[138] and commissioned a world atlas from Diogo Homem.[139] Adventurers like John Lok and William Towerson sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa.[140]

Financially, Mary's regime tried to reconcile a modern form of government?with correspondingly higher spending?with a medieval system of collecting taxation and dues.[141] Mary retained the Edwardian appointee William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, as Lord High Treasurer and assigned him to oversee the revenue collection system. A failure to apply new tariffs to new forms of imports meant that a key source of revenue was neglected. To solve this problem, Mary's government published a revised "Book of Rates" (1558), which listed the tariffs and duties for every import. This publication was not extensively reviewed until 1604.[142]

English coinage was debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI. Mary drafted plans for currency reform but they were not implemented until after her death.[143]

## Death[edit]

Portrait by Hans Eworth

After Philip's visit in 1557, Mary thought herself pregnant again with a baby due in March 1558.[144] She decreed in her will that her husband be the regent during the minority of her child.[145] However, no child was born, and Mary was forced to accept that Elizabeth was her lawful successor.[146]

Mary was weak and ill from May 1558,[147] and died aged 42 at St. James's Palace during an influenza epidemic that also claimed the life of Reginald Pole later the same day, 17 November 1558. She was in pain, possibly from ovarian cysts or uterine cancer.[148] She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. Philip, who was in Brussels, wrote in a letter, "I felt a reasonable regret for her death."[149]

Although her will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, Mary was interred in Westminster Abbey on 14 December in a tomb she would eventually share with Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on their tomb, Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis (affixed there by James VI of Scotland when he succeeded Elizabeth as King James I of England) translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection".[150]

## Legacy[edit]

At her funeral service, John White (the Bishop of Winchester) praised Mary: "She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also."[151] She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholic population.[152] Catholic historians, such as John Lingard, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control.[153] However, her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects, and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment.[154] The military losses in France, poor weather and failed harvests increased public discontent. Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. After Mary's death, he sought to marry Elizabeth, but she refused him.[155] Thirty years later, he sent the Spanish Armada to overthrow Elizabeth, without success.

By the seventeenth century, Mary's persecution of Protestants had led them to call her Bloody Mary.[156] John Knox attacked her in The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regimen of Women, published in 1558, and she was prominently featured and vilified in Actes and Monuments, published by John Foxe in 1563, five years after her death. Subsequent editions of the book remained popular with Protestants throughout the following centuries, and helped shape enduring perceptions of Mary as a bloodthirsty tyrant.[157] In the mid-twentieth century, H. F. M. Prescott attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian by writing more objectively, and scholarship since then has tended to view the older, simpler, partisan assessments of Mary with greater scepticism.[158] Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign.[159]

## Titles, style and arms[edit]

Arms of Mary I, impaled with those of her husband, Philip II

When Mary ascended the throne, she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI: "Mary, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and of the Church of England and of Ireland on Earth Supreme Head". The title Supreme Head of the Church was repugnant to Mary's Catholicism, and she omitted it from Christmas 1553.[160]

Under Mary's marriage treaty with Philip, the official joint style reflected not only Mary's but also Philip's dominions and claims: "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol".[94] This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol".[161]

Mary I's coat of arms was the same as those used by all her predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or [for France] and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England). Sometimes, her arms were impaled (depicted side-by-side) with those of her husband. She adopted "Truth, the Daughter of Time" (Latin: Veritas Temporis Filia) as her personal motto.[162]

## Ancestry[edit]

Both Mary and Philip were descended from John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, a relationship which was used to portray Philip as an English king.[163]

### Family tree[edit]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Richard, Duke of York 1411?1460
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Edward IV, King of England 1442?1483 |  |  |  | George, Duke of Clarence 1449?1478
|  |  | Isabella I, Queen of Castile 1451?1504 |  | Ferdinand II, King of Aragon 1452?1516 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Henry VII, King of England 1457?1509 |  | Elizabeth of York 1466?1503 |  |  |  | Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 1473?1541
| Joanna, Queen of Spain 1479?1555 |  | Mary of Aragon 1482?1517 |  | Catherine of Aragon 1485?1536 |  |  |  |  |  | Henry VIII, King of England 1491?1547 |  |  |  |  | Mary of England 1496?1533 |  | Reginald Pole 1500?1558
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1500?1558 |  | Isabella of Portugal 1503?1539 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Frances Brandon 1517?1559
|  |  | Philip II, King of Spain 1527?1598 |  |  |  |  |  | Mary I, Queen of England 1519?1558 |  | Elizabeth I, Queen of England 1533?1603 |  | Edward VI, King of England 1537?1553 |  |  | Jane Grey 1537?1554

### Ahnentafel[edit]

Ancestors of API
| 16. Owen Tudor[164]
| 8. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond |
| 17. Catherine of France[164]
| 4. Henry VII of England |
| 18. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset[164]
| 9. Lady Margaret Beaufort |
| 19. Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso[164]
| 2. Henry VIII of England |
| 20. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York[165]
| 10. Edward IV of England |
| 21. Cecily Neville[166]
| 5. Elizabeth of York |
| 22. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers[167]
| 11. Elizabeth Woodville |
| 23. Jacquetta of Luxembourg[167]
| 1. Mary I of England |
| 24. Ferdinand I of Aragon[168]
| 12. John II of Aragon |
| 25. Eleanor of Alburquerque[168]
| 6. Ferdinand II of Aragon |
| 26. Frederick Enr?quez, Count of Melgar[168]
| 13. Juana Enr?quez |
| 27. Marina de C?rdoba[168]
| 3. Catherine of Aragon |
| 28. Henry III of Castile[169]
| 14. John II of Castile |
| 29. Catherine of Lancaster[169]
| 7. Isabella I of Castile |
| 30. John, Duke of Beja, Constable of Portugal[169]
| 15. Isabella of Portugal |
| 31. Isabella of Braganza[169]

## See also[edit]

- Cultural depictions of Mary I of England

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Her half-brother died on 6 July; she was proclaimed his successor in London on 19 July; her regnal years were dated from 24 July (Weir, p. 160).
2. ^ Waller, p. 16; Whitelock, p. 9
3. ^ Loades, pp. 12?13; Weir, pp. 152?153
4. ^ Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 16; Whitelock, p. 7
5. ^ Porter, pp. 13, 37; Waller, p. 17
6. ^ Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 17; Whitelock, p. 7
7. ^ Loades, p. 28; Porter, p. 15
8. ^ Loades, p. 29; Porter, p. 16; Waller, p. 20; Whitelock, p. 21
9. ^ Hoyle, p. 407
10. ^ Whitelock, p. 23
11. ^ Whitelock, p. 27
12. ^ Loades, pp. 19?20; Porter, p. 21
13. ^ Loades, p. 31; Porter, p. 30
14. ^ Porter, p. 28; Whitelock, p. 27
15. ^ Loades, pp. 32, 43
16. ^ Domine Orator, per Deum immortalem, ista puella nunquam plorat, quoted in Whitelock, p. 17
17. ^ Tittler, p. 1
18. ^ Loades, p. 37; Porter, pp. 38?39; Whitelock, pp. 32?33
19. ^ Porter, pp. 38?39; Whitelock, pp. 32?33
20. ^ Waller, p. 23
21. ^ Loades, pp. 41?42, 45
22. ^ Porter, pp. 20?21; Waller, pp. 20?21; Whitelock, pp. 18?23
23. ^ Loades, pp. 22?23; Porter, pp. 21?24; Waller, p. 21; Whitelock, p. 23
24. ^ Whitelock, pp. 30?31
25. ^ Whitelock, pp. 36?37
26. ^ Whitelock, pp. 37?38
27. ^ Mario Savorgnano, 25 August 1531, Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, vol. IV, p. 682, quoted in Loades, p. 63
28. ^ Porter, pp. 56, 78; Whitelock, p. 40
29. ^ Waller, p. 27
30. ^ Porter, p. 76; Whitelock, p. 48
31. ^ Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, pp. 55?56
32. ^ Loades, p. 77; Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, p. 57
33. ^ Loades, p. 78; Whitelock, p. 57
34. ^ Porter, pp. 97?101; Whitelock, pp. 55?69
35. ^ Dr William Butts, quoted in Waller, p. 31
36. ^ Loades, pp. 84?85
37. ^ Porter, p. 100
38. ^ Porter, pp. 103?104; Whitelock, pp. 67?69, 72
39. ^ Letter from Emperor Charles V to Empress Isabella, quoted in Whitelock, p. 75
40. ^ Porter, p. 107; Whitelock, p. 76?77
41. ^ Whitelock, p. 91
42. ^ Porter, p. 121; Waller, p. 33; Whitelock, p. 81
43. ^ Porter, pp. 119?123; Waller, pp. 34?36; Whitelock, pp. 83?89
44. ^ Porter, pp. 119?123; Waller, pp. 34?36; Whitelock, pp. 90?91
45. ^ Loades, p. 105
46. ^ Madden, F. (ed.) (1831) The Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, quoted in Loades, p. 111
47. ^ Porter, pp. 129?132; Whitelock, p. 28
48. ^ Porter, pp. 124?125
49. ^ Loades, p. 108
50. ^ Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. 126?127; Whitelock, pp. 95?96
51. ^ Loades, pp. 127?129; Porter, pp. 135?136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101
52. ^ Loades, pp. 126?127; Whitelock, p. 101
53. ^ Whitelock, pp. 103?104
54. ^ Whitelock, p. 105
55. ^ Whitelock, pp. 105?106
56. ^ Loades, p. 122; Porter, p. 137
57. ^ Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108
58. ^ Porter, p. 143
59. ^ Waller, p. 37
60. ^ Porter, pp. 143?144; Whitelock, p. 110
61. ^ Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112
62. ^ Loades, pp. 137?138; Whitelock, p. 130
63. ^ Loades, pp. 143?147; Porter, pp. 160?162; Whitelock, pp. 133?134
64. ^ Porter, p. 154; Waller, p. 40
65. ^ Loades, pp. 153?157; Porter, pp. 169?176; Waller, pp. 41?42; Whitelock, pp. 144?147
66. ^ Porter, p. 178; Whitelock, p. 149
67. ^ Porter, pp. 179?182; Whitelock, pp. 148?160
68. ^ Porter, p. 187
69. ^ Porter, pp. 188?189
70. ^ Waller, pp. 48?49; Whitelock, p. 165
71. ^ Waller, pp. 51?53; Whitelock, p. 165, 138
72. ^ Loades, p. 176; Porter, p. 195; Tittler, pp. 8, 81?82; Whitelock, p. 168
73. ^ Porter, p. 203; Waller, p. 52
74. ^ Loades, pp. 176?181; Porter, pp. 213?214; Waller, p. 54; Whitelock, pp. 170?174
75. ^ Porter, p. 210; Weir, pp. 159?160
76. ^ Waller, pp. 57?59
77. ^ Waller, p. 59; Whitelock, p. 181
78. ^ Waller, pp. 59?60; Whitelock, pp. 185?186
79. ^ Whitelock, p. 182
80. ^ Whitelock, p. 183
81. ^ Porter, pp. 257?261; Whitelock, pp. 195?197
82. ^ Loades, pp. 199?201; Porter, pp. 265?267
83. ^ Porter, p. 310
84. ^ Porter, pp. 279?284; Waller, p. 72; Whitelock, pp. 202?209
85. ^ Waller, p. 73
86. ^ Porter, pp. 288?299; Whitelock, pp. 212?213
87. ^ Porter, p. 300; Waller, pp. 74?75; Whitelock, p. 216
88. ^ Porter, pp. 311?313; Whitelock, pp. 217?225
89. ^ Waller, pp. 84?85; Whitelock, pp. 202, 227
90. ^ Porter, p. 269; Waller, p. 85
91. ^ Porter, pp. 291?292; Waller, p. 85; Whitelock, pp. 226?227
92. ^ Porter, pp. 308?309; Whitelock, p. 229
93. ^ Letter of 29 July 1554 in the Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, volume XIII, quoted in Porter, p. 320 and Whitelock, p. 244
94. ^ a b Porter, pp. 321, 324; Waller, p. 90; Whitelock, p. 238
95. ^ Loades, pp. 224?225; Porter, pp. 318, 321; Waller, pp. 86?87; Whitelock, p. 237
96. ^ Porter, p. 319; Waller, pp. 87, 91
97. ^ Porter, p. 333; Waller, pp. 92?93
98. ^ Loades, pp. 234?235
99. ^ Porter, p. 338; Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 255
100. ^ Waller, p. 96
101. ^ "The queen's pregnancy turns out not to have been as certain as we thought": Letter of 25 April 1554, quoted in Porter, p. 337 and Whitelock, p. 257
102. ^ Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 256
103. ^ Whitelock, pp. 257?259
104. ^ Whitelock, p. 258
105. ^ Waller, p. 97; Whitelock, p. 259
106. ^ Porter, pp. 337?338; Waller, pp. 97?98
107. ^ Porter, p. 342
108. ^ Waller, pp. 98?99; Whitelock, p. 268
109. ^ Antoine de Noailles quoted in Whitelock, p. 269
110. ^ Whitelock, p. 284
111. ^ Tittler, pp. 23?24; Whitelock, p. 187
112. ^ Loades, pp. 207?208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198
113. ^ Porter, p. 241; Whitelock, pp. 200?201
114. ^ Porter, p. 331
115. ^ Loades, pp. 235?242
116. ^ Waller, p. 113
117. ^ Whitelock, p. 262
118. ^ Loades, p. 325; Porter, pp. 355?356; Waller, pp. 104?105
119. ^ Loades, p. 326; Waller, pp. 104?105; Whitelock, p. 274
120. ^ Duffy, p. 79; Waller, p. 104
121. ^ Porter, pp. 358?359; Waller, p. 103; Whitelock, p. 266
122. ^ Waller, p. 102
123. ^ Waller, pp. 101, 103, 105; Whitelock, p. 266
124. ^ See for example, the Oxford Martyrs
125. ^ Loades, p. 238; Waller, p. 94
126. ^ Porter, p. 357
127. ^ Although he was in deacon's orders and prominent in the church, Pole was not ordained until the day before his consecration as archbishop (Loades, p. 319).
128. ^ Tittler, p. 66
129. ^ Porter, pp. 381?387
130. ^ Whitelock, p. 288
131. ^ Porter, p. 389; Waller, p. 111; Whitelock, p. 289
132. ^ Whitelock, pp. 293?295
133. ^ Loades, pp. 295?297; Porter, pp. 392?395; Whitelock, pp. 291?292
134. ^ Porter, pp. 229, 375; Whitelock, p. 277
135. ^ Tittler, p. 48
136. ^ Tittler, p. 49
137. ^ Tittler, pp. 49?50
138. ^ Porter, p. 371
139. ^ Porter, p. 373
140. ^ Porter, p. 372
141. ^ Porter, p. 375; Tittler, p. 51
142. ^ Porter, p. 376
143. ^ Porter, p. 376; Tittler, p. 53
144. ^ Porter, p.398; Waller, pp. 106, 112; Whitelock, p. 299
145. ^ Whitelock, pp. 299?300
146. ^ Whitelock, p. 301
147. ^ Loades, p. 305; Whitelock, p. 300
148. ^ Waller, p. 108
149. ^ Letter from Philip to his sister Joan of Austria, Princess of Portugal, 4 December 1558, in Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, volume XIII, quoted in Loades, p. 311; Waller, p. 109 and Whitelock, p. 303
150. ^ Porter, p. 410; Whitelock, p. 1
151. ^ Loades, p. 313; Whitelock, p. 305
152. ^ Waller, p. 116
153. ^ Loades, pp. 340?341
154. ^ Loades, pp. 342?343; Waller, p. 116
155. ^ Porter, p. 400
156. ^ Waller, p. 115
157. ^ Porter, pp. 361?362, 418; Waller, pp. 113?115
158. ^ Weikel
159. ^ Tittler, p. 80; Weikel
160. ^ Loades, pp. 217, 323
161. ^ e.g. Waller, p. 106
162. ^ Waller, p. 60; Whitelock, p. 310
163. ^ Whitelock, p. 242
164. ^ a b c d Weir, p. 148
165. ^ Weir, p. 133
166. ^ Weir, p. 134
167. ^ a b Weir, p. 138
168. ^ a b c d Paget, p. 99
169. ^ a b c d Weir, pp. 99?101

## References[edit]

- Duffy, Eamon (2009) Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-15216-7
- Hoyle, R. W. (2001) The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925906-2
- Loades, David M. (1989) Mary Tudor: A Life. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15453-1
- Paget, Gerald (1977) The Lineage Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. Edinburgh London: Charles Skilton. OCLC 79311835
- Porter, Linda (2007) Mary Tudor: The First Queen. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-7499-0982-6
- Tittler, Robert (1991) The Reign of Mary I. Second edition. London New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-06107-5
- Waller, Maureen (2006) Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33801-5
- Weikel, Ann (2004; online edition 2008) "Mary I (1516?1558)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18245 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Weir, Alison (1996) Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9
- Whitelock, Anna (2009) Mary Tudor: England's First Queen. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-9018-7

## Further reading[edit]

- Erickson, Carolly (1978) Bloody Mary: The Life of Mary Tudor. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-11663-2
- Loades, David M. (1991) The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553?58. Second edition. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-05759-0
- Prescott, H. F. M. (1952) Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor. Second edition. London: Eyre Spottiswoode.
- Ridley, Jasper (2001) Bloody Mary's Martyrs: The Story of England's Terror. New York: Carroll Graf. ISBN 0-7867-0854-9
- Waldman, Milton (1972) The Lady Mary: a biography of Mary Tudor, 1516?1558. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211486-0

## External links[edit]

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary I of England.

- "The Tudors: Mary I". The Royal Household.
- Eakins, Lara E. "Mary I Queen of England". Tudor History Web Ring.
- "Queen Mary I". Historic Royal Palaces.

API House of Tudor Born: 18 February 1516 Died: 17 November 1558
Regnal titles
Preceded by Edward VI or Jane (disputed) | Queen of England and Ireland 19 July 1553?? 17 November 1558 with Philip (1554?1558) | Succeeded by Elizabeth I
Royal titles
Vacant Title last held by Isabella of Portugal | Queen consort of Naples 25 July 1554?? 17 November 1558 | Vacant Title next held by Elisabeth of France
Queen consort of Spain and Sicily 16 January 1556?? 17 November 1558

English, Scottish and British monarchs
Monarchs of England before 1603 | Monarchs of Scotland before 1603
Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Forkbeard Edmund Ironside Cnut the Great Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar the Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I | Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Edward Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI
Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603
James I & VI Charles I Commonwealth Charles II James II & VII Mary II and William III & II Anne
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707
Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

Spanish royal consorts
Princess Sophía of Greece and Denmark (1975–) Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1906–1931) Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria (1879–1885) Princess Mercedes of Orléans (1878) Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo (1870–1873) Infante Francis of Spain, Duke of Cádiz (1846–1868) Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (1829–1833) Princess Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony (1819–1829) Infanta Maria Isabel of Portugal (1816–1818) Julie Clary (1808–1813) Princess Maria Luisa of Parma (1788–1808) Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony (1759–1760) Infanta Barbara of Portugal (1746–1758) Elisabeth Farnese (1724–1746) Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (1724) Elisabeth Farnese (1714–1724) Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy (1701–1714) Countess Palatine Mariana of Neuburg (1690–1700) Marie Louise d'Orléans (1679–1689) Archduchess Mariana of Austria (1649–1665) Princess Élisabeth of France (1621–1644) Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1598–1611) Archduchess Anna of Austria (1570–1580) Princess Élisabeth of France (1559–1568) Queen Mary I of England (1556–1558) Infanta Isabella of Portugal (1526–1539)

Princesses of Asturias
Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano (2004–present) Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily (1802–1806) Princess Maria Luisa of Parma (1765–1788) Infanta Barbara of Portugal (1729–1746) Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (1722–1724) Princess Elisabeth of France (1615–1621) Queen Mary I of England (1554–1556) Infanta Maria Manuela of Portugal (1543–1545) Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1497) Blanche II of Navarre (1468–1474) Catherine of Lancaster (1388–1406) |

Infantas of Spain by marriage
1st generation | Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal Mary I of England
2nd generation | none
3rd generation | Princess Élisabeth of France
4th generation | none
5th generation | none
6th generation | none
7th generation | Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans Infanta Barbara of Portugal Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony Princess Louise Élisabeth of France
8th generation | Princess Maria Luisa of Parma Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain* Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria
9th generation | Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal Infanta Teresa of Portugal, Princess of Beira Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily
10th generation | Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies Archduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este Isabella II of Spain* Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain* Princess Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy
11th generation | Infanta Eulalia of Spain* Princess Margherita of Parma Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France Berthe de Rohan Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal
12th generation | Princess Louise of Orléans Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain* Maria Luisa de Silva y Fernández de Henestrosa** Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal
13th generation | Princess Mercedes of the Two Sicilies Princess Alicia of Parma
14th generation | Princess Sofía of Greece and Denmark Princess Anne of Orléans
15th generation | Letizia Ortiz**
*also an Infanta in her own right **did not have a royal or noble title by birth but was admitted as Infanta

Austrian archduchesses by marriage
1st generation | Mary, Duchess of Burgundy Anne, Duchess of Brittany Bianca Maria Sforza
2nd generation | Joanna of Castile
3rd generation | Infanta Isabella of Portugal Anna of Bohemia and Hungary
4th generation | Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal* Mary I of England* Infanta Maria of Spain^ Anne Juliana Gonzaga Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
5th generation | Archduchess Anna of Austria^ Isabella Clara Eugenia^ Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria Eleonora Gonzaga Claudia de' Medici
6th generation | Princess Elisabeth of France* Archduchess Maria Ana of Spain^ Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria^ Eleonora Gonzaga Anna de' Medici Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach
7th generation | Archduchess Margaret Theresa of Austria^ Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria^ Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
8th generation | Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
9th generation | none
10th generation | Princess Isabella of Parma** Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria** Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain** Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa**
11th generation | Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg** Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily** Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily** Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg** Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia** Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym** Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg** Princess Elisabeth of Savoy** Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy***
12th generation | Princess Sophie of Bavaria Princess Maria Anna of Saxony** Princess Hildegard of Bavaria Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria^ Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria***
13th generation | Princess Charlotte of Belgium Princess Margaretha of Saxony Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal Princess Anna of Saxony** Princess Alice of Parma** Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies** Princess Isabella of Croÿ Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria^ Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria
14th generation | Princess Stéphanie of Belgium Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies** Princess Blanca of Bourbon** Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria^** Princess Anna of Saxony
15th generation | Princess Zita of Parma Princess Franziska of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst Princess Dorothea of Bavaria** Countess Marie Valerie of Waldburg-Zeil-Hohenems** Princess Ileana of Romania** Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm** Countess Maria Theresa of Waldburg-Zeil** Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg Princess Christina of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
16th generation | Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen Princess Margherita of Savoy Princess Anne Eugénie of Arenberg Princess Yolande of Ligne Countess Xenia Czernicheva-Besobrasova Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede Countess Helena of Toerring-Jettenbach Countess Ludmilla of Gallen Princess Laetitia of Arenberg** Countess Margaret Kálnoky von Köröspatak** Maria Espinosa de los Monteros^^** Countess Valerie of Podstatzky-Lichtenstein** Freiin Eva Antonia von Hofmann** Princess Anna Amelie of Schönburg-Waldenburg** Countess Hedwig of Lichem-Löwenburg** Freiin Edith von Sternbach** Princess Margaret of Hohenberg Countess Marie Christine of Hatzfeldt-Dönhoff Eugenia de Calonge^^ Freiin Maria Theresia von Gudenus
17th generation | Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg Princess Astrid of Belgium*** Princess Katharina of Isenburg-Birstein*** Bettine Götz^^ Paola de Temesváry^^ Baroness Marie Hélène de Villenfagne de Vogelsanck Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg Princess Alexandra of Wrede Princess María of the Two Sicilies Sara Maya Al-Askari^^ Mayasuni Heath^^ Countess Katharina of Hardenberg Ashmita Goswami^^ Elyssa Edmonstone^^** Countess Marie Gabrielle of Waldstein** Margarete Hohenberg^^ Marie-Christine von Hatzfeldt-Dönhoff^^ Eugenia de Calonje Gurrea^^ María Gabriela Montenegro Villamizar^^
18th generation | Estelle de Saint-Romain^^ Kathleen Elizabeth Walker^^ Adélaïde Drapé-Frisch^^
* also an infanta of Spain by marriage ** also a princess of Tuscany by marriage *** also a princess of Modena by marriage ^also an archduchess of Austria in her own right ^^did not have a royal or noble title by birth

Persondata
Name | Mary I of England
Alternative names | Mary Tudor; Bloody Mary
Short description | Queen of England
Date of birth | 18 February 1516
Place of birth | Palace of Placentia, Greenwich
Date of death | 17 November 1558
Place of death | St James's Palace, London