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Great Expectations
Title page of Vol. 1 of first edition, July 1861
Author | Charles Dickens
Country | United Kingdom
Language | English
Series | Weekly: 1 December 1860 ? 3 August 1861
Genre | Realistic fiction, social criticism
Publisher | Chapman Hall
Publication date | 1861 (in three volumes)

Great Expectations is Charles Dickens' thirteenth novel. It is the second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person.[N 1] Great Expectations is a bildungsroman, or a coming-of-age novel, and the story genre is Victorian Literature.[1] It depicts the growth and personal development of an orphan named Pip. The novel was first published in serial form in Dickens' weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861.[2] In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes.

Great Expectations was to be twice as long, but All the Year Round's managements constraints limited the novel's length. Collected and dense, with a conciseness unusual for Dickens, the novel represents Dickens' peak and maturity as an author. Great Expectations was written, according to GK Chesterton, in "the afternoon of his life and glory," and the penultimate novel Dickens completed, preceding Our Mutual Friend.

It is set among the marshes of Kent and in London in the early-to-mid 1800s.[1] From the outset, the reader is "treated" by the terrifying encounter between Pip, the protagonist, and the escaped convict, Abel Magwitch.[3] Great Expectations is a graphic book, full of extreme imagery, poverty, prison ships, "the hulks," barriers and chains, and fights to the death.[3] It therefore combines intrigue and unexpected twists of autobiograhical detail in different tones. Regardless of its narrative technique, the novel reflects the events of the time, Dickens' concerns, and the relationship between society and man.

The novel received mixed reviews from contemporary critics: Thomas Carlyle speaks of "All that Pip's nonsense,"[4] while GB Shaw praised the novel: "All of one piece and Consistently truthfull."[5] Dickens felt Great Expectations was his best work, calling it "a very fine idea,"[6] and was very sensitive to compliments from his friends: "Bulwer, who has been, as I think you know, extraordinarily taken by the book."[7]

Great Expectations has a colourful cast that has remained in popular culture: the capricious Miss Havisham, the cold and beautiful Estella, Joe the blacksmith who is always kind and generous, the dry and meek Uncle Pumblechook, Mr Jaggers, Wemmick and his dual personality, and the eloquent and wise friend, Herbert Pocket. Throughout the narrative, typical Dickensian themes emerge: wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual triumph of good over evil.[3] Great Expectations has become very popular and is now taught as a classic in many English classes. It has been translated into many languages and adapted many times in film and other media.

## Development history[edit]

Charles Dickens, circa 1860.

As Dickens began writing Great Expectations, he undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours. He had separated from his wife, Catherine Dickens, and was keeping secret an affair with a much younger woman, Ellen Ternan. However, the genesis of Great Expectations is not glorious, artistically, and the idea of romance and economic circumstances dictated the novel's design and implementation.

### Beginning[edit]

In his Book of Memoranda, begun in 1855, Dickens wrote names for possible characters: Magwitch, Provis, Clarriker, Compey, Pumblechook, Horlick, Gargery, Wopsle, Skiffins, some of which become familiar in Great Expectations. There is also a reference to a "knowing man," a possible sketch of the future Bentley Drummle.[8] Another evokes a house full of "Toadies and Humbugs," forshadowing the visitors to Satis House in Chapter 11.[9][8] In addition, Margaret Cardwell speculates the "premonition" of Great Expectations from a 25 novembre 1855 letter from Dickens to W. H. Wills, in which Dickens speaks of recycling an "odd idea" for the Christmas special "A House to Let" and "the pivot round which my next book shall revolve."[10][11] The "odd idea" concerns an individual who "retires to an old lonely house?resolved to shut out the world and hold no communion with it."[10]

In a 8 August 1860 letter to Earl Carlisle, Dickens reported his agitation that arrives whenever he prepares a new book.[8] A month later, in a letter to Forster, Dickens announced that he just had a new idea.[12]

## Plot summary[edit]

On Christmas Eve, around 1812,[13] Pip, an orphan who is approximately six years old, encounters an escaped convict in the village churchyard while visiting the graves of his mother and father, as well as those of his siblings. The convict scares Pip into stealing food for him, and a file to grind away his shackles, from the home he shares with his abusive older sister and her kind, passive husband Joe Gargery, a blacksmith. The next day, soldiers recapture the convict, and another, while they are engaged in a fight; the two are returned to the prison ships whence they escaped.

Miss Havisham, a wealthy spinster, who wears an old wedding dress and lives in the dilapidated Satis House, asks Pip's "Uncle Pumblechook" (who is actually Joe's uncle) to find a boy to play with her adopted daughter Estella. Pip begins to visit Miss Havisham and Estella, with whom he falls in love, with Miss Havisham's encouragement. Pip visits Miss Havisham multiple times, and during one of these visits, he brings Joe along. During their absence, Mrs. Joe is attacked by a mysterious individual and lives out the rest of her life as a mute invalid.

Miss Havisham with Estella and Pip. Art by H. M. Brock

Later, as a young apprentice at Joe Gargery's blacksmith shop, Pip is approached by a lawyer, Mr. Jaggers, who tells him he is to receive a large sum of money from an anonymous benefactor and must leave for London immediately where he is to become a gentleman. Concluding that Miss Havisham is his benefactress, he visits her and Estella, who has returned from studying on the Continent.

Years later, Pip has reached adulthood and is now heavily in debt. His benefactor is revealed to be Abel Magwitch, the convict he helped, who was transported to New South Wales where he eventually became wealthy. There is a warrant for Magwitch's arrest in England and he will be hanged if he is caught. A plan is therefore hatched for him to flee by boat. It is also revealed that Estella is the daughter of Magwitch and Mr. Jaggers's housemaid, Molly, whom Jaggers defended in a murder charge and who gave up her daughter to be adopted by Miss Havisham.

Pip confronts Miss Havisham with Estella's history. Miss Havisham stands too close to the fire which ignites her dress. Pip is burned while saving her, but she eventually dies from her injuries, lamenting her manipulation of Estella and Pip.

Magwitch makes himself known to Pip

A few days before the escape, Pip is attacked by Joe's journeyman, Orlick, who was responsible for the attack on Mrs. Joe. Pip is saved, and prepares for the escape. During the escape, Magwitch kills his enemy Compeyson. Magwitch is captured and sent to jail, where he dies shortly before his execution, while being told Estella is alive. Barely alive, Magwitch responds with a squeezing of Pip's palm. Pip is about to be arrested for unpaid debts when he falls ill. Joe nurses him back to health and pays off his debts.

At the end of the original version Pip meets Estella on the streets; she has remarried after her abusive husband has died. Pip says that he is glad she is a better girl from what she was before, the coldhearted girl Miss Havisham reared her to be and that "suffering had been stronger than Miss Havisham's teaching and had given her a heart to understand what my heart used to be." Pip remains single.[14]

### Revised ending[edit]

Following comments by Edward Bulwer-Lytton that the ending was too sad, Dickens rewrote the ending so that Pip now meets Estella in the ruins of Satis House after the death of her husband; it is ambiguous whether Pip and Estella marry or if Pip remains single. John Forster and several early 20th-century writers, including George Bernard Shaw and George Orwell, felt that the original ending was "more consistent with the draft, as well as the natural working out of the tale"[this quote needs a citation]; modern literary criticism is split over the matter.

## Characters[edit]

### Pip and his family[edit]

- Philip Pirrip, nicknamed Pip, an orphan and the protagonist and narrator of Great Expectations. Throughout his childhood, Pip thought that his life would be to become trained as a blacksmith. As a result of Magwitch's anonymous patronage, Pip travels to London and becomes a gentleman. All along, Pip was under the impression that his benefactor was Miss Havisham, as opposed to Magwitch.
- Joe Gargery, Pip's brother-in-law, and his first father figure. He is a blacksmith who is always kind to Pip and the only person with whom Pip is always honest. Joe was very disappointed when Pip decided to leave his home and travel to London to become a gentleman rather than be a blacksmith.
- Mrs. Joe Gargery, Pip's hot-tempered adult sister, who raises him after the death of their parents but complains constantly of the burden Pip is to her. Orlick, her husband's journeyman, attacks her and she is left disabled until her death.
- Mr Pumblechook, Joe Gargery's uncle, an officious bachelor and corn merchant. While holding Pip in disdain, he tells "Mrs. Joe" (as she is widely known) how noble she is to raise Pip. As the person who first connected Pip to Miss Havisham, he even claims to have been the original architect of Pip's precious fortune. Pip despises Mr Pumblechook as Mr Pumblechook constantly makes himself out to be better than he really is. He is a cunning impostor. When Pip finally stands up to him, Mr Pumblechook turns those listening to the conversation against Pip and his usefulness at succession.

### Miss Havisham and her family[edit]

- Miss Havisham, wealthy spinster who takes Pip on as a companion and who Pip suspects is his benefactor. Miss Havisham does not discourage this as it fits into her own spiteful plans which derive from her desire for revenge after being jilted at the altar several years before. She later apologizes to him as she's overtaken by guilt. He accepts her apology and she is badly burnt when her wedding dress, which she has never taken off since being jilted, catches fire when she gets close to the fireplace. Pip saves her, but she later dies from her injuries.
- Estella, Miss Havisham's adopted daughter, whom Pip pursues romantically throughout the novel. She is secretly the daughter of Molly, Jaggers's housekeeper, and Abel Magwitch, Pip's convict. Estella was given up for adoption to Miss Havisham after her mother, Molly, is tried for murder. Estella represents the life of wealth and culture for which Pip strives. Since her ability to love has been ruined by Miss Havisham, she is unable to return Pip's passion. She warns Pip of this repeatedly, but he is unwilling or unable to believe her.
- Matthew Pocket, a cousin of Miss Havisham's. He is the patriarch of the Pocket family, but unlike others of her relatives he is not greedy for Havisham's wealth. Matthew Pocket has a family of nine children, two nurses, a housekeeper, a cook, and a pretty but useless wife (named Belinda). He also tutors young gentlemen, such as Bentley Drummle, Startop, Pip, and his own son Herbert, who live on his estate.
- Herbert Pocket, a member of the Pocket family, Miss Havisham's presumed heirs, whom Pip first meets as a "pale young gentleman" who challenges Pip to a fist fight at Miss Havisham's house when both are children. He is the son of Matthew Pocket, is Pip's tutor in the "gentlemanly" arts, and shares his apartment with Pip in London, becoming Pip's fast friend who is there to share Pip's happiness.
- Cousin Raymond, an ageing relative of Miss Havisham who is only interested in her money. He is married to Camilla.
- Georgiana, an ageing relative of Miss Havisham who is only interested in her money. She is one of the many relatives who hang around Miss Havisham "like flies" for her wealth.
- Sarah Pocket, "a dry, brown corrugated old woman, with a small face that might have been made out of walnut shells, and a large mouth like a cat's without the whiskers." She is another ageing relative of Miss Havisham who is only interested in her money.

### From Pip's youth[edit]

- The Convict, an escapee from a prison ship, whom Pip treats kindly, and who turns out to be his benefactor, at which time his real name is revealed to be Abel Magwitch, but who is also known as Provis and Mr Campbell in parts of the story to protect his identity. Pip also covers him as his uncle in order that no one recognizes him as a convict sent to Australia years before.
  - Abel Magwitch, the convict's given name, who is also Pip's benefactor.
  - Provis, a name that Abel Magwitch uses when he returns to London, to conceal his identity. Pip also says that "Provis" is his uncle visiting from out of town.
  - Mr Campbell, a name that Abel Magwitch uses after he is discovered in London by his enemy.
- Mr and Mrs Hubble, simple folk who think they are more important than they really are. They live in Pip's village.
- Mr Wopsle, the clerk of the church in Pip's village. He later gives up the church work and moves to London to pursue his ambition to be an actor, even though he is not very good.
  - Mr Waldengarver, the stage name that Wopsle adopts as an actor in London.
- Biddy, Wopsle's second cousin; she runs an evening school from her home in Pip's village and becomes Pip's teacher. A kind and intelligent but poor young woman, she is, like Pip and Estella, an orphan. She is the opposite of Estella. Pip ignores her obvious love for him as he fruitlessly pursues Estella. After he realizes the error of his life choices, he returns to claim Biddy as his bride, only to find out she has married Joe Gargery. Biddy and Joe later have two children, one named after Pip whom Estella mistakes as Pip's child in the original ending. Orlick was attracted to her, but his affection was unreciprocated.

### Mr Jaggers and his circle[edit]

- Mr Jaggers, prominent London lawyer who represents the interests of diverse clients, both criminal and civil. He represents Pip's benefactor and is Miss Havisham's lawyer as well. By the end of the story, his law practice is the common element that brushes many of the characters.
- John Wemmick, Jaggers's clerk, only called "Mr. Wemmick" and "Wemmick" except by his father, who himself is referred to as "The Aged Parent", "The Aged P.", or simply "The Aged." Wemmick is Pip's chief go-between with Jaggers and generally looks after Pip in London. Mr. Wemmick lives with his father, The Aged, in John?s ?castle?, which is a small replica of a castle complete with a drawbridge and moat, in Walworth.
- Molly, Mr Jaggers's maidservant whom Jaggers saved from the gallows for murder. She is revealed to be the estranged wife of Magwitch, and Estella's mother.

### Antagonists[edit]

- Compeyson (surname), a convict, and enemy to Magwitch. A professional swindler, he had been Miss Havisham's intended husband, who was in league with Arthur Havisham to defraud Miss Havisham of her fortune. He pursues Abel Magwitch when he learns that he is in London and drowns when, grappling with Magwitch, he falls into the Thames. In some editions of the book, he is called "Compey".
- "Dolge" Orlick, journeyman blacksmith at Joe Gargery's forge. Strong, rude and sullen, he is as churlish as Joe is gentle and kind. His resentments cause him to take actions which threaten his desires in life but for which he blames others. He ends up in a fist fight with Joe over Mrs Gargery's taunting and is easily beaten. This sets in motion an escalating chain of events that lead him to secretly injure Mrs Gargery grievously and eventually make an attempt on Pip's life. He is discovered and arrested.
- Bentley Drummle, a coarse, unintelligent young man whose only saving graces are that he is to succeed to a title and his family is wealthy. Pip meets him at Mr Pocket's house, as Drummle is also to be trained in gentlemanly skills. Drummle is hostile to Pip and everyone else. He is a rival to Pip for Estella's attentions and marries her. It is said he ill-treats Estella. Drummle would later be mentioned to have died from an accident following his mistreatment of a horse. "The Spider" is Mr Jaggers' nickname for him.

### Other characters[edit]

- Clara Barley, eventual wife to Herbert Pocket. A very poor girl living with her father who is suffering from gout. She dislikes Pip before meeting him because she is aware of how he influences Herbert's spending, but she eventually warms to him.

- Miss Skiffins, eventual wife to John Wemmick. She is known early in the novel for her occasional appearances at the cottage called "the castle" belonging to Wemmick and for the green gloves which she sports due to Pip's company. Those same gloves were interchanged for white at the only in text marriage scene, though there are several others that occur "off book."

- Startop, like Bentley Drummle, he is Pip's fellow student, but unlike Drummle, he is kind. He is said to have a woman's taste in many ways. He assists Pip and Herbert in their efforts to effect Magwitch's escape.

## Style and theme[edit]

Great Expectations is written in first person and uses some language and grammar that has fallen out of common use since its publication. The title Great Expectations refers to the 'Great Expectations' Pip has of coming into his benefactor's property upon his disclosure to him and achieving his intended role as a gentleman at that time. Great Expectations is a bildungsroman, a novel depicting growth and personal development, in this case, of Pip.

Some of the major themes of Great Expectations are crime, social class, empire and ambition. From an early age, Pip feels guilt; he is also afraid that someone will find out about his crime and arrest him. The theme of crime comes in to even greater effect when Pip discovers that his benefactor is in fact a convict. Pip has an internal struggle with his conscience throughout the book. Great Expectations explores the different social classes of the Georgian era. Throughout the book, Pip becomes involved with a broad range of classes, from criminals like Magwitch to the extremely rich like Miss Havisham. Pip has great ambition, as demonstrated constantly in the book.

## Film, TV, and theatrical adaptations[edit]

Like many other Dickens novels, Great Expectations has been filmed for the cinema or television several times, including:

- 1917 ? a silent film, starring Jack Pickford, directed by Robert G. Vignola.
- 1922 ? a silent film, made in Denmark, starring Martin Herzberg, directed by A.W. Sandberg.
- 1934 ? Great Expectations film starring Phillips Holmes and Jane Wyatt, directed by Stuart Walker.
- 1946 ? Great Expectations, the most celebrated film version, starring John Mills as Pip, Bernard Miles as Joe, Alec Guinness as Herbert, Finlay Currie as Magwitch, Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham, Jean Simmons as Young Estella and Valerie Hobson as the adult Estella, directed by David Lean. It came fifth in a 1999 BFI poll of the top 100 British films.
- 1954 ? a two part television version starring Roddy McDowall as Pip and Estelle Winwood as Miss Havisham. It aired as an episode of the show Robert Montgomery Presents.
- 1959 ? a BBC television version starring Dinsdale Landen as Pip, Helen Lindsay as Estella and Derek Benfield as Landlord.
- 1967 ? a television serial starring Gary Bond and Francesca Annis.
- 1974 ? Great Expectations ? a film starring Michael York and Sarah Miles, directed by Joseph Hardy.
- 1981 ? Great Expectations ? a BBC serial starring Stratford Johns, Gerry Sunquist, Joan Hickson, Patsy Kensit and Sarah-Jane Varley. Produced by Barry Letts, and directed by Julian Amyes.
- 1983 ? an animated children's version, starring Phillip Hinton, Liz Horne, Robin Stewart, and Bill Kerr.
- 1989 ? Great Expectations, a film starring Anthony Hopkins as Magwitch and Jean Simmons as Miss Havisham, directed by Kevin Connor.
- 1998 ? Great Expectations, a film starring Ethan Hawke and Gwyneth Paltrow, directed by Alfonso Cuar?n. This adaptation is set in contemporary New York, and renames Pip to Finn and Miss Havisham to Nora Dinsmoor. The film's score was composed by Scotsman Patrick Doyle, a regular collaborator of Kenneth Branagh.
- 1999 ? Great Expectations a film starring Ioan Gruffudd as Pip, Justine Waddell as Estella, and Charlotte Rampling as Miss Havisham (Masterpiece Theatre?TV)
- 2000 - Pip A South Park episode that parodies and retells the Charles Dickens novel, and stars the South Park character Pip.
- 2011 - Great Expectations, a three-part BBC serial. Starring Ray Winstone as Magwitch, Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham and Douglas Booth as Pip.
- 2012 - Great Expectations, a film directed by Mike Newell.

Stage versions have included:

- 1939 ? London stage adaptation made by Alec Guinness, which was to influence David Lean's 1946 film, in which both Guinness himself and Martita Hunt reprised their stage roles.
- 1975 ? Stage Musical (London West End). Music by Cyril Ornadel, starring Sir John Mills. Ivor Novello Award for Best British Musical.

## Cultural references and spin-offs[edit]

- Great Expectations: The Untold Story (1986), starring John Stanton, directed by Tim Burstall is a spin-off movie depicting the adventures of Magwitch in Australia.
- Peter Carey's Jack Maggs is a re-imagining of Magwitch's return to England, with the addition, among other things, of a fictionalised Charles Dickens character and plot-line.
- Grave Expectations: The Classic Tale of Love, Ambition, and Howling at the Moon (2011) by Sherri Browning Erwin. Part of the popular book series begun by Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, this retelling has Pip as a werewolf in love with Estella, a slayer of his kind, driven on by the vengeful vampire Miss Havisham.
- Mister Pip (2006) is a novel by Lloyd Jones, a New Zealand author. It is named after the chief character in, and shaped by the plot of, Charles Dickens's Great Expectations.

## Works[edit]

### Text[edit]

- Charles Dickens (1993), Great Expectations, Ware, Herfordshire: Wordsworth Classics, p. 412, ISBN 1-85326-004-5 , an unsigned and unpaginated introduction
- Charles Dickens (1993), Great Expectations, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 584, ISBN 978-0-19-818591-8 , introduction and notes by Margaret Cardwell
- Charles Dickens (1996), Great Expectations, London: Penguin Classics, pp. xxviii and 514, ISBN 0-141-43956-4 , introduction by David Trotter, notes by Charlotte Mitchell

### French translations[edit]

- (French) Charles Dickens (1896), Les Grandes Esp?rances (in French), Paris: Hachette, p. 363 and 361 Unknown parameter `|traduction=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|volumes=` ignored (help)
- (French) Charles Dickens (1954), De Grandes esp?rances (in French), Paris: Gallimard, p. 1568, ISBN 9782070101672 Unknown parameter `|traduction=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|collection=` ignored (help)

### General sources[edit]

- Michael Stapleton (1983), The Cambridge Guide to English Literature, London: Hamlyn, p. 993, ISBN 10: 0600331733 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- Margaret Drabble (1985), The Oxford Companion to English literature, London: Guild Publishing, p. 1155
- Andrew Sanders (1996), The Oxford History of English Literature (Revised Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-871156-5
- Paul Schlicke (1999), Oxford Reader?s Companion to Dickens, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 675
- Paul Davis (1999), Charles Dickens from A to Z, New York: Checkmark Books, p. 432, ISBN 0-8260-4067-7 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- John O. Jordan (2001), The Cambridge companion to Charles Dickens, New York: Cambridge University Press
- David Paroissien (2011), A Companion to Charles Dickens, Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, p. 515, ISBN 978-0-470-65794-2
- Robin Gilmour (1981), The Idea of the Gentleman in the Victorian Novel, Sydney: Allen Unwin, p. 190, ISBN 0048000051, 9780048000057 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- Paul Davis (2007), Critical Companion to Charles Dickens, A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, New York: Facts on File, Inc., p. 689, ISBN 0-8160-6407-5

### Specific sources[edit]

#### About the life and work of Charles Dickens[edit]

- John Forster (1872-1874), The Life of Charles Dickens, London: J. M. Dent Sons Check date values in: `|year=` (help), edited by J. W. T. Ley, 1928
- John Forster (1976), Life of Charles Dickens, London: Everyman's Library, p. 486, ISBN 0460007823 Text " 13: 978-0460007825308-309" ignored (help)
- Hippolyte Taine (1879), History of English Literature, Translated from French by H. Van Laun, New York
- G. K. Chesterton (1906), Charles Dickens, London: Methuen and Co., Ltd.
- G. K. Chesterton (1911), Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dicken, London: J. M. Dent
- S. J. Adair Fitz-Gerald (1910), Dickens and the Drama, London: Chapman Hall, Ltd.
- Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1911), Apprecations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens, London
- George Gissing (1925), The Immortal Dickens, London: Cecil Palmer
- Humphry House (1941), The Dickens World, London: Oxford University Press, p. 232
- Una Pope Hennessy (1947), Charles Dickens, London: The Reprint Society, p. 496 , first published 1945
- Hesketh Pearson (1949), Dickens, London: Methuen
- Jack Lindsay (1950), Charles Dickens, A Biographical and Critical Study, New York: Philosophical Library, p. 459
- Barbara Hardy (1952), Dickens and the Twentieth Century. The Heart of Charles Dickens, New York: Edgar Johnson
- Edgar Johnson (1952), Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph. 2 vols, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 1158
- (French) Sylv?re Monod (1953), Dickens romancier (in French), Paris: Hachette, p. 520
- John Hillis-Miller (1958), Charles Dickens, The World of His Novels, Harvard: Harvard University Press, p. 366, ISBN 13: 9780674110007 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- E. A. Horsman (1959), Dickens and the Structure of Novel, Dunedin, N.Z.
- R. C. Churchill (1964), Charles Dickens, From Dickens to Hardy, Baltimore, Md.: Boris Ford
- Earle Davis (1963), The Flint and the Flame: The Artistry of Charles Dickens, Missouri-Columbia: University of Missouri Press
- Steven Marcus (1965), Dickens: From Pickwick to Dombey, New York
- K. J. Fielding (1966), Charles Dickens, A Critical Introduction, London: Longman
- Christopher Hibbert (1967), The Making of Charles Dickens, London: Longmans Green Co., Ltd.
- Harry Stone (1968), Charles Dickens's Uncollected Writings from Household Words 1850-1859, 1 and 2, Indiana: Indiana University Press, p. 716, ISBN 0713901209/13: 978-0713901207 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- F. R. Q. D. Leavis (1970), Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto Windus, p. 371, ISBN 0701116447
- A. E. Dyson (1970), The Inimitable Dickens, London: Macmillan, p. 304, ISBN 0333063287
- Angus Wilson (1972), The World of Charles Dickens, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, p. 312, ISBN 0140034889 /9780140034882 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- Philip Collins (1975), Charles Dickens: The Public Readings, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 486
- Robert L. Patten (1978), Charles Dickens and His Publishers, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 518, ISBN 0198120761 Text " 13: 978-0198120766" ignored (help)
- Virginia Woolf (1986), Andrew McNeillie, ed., The Essays of Virginia Woolf: 1925?1928, London: Hogarth Press, ISBN 978-0-7012-0669-7
- Harry Stone (1979), Dickens and the Invisible World, Fairy Tales, Fantasy and Novel-Making, Bloomington and Londres: Indiana University. Press, p. xii 370
- Michael Slater (1983), Dickens and Women, London: J. M. Dent Sons, Ltd., ISBN 0-460-04248-3
- Fred Kaplan (1988), Dickens, A Biography, William Morrow Co, p. 607, ISBN 9780688043414
- Norman Page (1988), A Dickens Chronology, Boston: G.K. Hall and Co.
- Peter Ackroyd (1993), Charles Dickens, London: Stock, p. 12347, ISBN 13: 978-0099437093 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- Philip Collins (1996), Charles Dickens, The Critical Heritage, London: Routletge, p. 664

#### About Great Expectations[edit]

- Richard Lettis and William Morris, ed. (1960), Assessing Great Expectations, San Francisco: Chandler , texts from Forster, Whipple, Chesterton, Leacock, Baker, House, Johnson, van Ghent, Stange, Hagan, Connolly, Engel, Hillis Miller, Moynahan, Van de Kieft, Hardy, Lindberg, Partlow
- Julian Moynahan (1960), "The Hero's Guilt, The Case of Great Expectations", Essays in Criticism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 60-79 Unknown parameter `|num?ro=` ignored (help)
- (French) Henri Suhamy (1971), Great Expectations, cours d'Agr?gation (in French), Vanves: Centre de T?l?-Enseignement, p. 25
- Edgar Rosenberg (1972), "A Preface to Great Expectations: The Pale Usher Dusts His Lexicon", Dickens Studies Annual, 2
- Edgar Rosenberg (1981), "Last Words on Great Expectations: A Textual Brief ln the Six Endings", Dickens Studies Annual, 9
- "Dickens and the Uncanny: Repression and Displacement in Great Expectations", Dickens Studies Annual 13, 1984, p. 119
- George J. Worth (1986), Great Expectations: An Annotated Bibliography, New York: Garland
- Anny Sadrin (1988), Great Expectations, Unwin Hyman, p. 208, ISBN 10: 0048000515 / 13: 978-0048000514 Check `|isbn=` value (help)
- Michael Cordell, ed. (1990), Critial Essays on Great Expectations, Boston: G. K. Hall, p. 34 and 24
- Michael Cotsell, ed. (1990), Critical Essays on Charles Dickens's Great Expectations, Boston: G.K.Hall , texts from Chesterton, Brooks, Garis, Gissing, et al
- Elliot L. Gilbert (1993), "In Primal Sympaphy : Great Expectations and the Secret Life", Critical Essays, p. 146-167
- Roger D. Sell, ed. (1994), Great Expectations : Charles Dickens, London: Macmillan , textes de Brooks, Connor, Frost, Gilmour, Sadrin et al.
- William A. Cohen (1993), "Manual Conduct in Great Expectations", ELH (English Literary History), 60, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, p. 217-259
- "Great Expectations and The Climacteric Economy", Victorian Studies 37, 1993, p. 73-98
- Nicholas Tredell (1998), Charles Dickens: Great Expectations, Cambridge: Icon Books (distributed by Penguin)

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Bleak House presents a double narrative with two narrators; The two narratives alternate between a third-person narrator and a first-person narrator, Esther Summerson, but the former is predominant.

## References[edit]

| This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (October 2012) Click [show] on the right to read important instructions before translating. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, `{{Translated|fr|Les Grandes Esp?rances}}` must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

| Charles Dickens portal

1. ^ a b "Great Expectations by Charles Dickens CliffsNotes - Study Guide and Help". Cliffsnotes.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
2. ^ "How Great Expectations". Umd.umich.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
3. ^ a b c Charles Dickens 1993, p. 1, introduction.
4. ^ Mark Cummings, ed., The Carlyle Encyclopedia, Cranbury, N. J., Asociated University Presses, 2004, p.122.
5. ^ George Bernard Shaw, Charles Dickens; Modern Crtical Views, Harold Bloom ed, New York, Infobase Publishings, 2006, p.60.
6. ^ "The Grotesque and Tragicomedy in Dickens? Great Expectations". Retrieved 2012-11-06.
7. ^ Ian Brinton. "Dickens Bookmarks 12 - Great Expectations". Retrieved 2012-11-06.
8. ^ a b c Template:Harvsb
9. ^ Fred Kaplan ?d., Dickens's Book of Memoranda, 1981.
10. ^ a b Charles Dickens, letters, Letter to Wilkie Collins, 6 September 1858.
11. ^ (Charles Dickens 1993, p. xiv), introduction by Margaret Cardwell
12. ^ Charles Dickens, Letters, Letter to John Forster, mid-September 1860 (?).
13. ^ Meckier, Jerome Dating the Action in Great Expectations: A New Chronology.
14. ^ "The ending of "Great Expectations"".

## External links[edit]

| Wikisource has original text related to this article: API

Online editions

- Great Expectations at Internet Archive.
- Great Expectations at Project Gutenberg
- Great Expectations ? Searchable HTML version.
- Great Expectations ? Easy to read HTML version.
- Great Expectations ? PDF scans of the entire novel as it originally appeared in All the Year Round.

Other

- Original manuscript ? held at Wisbech Fenland Museum, Wisbech.
- David Parker's article on the London Fictions site about the London of Great Expectations
- Map of Dickens's London

Charles Dickens's Great Expectations
Characters | Compeyson Philip "Pip" Pirrip Estella Havisham Miss Havisham Abel Magwitch John Wemmick
Adaptations | 1917 film 1934 film 1946 film 1974 TV film 1981 TV miniseries 1989 TV miniseries 1998 film 1999 TV film South Park retelling (2000) 2011 TV miniseries 2012 film

Works by Charles Dickens
Novels | The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood |
Christmas books | A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain
Short stories | "The Long Voyage" "The Signal-Man"
Short story collections | Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey's Clock
Non-fiction | American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller
Plays | The Frozen Deep (with Wilkie Collins) No Thoroughfare: A Drama: In Five Acts (with Wilkie Collins)
Journalism | Bentley's Miscellany Master Humphrey's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round
Collaborations | "A House to Let" (with Wilkie Collins, Elizabeth Gaskell and Adelaide Procter) "The Haunted House" (with Wilkie Collins, Elizabeth Gaskell, Adelaide Procter, George Sala, and Hesba Stretton) "A Message from the Sea" (with Wilkie Collins, Robert Buchanan, Charles Allston Collins, Amelia Edwards, and Harriet Parr) "Mugby Junction" (with Andrew Halliday, Charles Allston Collins, Hesba Stretton and Amelia Edwards) "No Thoroughfare" (with Wilkie Collins)
See also | Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton
Book · Category