<article_title>Bryozoa</article_title>
<edit_user>Philcha</edit_user>
<edit_time>Friday, August 14, 2009 9:05:15 AM CEST</edit_time>
<edit_comment>/* Evolutionary family tree */ protostome or deuterostome?</edit_comment>
<edit_text>By 1891 ectoprocts were grouped with phoronids in a super-phylum called &quot;Tentaculata&quot;. In the 1970s comparisons between phoronid larvae and the cyphonautes larva of some gymnolaete ectoprocts produced suggestions that the colonial ectoprocts evolved from a semi-colonial species of phoronid. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nielsen2001AnimalEvoPhylumEctoprocta&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Brachiopods were also assigned to the &quot;Tentaculata&quot;, which were renamed Lophophorata as they all use a lophophore for filter feeding.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halanych2004AnimalPhylogeny&quot; /&gt; Although the majority of scientists accept this,&lt;ref name=&quot;Halanych2004AnimalPhylogeny&quot; /&gt; Claus Nielsen thinks these similarities are superficial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nielsen2002PhyloPosOfEntoproctaEctoproctaPhoronidaBrachiopoda&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Claus Nielsen thinks that phoronids' and brachiopods' lophophores are more like those of pterobranchs,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nielsen2002PhyloPosOfEntoproctaEctoproctaPhoronidaBrachiopoda&quot; /&gt; which are members of the phylum Hemichordata.<strong>&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web 
| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/hemichordata.html | accessdate=2008-09-22 
| title=Introduction to the Hemichordata 
| publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology
}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;</strong>If the grouping of ectoprocts with phoronids and brachiopods into Lophophorata is correct, the next issue is whether the Lophophorata are protostomes, along with most invertebrate phyla, or deuterostomes, along with chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms. The traditional view was that lophophorates were a mix of protostome and deuterostome features. Research from the 1970s onwards suggested they were deuterostomes, because of some features that were thought characteristic of deuterostomes: a three-part coelom; radial rather than spiral cleavage in the development of the embryo;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halanych2004AnimalPhylogeny&quot; /&gt; and formation of the coelom by enterocoely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nielsen2002PhyloPosOfEntoproctaEctoproctaPhoronidaBrachiopoda&quot; /&gt; However the coelom of ectoproct larvae shows no sign of division into three sections,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nielsen2001AnimalEvoPhylumEctoprocta&quot; /&gt; and that of adult ectoprocts is different from that of other coelomate phyla as it is built anew from epidermis and mesoderm after metamorphosis has destroyed the larval coelom.&lt;ref name=&quot;DewelWinstonMcKinney2001Deconstructing&quot; /&gt; Molecular phylogeny analyses from 1995 onwards placed the lophophorates as protostomes and closely related to annelids and molluscs in a super-phylum called Lophotrochozoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halanych2004AnimalPhylogeny&quot; /&gt; Bryozoan's tentacles bear cells with multiple cilia, while the corresponding cells of phoronids', brachiopods' and pterobranchs' lophophores have one cilium per cell; and bryozoan tentacles have no hemal canal (&quot;blood vessel&quot;), which those of the other three phyla have.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nielsen2002PhyloPosOfEntoproctaEctoproctaPhoronidaBrachiopoda&quot; /&gt;</edit_text>
<turn_user>Philcha<turn_user>
<turn_time>Thursday, August 13, 2009 10:30:09 AM CEST</turn_time>
<turn_topicname>Sources & notes</turn_topicname>
<turn_topictext>Hopefully useful for getting this to GA --Philcha (talk) 17:31, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
General
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/bryozoa.html - very probably not WP:RS, but useful checklist of points, incl. specialisation.
http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/IntroBryozoa.htm - nice dgms
http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-10/rs/index.php - excellent dgm of encrusting species, get Graphics Lab on this.
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_ntSspji0LYC&amp;pg=PA142&amp;lpg=PA142&amp;dq=bryozoans&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=oFvbdp1jpK&amp;sig=fvzeBPk8Z68Dy7LJDWVeXwh7vBM&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=fswfSpmtCODNjAfPu4nUBg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5#PPA142,M1 - how to distinguish from corals; dgm of fossil; hard parts not exposed
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/685 (Nielsen; 2002; Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3):685-691; doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.685)
Classification
http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=155470 - the "official" name
Feeding
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/286214?journalCode=an (Eckman &amp; Okamura; Am Nat 1998. Vol. 152, pp. 861–880; DOI: 10.1086/286214) - effects of zooid spacing &amp; waterflow on feeding.
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/icn052v1 - effect of flow rate; invasive
http://www.bowdoin.edu/~mpratt/pratt_2004.pdf (Pratt; 2004; Biol. Bull. 207: 17–27) - also at http://www.jstor.org/pss/1543625 and http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/1/17
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118558195/abstract (Strathmann; 2006; Acta Zoologica)
Reproduction &amp; life cycle
http://biology.bangor.ac.uk/~bss018/pdfpublications/Hughesetal2005.pdf (Hughes et al; 2005; Biol. Lett.; 1, 178–180; doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0259)
Ecology
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/icn052v1 - effect of flow rate; invasive
http://www2.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/web%20of%20NHJCU%20PDF/6-1,31-36.pdf
http://www.cababstractsplus.orabstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20000804583 (Anderson, C. L., Canning, E. U., Okamura, B.;)
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18888422 (Puce et al; International Symbiosis Society Congress, 2007)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/e8u5274k03q26483/ (Massard &amp; Geimer; 2008; Hydrobiologia) - updated at http://massard.info/pdf/SNL_2008_109_139_148.pdf (Massard &amp; Geimer; 2008; Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb.)
http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/57/d057p221.pdf (Tops &amp; Okamura; Diseases of aquatic organisms; 2003)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118558195/abstract (Strathmann; 2006; Acta Zoologica)
And humans
http://www.imh.mug.edu.pl/attachment/attachment/4761/2008t4.pdf
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KJBKC4qvV8AC&amp;pg=RA5-PA116&amp;lpg=RA5-PA116&amp;dq=bryozoa+marine+tropical&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=99qfGjfLns&amp;sig=iDp9VOXt_n8vM2kUDja0WYgFDu0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=4S6BSoWsDqCsjAfhzKn4Cg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=10#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false by Robert Wynn Jones (), pub. : "Dogger bank itch", possibly due to chemical defences (p. 116) --Philcha (talk) 09:08, 11 August 2009 (UTC)
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7eg2mgVcMCcC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;lpg=PA41&amp;dq=bryozoans&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=u_4zf1Z1_w&amp;sig=QBBJX2KNWA34r50BRoqksDXeSeU&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=fswfSpmtCODNjAfPu4nUBg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=10 - rapid colonisers-&gt;they foul boats, etc.
http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MF08321.htm (Smith; 2009; Marine and Freshwater Research 60(5) 475–482; DOI: 10.1071/MF08321) - measuring "the next global challenge: ocean acidification"
I've seen hints of medicinal uses.
http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/57/d057p221.pdf (Tops &amp; Okamura; Diseases of aquatic organisms; 2003) - serious for salmon fisheries &amp; farms
Fossil record
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200711/ai_n21137447/ (Journal of Paleontology , Nov 2007; Xia et al; http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/6/1308)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B83WC-4VS40GN-1&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=83614fd4edbfff05d2939797299e2173 (Zhang &amp; same Chinese team; Palaeoworld Volume 18, Issue 1, March 2009, Pages 67-73)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/98x223t25ku46q16/ - early colonisers, stabilise surfaces
http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/contents/articles-in-press/Zagorsek.pdf (Zágoršek et al; 2009; Bulletin of Geosciences 84(X), xx–xx; Czech Geological Survey, Prague; ISSN 1214-1119)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118531940/abstract (Buttler et al; 2007;Palaeontology)
http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=4-jlUfCMlQkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA93&amp;dq=ectoprocta+bryozoa+phylogeny&amp;ots=hmB2G5OXR0&amp;sig=C7IK3Vf0vEUJdx5snK-Qb26nmzM#PPA93,M1 (ch "Deconstructing bryozoans ..", pp 93ff; Dewel et al; 2002) - nice statement of phylo problems; "highly derived"; poss explanation of why late in fossil record
http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g02n2a3.pdf (Nekhorosheva; 2002; Geodiversitas) - mid-Ordov Russian bryozoa
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1690528&amp;blobtype=pdf (Cohen; 2000; Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 225-231) - "This inference [lophotrochozoa hypothesis], if true, undermines virtually all morphology-based reconstructions of phylogeny made during the past century or more."
http://www.jstor.org/pss/1306433 (Horowitz et al; 1996; Journal of Paleontology) - anything more recent?
Phylogeny
http://www.springerlink.com/content/kf7vajfc4edfl6r1/ (Mackey et al, 1996; Journal of Molecular Evolution; doi: 10.1007/BF02352285)
http://gump.auburn.edu/halanych/lab/Pub.pdfs/Passamaneck2004b.pdf (Passamaneck and Halanych; 2004; Evolution &amp; Development, 6:4, 275–281 )
http://gump.auburn.edu/halanych/lab/Pub.pdfs/Passmaneck2006.pdf (Passamaneck and Halanych; July 2006; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 40, Issue 1, Pages 20-28)
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/12/2723 (Hausdorf et al; 2007; Molecular Biology and Evolution; 24(12):2723-2729; doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214)
background-color:silverhttp://bryotechnologies.com/pdf/18S_rDNA.pdf (Wood &amp; Lore; Bryozoan Studies, 2004)
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/685 (Nielsen, 2002; Integrative and Comparative Biology 42(3):685-691; doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.685 ) - agin Lophophorata on morphological grounds
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118855324/abstract (Nielsen; 2003; Evolution &amp; Development)
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1645/1927.abstract (Helmkampf et al; 2008; Proc. R. Soc. B)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6WNH-4VJBTR9-4&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=8ccac860d634ce3e8390fdc7c34d0e9a (Fuchs et al; 2009; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6WNH-4VNKGV7-1&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=521b1f74d3a1c8affdf12572452ecc8c (Waeschenbach; July 2009!; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118596313/abstract?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0 (Okuyama et al;2006; Zoologica Scripta)
http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000004076/07_chapter7.pdf?hosts= looks like a ch of a book, poss conf proceedingsl latest cited works are 2007 - useful if can pin down.
http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~dpiau/cdem/130124b.pdf (Halanych; 2004; Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.) - good on hist of theories
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6WNH-4PN05PJ-4&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=1e56b8f48b24e4569891ae2bbf85f5ac (Helmkampf et al; 2008; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution)
http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=4-jlUfCMlQkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA93&amp;dq=ectoprocta+bryozoa+phylogeny&amp;ots=hmB2G5OXR0&amp;sig=C7IK3Vf0vEUJdx5snK-Qb26nmzM#PPA93,M1 (ch "Deconstructing bryozoans ..", pp 93ff; Dewel et al; 2002) - nice statement of phylo problems; "highly derived"
http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/1 (Halanych; 2006; The Biological Bulletin) - Pterobranch's "lophophores" aren't
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/46/4/544 (Vallès &amp; Boore; 2006; Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 46, Number 4, pp. 544-557) - good descr of phylo history --Philcha (talk) 10:30, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
Images
http://library.thinkquest.org/26153/marine/bryozoa.htm the best I saw in Google images
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/bryozoa.html --Philcha (talk) 21:30, 29 July 2009 (UTC)</turn_topictext>
<turn_text>http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/46/4/544 (Vallès &amp; Boore; 2006; Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 46, Number 4, pp. 544-557) - good descr of phylo history </turn_text>