<article_title>Bryozoa</article_title>
<edit_user>Philcha</edit_user>
<edit_time>Tuesday, August 11, 2009 9:07:56 AM CEST</edit_time>
<edit_comment>/* Habitats and distribution */ marine species</edit_comment>
<edit_text>Habitats and distribution
<strong>Most marine species live in tropical waters less than {{convert|100|m|ft|sp=US}}. However, a few have been found deep-sea [[Oceanic trench | trenches]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=[[Cesare Emiliani | Emiliani]]|first=C.|title=Planet Earth : Cosmology, Geology, &amp;amp; the Evolution of Life &amp;amp; the Environment|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1992|pages=488-490|chapter=The Paleozoic|isbn=0-19-503652-2|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MfAGpVq8gpQC&amp;amp;pg=PA489&amp;amp;lpg=PA489&amp;amp;dq=bryozoa+marine+tropical&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=BewOuM7CJ4&amp;amp;sig=WPFkTiKS4wZ0ZBDR0koxFRM-JzQ&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=NCuBSumqCMnKjAffzJD-CQ&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=bryozoa%20marine%20tropical&amp;amp;f=false|accessdate=2009-08-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; especially around [[cold seep]]s,  and others near the [[Geographical pole | poles]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Jones2006AppliedPaleo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Jones|first=R.W.|title=Applied palaeontology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2006|pages=116|chapter=Principal fossil groups|isbn=0521841992|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KJBKC4qvV8AC&amp;amp;pg=RA5-PA116&amp;amp;lpg=RA5-PA116&amp;amp;dq=bryozoa+marine+tropical&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=99qfGjfLns&amp;amp;sig=iDp9VOXt_n8vM2kUDja0WYgFDu0&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=4S6BSoWsDqCsjAfhzKn4Cg&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=10#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;f=false|accessdate=2009-08-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal|last=Kuklinski|first=P.|coauthors=Bader, B.|date=2007|title=Comparison of bryozoan assemblages from two contrasting Arctic shelf regions |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=73|issue=3-4|pages=835-843|doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2007.03.024 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The great majority are [[sessility | sessile]]. Encrusting forms are much the commonest of these in shallow seas, but erect forms become more common as the depth increases.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Jones2006AppliedPaleo&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; A few marine species can  move, and an [[Antarctic]] species forms floating colonies.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Jones2006AppliedPaleo&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;

</strong>The phylactolaemates live in all types of freshwater environment: lakes and ponds, rivers and streams, and estuaries. Some ctenostomes are exclusively freshwater while others prefer brackish water but can survive in freshwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;MassardGeimer2008FreshwaterBryoDiversity&quot; /&gt; Scientists' knowledge of bryozoan populations in many parts of the world is incomplete, even in some parts of Europe. It was long thought that some freshwater species occurred worldwide, but since 2002 all of these have been split into more localized species.&lt;ref name=&quot;MassardGeimer2008FreshwaterBryoDiversity&quot; /&gt;</edit_text>
<turn_user>Philcha<turn_user>
<turn_time>Tuesday, August 11, 2009 9:08:21 AM CEST</turn_time>
<turn_topicname>Sources & notes</turn_topicname>
<turn_topictext>Hopefully useful for getting this to GA --Philcha (talk) 17:31, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
General
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/bryozoa.html - very probably not WP:RS, but useful checklist of points, incl. specialisation.
http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/IntroBryozoa.htm - nice dgms
http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-10/rs/index.php - excellent dgm of encrusting species, get Graphics Lab on this.
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_ntSspji0LYC&amp;pg=PA142&amp;lpg=PA142&amp;dq=bryozoans&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=oFvbdp1jpK&amp;sig=fvzeBPk8Z68Dy7LJDWVeXwh7vBM&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=fswfSpmtCODNjAfPu4nUBg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5#PPA142,M1 - how to distinguish from corals; dgm of fossil; hard parts not exposed
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/685 (Nielsen; 2002; Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3):685-691; doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.685)
Classification
http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=155470 - the "official" name
Feeding
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/286214?journalCode=an (Eckman &amp; Okamura; Am Nat 1998. Vol. 152, pp. 861–880; DOI: 10.1086/286214) - effects of zooid spacing &amp; waterflow on feeding.
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/icn052v1 - effect of flow rate; invasive
http://www.bowdoin.edu/~mpratt/pratt_2004.pdf (Pratt; 2004; Biol. Bull. 207: 17–27) - also at http://www.jstor.org/pss/1543625 and http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/1/17
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118558195/abstract (Strathmann; 2006; Acta Zoologica)
Reproduction &amp; life cycle
http://biology.bangor.ac.uk/~bss018/pdfpublications/Hughesetal2005.pdf (Hughes et al; 2005; Biol. Lett.; 1, 178–180; doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0259)
Ecology
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/icn052v1 - effect of flow rate; invasive
http://www2.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/web%20of%20NHJCU%20PDF/6-1,31-36.pdf
http://www.cababstractsplus.orabstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20000804583 (Anderson, C. L., Canning, E. U., Okamura, B.;)
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18888422 (Puce et al; International Symbiosis Society Congress, 2007)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/e8u5274k03q26483/ (Massard &amp; Geimer; 2008; Hydrobiologia) - updated at http://massard.info/pdf/SNL_2008_109_139_148.pdf (Massard &amp; Geimer; 2008; Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb.)
http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/57/d057p221.pdf (Tops &amp; Okamura; Diseases of aquatic organisms; 2003)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118558195/abstract (Strathmann; 2006; Acta Zoologica)
And humans
http://www.imh.mug.edu.pl/attachment/attachment/4761/2008t4.pdf
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KJBKC4qvV8AC&amp;pg=RA5-PA116&amp;lpg=RA5-PA116&amp;dq=bryozoa+marine+tropical&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=99qfGjfLns&amp;sig=iDp9VOXt_n8vM2kUDja0WYgFDu0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=4S6BSoWsDqCsjAfhzKn4Cg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=10#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false by Robert Wynn Jones (), pub. : "Dogger bank itch", possibly due to chemical defences (p. 116) --Philcha (talk) 09:08, 11 August 2009 (UTC)
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7eg2mgVcMCcC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;lpg=PA41&amp;dq=bryozoans&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=u_4zf1Z1_w&amp;sig=QBBJX2KNWA34r50BRoqksDXeSeU&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=fswfSpmtCODNjAfPu4nUBg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=10 - rapid colonisers-&gt;they foul boats, etc.
http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MF08321.htm (Smith; 2009; Marine and Freshwater Research 60(5) 475–482; DOI: 10.1071/MF08321) - measuring "the next global challenge: ocean acidification"
I've seen hints of medicinal uses.
http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/57/d057p221.pdf (Tops &amp; Okamura; Diseases of aquatic organisms; 2003) - serious for salmon fisheries &amp; farms
Fossil record
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200711/ai_n21137447/ (Journal of Paleontology , Nov 2007; Xia et al; http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/6/1308)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B83WC-4VS40GN-1&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=83614fd4edbfff05d2939797299e2173 (Zhang &amp; same Chinese team; Palaeoworld Volume 18, Issue 1, March 2009, Pages 67-73)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/98x223t25ku46q16/ - early colonisers, stabilise surfaces
http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/contents/articles-in-press/Zagorsek.pdf (Zágoršek et al; 2009; Bulletin of Geosciences 84(X), xx–xx; Czech Geological Survey, Prague; ISSN 1214-1119)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118531940/abstract (Buttler et al; 2007;Palaeontology)
http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=4-jlUfCMlQkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA93&amp;dq=ectoprocta+bryozoa+phylogeny&amp;ots=hmB2G5OXR0&amp;sig=C7IK3Vf0vEUJdx5snK-Qb26nmzM#PPA93,M1 (ch "Deconstructing bryozoans ..", pp 93ff; Dewel et al; 2002) - nice statement of phylo problems; "highly derived"; poss explanation of why late in fossil record
http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g02n2a3.pdf (Nekhorosheva; 2002; Geodiversitas) - mid-Ordov Russian bryozoa
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1690528&amp;blobtype=pdf (Cohen; 2000; Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 225-231) - "This inference [lophotrochozoa hypothesis], if true, undermines virtually all morphology-based reconstructions of phylogeny made during the past century or more."
http://www.jstor.org/pss/1306433 (Horowitz et al; 1996; Journal of Paleontology) - anything more recent?
Phylogeny
http://www.springerlink.com/content/kf7vajfc4edfl6r1/ (Mackey et al, 1996; Journal of Molecular Evolution; doi: 10.1007/BF02352285)
http://gump.auburn.edu/halanych/lab/Pub.pdfs/Passamaneck2004b.pdf (Passamaneck and Halanych; 2004; Evolution &amp; Development, 6:4, 275–281 )
http://gump.auburn.edu/halanych/lab/Pub.pdfs/Passmaneck2006.pdf (Passamaneck and Halanych; July 2006; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 40, Issue 1, Pages 20-28)
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/12/2723 (Hausdorf et al; 2007; Molecular Biology and Evolution; 24(12):2723-2729; doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214)
background-color:silverhttp://bryotechnologies.com/pdf/18S_rDNA.pdf (Wood &amp; Lore; Bryozoan Studies, 2004)
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/685 (Nielsen, 2002; Integrative and Comparative Biology 42(3):685-691; doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.685 ) - agin Lophophorata on morphological grounds
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118855324/abstract (Nielsen; 2003; Evolution &amp; Development)
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1645/1927.abstract (Helmkampf et al; 2008; Proc. R. Soc. B)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6WNH-4VJBTR9-4&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=8ccac860d634ce3e8390fdc7c34d0e9a (Fuchs et al; 2009; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6WNH-4VNKGV7-1&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=521b1f74d3a1c8affdf12572452ecc8c (Waeschenbach; July 2009!; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118596313/abstract?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0 (Okuyama et al;2006; Zoologica Scripta)
http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000004076/07_chapter7.pdf?hosts= looks like a ch of a book, poss conf proceedingsl latest cited works are 2007 - useful if can pin down.
http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~dpiau/cdem/130124b.pdf (Halanych; 2004; Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.) - good on hist of theories
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6WNH-4PN05PJ-4&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=1e56b8f48b24e4569891ae2bbf85f5ac (Helmkampf et al; 2008; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution)
http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=4-jlUfCMlQkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA93&amp;dq=ectoprocta+bryozoa+phylogeny&amp;ots=hmB2G5OXR0&amp;sig=C7IK3Vf0vEUJdx5snK-Qb26nmzM#PPA93,M1 (ch "Deconstructing bryozoans ..", pp 93ff; Dewel et al; 2002) - nice statement of phylo problems; "highly derived"
http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/1 (Halanych; 2006; The Biological Bulletin) - Pterobranch's "lophophores" aren't
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/46/4/544 (Vallès &amp; Boore; 2006; Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 46, Number 4, pp. 544-557) - good descr of phylo history --Philcha (talk) 10:30, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
Images
http://library.thinkquest.org/26153/marine/bryozoa.htm the best I saw in Google images
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/bryozoa.html --Philcha (talk) 21:30, 29 July 2009 (UTC)</turn_topictext>
<turn_text>http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KJBKC4qvV8AC&amp;pg=RA5-PA116&amp;lpg=RA5-PA116&amp;dq=bryozoa+marine+tropical&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=99qfGjfLns&amp;sig=iDp9VOXt_n8vM2kUDja0WYgFDu0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=4S6BSoWsDqCsjAfhzKn4Cg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=10#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false by Robert Wynn Jones (), pub. : "Dogger bank itch", possibly due to chemical defences (p. 116) </turn_text>