Tropic of Cancer (novel) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tropic of Cancer (novel)
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Tropic of Cancer
First edition cover, Paris, 1934
Author(s)
Henry Miller
Cover artist
Maurice Girodias[1]
Country
France
Language
English
Genre(s)
Autobiographical novel
Publisher
Obelisk Press
Publication date
1934
Media type
Print (Hardcover)
ISBN
n/a
Followed by
Black Spring
Tropic of Cancer is a novel by Henry Miller which has been described as "notorious for its candid sexuality" and as responsible for the "free speech that we now take for granted in literature."[2]:22[3] It was first published in 1934 by the Obelisk Press in Paris, France, but this edition was banned in the United States.[4] Its publication in 1961 in the U.S. by Grove Press led to obscenity trials that tested American laws on pornography in the early 1960s. In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the book non-obscene. It is widely regarded as an important masterpiece of 20th century literature.
Contents
1 Writing and publication
2 Emerson quotation, preface, and introduction
3 Summary
4 Themes
5 Characters
6 Legal issues
6.1 United States
6.2 Other countries
7 Critical reception
7.1 Individual reviewers
7.2 Appearances in lists of best books
8 Influences
8.1 Influences on Miller
8.2 Novel's influence on other writers
9 Adaptation
10 References or allusions in other works
11 Typescript
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
[edit] Writing and publication
Miller wrote the book between 1930 and 1934 during his "nomadic life" in Paris.[5]:105-107 Miller gave the following explanation of why the book's title was Tropic of Cancer: "It was because to me cancer symbolizes the disease of civilization, the endpoint of the wrong path, the necessity to change course radically, to start completely over from scratch.¡±[5]:38
Ana?s Nin helped to edit the book.[5]:109 In 1934, Jack Kahane's Obelisk Press published the book with financial backing from Nin, who had borrowed the money from Otto Rank.[5]:108[6]:116
[edit] Emerson quotation, preface, and introduction
In the 1961 edition, opposite the novel's title page is a quotation from Ralph Waldo Emerson:[7]
These novels will give way, by and by, to diaries or autobiographies¡ªcaptivating books, if only a man knew how to choose among what he calls his experiences that which is really his experience, and how to record truth truly.[8]
The 1961 edition includes an introduction by Karl Shapiro written in 1960 and entitled "The Greatest Living Author." The first three sentences are:
I call Henry Miller the greatest living author because I think he is. I do not call him a poet because he has never written a poem; he even dislikes poetry, I think. But everything he has written is a poem in the best as well as in the broadest sense of the word. ...[8]:v-xxx
Following the introduction is a preface written by Nin in 1934, which begins as follows:
Here is a book which, if such a thing were possible, might restore the our appetite for the fundamental realities. The predominant note will seem one of bitterness, and bitterness there is, to the full. But there is also a wild extravagance, a mad gaiety, a verve, a gusto, at times almost a delirium. ...[8]:xxxi-xxxiii
[edit] Summary
Set in France (primarily Paris) during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Tropic of Cancer centers around Miller's life as a struggling writer. Late in the novel, Miller explains his artistic approach to writing the book itself, stating:
Up to the present, my idea of collaborating with myself has been to get off the gold standard of literature. My idea briefly has been to present a resurrection of the emotions, to depict the conduct of a human being in the stratosphere of ideas, that is, in the grip of delirium."[8]:243
Combining autobiography and fiction, some chapters follow a narrative of some kind and refer to Miller's actual friends, colleagues, and workplaces; others are written as stream-of-consciousness reflections that are occasionally epiphanic. The novel is written in the first person, as are many of Miller's other novels, and does not have a linear organization, but rather fluctuates frequently between the past and present.
[edit] Themes
The book largely functions as an immersive meditation on the human condition. As a struggling writer, Miller describes his experience living among a community of bohemians in Paris, where he intermittently suffers from hunger, homelessness, squalor, loneliness and despair over his recent separation from his wife. Describing his perception of Paris during this time, Miller wrote:
One can live in Paris¡ªI discovered that!¡ªon just grief and anguish. A bitter nourishment¡ªperhaps the best there is for certain people. At any rate, I had not yet come to the end of my rope. I was only flirting with disaster. ... I understood then why it is that Paris attracts the tortured, the hallucinated, the great maniacs of love. I understood why it is that here, at the very hub of the wheel, one can embrace the most fantastic, the most impossible theories, without finding them in the least strange; it is here that one reads again the books of his youth and the enigmas take on new meanings, one for every white hair. One walks the streets knowing that he is mad, possessed, because it is only too obvious that these cold, indifferent faces are the visages of one's keepers. Here all boundaries fade away and the world reveals itself for the mad slaughterhouse that it is. The treadmill stretches away to infinitude, the hatches are closed down tight, logic runs rampant, with bloody cleaver flashing.[8]:180-182
There are many passages explicitly describing the narrator's sexual encounters. A 1978 paper found the sexual comedy in the book to be "undeniably low¡­ [but with] a stronger visceral appeal than high comedy."[9]:22 The characters are caricatures, and the male characters "stumbl[e] through the mazes of their conceptions of woman."[9]:24
A 2002 analysis examined the theme of homophobia in the novel.[10] It found that the novel contained a "deeply repressed homoerotic desire that periodically surfaces."[10]
Music and dance are other recurrent themes in the book.[11] Music is used "as a sign of the flagging vitality Miller everywhere rejects."[11] References to dancing include a comparison of loving Mona to a "dance of death," and a call for the reader to join in "a last expiring dance" even though "we are doomed."[11]
[edit] Characters
Other than the first-person narrator "Henry Miller,"[8]:108 the major characters include:
Boris: A friend who rents rooms at the Villa Borghese.[8]:22-23 The character was modeled after Michael Fraenkel, a writer who "had sheltered Miller during his hobo days" in 1930.[5]:103,176
Carl: A writer friend who complains about optimistic people, about Paris, and about writing.[8]:49-50 Miller helps Carl write love letters to "the rich cunt, Irene," and Carl relates his encounter with her to Miller.[8]:107-117 Carl lives in squalor and has sex with a minor.[8]:288-291 The inspiration for Carl was Miller's friend Alfred Perl¨¨s, a writer.[5]:10
Collins: A sailor who befriends Fillmore and Miller.[8]:194-208 As Collins had fallen in love with a boy in the past, his undressing a sick Miller to put him to bed has been interpreted as evidence of a homoerotic desire for Miller.[10]
Fillmore: A "young man in the diplomatic service" who becomes friends with Miller.[8]:193 He invites Miller to stay with him; later the Russian "princess" Macha with "the clap" joins them.[8]:219-238 Fillmore and Miller disrupt a mass while hung over.[8]:259-263 Toward the end of the book, Fillmore impregnates and promises to marry a French woman named Ginette, but she is physically abusive and controlling, so Miller convinces Fillmore to leave Paris without her.[8]:292-315 Fillmore's real-life counterpart was Richard Galen Osborn, a lawyer.[5]:46
Mona: A character corresponding to Miller's estranged second wife June Miller.[5]:96-97 Miller remembers Mona, who is now in America, nostalgically.[8]:17-21,54,152,177-181,184-185,250-251
Tania: A woman married to Sylvester.[8]:56-57 The character was modeled after Bertha Schrank, who was married to Joseph Schrank.[12] Tania has an affair with Miller, who fantasizes about her:
O Tania, where now is that warm cunt of yours, those fat, heavy garters, those soft, bulging thighs? There is a bone in my prick six inches long. I will ream out every wrinkle in your cunt, Tania, big with seed. I will send you home to your Sylvester with an ache in your belly and your womb turned inside out. Your Sylvester! Yes, he knows how to build a fire, but I know how to inflame a cunt. I shoot hot bolts into you, Tania, I make your ovaries incandescent.[8]:5-6
Van Norden: A friend of Miller¡¯s who is "probably the most sexually corrupt man" in the book, having a "total lack of empathy with women."[9]:25-27 Van Norden refers to women using terms such as "my Georgia cunt," "fucking cunt," "rich cunt," "married cunts," "Danish cunt," and "foolish cunts."[8]:100-107 Miller helps Van Norden move to a room in a hotel, where Van Norden brings women "day in and out."[8]:117-146 The character was based on Wambly Bald, a gossip columnist.[13]
[edit] Legal issues
[edit] United States
Upon the book's publication in France in 1934, the United States Customs Service banned the book from being imported into the U.S.[14] Frances Steloff sold copies of the novel smuggled from Paris during the 1930s at her Gotham Book Mart, which led to lawsuits.[15] A copyright-infringing edition of the novel was published in New York City in 1940 by "Medusa" (Jacob Brussel); its last page claimed its place of publication to be Mexico.[16] Brussel was eventually sent to jail for three years for the edition.[17]
In 1961, when Grove Press legally published the book in the United States, over 60 obscenity lawsuits in over 21 states were brought against booksellers that sold it.[14][18] The opinions of courts varied; for example, in his dissent from the majority holding that the book was not obscene, Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice Michael Musmanno wrote Cancer is "not a book. It is a cesspool, an open sewer, a pit of putrefaction, a slimy gathering of all that is rotten in the debris of human depravity."[19]
Lawyer Charles Rembar led an "effort to assist every bookseller prosecuted, regardless of whether there was a legal obligation to do so."[20] Rembar successfully argued two appeals cases, in Massachusetts and New Jersey,[18][21] although the book continued to be judged obscene in New York and other states.[20]
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein, cited Jacobellis v. Ohio (which was decided the same day) and overruled state court findings that Tropic of Cancer was obscene.[22][23]
[edit] Other countries
The book was banned outside the U.S. as well:
In Canada, it was on the list of books banned by customs as of 1938.[24] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police seized copies of the book from bookstores and public libraries in the early 1960s.[24] By 1964, attitudes toward the book had "liberalized."[24]
Only smuggled copies of the book were available in the United Kingdom after its publication in 1934.[25] Scotland Yard contemplated banning its publication in Britain in the 1960s, but decided against the ban because literary figures such as T. S. Eliot were ready to defend the book publicly.[25]
[edit] Critical reception
[edit] Individual reviewers
In a 1940 essay "Inside the Whale," George Orwell wrote the following:
I earnestly counsel anyone who has not done so to read at least TROPIC OF CANCER. With a little ingenuity, or by paying a little over the published price, you can get hold of it, and even if parts of it disgust you, it will stick in your memory. ... Here in my opinion is the only imaginative prose-writer of the slightest value who has appeared among the English-speaking races for some years past. Even if that is objected to as an overstatement, it will probably be admitted that Miller is a writer out of the ordinary, worth more than a single glance....[26]
Samuel Beckett hailed it as "a momentous event in the history of modern writing."[27] Norman Mailer, in his 1976 book on Miller entitled Genius and Lust, called it "one of the ten or twenty great novels of our century, a revolution in consciousness equal to The Sun Also Rises."[28]
Edmund Wilson said of the novel:
The tone of the book is undoubtedly low; The Tropic of Cancer, in fact, from the point of view both of its happenings and of the language in which they are conveyed, is the lowest book of any real literary merit that I have ever remember to have read... there is a strange amenity of temper and style which bathes the whole composition even when it is disgusting or tiresome.[29]
In Sexual Politics, a book originally published in 1970, Kate Millett wrote that Miller "is a compendium of American sexual neuroses," showing "anxiety and contempt" toward women in works such as Tropic of Cancer.[30]:295-296 In 1980, Anatole Broyard described Tropic of Cancer as "Mr. Miller's first and best novel," showing "a flair for finding symbolism in unobtrusive places" and having "beautiful sentence[s]."[31] Julian Symons wrote in 1993 that "the shock effect [of the novel] has gone," although "it remains an extraordinary document."[32] A 2009 essay on the book by Ewan Morrison described it as a "life-saver" when he was "wandering from drink to drink and bed to bed, dangerously close to total collapse."[33]
[edit] Appearances in lists of best books
The book has been included in a number of lists of best books, such as the following:
In July 1998, the Board of the Modern Library ranked Tropic of Cancer 50th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[34][35]
In July 1998, students of the Radcliffe Publishing Course, at the request of the Modern Library editorial board, compiled their own list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century, and the book was ranked 84th.[36]
Between July 1998 and October 1998, an online reader poll by the Modern Library placed the novel 68th among the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[35]
In a survey of librarians published in November 1998, the book was ranked 132nd in a list of 150 fiction books from the 20th century.[37]
Time magazine included the novel in its list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.[38]
The novel was listed in the 2006 book 1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die.[39]
It was one of the "1000 Novels Everyone Must Read" in The Guardian in 2009.[40]
It was included in the list "The 75 Books Every Man Should Read" (2011) in Esquire.[41]
[edit] Influences
[edit] Influences on Miller
Critics and Miller himself have claimed that Miller was influenced by the following in writing the novel:
Louis-Ferdinand C¨¦line, especially Journey to the End of the Night (1932), his semi-autobiographical first novel featuring a "comic, antiheroic character."[5]:109-110[31][42] Nevertheless, Orwell wrote "Both books use unprintable words, both are in some sense autobiographical, but that is all."[26]
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, especially his Notes from Underground (1864).[31]
James Joyce.[31] Nevertheless, Orwell felt that the novel did not resemble Joyce's Ulysses.[26]
Fran?ois Rabelais.[31][43]
Henry David Thoreau.[44][45]
Walt Whitman, who wrote in a similar style about common people.[7][26][31][45] The poet is mentioned favorably in the novel several times, for example: "In Whitman the whole American scene comes to life, her past and her future, her birth and her death. Whatever there is of value in America Whitman has expressed, and there is nothing more to be said."[8]:239-240
[edit] Novel's influence on other writers
Tropic of Cancer "has had a huge and indelible impact on both the American literary tradition and American society as a whole."[46] The novel influenced many writers, as exemplified by the following:
Lawrence Durrell's 1938 novel The Black Book was described as "celebrat[ing] the Henry Miller of Tropic of Cancer as his [Durrell's] literary father."[47]
It has been claimed that the novel impressed the Beat Generation writers in the 1960s such as Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs.[14][48][24]
Erica Jong wrote "¡­when I was searching for the freedom to write [the 1973 novel] Fear of Flying, I picked up Tropic of Cancer and the sheer exuberance of the prose unlocked something in me."[6]:14 In turn, Miller praised Fear of Flying in 1974, comparing it to Tropic of Cancer.[49]
[edit] Adaptation
The novel was adapted for a film Tropic of Cancer (1970) directed by Joseph Strick and starring Rip Torn, James T. Callahan, and Ellen Burstyn.[2] Miller was a "technical consultant" during the production of the movie; although he had reservations about the adaptation of the book, he praised the final movie.[2]:147 The film was rated X in the United States, which was later changed to an NC-17 rating.[50]
[edit] References or allusions in other works
Literature
In his 1960 short story "Entropy", Thomas Pynchon begins with a quote from this novel.
In the 1965 novel God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater by Kurt Vonnegut, Lila reads the book "as though... [it] were Heidi."[51]
In the 1969 novel The Seven Minutes by Irving Wallace, the book and the trial were mentioned.
In the 1994 play Pterodactyls by Nicky Silver, the novel is mentioned by the character Emma: "She reads poems by Emily Bront¨¦ and I read chapters from the The Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller."[52]
In Carl Hiaasen's 1995 Stormy Weather a character quotes a line from the novel.[citation needed]
In the 1998 nonfiction book Rocket Boys, Quentin shows Sonny a copy of Tropic of Cancer and asks him "You want to know about girls?"[53]
Music
Satirical songwriter and mathematics instructor Tom Lehrer stated that he intended to write a million-selling math book which he would call Tropic of Calculus.
The 1980s British band The Weather Prophets was named after a line in the opening paragraph of the novel: "Boris has just given me a summary of his views. He is a weather prophet."[citation needed]
Frontman Henry Rollins of the hardcore punk band Black Flag was heavily affected by the book as well and frequently made references to it in his songs, often taking lyrics directly from Tropic of Cancer. He would also read passages of it to his audiences mid-show.
In the song "Delirium of Disorder" by punk band Bad Religion, the opening verse quotes the novel, "Life is a sieve through which my anarchy strains resolving itself into words. Chaos is the score on which reality is written...".
In the song "Ashes of American Flags" by Wilco, one phrase from the lyrics is taken from the novel: "A hole without a key."
Film and television
The novel is read and discussed in After Hours, a 1985 film by Martin Scorsese.
In the 1991 version of Cape Fear, also directed by Scorsese, the characters of Max Cady and Danielle Bowden discuss the book briefly.
In the 1991 Seinfeld episode "The Library", Jerry is accused of never returning it to the public library after borrowing it many years before, during high school, in 1971.[4]
In the 1991 movie Henry & June the first draft of the book is referenced and discussed by Henry and friends.
In the 2000 romantic comedy film 100 Girls, the characters Dora and Matthew read an excerpt from Tropic of Cancer together: "Your Sylvester! ... After me you can take on stallions, bulls, rams, drakes, St. Bernards."[54]
At the beginning of the 2000 movie Final Destination, Clear (Ali Larter) is reading Tropic of Cancer upon arrival at the airport.
In the 2010 telenovela ?D¨®nde Est¨¢ Elisa? a copy of the book is found in Elisa's locker at school.
[edit] Typescript
The typescript of the book was auctioned for $165,000 in 1986.[55] Yale University now owns the typescript, which was displayed to the public in 2001.[56]
[edit] See also
Novels portal
Henry and June (1986 book)
Henry & June (1990 film)
Tropic of Capricorn
[edit] References
^ Motion, Andrew (September 18, 1994). "Book: The Man Who Succeeded Too Well at Sex". The Observer.
^ a b c Decker, James M (2007 Summer). "Literary Text, Cinematic "Edition": Adaptation, Textual Authority, and the Filming of "Tropic of Cancer"". College Literature 34 (3): 140-160.
^ Meisel, Perry (June 23, 1991). "A Dirty Young Man And How He Grew". New York Times Book Review. http://perrymeisel.blogspot.com/2010/12/dirty-young-man-and-how-he-grew.html. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ a b Baron, Dennis (October 1, 2009). "Celebrate Banned Books Week: Read Now, Before It's Too Late". Web of Language. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://illinois.edu/db/view/25/12046. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i Miller, Henry (1995). Henry Miller, the Paris Years. New York: Arcade. ISBN 1559702877.
^ a b Jong, Erica (1994). The Devil at Large: Erica Jong on Henry Miller. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802133916.
^ a b Atkinson, Brooks (June 30, 1961). "Critic at Large: Henry Miller's Use of an Emerson Quotation in 'Tropic of Cancer' is Discussed". New York Times.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Miller, Henry (1961). Tropic of Cancer. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802131786.
^ a b c Gutierrez, Donald (1978 Winter). ""Hypocrite Lecteur": Tropic of Cancer as Sexual Comedy". Mosaic 11 (2): 21-33.
^ a b c Hardin, Michael (2002). "Fighting Desires: Henry Miller¡¯s Queer Tropic". Journal of Homosexuality 42 (3): 129¨C150. doi:10.1300/J082v42n03_08. PMID 12066987.
^ a b c Jackson, Paul R (1979). "Caterwauling and Harmony: Music in Tropic of Cancer". Critique 20 (3): 40-50.
^ O'Joyce, Guillermo (2011). "Miller Time: On Henry Miller". Miller, Bukowski and their enemies (2nd ed.). London: Pinter & Martin. ISBN 9781905177271. http://www.pinterandmartin.com/category/Reading_Room/Miller__Bukowski___their_enemies,i.html.
^ Pizer, Donald (1996). American Expatriate Writing and the Paris Moment: Modernism and Place. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 133. ISBN 080712026X.
^ a b c Anonymous (June 9, 1961). "Books: Greatest Living Patagonian". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,938157,00.html. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ Mitgang, Herbert (April 16, 1989). "Frances Steloff Is Dead at 101; Founded the Gotham Book Mart". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/obituaries/frances-steloff-is-dead-at-101-founded-the-gotham-book-mart.html. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Miller, Henry (1940). Tropic of Cancer. New York: Medusa. OCLC 9798986.
^ Brottman, Mikita (2004). Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the Psychopathology of Humor. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. p. 6. ISBN 0881634042.
^ a b Holland, Steve (October 28, 2000). "Charles Rembar: anti-censorship lawyer who won freedom for Lady Chatterley and Fanny Hill in America". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2000/oct/28/guardianobituaries.books. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Commonwealth v. Robin, 218 A.2d 546, 561 (Pa. 1966).
^ a b Woo, Elaine (October 28, 2000). "Charles Rembar; Lawyer Won Key Obscenity Cases". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/oct/28/local/me-43582. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Attorney General Vs. The Book Named "Tropic Of Cancer", 345 Mass. 11 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court July 17, 1962).
^ Grove Press, Inc., v. Gerstein, 378 U.S. 577 (U.S. Supreme Court June 22, 1964).
^ Hubbard, Melissa A.. "Grove Press Publishes & Defends T.O.C.". Southern Illinois University School of Law Library. http://www.law.siu.edu/lawlib/Banned%20Books/Tropic%20of%20C.asp. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ a b c d Caldwell, Rebecca (February 14, 2004). "Once Scandalous, An Insult Fades". Globe and Mail (Canada). http://osgoode.yorku.ca/media2.nsf/releases/FD41E3933AC3318285256E3D0050FC19. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ a b Travis, Alan (May 4, 1998). "The Miller's Tale That Beat a Ban: Literary Experts Scared". The Guardian.
^ a b c d Orwell, George. "Inside the Whale (1940)". Collected Essays. University of Adelaide Library. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/o79e/part12.html. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ cited in: Henry Miller, Tropic of Cancer, (Harper Perennial, UK, 2005)
^ Mailer, Norman; Miller, Henry (1976). Genius and Lust: a Journey Through the Major Writings of Henry Miller. New York: Grove Press. p. 8. ISBN 0802101275.
^ Aschenbrenner, Karl (1974). The Concepts of Criticism. Springer. p. 485. Google Book search. Retrieved on July 27, 2008.
^ Millett, Kate (2000). "Chapter 6: Henry Miller". Sexual Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 294-313. ISBN 0252068890.
^ a b c d e f Broyard, Anatole (June 9, 1980). "Miller: An Observer With Infallible Ear; An Appreciation". New York Times.
^ Symons, Julian (March 7, 1993). "Quiet Days in Cliches - Biography". Sunday Times (London).
^ Morrison, Ewan (June 26, 2009). "Book Of A Lifetime: Tropic of Cancer, By Henry Miller". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-of-a-lifetime-tropic-of-cancer-by-henry-miller-1719362.html. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
^ Lewis, Paul (July 20, 1998). "'Ulysses' on Top Among 100 Best Novels". New York Times. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/books/072098best-novels.html. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ a b Modern Library (July 20, 1998). "100 Best Novels". http://www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/100-best-novels/.
^ Modern Library (July 20, 1998). "Radcliffe's Rival 100 Best Novels List". http://www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/radcliffes-rival-100-best-novels-list/.
^ Anonymous (November 15, 1998). "Librarians Choose a Century of Good Books". Library Journal: 34-36. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-53281012/librarians-choose-century-good.html. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ Lacayo, Richard (October 16, 2005). "ALL TIME 100 Novels: Tropic of Cancer (1934), by Henry Miller". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1951793_1951945_1952861,00.html. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
^ Boxall, Peter (2006). 1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die. London: Cassell. ISBN 9781844034178.
^ "1000 Novels Everyone Must Read: The Definitive List". The Guardian. January 23, 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/jan/23/bestbooks-fiction. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ "The 75 Books Every Man Should Read". Esquire Magazine. May 26, 2011. http://www.esquire.com/the-side/feature/75-books. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ Collins, Tom (December 10, 2004). "'Haiku Paintings' Reveal Essence of Jorge Fick's Artistic, Intellectual Life". Albuquerque Journal. http://www.abqjournal.com/venue/269846venuenorth12-10-04.htm. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ Iyer, Pico (July 22, 1991). "Essay: An American Optimist". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973421,00.html. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ Featherstone, Joseph L (September 27, 1961). "Critics Testify for 'Tropic of Cancer'". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1961/9/27/critics-testify-for-tropic-of-cancer/. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ a b Shifreen, Lawrence J (1979 Winter). "Henry Miller's 'Mezzotints': The Undiscovered Roots of 'Tropic of Cancer'". Studies in Short Fiction 16 (1): 11-17. "Miller's transcendental stance as a follower of Whitman and Thoreau becomes apparent in his essays 'Walt Whitman' and 'Henry David Thoreau'"
^ Orend, Karl (January 9, 2004). "Making a Place for Henry Miller in the American Classroom". Chronicle of Higher Education 20 (18). http://chronicle.com/article/Making-a-Place-for-Henry/34592. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ Ingersoll, Earl G, ed (1998). Lawrence Durrell: Conversations. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 12. ISBN 083863723X.
^ Oriard, Michael (1991). Sporting with the Gods: the Rhetoric of Play and Game in American Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 450. ISBN 052139113X.
^ Kendrick, Walter (February 14, 1993). "Her Master's Voice". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/07/20/reviews/15471.html. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^ Fox, Margalit (June 7, 2010). "Joseph Strick, Who Filmed the Unfilmable, Dies at 86". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/08/arts/08strick.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ Vonnegut, Kurt (1998). "Chapter 9". God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater: Or, Pearls Before Swine. New York: Dell Pub. pp. 156-159. ISBN 0385333471.
^ Silver, Nicky (1994). Pterodactyls. New York: Dramatists Play Service. p. 66. ISBN 0822213753.
^ Hickam, Homer H., Jr (2000). Rocket Boys: a Memoir. New York: Delta. p. 64. ISBN 0385333218.
^ 100 Girls Full Movie. 2000. Event occurs at 50:10. ISBN 1588172643. http://www.imdb.com/rg/VIDEO_PLAY/LINK//video/hulu/vi2870477337/. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ "Typescript of 'Cancer' Auctioned for $165,000". New York Times. February 15, 1986. http://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/15/books/typescript-of-cancer-auctioned-for-165000.html. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ "From Heinrich Schuetz to Henry Miller: Selections from the Frederick R. Koch Collection at the Beinecke Library 20 April, 2001 to 14 July, 2001". Yale University. http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/brblevents/koch.htm. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
[edit] Further reading
Fraenkel, Michael (1947) (in French). D¨¦fense du Tropique du Cancer: avec des in¨¦dits de Miller. Paris: Vari¨¦t¨¦. OCLC 1837523.
Nin, Ana?s (1947). Preface to Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. New York: L.R. Maxwell. OCLC 4490763.
Hutchison, Earl R (1968). Tropic of Cancer on trial; a case history of censorship. New York: Grove Press. OCLC 440116.
Rembar, Charles (1968). The end of obscenity: the trials of Lady Chatterley, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill. New York: Random House. OCLC 232256.
Fraenkel, Michael (1998) [First published in 1946 by B. Porter, Berkeley]. The genesis of the Tropic of Cancer. Paris and London: Alyscamps Press. ISBN 1897722818.
Miller, Henry (1999). From Tropic of Cancer: previously unpublished sections. Ann Arbor, MI: Roger Jackson. ISBN 1893918009.
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