{
 "data": [
  {
   "title": "Iran",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Iran (/a\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n/ or i/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n/; Persian: Ir\u0101n \u2013 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e [\u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252\u02d0n] ( listen)), also known as Persia (/\u02c8p\u025c\u02d0r\u0292\u0259/ or /\u02c8p\u025c\u02d0r\u0283\u0259/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u2013 Jomhuri ye Esl\u0101mi ye Ir\u0101n [d\u0361\u0292omhu\u02d0\u02cc\u027eije esl\u0252\u02d0\u02ccmije \u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252\u02d0n]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has long been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "Armenia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which country borders Iran to Iran's northwest?",
       "id": "572fed82947a6a140053ce10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 765,
         "text": "78.4 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people live in Iran?",
       "id": "572fed82947a6a140053ce12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 657,
         "text": "636,372 sq mi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's land mass in square miles?",
       "id": "572fed82947a6a140053ce11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Persia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the unofficial name for Iran?",
       "id": "572fed82947a6a140053ce13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "the Islamic Republic of Iran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's official country name?",
       "id": "572fed82947a6a140053ce14"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200\u20132800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Parthian Empire emerged from the ashes and was succeeded by the Sassanid Dynasty in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world, along with the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than four centuries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?",
       "id": "572fee8db2c2fd14005685ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "625 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?",
       "id": "572fee8db2c2fd1400568600"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "Cyrus the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?",
       "id": "572fee8db2c2fd1400568601"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "330 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?",
       "id": "572fee8db2c2fd1400568602"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 740,
         "text": "Alexander the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?",
       "id": "572fee8db2c2fd1400568603"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'\u00e9tat instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "633 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?",
       "id": "572fefaeb2c2fd1400568609"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "651 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?",
       "id": "572fefaeb2c2fd140056860a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "Sunni Islam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to? ",
       "id": "572fefaeb2c2fd140056860b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1083,
         "text": "Imperial Russia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?",
       "id": "572fefaeb2c2fd140056860c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1555,
         "text": "1979 Revolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?",
       "id": "572fefaeb2c2fd140056860d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading cultural and economic center. Iran is a major regional and middle power, exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves. Iran's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest number in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "natural gas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resource does Iran have the largest supply of in the world?",
       "id": "572ff0a2947a6a140053ce37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Tehran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city is Iran's capital?",
       "id": "572ff0a2947a6a140053ce36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "through its large reserves of fossil fuels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets?",
       "id": "572ff0a2947a6a140053ce3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "proven oil reserves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world?",
       "id": "572ff0a2947a6a140053ce38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 435,
         "text": "19"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have?",
       "id": "572ff0a2947a6a140053ce39"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian \u0112r\u0101n, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Ary\u0101n, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian \u0113r\u0101n and ary\u0101n are oblique plural forms of gentilic \u0113r- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning \"Aryan,\" i.e., \"of the Iranians\"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning \"skillful assembler.\" In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: \u0418\u0440 \u2013 Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: \u0418\u0440\u043e\u043d \u2013 Iron).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "3rd-century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?",
       "id": "572ff27bb2c2fd1400568627"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "Parthian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?",
       "id": "572ff27bb2c2fd1400568628"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "*ar-yo-"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Proto-Indo-European term means \"skillful assembler?\"",
       "id": "572ff27bb2c2fd1400568629"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "the gentilic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?",
       "id": "572ff27bb2c2fd140056862b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "\u0112r\u0101n"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?",
       "id": "572ff27bb2c2fd140056862a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03c2), meaning \"land of the Persians.\" As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece. However, Persis (Old Persian: P\u0101r\u015ba; Modern Persian: P\u0101rse) was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "Greek historians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?",
       "id": "572ff3e2947a6a140053ce70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "Persia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the West historically referred Iran as?",
       "id": "572ff3e2947a6a140053ce71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "the 9th century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?",
       "id": "572ff3e2947a6a140053ce72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?",
       "id": "572ff3e2947a6a140053ce73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 618,
         "text": "Fars Province"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Persis known as today?",
       "id": "572ff3e2947a6a140053ce74"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, \"At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country.\" Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1935"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?",
       "id": "572ff633a23a5019007fcbbb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "New York Times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?",
       "id": "572ff633a23a5019007fcbbc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 601,
         "text": "Iran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which name is officially used politically?",
       "id": "572ff633a23a5019007fcbbe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "Professor Ehsan Yarshater"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?",
       "id": "572ff633a23a5019007fcbbd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000\u2013200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000\u201340,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000\u2013200,000 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?",
       "id": "572ff7df947a6a140053cea2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 390,
         "text": "10th to 8th millennium BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?",
       "id": "572ff7df947a6a140053cea4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "the Zagros region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?",
       "id": "572ff7df947a6a140053cea3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?",
       "id": "572ff7df947a6a140053cea5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The emergence of Susa as a city, as determined by radiocarbon dating, dates back to early 4,395 BC. There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau, pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, Iran was home to several civilizations including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayande River. Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia. The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumer, and the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "Susa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?",
       "id": "572ff927947a6a140053cebe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "the 4th millennium BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?",
       "id": "572ff927947a6a140053cebf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "Bronze Age"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?",
       "id": "572ff927947a6a140053cec0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "Elam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?",
       "id": "572ff927947a6a140053cec1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "the 3rd millennium BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?",
       "id": "572ff927947a6a140053cec2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC, the Iranian peoples, together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia. Under king Cyaxares, the Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylon, as well as the Scythians and the Cimmerians, and together they attacked the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median tribes under a single ruler in 728 BC led to the foundation of the Median Empire which, by 612 BC, controlled the whole Iran and the eastern Anatolia. This marked the end of the Kingdom of Urartu as well, which was subsequently conquered and dissolved.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "the Assyrian Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?",
       "id": "572ffa37947a6a140053cec8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "between 616 BC and 605 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?",
       "id": "572ffa37947a6a140053ceca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "three centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?",
       "id": "572ffa37947a6a140053cecb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "king Cyaxares"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?",
       "id": "572ffa37947a6a140053cec9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "728 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?",
       "id": "572ffa37947a6a140053cecc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great, son of Mandane and Cambyses I, took over the Median Empire, and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states. The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt. The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyages, and was quickly spread to other provinces, as they allied with the Persians. Later conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded the empire to include Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, parts of the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper, as well as the lands to the west of the Indus and Oxus rivers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "Cyrus the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification?",
       "id": "572ffbc2b2c2fd14005686d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "550 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire?",
       "id": "572ffbc2b2c2fd14005686d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "the Median ruler Astyages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who triggered the Persian Revolt? ",
       "id": "572ffbc2b2c2fd14005686d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "The conquest of Media"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resulted from the Persian Revolt?",
       "id": "572ffbc2b2c2fd14005686d6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria (Thrace), northern Greece and Macedonia (Paeonia and Ancient Macedon), Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya, Kuwait, northern Saudi Arabia, parts of the UAE and Oman, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and much of Central Asia, making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "the Achaemenid Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed?",
       "id": "572ffd1b04bcaa1900d76fbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "the Achaemenid Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?",
       "id": "572ffd1b04bcaa1900d76fbe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "the Black Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of?",
       "id": "572ffd1b04bcaa1900d76fbf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 501,
         "text": "Central Asia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia?",
       "id": "572ffd1b04bcaa1900d76fc0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "ancient Egypt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent?",
       "id": "572ffd1b04bcaa1900d76fc1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire. The empire at its peak ruled over 44% of the world's population, the highest such figure for any empire in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states, for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, building infrastructures such as road and postal systems, and the use of an official language, the Imperial Aramaic, throughout its territories. The empire had a centralized, bureaucratic administration under the emperor, a large professional army, and civil services, inspiring similar developments in later empires. Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, was built in the empire between 353 and 350 BC.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "the Greek city states"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?",
       "id": "572ffe22947a6a140053cf0a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "50 million people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?",
       "id": "572ffe22947a6a140053cf0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "44% of the world's population"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?",
       "id": "572ffe22947a6a140053cf0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "Imperial Aramaic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?",
       "id": "572ffe22947a6a140053cf0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 745,
         "text": "the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?",
       "id": "572ffe22947a6a140053cf0e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid emperor, Darius III, at the Battle of Issus. Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars. The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries, until 224 CE, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire. Together with their neighboring arch-rival, the Roman-Byzantines, they made up the world's two most dominant powers at the time, for over four centuries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "Alexander the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?",
       "id": "572ffeec04bcaa1900d76fdb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "Darius III"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?",
       "id": "572ffeec04bcaa1900d76fdc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?",
       "id": "572ffeec04bcaa1900d76fdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "In the middle of the 2nd century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?",
       "id": "572ffeec04bcaa1900d76fde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "224 CE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?",
       "id": "572ffeec04bcaa1900d76fdf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest. Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted (mawali) and non-converted (dhimmi) Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya. Gunde Shapur, home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time, survived after the invasion, but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "Byzantine-Sassanid Wars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?",
       "id": "5730037bb2c2fd1400568739"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "the 7th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Arabs invade Iran?",
       "id": "5730037bb2c2fd140056873a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "Arab Rashidun Caliphate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?",
       "id": "5730037bb2c2fd140056873b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 694,
         "text": "Jizya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?",
       "id": "5730037bb2c2fd140056873c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 727,
         "text": "Academy of Gunde Shapur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?",
       "id": "5730037bb2c2fd140056873d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The blossoming literature, philosophy, medicine, and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities. After the 10th century, Persian language, alongside Arabic, was used for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and medical works, whereas the important Iranian writers, such as Tusi, Avicenna, Qotb od Din Shirazi, and Biruni, had major contributions in the scientific writing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 174,
         "text": "the Islamic Golden Age"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?",
       "id": "5730048aa23a5019007fcc4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "by the 10th and 11th centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?",
       "id": "5730048aa23a5019007fcc4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 610,
         "text": "scientific writing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?",
       "id": "5730048aa23a5019007fcc50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "Iran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?",
       "id": "5730048aa23a5019007fcc4f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors), replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army. As a result, the mamluks gained a significant political power. In 999, large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids, whose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin, and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianized identity with them. The result of the adoption and patronage of Persian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turko-Persian tradition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "Turkic tribes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?",
       "id": "573005ae947a6a140053cf60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "Central Asia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?",
       "id": "573005ae947a6a140053cf61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "mamluks (slave-warriors)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?",
       "id": "573005ae947a6a140053cf62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "999"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?",
       "id": "573005ae947a6a140053cf63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?",
       "id": "573005ae947a6a140053cf64"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, established the Ilkhanate in Iran. In 1370, yet another conqueror, Timur, followed the example of Hulagu, establishing the Timurid Empire which lasted for another 156 years. In 1387, Timur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahan, reportedly killing 70,000 citizens. The Ilkhans and the Timurids soon came to adopt the ways and customs of the Iranians, choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Iranian.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "Hulagu Khan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256?",
       "id": "5730067f947a6a140053cf7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "1370"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?",
       "id": "5730067f947a6a140053cf7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "156 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran?",
       "id": "5730067f947a6a140053cf7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 482,
         "text": "a culture that was distinctively Iranian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran?",
       "id": "5730067f947a6a140053cf80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "70,000 citizens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387?",
       "id": "5730067f947a6a140053cf7f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the 1500s, Ismail I from Ardabil, established the Safavid Dynasty, with Tabriz as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his authority over all of the Iranian territories, and established an intermittent Iranian hegemony over the vast relative regions, reasserting the Iranian identity within large parts of the Greater Iran. Iran was predominantly Sunni, but Ismail instigated a forced conversion to the Shia branch of Islam, by which the Shia Islam spread throughout the Safavid territories in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the only official Shia nation of the world, with it holding an absolute majority in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, having there the 1st and 2nd highest number of Shia inhabitants by population percentage in the world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "Ismail I from Ardabil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who established the Safavid Dynasty?",
       "id": "5730083f04bcaa1900d7703f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Tabriz"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?",
       "id": "5730083f04bcaa1900d77040"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 469,
         "text": "Shia Islam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?",
       "id": "5730083f04bcaa1900d77041"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 609,
         "text": "Iran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?",
       "id": "5730083f04bcaa1900d77042"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empire, led to numerous Ottoman\u2013Persian Wars. The Safavid Era peaked in the reign of Abbas the Great, 1587\u20131629, surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength, and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts. The Safavid Era saw the start of mass integration from Caucasian populations into new layers of the society of Iran, as well as mass resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, playing a pivotal role in the history of Iran for centuries onwards. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, which was caused by the internal conflicts, the continuous wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference (most notably the Russian interference), the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "Ottoman Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?",
       "id": "57300950a23a5019007fcc83"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "Abbas the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?",
       "id": "57300950a23a5019007fcc84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "1587\u20131629"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Safavid Empire peak?",
       "id": "57300950a23a5019007fcc85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 854,
         "text": "Pashtun rebels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?",
       "id": "57300950a23a5019007fcc86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 903,
         "text": "Soltan Hosein"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?",
       "id": "57300950a23a5019007fcc87"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "Nader Shah"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?",
       "id": "57300a34b2c2fd1400568794"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 349,
         "text": "the Sassanid Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?",
       "id": "57300a34b2c2fd1400568796"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "Caucasian territories"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?",
       "id": "57300a34b2c2fd1400568797"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "Khorasan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Nader Shan from?",
       "id": "57300a34b2c2fd1400568795"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1729"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?",
       "id": "57300a34b2c2fd1400568793"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region. The Russo-Persian wars of 1804\u20131813 and 1826\u20131828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus, comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "Karim Khan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?",
       "id": "57300b16b2c2fd140056879d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "Aqa Mohammad Khan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?",
       "id": "57300b16b2c2fd140056879e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "the entire Caucasus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?",
       "id": "57300b16b2c2fd14005687a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "Battle of Krtsanisi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?",
       "id": "57300b16b2c2fd140056879f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "Russo-Persian wars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?",
       "id": "57300b16b2c2fd14005687a1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "the 19th century Russo-Persian wars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?",
       "id": "57300c2a04bcaa1900d77091"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "the Caucasus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?",
       "id": "57300c2a04bcaa1900d77092"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 510,
         "text": "the 19th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?",
       "id": "57300c2a04bcaa1900d77094"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?",
       "id": "57300c2a04bcaa1900d77093"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Between 1872 and 1905, a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar, and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906, through the ongoing revolution. The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Between 1872 and 1905"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?",
       "id": "57300d4fb2c2fd14005687a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "the Iranian Constitutional Revolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?",
       "id": "57300d4fb2c2fd14005687a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "in 1906"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?",
       "id": "57300d4fb2c2fd14005687a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "in 1906"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?",
       "id": "57300d4fb2c2fd14005687aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?",
       "id": "57300d4fb2c2fd14005687ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. Apart from the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar rule is characterized as a century of misrule.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "until 1911"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?",
       "id": "57301248b2c2fd14005687eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "1921"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?",
       "id": "57301248b2c2fd14005687ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "Mohammad Ali Shah"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?",
       "id": "57301248b2c2fd14005687ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "restoring order"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?",
       "id": "57301248b2c2fd14005687ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 653,
         "text": "Ottoman armies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?",
       "id": "57301248b2c2fd14005687ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1941, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and established the Persian Corridor, a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war. The presence of so many foreign troops in the nation also culminated in the Soviet-backed establishment of two puppet regimes in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government, and the Republic of Mahabad. As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory, the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed, which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states, and the withdrawal of the Soviets.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1941"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?",
       "id": "5730132eb2c2fd1400568813"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?",
       "id": "5730132eb2c2fd1400568814"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "the Persian Corridor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?",
       "id": "5730132eb2c2fd1400568815"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "the Soviet Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?",
       "id": "5730132eb2c2fd1400568816"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "the Iran crisis of 1946"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?",
       "id": "5730132eb2c2fd1400568817"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices, the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency, which caused inflation. By 1974, the economy of Iran was experiencing double digit inflation, and despite many large projects to modernize the country, corruption was rampant and caused large amounts of waste. By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people opposed the Shah's regime and began to organize and join the protests against it.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "1973"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?",
       "id": "573014cc04bcaa1900d77143"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?",
       "id": "573014cc04bcaa1900d77144"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "an economic recession"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?",
       "id": "573014cc04bcaa1900d77145"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "construction jobs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?",
       "id": "573014cc04bcaa1900d77146"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 390,
         "text": "millions of youth who had migrated to the cities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?",
       "id": "573014cc04bcaa1900d77147"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?",
       "id": "573015d6947a6a140053d0a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "in a violent manner"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?",
       "id": "573015d6947a6a140053d0a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "non-Islamist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?",
       "id": "573015d6947a6a140053d0a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "were executed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?",
       "id": "573015d6947a6a140053d0a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On November 4, 1979, a group of students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage, after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime. Attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate for the release of the hostages, and a failed rescue attempt, helped force Carter out of office and brought Ronald Reagan to power. On Jimmy Carter's final day in office, the last hostages were finally set free as a result of the Algiers Accords.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "a group of students"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who seized the US Embassy in Iran in 1979?",
       "id": "5730168bb2c2fd140056883c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "November 4, 1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the US Embassy in Iran seized?",
       "id": "5730168bb2c2fd140056883b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "Algiers Accords"
        }
       ],
       "question": "ALl of the hostages were completely freed as the result of what treaty?",
       "id": "5730168bb2c2fd140056883f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "Ronald Reagan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won the 1980 US Presidential Elections after President Carter's repeated failed attempts to resolve the US Iranian Embassy situation? ",
       "id": "5730168bb2c2fd140056883e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "52 personnel and citizens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many hostages were taken in the US Embassy seizure?",
       "id": "5730168bb2c2fd140056883d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi army invaded the Iranian Khuzestan, and the Iran\u2013Iraq War began. Although the forces of Saddam Hussein made several early advances, by mid 1982, the Iranian forces successfully managed to drive the Iraqi army back into Iraq. In July 1982, with Iraq thrown on the defensive, Iran took the decision to invade Iraq and conducted countless offensives in a bid to conquer Iraqi territory and capture cities, such as Basra. The war continued until 1988, when the Iraqi army defeated the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the remaining Iranian troops back across the border. Subsequently, Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the UN. The total Iranian casualties in the war were estimated to be 123,220\u2013160,000 KIA, 60,711 MIA, and 11,000\u201316,000 civilians killed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "the Iraqi army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded Iran in 1980?",
       "id": "5730175f04bcaa1900d77169"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "mid 1982"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq? ",
       "id": "5730175f04bcaa1900d7716a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 657,
         "text": "the UN"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War?",
       "id": "5730175f04bcaa1900d7716c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "1988"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end?",
       "id": "5730175f04bcaa1900d7716b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 763,
         "text": "11,000\u201316,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War?",
       "id": "5730175f04bcaa1900d7716d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran has an area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi). Iran lies between latitudes 24\u00b0 and 40\u00b0 N, and longitudes 44\u00b0 and 64\u00b0 E. Its borders are with Azerbaijan (611 km or 380 mi, with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave, 179 km or 111 mi) and Armenia (35 km or 22 mi) to the north-west; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan (992 km or 616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan (909 km or 565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km or 582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km or 310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km or 906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "24\u00b0 and 40\u00b0 N"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What latitudes does Iran lie between?",
       "id": "573017f7a23a5019007fcd5c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the size of Iran?",
       "id": "573017f7a23a5019007fcd5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "to the south"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman?",
       "id": "573017f7a23a5019007fcd5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "44\u00b0 and 64\u00b0 E"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What longitudes does Iran lie between?",
       "id": "573017f7a23a5019007fcd5d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "the Caspian Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Iran border with to its north?",
       "id": "573017f7a23a5019007fcd5f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan Province. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another. The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros and Alborz Mountains; the last contains Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand at 5,610 m (18,406 ft), which is also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "rugged mountain ranges"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Iran's landscape is dominated by what geographical feature?",
       "id": "57301a69947a6a140053d0f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 429,
         "text": "Mount Damavand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's highest mountain?",
       "id": "57301a69947a6a140053d0f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "5,610 m (18,406 ft)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How tall is Mount Damavand?",
       "id": "57301a69947a6a140053d0fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "Alborz Mountains"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Mount Damavand is located in what range?",
       "id": "57301a69947a6a140053d0fb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran's climate ranges from arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 \u00b0C (84.2 \u00b0F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that \"Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "subtropical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?",
       "id": "57301cdea23a5019007fcd9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "Summer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?",
       "id": "57301cdea23a5019007fcd9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "680 mm (26.8 in)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?",
       "id": "57301cdea23a5019007fcd9f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "1,700 mm (66.9 in)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?",
       "id": "57301cdea23a5019007fcda0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "Water scarcity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?",
       "id": "57301cdea23a5019007fcda1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38 \u00b0C (100.4 \u00b0F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "38 \u00b0C (100.4 \u00b0F)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?  ",
       "id": "57301dc9947a6a140053d133"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "below zero"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Iran's western Zagros Basin, what are the average daily temperatures during winter?",
       "id": "57301dc9947a6a140053d132"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation?",
       "id": "57301dc9947a6a140053d134"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the coastal plains of Iran's annual precipitation ranges?",
       "id": "57301dc9947a6a140053d135"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a sign of serious threats against the country\u2019s biodiversity. The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "large national development projects"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Iranian Parliament does not demand environmental impact studies before approving what projects?",
       "id": "5730220f04bcaa1900d771f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "74 species"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species of Iranian wildlife are listed by the IUCN as endangered?",
       "id": "5730220f04bcaa1900d771f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "Ministry of Industries and Mines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment?",
       "id": "5730220f04bcaa1900d771f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "Department of Environment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife?",
       "id": "5730220f04bcaa1900d771f4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Shiraz, with a population of around 1.4 million (2011 census), is the sixth major city of Iran. It is the capital of Fars Province, and was also a former capital of Iran. The area was greatly influenced by the Babylonian civilization, and after the emergence of the ancient Persians, soon came to be known as Persis. Persians were present in the region since the 9th century BC, and became rulers of a large empire under the reign of the Achaemenid Dynasty in the 6th century BC. The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located around the modern-day city of Shiraz.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Shiraz"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the sixth most populous city of Iran?",
       "id": "573023baa23a5019007fce2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "1.4 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Shiraz' population by the 2011 Census?",
       "id": "573023baa23a5019007fce2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Fars Province"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Shiraz is the capital of what Province?",
       "id": "573023baa23a5019007fce2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "Babylonian civilization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?",
       "id": "573023baa23a5019007fce30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "9th century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century?",
       "id": "573023baa23a5019007fce31"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution (\"Supreme Leader\") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "the 1979 Constitution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Iranina Islamic Republic is based on what document?",
       "id": "5730247fb2c2fd1400568945"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "Supreme Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Leader of the Revolution also known as?",
       "id": "5730247fb2c2fd1400568946"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "The Supreme Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Commander in Chief of the Iranian Army?",
       "id": "5730247fb2c2fd1400568947"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 578,
         "text": "six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council?",
       "id": "5730247fb2c2fd1400568948"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 665,
         "text": "The Assembly of Experts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is responsible for electing and dismissing the Supreme Leader?",
       "id": "5730247fb2c2fd1400568949"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers, except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader, who has the final say in all matters. The President appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature. Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers, who must all be approved by the legislature.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "the Supreme Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Iran, who has the final say in all matters directly related to the Supreme Leader?",
       "id": "57302525a23a5019007fce5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The President"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who exercises exective powers in Iran?",
       "id": "57302525a23a5019007fce5c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "The President"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Council of Ministers is appointed and supervised by who?",
       "id": "57302525a23a5019007fce5d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "Eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran?",
       "id": "57302525a23a5019007fce5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "twenty-two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The legislature approves the 8 vice presidents and how many cabinet members?",
       "id": "57302525a23a5019007fce5f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader. The others are elected by the Iranian Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary. The Council interprets the constitution and may veto Parliament. If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia (Islamic law), it is referred back to Parliament for revision. The Expediency Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country. Local city councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "twelve jurists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many jurists are in the Guardian Council?",
       "id": "5730265d04bcaa1900d77237"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Guardian Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can veto Parliament?",
       "id": "5730265d04bcaa1900d77238"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "The Expediency Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Council acts as a mediator when there are disputes between the Parliament and the Guardian Council?",
       "id": "5730265d04bcaa1900d77239"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 675,
         "text": "four-year terms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages?",
       "id": "5730265d04bcaa1900d7723a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Guardian Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is responsible for interpreting the Constitution?",
       "id": "5730265d04bcaa1900d7723b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed. The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 \"virtuous and learned\" clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms. As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Guardian Council determines candidates' eligibility. The Assembly elects the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to remove the Supreme Leader from power at any time. It has not challenged any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Special Clerical Court"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When crimes are committed by clerics, who handles the cases?",
       "id": "57302728947a6a140053d1a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "the Supreme Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Special Clerical Court is accountable to only which body?",
       "id": "57302728947a6a140053d1a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "one week annually"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often does the Assembly of Experts meet?",
       "id": "57302728947a6a140053d1a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "86"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Assembly of Experts has how many clerics?",
       "id": "57302728947a6a140053d1a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "The Assembly of Experts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which body can remove the Supreme Leader at any time by constitutional right?",
       "id": "57302728947a6a140053d1a6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since 2005, Iran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel. Many countries have expressed concern that Iran's nuclear program could divert civilian nuclear technology into a weapons program. This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran which had further isolated Iran politically and economically from the rest of the global community. In 2009, the US Director of National Intelligence said that Iran, if choosing to, would not be able to develop a nuclear weapon until 2013.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Since 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Iran's nuclear program has caused discord within the international community since when?",
       "id": "57302839b2c2fd140056898b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "Israel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which country did Iran's leadership was quoted as being a possible target of its atomic weapons?  ",
       "id": "57302839b2c2fd140056898c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "UN Security Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who imposed sanctions against Iran as a result of Iran's nuclear program?",
       "id": "57302839b2c2fd140056898d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was it estimated by the US Director of National Intelligence that Iran would be able to develop a nuclear weapon?",
       "id": "57302839b2c2fd140056898e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basij, which includes about 90,000 full-time, active-duty uniformed members. Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize \"up to one million men\". This would be among the largest troop mobilizations in the world. In 2007, Iran's military spending represented 2.6% of the GDP or $102 per capita, the lowest figure of the Persian Gulf nations. Iran's military doctrine is based on deterrence. In 2014 arms spending the country spent $15 billion and was outspent by the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council by a factor of 13.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "the Basij"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's volunteer militia force named?",
       "id": "5730295d947a6a140053d1dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "90,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many full-time members does the Basij have?",
       "id": "5730295d947a6a140053d1dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "Up to 11 million men and women"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members in total does the Basij have? ",
       "id": "5730295d947a6a140053d1de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "military spending"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2007 what was Iran spending 2.6% of its GDP on?",
       "id": "5730295d947a6a140053d1df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 616,
         "text": "$15 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2014, Iran spent how much on weapons spending?",
       "id": "5730295d947a6a140053d1e0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since the 1979 Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed its own military industry, produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, submarines, military vessels, guided missile destroyer, radar systems, helicopters and fighter planes. In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Hoot, Kowsar, Zelzal, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 and Sejjil missiles, and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Fajr-3 (MIRV) is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile, it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "The Fajr-3 (MIRV)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's most advanced missile?",
       "id": "57302a7ab2c2fd14005689af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "foreign embargoes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Iran have to build its own military hardware, vehicles, and weapons after the 1979 Revolution?",
       "id": "57302a7ab2c2fd14005689b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "1979 Revolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Since when has Iran developed its domestic military infrastructure?",
       "id": "57302a7ab2c2fd14005689b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "liquid fuel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Fajr-3 missile uses what type of propulsion system?",
       "id": "57302a7ab2c2fd14005689b2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2006, about 45% of the government's budget came from oil and natural gas revenues, and 31% came from taxes and fees. As of 2007[update], Iran had earned $70 billion in foreign exchange reserves mostly (80%) from crude oil exports. Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem, mostly due to large-scale state subsidies, that include foodstuffs and especially gasoline, totaling more than $84 billion in 2008 for the energy sector alone. In 2010, the economic reform plan was approved by parliament to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards free market prices in a 5-year period and increase productivity and social justice.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "$70 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By 2007, Iran's crude oil exports resulted in how much of its foreign exchange currency?",
       "id": "57302be2947a6a140053d20c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 301,
         "text": "large-scale state subsidies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a main cause of Iran's constant budget deficits?",
       "id": "57302be2947a6a140053d20d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "2010"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Iran pass an economic reform plan that would replace subsidies with targeted social assistance programs?",
       "id": "57302be2947a6a140053d20f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "more than $84 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2008, how much was Iran's state subsidy in its energy sector?",
       "id": "57302be2947a6a140053d20e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "about 45%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Iran's budget came from oil and natural gas reserves in 2006?",
       "id": "57302be2947a6a140053d210"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy. Iran has also developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals industry. However, nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed badly, making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years. Currently, the government is trying to privatize these industries, and, despite successes, there are still several problems to be overcome, such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness. In 2010, Iran was ranked 69, out of 139 nations, in the Global Competitiveness Report.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?",
       "id": "57302d3ab2c2fd14005689f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 612,
         "text": "ranked 69"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries?",
       "id": "57302d3ab2c2fd14005689fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "the bonyads"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly? ",
       "id": "57302d3ab2c2fd14005689f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "lagging corruption in the public sector"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What, along with a lack of competition, has held back Iran's nationalized industries?",
       "id": "57302d3ab2c2fd14005689f9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Economic sanctions against Iran, such as the embargo against Iranian crude oil, have affected the economy. Sanctions have led to a steep fall in the value of the rial, and as of April 2013 one US dollar is worth 36,000 rial, compared with 16,000 in early 2012. Following a successful implementation of the 2015 nuclear and sanctions relief deal, the resulting benefits might not be distributed evenly across the Iranian economy as political elites such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have garnered more resources and economic interests.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "16,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in early 2012?",
       "id": "5730301cb2c2fd1400568a23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "36,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in April 2013?",
       "id": "5730301cb2c2fd1400568a24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did a nuclear and sanctions relief deal happen for Iran?",
       "id": "5730301cb2c2fd1400568a25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "embargo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What economic sanction against Iranian crude oil has adversely affected the Iranian economy?",
       "id": "5730301cb2c2fd1400568a26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would possibly prevent the even spread of relief benefits from Iran's nuclear and sanctions deal of 2015?",
       "id": "5730301cb2c2fd1400568a27"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz. In the early 2000s, the industry faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, industry standards and personnel training. The majority of the 300,000 tourist visas granted in 2003 were obtained by Asian Muslims, who presumably intended to visit important pilgrimage sites in Mashhad and Qom. Several organized tours from Germany, France and other European countries come to Iran annually to visit archaeological sites and monuments. In 2003, Iran ranked 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. According to UNESCO and the deputy head of research for Iran Travel and Tourism Organization (ITTO), Iran is rated 4th among the top 10 destinations in the Middle East. Domestic tourism in Iran is one of the largest in the world. Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some parts of the world, and absence of efficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of tourism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "the most popular tourist destinations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Teheran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz have in common?",
       "id": "57303166947a6a140053d25e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "300,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many tourist visas were granted in 2003?",
       "id": "57303166947a6a140053d25f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "Asian Muslims"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which group made up the majority of granted tourist visas in 2003?",
       "id": "57303166947a6a140053d260"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 556,
         "text": "ranked 68th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2003, what was Iran's worldwide rank in tourism revenues?",
       "id": "57303166947a6a140053d261"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 708,
         "text": "rated 4th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Iran's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO?",
       "id": "57303166947a6a140053d262"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran has the second largest proved gas reserves in the world after Russia, with 33.6 trillion cubic metres, and third largest natural gas production in the world after Indonesia, and Russia. It also ranks fourth in oil reserves with an estimated 153,600,000,000 barrels. It is OPEC's 2nd largest oil exporter and is an energy superpower. In 2005, Iran spent US$4 billion on fuel imports, because of contraband and inefficient domestic use. Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels per day (640,000 m3/d) in 2005, compared with the peak of six million barrels per day reached in 1974. In the early years of the 2000s (decade), industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags. Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "33.6 trillion cubic metres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much natural gas reserves does Iran have?",
       "id": "5730322404bcaa1900d77345"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 13,
         "text": "second largest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran ranked in the world in proved gas reserves?",
       "id": "5730322404bcaa1900d77346"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "153,600,000,000 barrels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much oil reserves does Iran have?",
       "id": "5730322404bcaa1900d77347"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "2nd largest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Iran rank in OPEC's top oil exporting nations?",
       "id": "5730322404bcaa1900d77348"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "US$4 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did Iran spend in oil imports in 2005?",
       "id": "5730322404bcaa1900d77349"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2004, a large share of natural gas reserves in Iran were untapped. The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts. Of that amount, about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009. Iran is the third country in the world to have developed GTL technology.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "2004"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Iran open its first wind-powered plants?",
       "id": "573032da947a6a140053d278"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "2004"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Iran open its first geothermal plants?",
       "id": "573032da947a6a140053d279"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "33,000 megawatts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did Iran's installed capacity of power increase to after it added new hydroelectric power in 2004?",
       "id": "573032da947a6a140053d27a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "75%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on natural gas? ",
       "id": "573032da947a6a140053d27b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "18%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on oil? ",
       "id": "573032da947a6a140053d27c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iranian scientists outside Iran have also made some major contributions to science. In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser, and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh. Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart. Furthering research and treatment of diabetes, HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. Iranian physics is especially strong in string theory, with many papers being published in Iran. Iranian-American string theorist Kamran Vafa proposed the Vafa-Witten theorem together with Edward Witten. In August 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first-ever woman, as well as the first-ever Iranian, to receive the Fields Medal, the highest prize in mathematics.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "Ali Javan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Iranian scientist co-invented the first gas laser?",
       "id": "573033c3a23a5019007fcf71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "Tofy Mussivand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump?",
       "id": "573033c3a23a5019007fcf73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 721,
         "text": "the Fields Medal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award? ",
       "id": "573033c3a23a5019007fcf75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "Samuel Rahbar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes?",
       "id": "573033c3a23a5019007fcf74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "1960"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invent the first gas laser?",
       "id": "573033c3a23a5019007fcf72"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As with the spoken languages, the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. The CIA's World Factbook has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages, with Persians constituting 53% of the population, Gilaks and Mazanderanis 7%, Kurds 10%, Lurs 6%, and Balochs 2%. Peoples of the other ethnicities in Iran make up the remaining 22%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and Turkic tribes 2%, and others 2% (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Persians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's presumed largest ethnic group?",
       "id": "5730346ca23a5019007fcf83"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "Azerbaijanis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's presumed 2nd largest ethnic group?",
       "id": "5730346ca23a5019007fcf84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "53%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Persians make up what percentage of Iran's population?",
       "id": "5730346ca23a5019007fcf85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 605,
         "text": "22%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Ethnic minorities such as Azerbaijanis make up what percentage of Iran's population?",
       "id": "5730346ca23a5019007fcf86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "79%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Iran speaks any type of Iranian language?",
       "id": "5730346ca23a5019007fcf87"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament. But the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century. Since the 1979 Revolution, the persecution of Bahais has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "Sunni branch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?",
       "id": "57303660947a6a140053d2a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "have reserved seats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament?",
       "id": "57303660947a6a140053d2a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?",
       "id": "57303660947a6a140053d2aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 341,
         "text": "since the 19th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?",
       "id": "57303660947a6a140053d2ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government?",
       "id": "57303660947a6a140053d2ac"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids, and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "the bas-reliefs of Persepolis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art? ",
       "id": "5730375fa23a5019007fcfa1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "c. 500 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to? ",
       "id": "5730375fa23a5019007fcfa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Persepolis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?",
       "id": "5730375fa23a5019007fcfa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "the Sassanid Era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?",
       "id": "5730375fa23a5019007fcfa4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The 1960s was a significant decade for Iranian cinema, with 25 commercial films produced annually on average throughout the early 60s, increasing to 65 by the end of the decade. The majority of production focused on melodrama and thrillers. With the screening of the films Kaiser and The Cow, directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in 1969, alternative films established their status in the film industry. Attempts to organize a film festival that had begun in 1954 within the framework of the Golrizan Festival, bore fruits in the form of the Sepas Festival in 1969. The endeavors also resulted in the formation of the Tehran World Festival in 1973.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "1960s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What decade was significant to Iranian film?",
       "id": "57303815947a6a140053d2c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 510,
         "text": "the Golrizan Festival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Iranian film festival in 1954 was the progenitor of future film festivals in 1969 and 1973?",
       "id": "57303815947a6a140053d2c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "25 commercial films"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many commercial films were produced yearly on average in the early 1960s in Iran?",
       "id": "57303815947a6a140053d2c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "65"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many commercial films were produced yearly on average by the end of the 1960s in Iran?",
       "id": "57303815947a6a140053d2c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 640,
         "text": "Tehran World Festival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Iranian film festival was created in 1973?",
       "id": "57303815947a6a140053d2ca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the Revolution of 1979, as the new government imposed new laws and standards, a new age in Iranian cinema emerged, starting with Viva... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many other directors, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Kiarostami, an admired Iranian director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or for Taste of Cherry in 1997. The continuous presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals, such as the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival, and the Berlin International Film Festival, attracted world attention to Iranian masterpieces. In 2006, six Iranian films, of six different styles, represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin International Film Festival. Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "Khosrow Sinai"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution?",
       "id": "573038f604bcaa1900d773b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "Viva..."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Sinai's film that ushered in Iran's new era of film after the 1979 Revolution?",
       "id": "573038f604bcaa1900d773b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Abbas Kiarostami"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Iranian director won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997?",
       "id": "573038f604bcaa1900d773b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "Taste of Cherry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Kiarostami's film which won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997? ",
       "id": "573038f604bcaa1900d773b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 624,
         "text": "2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival?",
       "id": "573038f604bcaa1900d773b5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Internet arrive in Iran?",
       "id": "573039a3b2c2fd1400568a97"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "around 40%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?",
       "id": "573039a3b2c2fd1400568a98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "Instagram"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Iran's most popular online social network?",
       "id": "573039a3b2c2fd1400568a99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "Over 80%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran? ",
       "id": "573039a3b2c2fd1400568a9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 978,
         "text": "Digikala"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?",
       "id": "573039a3b2c2fd1400568a9b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iranian cuisine is diverse due to its variety of ethnic groups and the influence of other cultures. Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes. Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form. Iran is also famous for its caviar.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "Herbs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Iranian cuisine, what is habitually used with fruits? ",
       "id": "57303a86b2c2fd1400568aa1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "plain yogurt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner?",
       "id": "57303a86b2c2fd1400568aa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 654,
         "text": "caviar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What delicacy is Iran famous for?",
       "id": "57303a86b2c2fd1400568aa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "its variety of ethnic groups"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?",
       "id": "57303a86b2c2fd1400568aa4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Other non-governmental estimations regarding the groups other than the Persians and Azerbaijanis roughly congruate with the World Factbook and the Library of Congress. However, many scholarly and organisational estimations regarding the number of these two groups differ significantly from the mentioned census. According to many of them, the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between 21.6\u201330% of the total population, with the majority holding it on 25%.cd In any case, the largest population of Azerbaijanis in the world live in Iran.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "Azerbaijanis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Iran has the highest population of what group in the world?",
       "id": "57303aa604bcaa1900d773e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "between 21.6\u201330%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the percentage range of Iran's total population is seemingly comprised of Azerbaijanis?",
       "id": "57303aa604bcaa1900d773e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "25%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the majority of organizational estimations of Azerbaijanis' percentage of Iran's population?",
       "id": "57303aa604bcaa1900d773e3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, power and petrochemicals in the Middle East. According to FAO, Iran has been a top five producer of the following agricultural products in the world in 2012: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 492,
         "text": "watermelons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What melon is Iran a Top 5 producer in the world in 2012?",
       "id": "57303b5e04bcaa1900d773e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "construction materials"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of materials is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?",
       "id": "57303b5e04bcaa1900d773e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "petrochemicals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?",
       "id": "57303b5e04bcaa1900d773eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12",
       "id": "57303b5e04bcaa1900d773e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "home appliances"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of appliances is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?",
       "id": "57303b5e04bcaa1900d773ea"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Iranian art encompasses many disciplines, including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking, and stonemasonry. The Median and Achaemenid empires left a significant classical art scene which remained as basic influences for the art of the later eras. Art of the Parthians was a mixture of Iranian and Hellenistic artworks, with their main motifs being scenes of royal hunting expeditions and investitures. The Sassanid art played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art, which carried forward to the Islamic world, and much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture, and science, were of Sassanid basis.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "The Median"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Achaemind Empire along with what other group became the foundation for the art in later Iranian history?",
       "id": "57303cafb2c2fd1400568aa9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "Hellenistic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A blend of Iranian and what other type of artwork were the Parthians' art comprised of?",
       "id": "57303cafb2c2fd1400568aaa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "Sassanid art"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Iranian art played a major role in the formation of medieval art from Europe and Asia?",
       "id": "57303cafb2c2fd1400568aab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 615,
         "text": "Islamic learning"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Sassanid became a cornerstone of what type of learning?",
       "id": "57303cafb2c2fd1400568aac"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "British_Isles",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km2, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "Great Britain, Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is two islands that are part of the British Isles?",
       "id": "57300a5fa23a5019007fcca1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "North Atlantic,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the British Isles located?",
       "id": "57300a5fa23a5019007fcca2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "just under 70 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people live in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57300a5fa23a5019007fcca3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "Isle of Man"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the three Crown Dependencies of the British Isles?",
       "id": "57300a5fa23a5019007fcca4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 659,
         "text": "in the Channel Islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located?",
       "id": "57300a5fa23a5019007fcca5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old. During the Silurian period the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis rises to an elevation of only 1,344 metres (4,409 ft), and Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes on the isles, covers 390 square kilometres (151 sq mi). The climate is temperate marine, with mild winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic Drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 \u00b0C (20 \u00b0F) above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape which was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC when Great Britain was still a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland, which became an island by 12,000 BC, was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 5600 BC.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "2,700 million years old"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?",
       "id": "57300bb5947a6a140053cfdc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "1,344 metres (4,409 ft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?",
       "id": "57300bb5947a6a140053cfdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "temperate marine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of climate does this area have?",
       "id": "57300bb5947a6a140053cfde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1009,
         "text": "European continent."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?",
       "id": "57300bb5947a6a140053cfdf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1099,
         "text": "after 8000 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?",
       "id": "57300bb5947a6a140053cfe0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hiberni (Ireland), Pictish (northern Britain) and Britons (southern Britain) tribes, all speaking Insular Celtic, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. Much of Brittonic-controlled Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43. The first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century and eventually dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change\u2014particularly in England. The subsequent Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 attempted to consolidate Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919\u20131922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "Pictish (northern Britain)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic?",
       "id": "57300da0947a6a140053cffa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "beginning of the 1st millennium AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands?",
       "id": "57300da0947a6a140053cffb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "Roman Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?",
       "id": "57300da0947a6a140053cffc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "9th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Vikings invade Britain?",
       "id": "57300da0947a6a140053cffd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1698,
         "text": "Northern Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom?",
       "id": "57300da0947a6a140053cffe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description, and Atlantic Archipelago has had limited use among a minority in academia, although British Isles is still commonly employed. Within them, they are also sometimes referred to as these islands.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "association of the word British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?",
       "id": "57300f7fb2c2fd14005687c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "does not recognise or use the term"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?",
       "id": "57300f7fb2c2fd14005687c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "Atlantic Archipelago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles?",
       "id": "57300f7fb2c2fd14005687c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "its embassy in London discourages its use"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does the Government of Ireland's London embassy use the name British Isles?",
       "id": "57300f7fb2c2fd14005687c8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325\u2013320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanik\u0113 n\u0113sos, \"the British Island\", and Prettanoi, \"the Britons\". Strabo used \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used \u03b1\u1f31 \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the \"P\" of Pretannia to the \"B\" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "writings of sea-farers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?",
       "id": "5730115b04bcaa1900d770e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?",
       "id": "5730115b04bcaa1900d770e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 987,
         "text": "during the time of Julius Caesar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the \"P\" sound of Pretannia change to the \"B\" sound of Britannia?",
       "id": "5730115b04bcaa1900d770e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 756,
         "text": "native Celtic-language"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?",
       "id": "5730115b04bcaa1900d770e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 872,
         "text": "\u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af (Priteni or Pretani)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?",
       "id": "5730115b04bcaa1900d770e8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Greco-Egyptian scientist Claudius Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain (\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 - meg\u00e1lis Brettanias) and to Ireland as little Britain (\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 - mikris Brettanias) in his work Almagest (147\u2013148 AD). In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD), he gave these islands the names Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona (the Isle of Man), suggesting these may have been names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest. The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Great Britain, after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island called Great Britain.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "little Britain (\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 - mikris Brettanias)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did name did Claudius Ptolemy (Greco-Egyptian scientist) use for Ireland?",
       "id": "5730130904bcaa1900d77117"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In later writings, what did Claudius Ptolemy called the British Isles?",
       "id": "5730130904bcaa1900d77118"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 652,
         "text": "Great Britain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After the Romans conqured the British Isles what became the more common name for the country?",
       "id": "5730130904bcaa1900d77119"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee. Today, this name is seen by some as carrying imperialist overtones although it is still commonly used. Other names used to describe the islands include the Anglo-Celtic Isles, Atlantic archipelago, British-Irish Isles, Britain and Ireland, UK and Ireland, and British Isles and Ireland. Owing to political and national associations with the word British, the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as \"these islands\". Nonetheless, British Isles is still the most widely accepted term for the archipelago.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "a work by John Dee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?",
       "id": "5730144a04bcaa1900d7713b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "1577"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?",
       "id": "5730144a04bcaa1900d7713c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "Anglo-Celtic Isles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name that is used for the British Isles?",
       "id": "5730144a04bcaa1900d7713d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 646,
         "text": "\"these islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?",
       "id": "5730144a04bcaa1900d7713e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The British Isles lie at the juncture of several regions with past episodes of tectonic mountain building. These orogenic belts form a complex geology that records a huge and varied span of Earth's history. Of particular note was the Caledonian Orogeny during the Ordovician Period, c. 488\u2013444 Ma and early Silurian period, when the craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia to form the mountains and hills in northern Britain and Ireland. Baltica formed roughly the northwestern half of Ireland and Scotland. Further collisions caused the Variscan orogeny in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, forming the hills of Munster, southwest England, and southern Wales. Over the last 500 million years the land that forms the islands has drifted northwest from around 30\u00b0S, crossing the equator around 370 million years ago to reach its present northern latitude.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "c. 488\u2013444 Ma and early Silurian period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Caledonian Orogeny occur?",
       "id": "573017b304bcaa1900d77173"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "mountains and hills"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What formed after the craton Baltica and the terrane Avalonia collision?",
       "id": "573017b304bcaa1900d77175"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened during the c. 488\u2013444 Ma and early Silurian period?",
       "id": "573017b304bcaa1900d77174"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "Variscan orogeny"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What formed the hills of Munster and the southern part of Wales?",
       "id": "573017b304bcaa1900d77176"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 753,
         "text": "northwest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which direction have the British Isles been drifting?",
       "id": "573017b304bcaa1900d77177"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period, the most recent being the Devensian.[citation needed] As this ended, the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded, with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, leaving the British Isles in their current form. Whether or not there was a land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland at this time is somewhat disputed, though there was certainly a single ice sheet covering the entire sea.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "Devensian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?",
       "id": "5730192604bcaa1900d77187"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 194,
         "text": "the English Channel flooded"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended?",
       "id": "5730192604bcaa1900d77188"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "4,000 to 5,000 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did sea levels reach their current highth?",
       "id": "5730192604bcaa1900d77189"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "a single ice sheet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier?",
       "id": "5730192604bcaa1900d7718a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying: the lowest point in the islands is Holme, Cambridgeshire at \u22122.75 m (\u22129.02 ft). The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the islands at 1,343 m (4,406 ft). Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland, however only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). Lakes on the islands are generally not large, although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is an exception, covering 150 square miles (390 km2).[citation needed] The largest freshwater body in Great Britain (by area) is Loch Lomond at 27.5 square miles (71 km2), and Loch Ness, by volume whilst Loch Morar is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, with a maximum depth of 310 m (1,017 ft). There are a number of major rivers within the British Isles. The longest is the Shannon in Ireland at 224 mi (360 km).[citation needed] The river Severn at 220 mi (354 km)[citation needed] is the longest in Great Britain. The isles have a temperate marine climate. The North Atlantic Drift (\"Gulf Stream\") which flows from the Gulf of Mexico brings with it significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 \u00b0C (20 \u00b0F) above the global average for the islands' latitudes. Winters are cool and wet, with summers mild and also wet. Most Atlantic depressions pass to the north of the islands, combined with the general westerly circulation and interactions with the landmass, this imposes an east-west variation in climate.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 957,
         "text": "the Shannon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the longest river in Ireland?",
       "id": "573019f0b2c2fd1400568866"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "Wales and parts of Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles?",
       "id": "573019f0b2c2fd1400568865"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "Ben Nevis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the highest point in the British Isles?",
       "id": "573019f0b2c2fd1400568864"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "Holme, Cambridgeshire at \u22122.75 m"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles?",
       "id": "573019f0b2c2fd1400568863"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1389,
         "text": "mild and also wet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles?",
       "id": "573019f0b2c2fd1400568867"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The islands enjoy a mild climate and varied soils, giving rise to a diverse pattern of vegetation. Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European continent. There are however, fewer numbers of species, with Ireland having even less. All native flora and fauna in Ireland is made up of species that migrated from elsewhere in Europe, and Great Britain in particular. The only window when this could have occurred was between the end of the last Ice Age (about 12,000 years ago) and when the land bridge connecting the two islands was flooded by sea (about 8,000 years ago).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "European continent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles?",
       "id": "57301aeaa23a5019007fcd65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "Europe, and Great Britain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from?",
       "id": "57301aeaa23a5019007fcd66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 572,
         "text": "about 8,000 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear?",
       "id": "57301aeaa23a5019007fcd67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "about 12,000 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57301aeaa23a5019007fcd68"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As with most of Europe, prehistoric Britain and Ireland were covered with forest and swamp. Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times. Despite this, Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry, and wood shortages were not a problem until the 17th century. By the 18th century, most of Britain's forests were consumed for shipbuilding or manufacturing charcoal and the nation was forced to import lumber from Scandinavia, North America, and the Baltic. Most forest land in Ireland is maintained by state forestation programmes. Almost all land outside urban areas is farmland. However, relatively large areas of forest remain in east and north Scotland and in southeast England. Oak, elm, ash and beech are amongst the most common trees in England. In Scotland, pine and birch are most common. Natural forests in Ireland are mainly oak, ash, wych elm, birch and pine. Beech and lime, though not native to Ireland, are also common there. Farmland hosts a variety of semi-natural vegetation of grasses and flowering plants. Woods, hedgerows, mountain slopes and marshes host heather, wild grasses, gorse and bracken.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "around 6000 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the clearing of swamp land and forests begin in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57301c06947a6a140053d114"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "medieval times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the clearing of the swamp land and forest begain to rapidly increase?",
       "id": "57301c06947a6a140053d115"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "due to a small population"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was Britain able to keep its ancient forests longer than Europe?",
       "id": "57301c06947a6a140053d116"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "17th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did lumber shortages start to occur in Britain?",
       "id": "57301c06947a6a140053d117"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 944,
         "text": "oak, ash, wych elm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are three of the most typical type of tress that can be found in Ireland?",
       "id": "57301c06947a6a140053d118"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many larger animals, such as wolf, bear and the European elk are today extinct. However, some species such as red deer are protected. Other small mammals, such as rabbits, foxes, badgers, hares, hedgehogs, and stoats, are very common and the European beaver has been reintroduced in parts of Scotland. Wild boar have also been reintroduced to parts of southern England, following escapes from boar farms and illegal releases. Many rivers contain otters and seals are common on coasts. Over 200 species of bird reside permanently and another 200 migrate. Common types are the common chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow and common starling; all small birds. Large birds are declining in number, except for those kept for game such as pheasant, partridge, and red grouse. Fish are abundant in the rivers and lakes, in particular salmon, trout, perch and pike. Sea fish include dogfish, cod, sole, pollock and bass, as well as mussels, crab and oysters along the coast. There are more than 21,000 species of insects.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "wolf, bear"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two animals became extinct in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302340b2c2fd140056891d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "red deer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which species of deer is protected in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302340b2c2fd140056891e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "Over 200 species of bird"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many bird species does the British Isles have?",
       "id": "57302340b2c2fd140056891f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 582,
         "text": "chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are three of the most common birds in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302340b2c2fd1400568920"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 833,
         "text": "salmon, trout, perch and pike"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kinds of fish are abundent in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302340b2c2fd1400568921"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which snakes are considered native to the British Isles but not Ireland?",
       "id": "5730246604bcaa1900d77215"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "Kerry slug"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the slug that is native to both Britain and Ireland?",
       "id": "5730246604bcaa1900d77216"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "none are native to Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is the grass nake or the smooth snake native to Ireland?",
       "id": "5730246604bcaa1900d77217"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "water voles, roe deer and common toads"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of wild life are not native to Ireland but are in Britain?",
       "id": "5730246604bcaa1900d77218"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Urban Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million), West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2 million) in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million) in Ireland.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?",
       "id": "57302564b2c2fd1400568959"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "80%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302564b2c2fd140056895a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 635,
         "text": "Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most populated city in Ireland?",
       "id": "57302564b2c2fd140056895d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "9 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people live in the area of London?",
       "id": "57302564b2c2fd140056895b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are two other major populated cities in England?",
       "id": "57302564b2c2fd140056895c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land area (about one third of the total population). However, since the Great Irish Famine, the population of Ireland has fallen to less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles. The famine, which caused a century-long population decline, drastically reduced the Irish population and permanently altered the demographic make-up of the British Isles. On a global scale, this disaster led to the creation of an Irish diaspora that numbers fifteen times the current population of the island.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "Scotland and Wales"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two areas in the British Isles hasn't experienced a large population growth in the last one hundred years?",
       "id": "573026db947a6a140053d19a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?",
       "id": "573026db947a6a140053d19b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "century-long population decline"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the Great Irish Famine cause a population decline in Ireland?",
       "id": "573026db947a6a140053d19c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "fifteen times the current population of the island"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine?",
       "id": "573026db947a6a140053d19d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich, with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the Indo-European family. The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic) and the Brittonic sub-group (Cornish, Welsh and Breton, spoken in north-western France) are the only remaining Celtic languages\u2014the last of their continental relations becoming extinct before the 7th century. The Norman languages of Guern\u00e9siais, J\u00e8rriais and Sarkese spoken in the Channel Islands are similar to French. A cant, called Shelta, is spoken by Irish Travellers, often as a means to conceal meaning from those outside the group. However, English, sometimes in the form of Scots, is the dominant language, with few monoglots remaining in the other languages of the region. The Norn language of Orkney and Shetland became extinct around 1880.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "six groups"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many groups do these languages belong to?",
       "id": "573027e804bcaa1900d77265"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the three Insular Celtic languages?",
       "id": "573027e804bcaa1900d77266"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "Cornish, Welsh and Breton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today?",
       "id": "573027e804bcaa1900d77267"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 566,
         "text": "Shelta"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which cant is often used by Irish Travellers?",
       "id": "573027e804bcaa1900d77268"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At the end of the last ice age, what are now the British Isles were joined to the European mainland as a mass of land extending north west from the modern-day northern coastline of France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Ice covered almost all of what is now Scotland, most of Ireland and Wales, and the hills of northern England. From 14,000 to 10,000 years ago, as the ice melted, sea levels rose separating Ireland from Great Britain and also creating the Isle of Man. About two to four millennia later, Great Britain became separated from the mainland. Britain probably became repopulated with people before the ice age ended and certainly before it became separated from the mainland. It is likely that Ireland became settled by sea after it had already become an island.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "European mainland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mainland was the British Isles once connected to?",
       "id": "57302a1204bcaa1900d7729b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "two to four millennia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the British Isles area become separated from the European continent?",
       "id": "57302a1204bcaa1900d7729e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "separating Ireland from Great Britain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When sea levels rose what occured in the British Isles area?",
       "id": "57302a1204bcaa1900d7729d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "sea levels rose"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age?",
       "id": "57302a1204bcaa1900d7729c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "before the ice age ended"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Did Britain become populated with people again before or after the ice came to an end?",
       "id": "57302a1204bcaa1900d7729f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The people that lived in the British Isles during the Roman Empire era spoke which language?",
       "id": "57302bc5b2c2fd14005689d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "Hadrian's Wall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the wall that the Romans built to mark their northern territory in the British Isles in 122AD?",
       "id": "57302bc5b2c2fd14005689d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "Hiberni"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland?",
       "id": "57302bc5b2c2fd14005689d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "Picts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The northern area of Great Britain was populated by what native people during the Roman Empire occupation?",
       "id": "57302bc5b2c2fd14005689d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 528,
         "text": "Britons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the native people that lived in the southern parts of the British Isles during the Roman Empire occupation?",
       "id": "57302bc5b2c2fd14005689d5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century AD. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This dominance creating what is now England and leaving culturally British enclaves only in the north of what is now England, in Cornwall and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, having been Christianised, traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions (first to Great Britain and then to the continent), the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by Anglo-Saxon missions of a similar nature.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Anglo-Saxons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which people arrived in the British Isles when the Roman Empire's power was diminishing?",
       "id": "57302db9a23a5019007fcf19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "southern Great Britain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area did the Anglo-Saxons begin to dominate in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302db9a23a5019007fcf1a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 856,
         "text": "the Dark Ages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the British Isles and Europe after the Roman Empire ended?",
       "id": "57302db9a23a5019007fcf1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 889,
         "text": "golden age"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What era did Ireland enter when the Roman Empire ended?",
       "id": "57302db9a23a5019007fcf1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 996,
         "text": "monasteries and universities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Irish build during the Golden Age?",
       "id": "57302db9a23a5019007fcf1d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, particularly along the east coast of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. England however was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, which conquered England, remain associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later the marriage of the future Henry II of England to Eleanor of Aquitaine created the Angevin Empire, partially under the French Crown. At the invitation of a provincial king and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV (the only Englishman to be elected pope), the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169. Though initially intended to be kept as an independent kingdom, the failure of the Irish High King to ensure the terms of the Treaty of Windsor led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as effective monarch under the title of Lord of Ireland. This title was granted to his younger son but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died the title of King of England and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "9th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302f4004bcaa1900d77307"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "east coast of Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?",
       "id": "57302f4004bcaa1900d77308"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "Denmark"
        }
       ],
       "question": "England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?",
       "id": "57302f4004bcaa1900d77309"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 666,
         "text": "1066"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Norman Conquest occur?",
       "id": "57302f4004bcaa1900d7730a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1087,
         "text": "Angevins"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?",
       "id": "57302f4004bcaa1900d7730b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Power in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland. A similar situation existed in the Principality of Wales, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England as from being vassal of the King of France. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as \"the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England\", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1065,
         "text": "the Pope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?",
       "id": "57303088a23a5019007fcf38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Kingdoms of England and Scotland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?",
       "id": "57303088a23a5019007fcf35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 830,
         "text": "Church of England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?",
       "id": "57303088a23a5019007fcf37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "King Henry VIII"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?",
       "id": "57303088a23a5019007fcf36"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Scotland, meanwhile had remained an independent Kingdom. In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also. The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval, religious division and war. English colonialism in Ireland of the 16th century was extended by large-scale Scottish and English colonies in Ulster. Religious division heightened and the King in England came into conflict with parliament. A prime issue was, inter alia, over his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism. The resulting English Civil War or War of the Three Kingdoms led to a revolutionary republic in England. Ireland, largely Catholic was mainly loyal to the king. Following defeat to the parliaments army, large scale land distributions from loyalist Irish nobility to English commoners in the service of the parliamentary army created the beginnings a new Ascendancy class which over the next hundred years would obliterate the English (Hiberno-Norman) and Gaelic Irish nobility in Ireland. The new ruling class was Protestant and British, whilst the common people were largely Catholic and Irish. This theme would influence Irish politics for centuries to come. When the monarchy was restored in England, the king found it politically impossible to restore all the lands of former land-owners in Ireland. The \"Glorious Revolution\" of 1688 repeated similar themes: a Catholic king pushing for religious tolerance in opposition to a Protestant parliament in England. The king's army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne and at the militarily crucial Battle of Aughrim in Ireland. Resistance held out, and a guarantee of religious tolerance was a cornerstone of the Treaty of Limerick. However, in the evolving political climate, the terms of Limerick were superseded, a new monarchy was installed, and the new Irish parliament was packed with the new elite which legislated increasing intolerant Penal Laws, which discommoded both Dissenters and Catholics.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "Crown of England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?",
       "id": "57303211b2c2fd1400568a3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?",
       "id": "57303211b2c2fd1400568a41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "political upheaval, religious division and war"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Britain during the 17th century?",
       "id": "57303211b2c2fd1400568a40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1073,
         "text": "Protestant and British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?",
       "id": "57303211b2c2fd1400568a43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "revolutionary republic in England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?",
       "id": "57303211b2c2fd1400568a42"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified in 1707 creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. Following an attempted republican revolution in Ireland in 1798, the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were unified in 1801, creating the United Kingdom. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining outside of the United Kingdom but with their ultimate good governance being the responsibility of the British Crown (effectively the British government). Although, the colonies of North American that would become the United States of America were lost by the start of the 19th century, the British Empire expanded rapidly elsewhere. A century later it would cover one third of the globe. Poverty in the United Kingdom remained desperate however and industrialisation in England led to terrible condition for the working class. Mass migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second-half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919\u20131922), with the six counties that formed Northern Ireland remaining as an autonomous region of the UK.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "1707"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the Kingdom of Great Britain founded?",
       "id": "5730333d04bcaa1900d7734f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "1801"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite?",
       "id": "5730333d04bcaa1900d77350"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 669,
         "text": "one third of the globe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large did the British Empire become by the beginning of the 20th century?",
       "id": "5730333d04bcaa1900d77351"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 790,
         "text": "terrible condition for the working class"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What negative factor occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution in England?",
       "id": "5730333d04bcaa1900d77352"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1065,
         "text": "Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1919-1922?",
       "id": "5730333d04bcaa1900d77353"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are two sovereign states in the isles: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called the Republic of Ireland, governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom, which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown Dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights of self-government and judicial independence; responsibility for international representation rests largely upon the UK (in consultation with the respective governments); and responsibility for defence is reserved by the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent parts: England, Scotland and Wales, forming Great Britain, and Northern Ireland in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Of these, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have \"devolved\" governments meaning that they have their own parliaments/assemblies and are self-governing with respect to certain areas set down by law. For judicial purposes, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and Wales (the latter being one entity) form separate legal jurisdiction, with there being no single law for the UK as a whole.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?",
       "id": "573034a1947a6a140053d28a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "Republic of Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name that Ireland is also called?",
       "id": "573034a1947a6a140053d28b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Northern Ireland is part of which country?",
       "id": "573034a1947a6a140053d28c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "United Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?",
       "id": "573034a1947a6a140053d28d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1079,
         "text": "Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?",
       "id": "573034a1947a6a140053d28e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ireland, the United Kingdom and the three Crown Dependencies are all parliamentary democracies, with their own separate parliaments. All parts of the United Kingdom return members to parliament in London. In addition to this, voters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a parliament in Edinburgh and to assemblies in Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Governance in the norm is by majority rule, however, Northern Ireland uses a system of power sharing whereby unionists and nationalists share executive posts proportionately and where the assent of both groups are required for the Northern Ireland Assembly to make certain decisions. (In the context of Northern Ireland, unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland join with the rest of Ireland.) The British monarch is the head of state for all parts of the isles except for the Republic of Ireland, where the head of state is the President of Ireland.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "Scotland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh?",
       "id": "5730360004bcaa1900d77375"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "parliamentary democracies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have?",
       "id": "5730360004bcaa1900d77376"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "unionists and nationalists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who shares power in Northern Ireland?",
       "id": "5730360004bcaa1900d77377"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 763,
         "text": "United Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country?",
       "id": "5730360004bcaa1900d77378"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 841,
         "text": "the rest of Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country?",
       "id": "5730360004bcaa1900d77379"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ireland and the United Kingdom are both part of the European Union (EU). The Crown Dependencies are not a part of the EU however do participate in certain aspects that were negotiated as a part of the UK's accession to the EU. Neither the United Kingdom or Ireland are part of the Schengen area, that allow passport-free travel between EU members states. However, since the partition of Ireland, an informal free-travel area had existed across the region. In 1997, this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "European Union (EU)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The United Kingdom is part of what union?",
       "id": "5730376e04bcaa1900d77397"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "passport-free travel between EU members states"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union?",
       "id": "5730376e04bcaa1900d77398"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "1997"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland?",
       "id": "5730376e04bcaa1900d77399"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "Common Travel Area"
        }
       ],
       "question": "This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?",
       "id": "5730376e04bcaa1900d7739a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens to full voting rights in the two states. Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland, for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states. In the United Kingdom, these pre-date European Union law, and in both jurisdictions go further than that required by European Union law. Other EU nationals may only vote in local and European Parliament elections while resident in either the UK or Ireland. In 2008, a UK Ministry of Justice report investigating how to strengthen the British sense of citizenship proposed to end this arrangement arguing that, \"the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of the political status of citizens; it is not a means of expressing closeness between countries.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "presidential elections and constitutional referendums"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain?",
       "id": "57303a2d947a6a140053d2d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "local and European Parliament elections"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?",
       "id": "57303a2d947a6a140053d2d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "UK Ministry of Justice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals?",
       "id": "57303a2d947a6a140053d2da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Reciprocal arrangements"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other's elections?",
       "id": "57303a2d947a6a140053d2db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Northern Ireland Peace Process has led to a number of unusual arrangements between the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom. For example, citizens of Northern Ireland are entitled to the choice of Irish or British citizenship or both and the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom consult on matters not devolved to the Northern Ireland Executive. The Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland also meet as the North/South Ministerial Council to develop policies common across the island of Ireland. These arrangements were made following the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Northern Ireland Peace Process"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has caused several uncommon arrangements between the various states in the United Kingdom?",
       "id": "57303bb004bcaa1900d773f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "choice of Irish or British citizenship or both"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of citizenship can Northern Ireland people have?",
       "id": "57303bb004bcaa1900d773f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 422,
         "text": "Government of Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Northern Ireland Executive meets with what other government to develop policies for the island of Ireland?",
       "id": "57303bb004bcaa1900d773f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "policies common across the island of Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The 1998 Good Friday Agreement resulted in what arrangement?",
       "id": "57303bb004bcaa1900d773f3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British\u2013Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The British\u2013Irish Parliamentary Assembly (Irish: Tion\u00f3l Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na h\u00c9ireann) predates the British\u2013Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "British\u2013Irish Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?",
       "id": "57303e52b2c2fd1400568ad5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "all of the states and territories of the British Isles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?",
       "id": "57303e52b2c2fd1400568ad6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "25"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?",
       "id": "57303e52b2c2fd1400568ad7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "25"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?",
       "id": "57303e52b2c2fd1400568ad8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 638,
         "text": "Scottish Parliament"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?",
       "id": "57303e52b2c2fd1400568ad9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom. During the February 2008 meeting of the British\u2013Irish Council, it was agreed to set up a standing secretariat that would serve as a permanent 'civil service' for the Council. Leading on from developments in the British\u2013Irish Council, the chair of the British\u2013Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, Niall Blaney, has suggested that the body should shadow the British\u2013Irish Council's work.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "no"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does the Parliamentary Assembly had any kinds of legislative authority?",
       "id": "57303fedb2c2fd1400568af3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "issues of mutual importance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the British-Irish Council discuss?",
       "id": "57303fedb2c2fd1400568af2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "investigates and collects witness evidence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the British-Irish Council do?",
       "id": "57303fedb2c2fd1400568af4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "biannually"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often does the British-Irish Council meet?",
       "id": "57303fedb2c2fd1400568af1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 663,
         "text": "Niall Blaney"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does?",
       "id": "57303fedb2c2fd1400568af5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The United Kingdom and Ireland have separate media, although British television, newspapers and magazines are widely available in Ireland, giving people in Ireland a high level of familiarity with cultural matters in the United Kingdom. Irish newspapers are also available in the UK, and Irish state and private television is widely available in Northern Ireland.[citation needed] Certain reality TV shows have embraced the whole of the islands, for example The X Factor, seasons 3, 4 and 7 of which featured auditions in Dublin and were open to Irish voters, whilst the show previously known as Britain's Next Top Model became Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model in 2011. A few cultural events are organised for the island group as a whole. For example, the Costa Book Awards are awarded to authors resident in the UK or Ireland. The Man Booker Prize is awarded to authors from the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland. The Mercury Music Prize is handed out every year to the best album from a British or Irish musician or group.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "British television, newspapers and magazines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain?",
       "id": "57304141b2c2fd1400568b03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "private television"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media?",
       "id": "57304141b2c2fd1400568b04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "The X Factor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom?",
       "id": "57304141b2c2fd1400568b05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 793,
         "text": "authors resident in the UK or Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can receive the Costa Book Award?",
       "id": "57304141b2c2fd1400568b06"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many globally popular sports had modern rules codified in the British Isles, including golf, association football, cricket, rugby, snooker and darts, as well as many minor sports such as croquet, bowls, pitch and putt, water polo and handball. A number of sports are popular throughout the British Isles, the most prominent of which is association football. While this is organised separately in different national associations, leagues and national teams, even within the UK, it is a common passion in all parts of the islands. Rugby union is also widely enjoyed across the islands with four national teams from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The British and Irish Lions is a team chosen from each national team and undertakes tours of the southern hemisphere rugby playing nations every four years. Ireland play as a united team, represented by players from both Northern Ireland and the Republic. These national rugby teams play each other each year for the Triple Crown as part of the Six Nations Championship. Also since 2001 the professional club teams of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Italy compete against each other in the RaboDirect Pro12.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "croquet, bowls, pitch and putt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some of the minor sports in the United Kingdom?",
       "id": "5730427fb2c2fd1400568b0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "association football"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom?",
       "id": "5730427fb2c2fd1400568b0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many national Ruby teams are there in the United Kingdom?",
       "id": "5730427fb2c2fd1400568b0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 748,
         "text": "southern hemisphere"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which hemisphere do the rugby playing countries meet once every four years?",
       "id": "5730427fb2c2fd1400568b0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 950,
         "text": "each year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often do the national rugby teams play for the Triple Crown?",
       "id": "5730427fb2c2fd1400568b0f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895, when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004. A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between Dublin and Holyhead, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated \u00a315 billion or \u20ac20 billion. A proposal in 2007, estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at \u00a33.5bn (\u20ac5bn).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "1895"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?",
       "id": "573043eeb2c2fd1400568b39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "Tusker Tunnel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?",
       "id": "573043eeb2c2fd1400568b3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "The Institute of Engineers of Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?",
       "id": "573043eeb2c2fd1400568b3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "\u00a315 billion or \u20ac20 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?",
       "id": "573043eeb2c2fd1400568b3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 577,
         "text": "2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?",
       "id": "573043eeb2c2fd1400568b3d"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Association_football",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified \"mob football\", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "National Archaeological Museum of Athens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?",
       "id": "57300a6a04bcaa1900d77059"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "harpastum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?",
       "id": "57300a6a04bcaa1900d7705a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 659,
         "text": "kemari"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?",
       "id": "57300a6a04bcaa1900d7705b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 688,
         "text": "Korea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country is the game chuck-guk from?",
       "id": "57300a6a04bcaa1900d7705c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 713,
         "text": "Australia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country is the game wogabaliri from?",
       "id": "57300a6a04bcaa1900d7705d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use their head or torso to do so instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association), which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 591,
         "text": "1863"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Football Association arrange The Laws of the Game?",
       "id": "57300b6ea23a5019007fccbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 653,
         "text": "International Federation of Association Football"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who Organizes the World Cups?",
       "id": "57300b6ea23a5019007fccbe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 825,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many years between World Cups?",
       "id": "57300b6ea23a5019007fccbf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country did the Laws of the Game come from?",
       "id": "57300b6ea23a5019007fccc0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "goalkeepers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands?",
       "id": "57300b6ea23a5019007fccc1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "eighth century AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century does football in England date back to?",
       "id": "57300c50a23a5019007fccc7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "FIFA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?",
       "id": "57300c50a23a5019007fccc8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "mid-19th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?",
       "id": "57300c50a23a5019007fccc9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?",
       "id": "57300c50a23a5019007fccca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Cambridge Rules"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?",
       "id": "573014f1a23a5019007fcd2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "Trinity College"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?",
       "id": "573014f1a23a5019007fcd2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 721,
         "text": "1862"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?",
       "id": "573014f1a23a5019007fcd2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 712,
         "text": "1867"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Sheffield FA form?",
       "id": "573014f1a23a5019007fcd30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "1848"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?",
       "id": "573014f1a23a5019007fcd31"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005\u201306 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "goalkeeper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game",
       "id": "57303dae947a6a140053d302"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 390,
         "text": "score goals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?",
       "id": "57303dae947a6a140053d303"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1388,
         "text": "formation"
        }
       ],
       "question": " A team players layout is a what?",
       "id": "57303dae947a6a140053d305"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "defenders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?",
       "id": "57303dae947a6a140053d304"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1475,
         "text": "team's manager"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?",
       "id": "57303dae947a6a140053d306"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by \"marks\" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "1863"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Football Association form?",
       "id": "57303df3947a6a140053d30c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "Freemasons' Tavern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?",
       "id": "57303df3947a6a140053d30d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 846,
         "text": "1871"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Rugby Football Union form?",
       "id": "57303df3947a6a140053d30e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 888,
         "text": "eleven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?",
       "id": "57303df3947a6a140053d30f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1203,
         "text": "The Sheffield FA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?",
       "id": "57303df3947a6a140053d310"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "FA Cup"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?",
       "id": "57303dfeb2c2fd1400568abb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "1872"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long has the FA Cup been contested?",
       "id": "57303dfeb2c2fd1400568abc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "William McGregor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded the worlds first football league?",
       "id": "57303dfeb2c2fd1400568abd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "12"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many clubs where in the first football league?",
       "id": "57303dfeb2c2fd1400568abe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country is the home of the first football league?",
       "id": "57303dfeb2c2fd1400568abf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "International Football Association Board"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?",
       "id": "57303e0704bcaa1900d773f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "1886"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was the IFAB formed?",
       "id": "57303e0704bcaa1900d773fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "Paris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city was FIFA formed?",
       "id": "57303e0704bcaa1900d773fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 612,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?",
       "id": "57303e0704bcaa1900d773fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 683,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?",
       "id": "57303e0704bcaa1900d773fd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The C\u00f4te d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouak\u00e9, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2006, which team helps secure a truce during a civil war?",
       "id": "57303e10b2c2fd1400568ac5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 509,
         "text": "Bouak\u00e9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2007?",
       "id": "57303e10b2c2fd1400568ac6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 700,
         "text": "June 1969"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Football War happen?",
       "id": "57303e10b2c2fd1400568ac7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 804,
         "text": "Yugoslav Wars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?",
       "id": "57303e10b2c2fd1400568ac8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The growth in women's football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions. Women's football has faced many struggles. It had a \"golden age\" in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches; this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA's ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to officially recognise women's football in 1971. The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since, while women's football has been an Olympic event since 1996.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 248,
         "text": "1920s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What decade is considered the \"golden age\" of women's football?",
       "id": "57303e14947a6a140053d316"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 690,
         "text": "1996"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Since what year has women's football been an Olympic event?",
       "id": "57303e14947a6a140053d317"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "England's Football Association"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1921?",
       "id": "57303e14947a6a140053d318"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "UEFA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 1971, who officially recognized women's football?",
       "id": "57303e14947a6a140053d319"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "1991"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was the FIFA Women's first World cup?",
       "id": "57303e14947a6a140053d31a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5\u201369.5 cm (27.0\u201327.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "spherical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would you describe the shape of the football?",
       "id": "57303e18a23a5019007fcff3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "eleven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many players are on each team?",
       "id": "57303e18a23a5019007fcff4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "a draw"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?",
       "id": "57303e18a23a5019007fcff5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "the coin toss"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?",
       "id": "57303e18a23a5019007fcff6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "soccer ball"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for the football?",
       "id": "57303e18a23a5019007fcff7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, \"heading\" with the forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an offside position.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "throw-in restart"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?",
       "id": "57303e1db2c2fd1400568ace"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "offside"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A ball cannot be received in what type of position?",
       "id": "57303e1db2c2fd1400568acf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "the pitch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?",
       "id": "57303e1db2c2fd1400568ad0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "goalkeepers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?",
       "id": "57303e1db2c2fd1400568acd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "goalkeeper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who guards the goal?",
       "id": "57303edfa23a5019007fd005"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 576,
         "text": "referee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?",
       "id": "57303edfa23a5019007fd006"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "physical contact"
        }
       ],
       "question": "what is allowed but restricted?",
       "id": "57303edfa23a5019007fd007"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "when the ball has left the field of play"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?",
       "id": "57303edfa23a5019007fd008"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "17"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game?",
       "id": "573040c2a23a5019007fd00d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "International Football Association Board (IFAB)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who maintains the Laws of the Game?",
       "id": "573040c2a23a5019007fd00e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 356,
         "text": "flexibility"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Broad terms in the laws allow for what?",
       "id": "573040c2a23a5019007fd00f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 464,
         "text": "FIFA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who publishes the Laws of the Game?",
       "id": "573040c2a23a5019007fd010"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "goalkeeper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?",
       "id": "573041b7947a6a140053d356"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "substitutes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The maximum amount of players exclude what?",
       "id": "573041b7947a6a140053d357"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?",
       "id": "573041b7947a6a140053d359"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 495,
         "text": "coach"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Players are usually strategically placed by who?",
       "id": "573041b7947a6a140053d35a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "eleven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the maximum amount of players allowed?",
       "id": "573041b7947a6a140053d358"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "kit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The equipment a player wears is also called a what?",
       "id": "573045c504bcaa1900d77449"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "An athletic supporter and protective cup"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players?",
       "id": "573045c504bcaa1900d7744a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "goalkeeper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field?",
       "id": "573045c504bcaa1900d7744b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "forbidden"
        }
       ],
       "question": "wearing anything that could be dangerous is what?",
       "id": "573045c504bcaa1900d7744c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "Headgear"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries? ",
       "id": "573045c504bcaa1900d7744d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "football pitch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what?",
       "id": "573048dcb2c2fd1400568b6f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "metric"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws?",
       "id": "573048dcb2c2fd1400568b71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "English-speaking"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries?",
       "id": "573048dcb2c2fd1400568b72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Laws were formulated in what country?",
       "id": "573048dcb2c2fd1400568b70"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100\u2013110 m (110\u2013120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64\u201375 m (70\u201380 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90\u2013120 m (100\u2013130 yd) length and 45\u201390 m (50\u2013100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "100\u2013110 m"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?",
       "id": "57304ae8396df9190009603e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?",
       "id": "57304ae8396df9190009603f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "never"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented? ",
       "id": "57304ae8396df91900096040"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "90\u2013120 m"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?",
       "id": "57304ae8396df91900096041"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "64\u201375 m"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?",
       "id": "57304ae8396df91900096042"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "goal line"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the penalty area marked by?",
       "id": "57304d5c069b531400832027"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "penalty kick"
        }
       ],
       "question": "a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?",
       "id": "57304d5c069b531400832028"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "16.5 m"
        }
       ],
       "question": "how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend? ",
       "id": "57304d5c069b531400832029"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "goalkeeper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Only who can handle the ball with his hands?",
       "id": "57304d5c069b53140083202a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1\u20130 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many periods are in a standard football match?",
       "id": "57304e618ab72b1400f9c412"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "45"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long are each period in a standard football match?",
       "id": "57304e618ab72b1400f9c413"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "halves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the periods in a football match called?",
       "id": "57304e618ab72b1400f9c414"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "referee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?",
       "id": "57304e618ab72b1400f9c415"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1150,
         "text": "1891"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did an incident help introduce added time?",
       "id": "57304e618ab72b1400f9c416"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as \"kicks from the penalty mark\") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "knockout"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?",
       "id": "5730507b8ab72b1400f9c440"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "15"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?",
       "id": "5730507b8ab72b1400f9c441"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "kicks from the penalty mark"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game?",
       "id": "5730507b8ab72b1400f9c442"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "Goals scored during extra time"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which goals count to the final score of the game? ",
       "id": "5730507b8ab72b1400f9c443"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 253,
         "text": "the first goal in extra time"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the golden goal?",
       "id": "57305257069b53140083204a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?",
       "id": "57305257069b53140083204b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "the IFAB"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?",
       "id": "57305257069b531400832049"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 527,
         "text": "Paraguay"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What team did France beat in 1998?",
       "id": "57305257069b53140083204c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 665,
         "text": "1996"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?",
       "id": "57305257069b53140083204d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been \"booked\", the referee writing the player's name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of \"unsporting behaviour\" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "yellow card"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?",
       "id": "573054172461fd1900a9cd2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 113,
         "text": "A second"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many yellow cards lead to a red card?",
       "id": "573054172461fd1900a9cd30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 253,
         "text": "booked"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?",
       "id": "573054172461fd1900a9cd32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 793,
         "text": "Non-players"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?",
       "id": "573054172461fd1900a9cd33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "dismissal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does a red card mean?",
       "id": "573054172461fd1900a9cd31"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card. Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "mandatory suspensions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?",
       "id": "573057c82461fd1900a9cd8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 592,
         "text": "appeals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?",
       "id": "573057c82461fd1900a9cd90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "good"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?",
       "id": "573057c82461fd1900a9cd91"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "1932"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?",
       "id": "573057cc8ab72b1400f9c486"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 642,
         "text": "1996"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?",
       "id": "573057cc8ab72b1400f9c487"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "1984"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics? ",
       "id": "573057cc8ab72b1400f9c488"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "Under-23"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament? ",
       "id": "573057cc8ab72b1400f9c489"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "1900"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics? ",
       "id": "573057cc8ab72b1400f9c48a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa Am\u00e9rica (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "European Championship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does UEFA Stand for?",
       "id": "57305970069b53140083209f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "FIFA World Cup"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what?",
       "id": "57305970069b5314008320a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1015,
         "text": "contest the FIFA Club World Cup"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do winners of the continental competition get to do?",
       "id": "57305970069b5314008320a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "African Cup of Nations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does CAF stand for?",
       "id": "57305970069b5314008320a2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "points"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season?",
       "id": "57305b3f8ab72b1400f9c498"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "round-robin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season?",
       "id": "57305b3f8ab72b1400f9c499"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "promoted to a higher division"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season?",
       "id": "57305b3f8ab72b1400f9c49a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "governing bodies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who operate league systems?",
       "id": "57305b3f8ab72b1400f9c49c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 577,
         "text": "relegated to a lower division"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?",
       "id": "57305b3f8ab72b1400f9c49b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends \"that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team.\" Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "substitutes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one who replaces a player during a game called?",
       "id": "57305b548ab72b1400f9c4a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?",
       "id": "57305b548ab72b1400f9c4a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "individual football associations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?",
       "id": "57305b548ab72b1400f9c4a4"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Georgian_architecture",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover\u2014George I, George II, George III, and George IV\u2014who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In America the term \"Georgian\" is generally used to describe all building from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are \"architectural in intention\", and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "George I, George II, George III, and George IV"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?",
       "id": "57300bb704bcaa1900d7707d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "Colonial Revival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?",
       "id": "57300bb704bcaa1900d7707e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "between 1714 and 1830"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?",
       "id": "57300bb704bcaa1900d7707f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "Neo-Georgian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.",
       "id": "57300bb704bcaa1900d77080"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "House of Hanover"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?",
       "id": "57300bb704bcaa1900d77081"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "Greece and Rome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?",
       "id": "57300eeb04bcaa1900d770cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "English vernacular architecture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of architecture did Georgian replace?",
       "id": "57300eeb04bcaa1900d770cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "the exterior"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?",
       "id": "57300eeb04bcaa1900d770cd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "property developers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?",
       "id": "5730106ab2c2fd14005687cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 599,
         "text": "London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?",
       "id": "5730106ab2c2fd14005687ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "a square of garden"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?",
       "id": "5730106ab2c2fd14005687cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "all over the English-speaking world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?",
       "id": "5730106ab2c2fd14005687d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "generally high"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?",
       "id": "5730106ab2c2fd14005687d1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century \"the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it\". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723\u20131755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "architect"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?",
       "id": "573011ac947a6a140053d036"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?",
       "id": "573011ac947a6a140053d037"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "the apprenticeship system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?",
       "id": "573011ac947a6a140053d038"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 621,
         "text": "William Halfpenny"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?",
       "id": "573011ac947a6a140053d039"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "1723\u20131755"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What years were William Halfpenny active?",
       "id": "573011ac947a6a140053d03a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "English Baroque"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What style did Georgian succeed?",
       "id": "573012f504bcaa1900d7710d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "James Gibbs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which architect was a transitional figure?",
       "id": "573012f504bcaa1900d7710e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 866,
         "text": "The European Grand Tour"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?",
       "id": "573012f504bcaa1900d77110"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 544,
         "text": "Vitruvius Britannicus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which book did Colen Campbell write?",
       "id": "573012f504bcaa1900d7710f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": "Giacomo Leoni"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Venetian spent most of his career in England?",
       "id": "573012f504bcaa1900d77111"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture\u2014 and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "Gothic and Chinoiserie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?",
       "id": "5730146f947a6a140053d07a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "European Rococo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?",
       "id": "5730146f947a6a140053d07b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "The Regency style"
        }
       ],
       "question": "John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?",
       "id": "5730146f947a6a140053d07c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 705,
         "text": "around 1750"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?",
       "id": "5730146f947a6a140053d07e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 782,
         "text": "William Wilkins and Robert Smirke"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?",
       "id": "5730146f947a6a140053d07d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "its proportion and balance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Georgian architecture is characterized by?",
       "id": "5730154204bcaa1900d7714d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 530,
         "text": "Regularity of housefronts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?",
       "id": "5730154204bcaa1900d7714e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 341,
         "text": "lack of symmetry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?",
       "id": "5730154204bcaa1900d77150"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 810,
         "text": "ancient Rome or Greece"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?",
       "id": "5730154204bcaa1900d7714f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or \"rustic\", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "Palladian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What revived style dominated English country house architecture?",
       "id": "57301616947a6a140053d0aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "made wide and relatively shallow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?",
       "id": "57301616947a6a140053d0ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "the centre"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?",
       "id": "57301616947a6a140053d0ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 543,
         "text": "basement area"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?",
       "id": "57301616947a6a140053d0ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "mezzanine floor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?",
       "id": "57301616947a6a140053d0ae"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "window tax"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?",
       "id": "573016e1a23a5019007fcd51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 546,
         "text": "the 1670s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the sash window developed?",
       "id": "573016e1a23a5019007fcd52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "Corridor plans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What plans became universal inside larger houses?",
       "id": "573016e1a23a5019007fcd53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "the internal plan and function of the rooms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?",
       "id": "573016e1a23a5019007fcd54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "Their height"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?",
       "id": "573016e1a23a5019007fcd55"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 174,
         "text": "trees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?",
       "id": "573017ff947a6a140053d0c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "domes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?",
       "id": "573017ff947a6a140053d0c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 559,
         "text": "pediment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What often topped pilasters of columns?",
       "id": "573017ff947a6a140053d0ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 644,
         "text": "geometrical or plant-based"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?",
       "id": "573017ff947a6a140053d0cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Internal courtyards"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aspect of buildings became very rare?",
       "id": "573017ff947a6a140053d0cc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, porcelain, mirrors, and objets d'art of all kinds. Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Inside ornament"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?",
       "id": "573018c0b2c2fd1400568859"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "chimneypiece"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the typical main focus of rooms?",
       "id": "573018c0b2c2fd140056885a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "Plasterwork ceilings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of ceilings became commonplace?",
       "id": "573018c0b2c2fd140056885b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "Wood-panelling"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What fell out of favor during this time?",
       "id": "573018c0b2c2fd140056885c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 562,
         "text": "China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?",
       "id": "573018c0b2c2fd140056885d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the \"area\". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "terraced houses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Most town people lived in what type of houses?",
       "id": "5730199d04bcaa1900d7718f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "iron railings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was used to protect the \"area\"?",
       "id": "5730199d04bcaa1900d77190"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "main reception rooms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?",
       "id": "5730199d04bcaa1900d77191"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow, each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building. This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings, which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors, as in Oxbridge colleges, the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802. In the period in question, only in Edinburgh were working-class purpose-built tenements common, though lodgers were common in other cities. A curving crescent, often looking out at gardens or a park, was popular for terraces where space allowed. In early and central schemes of development, plots were sold and built on individually, though there was often an attempt to enforce some uniformity, but as development reached further out schemes were increasingly built as a uniform scheme and then sold.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "tall and narrow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on?",
       "id": "57301aed947a6a140053d100"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "1802"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did The Albany convert?",
       "id": "57301aed947a6a140053d102"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Well-off continental dwellings consisted of?",
       "id": "57301aed947a6a140053d101"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "Edinburgh"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common?",
       "id": "57301aed947a6a140053d103"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 622,
         "text": "A curving crescent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was popular for terraces where there was enough space?",
       "id": "57301aed947a6a140053d104"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached \"villas\" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where \"the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind\". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, \"a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?",
       "id": "57301c50a23a5019007fcd8b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 664,
         "text": "1794"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?",
       "id": "57301c50a23a5019007fcd8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "Sir John Summerson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?",
       "id": "57301c50a23a5019007fcd8c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 816,
         "text": "the French Wars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?",
       "id": "57301c50a23a5019007fcd8e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "Church Building Act of 1818"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?",
       "id": "57301d42947a6a140053d128"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "maximum audibility, and visibility"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Anglican churches internally designed for?",
       "id": "57301d42947a6a140053d12a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "Non-conformist and Roman Catholic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?",
       "id": "57301d42947a6a140053d129"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "Galleries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were common in new churches?",
       "id": "57301d42947a6a140053d12b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 987,
         "text": "monuments to the prosperous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Churches filled up with monuments to what?",
       "id": "57301d42947a6a140053d12c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become \"architectural in intention\", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of \"surveyors\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "Sir William Chambers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Somerset House was designed by whom?",
       "id": "57301e1604bcaa1900d771bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "1776"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Somerset House designed?",
       "id": "57301e1604bcaa1900d771bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 604,
         "text": "\"architectural in intention\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "Commercial projects in the late period tended to be \"architectural\" in what way?",
       "id": "57301e1604bcaa1900d771bd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 695,
         "text": "surveyors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was considered a lesser class of designers?",
       "id": "57301e1604bcaa1900d771be"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "wood with clapboards"
        }
       ],
       "question": "American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?",
       "id": "57301ea404bcaa1900d771c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "brick or stone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?",
       "id": "57301ea404bcaa1900d771c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?",
       "id": "57301ea404bcaa1900d771c5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura (\"Four Books of Architecture\").",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "Baroque"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What style did was little represented in British colonies?",
       "id": "57301f78b2c2fd14005688d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "palaces and churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?",
       "id": "57301f78b2c2fd14005688d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "Hammond-Harwood House"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?",
       "id": "57301f78b2c2fd14005688d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "1774"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?",
       "id": "57301f78b2c2fd14005688d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?",
       "id": "57301f78b2c2fd14005688d5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including Gothic Revival, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in Victorian architecture, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "1840"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?",
       "id": "57302099b2c2fd14005688e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "the Battle of the Styles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?",
       "id": "57302099b2c2fd14005688e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "early Victorian period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Battle of the Styles contested?",
       "id": "57302099b2c2fd14005688e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "Federalist Style"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?",
       "id": "57302099b2c2fd14005688e7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand s\u00e9minaire de Montr\u00e9al.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Colonial Revival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?",
       "id": "5730219bb2c2fd1400568901"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "United Empire Loyalists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?",
       "id": "5730219bb2c2fd1400568902"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "John Ostell"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?",
       "id": "5730219bb2c2fd1400568904"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "The Grange"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Toronto building was built in 1817?",
       "id": "5730219bb2c2fd1400568903"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "Neo-Georgian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?",
       "id": "5730229d04bcaa1900d771f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?",
       "id": "5730229d04bcaa1900d771fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?",
       "id": "5730229d04bcaa1900d771fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "1950s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?",
       "id": "5730229d04bcaa1900d771fa"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Liberia",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The Republic of Liberia, beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The United States did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822 and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born Black Americans from United States and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans relocated to the settlement. The Black American settlers carried their culture with them to Liberia. The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after the United States. In January 3, 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy free-born Black American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the republic of liberia begin?",
       "id": "5730115eb2c2fd14005687e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "July 26, 1847"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Republic of Liberia declare it's independence?",
       "id": "5730115eb2c2fd14005687e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence?",
       "id": "5730115eb2c2fd14005687e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "more than 15,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many slaves were freed in the american civil war?",
       "id": "5730115eb2c2fd14005687e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 560,
         "text": "the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after?",
       "id": "5730115eb2c2fd14005687e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy. A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population live below the international poverty line.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "27 year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did william tubman rule?",
       "id": "57301295b2c2fd14005687ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "1980"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death?",
       "id": "57301295b2c2fd1400568800"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "five years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council?",
       "id": "57301295b2c2fd1400568801"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "five years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was the rule of the national democratic party?",
       "id": "57301295b2c2fd1400568802"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the liberian civil war result in?",
       "id": "57301295b2c2fd1400568803"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Additionally, as inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "Western Sudanic Mali Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What empire was o the decline on 1375?",
       "id": "57301409a23a5019007fcd13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "inhabitants moved to the wetter coast"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened when regions underwent desertification?",
       "id": "57301409a23a5019007fcd14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 541,
         "text": "The ethnic Kru"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?",
       "id": "57301409a23a5019007fcd16"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "the Grand Cape Mount region."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?",
       "id": "57301409a23a5019007fcd15"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the United States, there was a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa. The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington, DC for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders. But its membership grew to include mostly people who supported abolition of slavery. Slaveholders wanted to get free people of color out of the South, where they were thought to threaten the stability of the slave societies. Some abolitionists collaborated on relocation of free blacks, as they were discouraged by discrimination against them in the North and believed they would never be accepted in the larger society. Most African Americans, who were native-born by this time, wanted to improve conditions in the United States rather than emigrate. Leading activists in the North strongly opposed the ACS, but some free blacks were ready to try a different environment.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is \"the american colonization society\"?",
       "id": "57301558947a6a140053d098"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "1816"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the \"american colonization society founded\"?",
       "id": "57301558947a6a140053d099"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "people who supported abolition of slavery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The \"american colonization society\" consisted mostly of whom\"",
       "id": "57301558947a6a140053d09a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "to get free people of color out of the South"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did slave holders want to do?",
       "id": "57301558947a6a140053d09b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 738,
         "text": "improve conditions in the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "rather than emigrate African Americans wanted to do what?",
       "id": "57301558947a6a140053d09c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. These free African Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "establish a colony for freed African Americans."
        }
       ],
       "question": "African  Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what?",
       "id": "573018a5947a6a140053d0da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "13,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia?",
       "id": "573018a5947a6a140053d0db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "Americo-Liberians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as? ",
       "id": "573018a5947a6a140053d0dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with? ",
       "id": "573018a5947a6a140053d0dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 642,
         "text": "cultural tradition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America?",
       "id": "573018a5947a6a140053d0de"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Americo-Liberian settlers did not identify with the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more isolated \"bush.\" They knew nothing of their cultures, languages or animist religion. Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush often developed as violent confrontations. The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms. Because of feeling set apart and superior by their culture and education to the indigenous peoples, the Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that held on to political power. It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans. Because of the cultural gap between the groups and assumption of superiority of western culture, the Americo-Liberians envisioned creating a western-style state to which the tribesmen should assimilate. They encouraged religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the indigenous peoples.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "indigenous peoples they encountered,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The americo-liberians did not identify with who?",
       "id": "57301a88b2c2fd1400568875"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "violent confrontations."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were americo-liberians encounters like with tribal Africans\"",
       "id": "57301a88b2c2fd1400568876"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 349,
         "text": "the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who raided the colonial settlements?",
       "id": "57301a88b2c2fd1400568877"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 638,
         "text": "citizenship in their own lands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Americo-liberians exclude tribes from?",
       "id": "57301a88b2c2fd1400568878"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1024,
         "text": "to educate the indigenous peoples."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Americo-Liberians set up missions and schools to do what? ",
       "id": "57301a88b2c2fd1400568879"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members. The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country. A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was responsible for the death of William R. Tolbert?",
       "id": "57301c4fb2c2fd140056888f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "April 12, 1980"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date was William R. Tolbert killed?",
       "id": "57301c4fb2c2fd1400568890"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was also executed on the day of William R. Tolbert's death?",
       "id": "57301c4fb2c2fd1400568891"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "the People's Redemption Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The coup leaders later became known as?",
       "id": "57301c4fb2c2fd1400568892"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 528,
         "text": "corruption and political repression"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the PRC criticized for ?",
       "id": "57301c4fb2c2fd1400568893"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The rebels soon split into various factions fighting one another. The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States organized a military task force to intervene in the crisis. From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars ensued, claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries. A peace deal between warring parties was reached in 1995, leading to Taylor's election as president in 1997.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "split into various factions fighting one another."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What eventually happened to the rebels?",
       "id": "57301d82b2c2fd14005688b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who intervened in the rebel crisis?",
       "id": "57301d82b2c2fd14005688b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "organized a military task force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the economic community monitoring group do to intervene in the crisis?",
       "id": "57301d82b2c2fd14005688b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "1989 to 1996"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what period did the African civil war last?",
       "id": "57301d82b2c2fd14005688b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "200,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many liberians died in the civil war?",
       "id": "57301d82b2c2fd14005688b7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In March 2003, a second rebel group, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast. Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year, and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity that same month. By July 2003, the rebels had launched an assault on Monrovia. Under heavy pressure from the international community and the domestic Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement, Taylor resigned in August 2003 and went into exile in Nigeria.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "a second rebel group,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is \"Movement For democracy in Liberia\"?",
       "id": "57301f0704bcaa1900d771c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "Taylor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Movement For democracy in Liberia launched attacks against who?",
       "id": "57301f0704bcaa1900d771ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "Accra in June of that year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "where did peace talks begin between Movement For democracy in Liberia and Taylor?",
       "id": "57301f0704bcaa1900d771cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "for crimes against humanity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was Taylor indicted by a special court ?",
       "id": "57301f0704bcaa1900d771cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "Monrovia."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the rebels launch an assault on in July, 2003?",
       "id": "57301f0704bcaa1900d771cd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa. Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague. In 2006, the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "the most free and fair in Liberian history"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The 2005 elections were known as what?",
       "id": "573020b2947a6a140053d156"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is ellen johnson sirleaf?",
       "id": "573020b2947a6a140053d157"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was elected the first female president of Africa?",
       "id": "573020b2947a6a140053d158"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "Taylor from Nigeria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Movement For democracy in Liberia requested the extradition of whom\"",
       "id": "573020b2947a6a140053d159"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was created to address the causes of civil war?",
       "id": "573020b2947a6a140053d15a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Liberia is divided into fifteen counties, which, in turn, are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans. The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence. Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001. Nimba is the largest of the counties in size at 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), while Montserrado is the smallest at 1,909 km2 (737 sq mi). Montserrado is also the most populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "fifteen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many counties is liberia divided into?",
       "id": "573021a304bcaa1900d771e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "90"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many districts are the 15 counties of liberia divided into?",
       "id": "573021a304bcaa1900d771e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "Grand Bassa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the oldest county in liberia?",
       "id": "573021a304bcaa1900d771e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "1839"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Grand Bassa founded?",
       "id": "573021a304bcaa1900d771ea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "Gbarpolu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Liberia's newest county?",
       "id": "573021a304bcaa1900d771eb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "the Senate and the House of Representatives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the legislature composed of? ",
       "id": "573022c004bcaa1900d77201"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "73"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members are in a house?",
       "id": "573022c004bcaa1900d77203"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "a speaker"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the house led by?",
       "id": "573022c004bcaa1900d77202"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "the 15 counties on the basis of the national census"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among? ",
       "id": "573022c004bcaa1900d77204"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the senate made up of?",
       "id": "573022c004bcaa1900d77205"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Liberia's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace. The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law. An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "Supreme Court"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Liberia's highest judicial authority? ",
       "id": "5730242f947a6a140053d17e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members are in the Supreme court?",
       "id": "5730242f947a6a140053d17f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "the Chief Justice of Liberia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the head of the supreme court?",
       "id": "5730242f947a6a140053d180"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are members chosen for the court?",
       "id": "5730242f947a6a140053d181"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "until the age of 70"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long do members of the supreme court serve?",
       "id": "5730242f947a6a140053d182"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa. This score represented a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries. When seeking attention of a selection of service[clarification needed] providers, 89% of Liberians had to pay a bribe, the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "3.3"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was liberia's score on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index?",
       "id": "573026f5b2c2fd1400568977"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "87th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Liberia's ranking compared to the other 176 countries?",
       "id": "573026f5b2c2fd1400568978"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "a significant improvement since 2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Liberia's score  and ranking  on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index represent? ",
       "id": "573026f5b2c2fd1400568979"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Liberia's score and rank on the 2007 Corruption Perceptions index?",
       "id": "573026f5b2c2fd140056897a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "89%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2007, when seeking attention, selection or service . What percent of Liberians had to pay a bribe?",
       "id": "573026f5b2c2fd140056897b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Central Bank of Liberia is responsible for printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar, which is the primary form of currency in Liberia. Liberia is one of the world's poorest countries, with a formal employment rate of 15%. GDP per capita peaked in 1980 at US$496, when it was comparable to Egypt's (at the time). In 2011, the country's nominal GDP was US$1.154 billion, while nominal GDP per capita stood at US$297, the third-lowest in the world. Historically, the Liberian economy has depended heavily on foreign aid, foreign direct investment and exports of natural resources such as iron ore, rubber and timber.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the central bank of Liberia responsible for?",
       "id": "57302834a23a5019007fcea7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "one of the world's poorest countries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Liberia considered around the world economically? ",
       "id": "57302834a23a5019007fcea8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 225,
         "text": "15%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Liberia's employment rate?",
       "id": "57302834a23a5019007fcea9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "US$496"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The GDP peaked in 1980 at what amount?",
       "id": "57302834a23a5019007fceaa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "foreign aid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Liberia's economy heavily depends on?",
       "id": "57302834a23a5019007fceab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the war in 2003, GDP growth began to accelerate, reaching 9.4% in 2007. The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6% in 2009, though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an expected 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Liberian economy hit it's peak growth?",
       "id": "573029e904bcaa1900d77291"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 234,
         "text": "90%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what percentage did Liberia's GDP reduced by during the civil war?",
       "id": "573029e904bcaa1900d77293"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980?",
       "id": "573029e904bcaa1900d77292"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "The global financial crisis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was Liberia's GDP growth stalled in 2007?",
       "id": "573029e904bcaa1900d77294"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 610,
         "text": "one of the 20 fastest growing in the world."
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2011 Liberia's economy was considered what?",
       "id": "573029e904bcaa1900d77295"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone. These sanctions were lifted in 2006. Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008. Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "Liberian timber exports"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003?",
       "id": "57302bbda23a5019007fcee3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 150,
         "text": "were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports?",
       "id": "57302bbda23a5019007fcee4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "in 2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the timber export sanctions lifted for Liberia?",
       "id": "57302bbda23a5019007fcee5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "2010"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Liberia was granted observer status with the world trade organization>",
       "id": "57302bbda23a5019007fcee7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 390,
         "text": "60%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Liberia's account deficit peaked at what percentage in 2008?",
       "id": "57302bbda23a5019007fcee6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006. Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, and Sime Darby. Especially palm oil companies like Sime Darby (Malaysia) and Golden Veroleum (USA) are being accused by critics of the destruction of livelihoods and the displacement of local communities, enabled through government concessions. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Liberia since 1926.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Liberia has the highest ratio of what?",
       "id": "57302cecb2c2fd14005689e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "16 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money has the US invested in Liberia since 2006?",
       "id": "57302cecb2c2fd14005689e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "several multibillion-dollar concession agreements"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What agreement did Liberia sign n 2006?",
       "id": "57302cecb2c2fd14005689e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 722,
         "text": "since 1926"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long has Firestone tire and rubber company ran a rubber plantation in Liberia? ",
       "id": "57302cecb2c2fd14005689e8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia, residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia. Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of African American and West Indian, mostly Barbadian settlers, make up 2.5%. Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%. These latter two groups established political control in the 19th century which they kept well into the 20th century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Kpelle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest ethnic group in liberia?",
       "id": "57302ebc04bcaa1900d772eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "20%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the population are the Kpelle?",
       "id": "57302ebc04bcaa1900d772ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do the Kpelle reside?",
       "id": "57302ebc04bcaa1900d772ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "1825"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the decedents of the Congo and Afro-Caribbean arrive in liberia?",
       "id": "57302ebc04bcaa1900d772ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "2.5%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Congo descendants and Afro-Caribbean make of what percentage of liberia's population?",
       "id": "57302ebc04bcaa1900d772ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians of European descent reside in the country.[better source needed] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "Liberians and the Lebanese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups?",
       "id": "5730337a04bcaa1900d77359"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "a significant mixed-race population"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The interracial couples in Liberia result in what?",
       "id": "5730337a04bcaa1900d7735a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "in the country"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do Liberians of European decent live?",
       "id": "5730337a04bcaa1900d7735b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "Black African descent."
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship of whom?",
       "id": "5730337a04bcaa1900d7735c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2010, the literacy rate of Liberia was estimated at 60.8% (64.8% for males and 56.8% for females). In some areas primary and secondary education is free and compulsory from the ages of 6 to 16, though enforcement of attendance is lax. In other areas children are required to pay a tuition fee to attend school. On average, children attain 10 years of education (11 for boys and 8 for girls). The country's education sector is hampered by inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 441,
         "text": "inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Liberia's education system hampered by?",
       "id": "5730345ea23a5019007fcf7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "10 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On average children attain how many years of education?",
       "id": "5730345ea23a5019007fcf7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "lax."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How intense is the enforcement of school attendance?",
       "id": "5730345ea23a5019007fcf7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "60.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the literacy rate in Liberia in 2010?",
       "id": "5730345ea23a5019007fcf7b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hospitals in Liberia include the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia and several others. Life expectancy in Liberia is estimated to be 57.4 years in 2012. With a fertility rate of 5.9 births per woman, the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 per 100,000 births in 2010. A number of highly communicable diseases are widespread, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases and malaria. In 2007, the HIV infection rates stood at 2% of the population aged 15\u201349  whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was 420 per 100,000 people in 2008. Approximately 58.2% \u2013 66% of women are estimated to have undergone female genital mutilation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "John F. Kennedy Medical Center"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the hospital in Monrova?",
       "id": "5730359aa23a5019007fcf8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "57.4 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the life expectancy in Liberia?",
       "id": "5730359aa23a5019007fcf8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "5.9 births per woman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the fertility rate of women in 2012?",
       "id": "5730359aa23a5019007fcf8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "990 per 100,000 births"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the maternal mortality rate in 2010?",
       "id": "5730359aa23a5019007fcf90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the HIV infection rates in 2007?",
       "id": "5730359aa23a5019007fcf91"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "textile arts and quilting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What arts does Liberia have a rich history of?",
       "id": "57303756a23a5019007fcf97"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "1857 and 1858"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what years did Liberia host national fairs? ",
       "id": "57303756a23a5019007fcf98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "the most well-known Liberian quilters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Martha Ann Ricks?",
       "id": "57303756a23a5019007fcf99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "Queen Victoria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to?",
       "id": "57303756a23a5019007fcf9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "Liberian-made quilt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office?",
       "id": "57303756a23a5019007fcf9b"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Windows_8",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's \"Metro\" design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "Android and iOS"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are Windows main operating system competitors?",
       "id": "573019dc947a6a140053d0ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 855,
         "text": "built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What new security features does Windows 8 have?",
       "id": "573019dc947a6a140053d0ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 719,
         "text": "3.0"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?",
       "id": "573019dc947a6a140053d0f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 626,
         "text": "an online store for downloading and purchasing new software"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What services does the Windows Store provide?",
       "id": "573019dc947a6a140053d0f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can be found on the Start screen?",
       "id": "573019dc947a6a140053d0f1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen). Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What about Windows 8 was well received?",
       "id": "57301aafb2c2fd140056887f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "being potentially confusing and difficult to learn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?",
       "id": "57301aafb2c2fd1400568880"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "60 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?",
       "id": "57301aafb2c2fd1400568881"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be \"everywhere on every kind of device without compromise.\" Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed \"Jupiter\", which would be used to make \"immersive\" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "Steven Sinofsky"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Windows division president?",
       "id": "57301b71a23a5019007fcd78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?",
       "id": "57301b71a23a5019007fcd77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 576,
         "text": "new application framework for Windows 8"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is jupiter?",
       "id": "57301b71a23a5019007fcd7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Consumer Electronics Show"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?",
       "id": "57301b71a23a5019007fcd7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "Steve Ballmer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Microsofts CEO?",
       "id": "57301b71a23a5019007fcd79"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Three milestone releases of Windows 8 leaked to the general public. Milestone 1, Build 7850, was leaked on April 12, 2011. It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left. It was also probably the first appearance of the Metro-style font, and its wallpaper had the text shhh... let's not leak our hard work. However, its detailed build number reveals that the build was created on September 22, 2010. The leaked copy edition was Enterprise edition. The OS still reads as \"Windows 7\". Milestone 2, Build 7955, was leaked on April 25, 2011. The traditional Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) was replaced by a new Black screen, although this was later scrapped. This build introduced a new ribbon in Windows Explorer. Build 7959, with minor changes but the first 64-bit version, was leaked on May 1, 2011. The \"Windows 7\" logo was temporarily replaced with text displaying \"Microsoft Confidential\". On June 17, 2011, build 7989 64-bit edition was leaked. It introduced a new boot screen featuring the same fish as the default Windows 7 Beta wallpaper, which was later scrapped, and the circling dots as featured in the final (although the final version comes with smaller circling dots throbber). It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was also scrapped.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 609,
         "text": "Blue Screen of Death"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does BSoD stand for?",
       "id": "57301c9bb2c2fd1400568899"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "April 12, 2011"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Milestone 1 divulged?",
       "id": "57301c9bb2c2fd140056889a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was special about Milestone 1?",
       "id": "57301c9bb2c2fd140056889b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 577,
         "text": "April 25, 2011"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Milestone 2 divulged?",
       "id": "57301c9bb2c2fd140056889c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 838,
         "text": "May 1, 2011"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Build 7959 divulged?",
       "id": "57301c9bb2c2fd140056889d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools (Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing Metro-style apps. The Windows Store was announced during the presentation, but was not available in this build. According to Microsoft, there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release. Originally set to expire on March 11, 2012, in February 2012 the Developer Preview's expiry date was changed to January 15, 2013.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 3 versions of the build did Microsoft first release?",
       "id": "57301ed8a23a5019007fcdc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What developer tools did the build have?",
       "id": "57301ed8a23a5019007fcdc6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "535,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many downloads occured in the first 12 hours?",
       "id": "57301ed8a23a5019007fcdc7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "January 15, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the developer preview expire?",
       "id": "57301ed8a23a5019007fcdc8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "March 11, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Developer preview initially intended to expire?",
       "id": "57301ed8a23a5019007fcdc9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an \"app\" itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system. Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public. The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times. Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview expired on January 15, 2013.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "February 29, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the beta version of Windows 8 made available to the public?",
       "id": "57302039b2c2fd14005688db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "Chaitanya Sareen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Windows Manager?",
       "id": "57302039b2c2fd14005688dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "100,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many things were altered after developer version release?",
       "id": "57302039b2c2fd14005688dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 638,
         "text": "over one million times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many times was the Consumer Preview downloaded in the first 24 hours?",
       "id": "57302039b2c2fd14005688df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 722,
         "text": "January 15, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Consumer Preview set to expire?",
       "id": "57302039b2c2fd14005688de"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many other builds were released until the Japan's Developers Day conference, when Steven Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June. On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific version, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites. On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft. Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player in Internet Explorer. Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview expired on January 15, 2013.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "May 31, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Release Preview revealed to consumers?",
       "id": "5730215004bcaa1900d771dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 724,
         "text": "January 15, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the release preview set to expire?",
       "id": "5730215004bcaa1900d771de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 520,
         "text": "addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the main components of the Release preview?",
       "id": "5730215004bcaa1900d771df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "8400"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the build number of the Windows 8 Release Preview?",
       "id": "5730215004bcaa1900d771e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "May 28, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Windows 8 Release Preview accidentally revealed?",
       "id": "5730215004bcaa1900d771e1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200) was released to manufacturing with the build number 6.2.9200.16384 . Microsoft planned to hold a launch event on October 25, 2012 and release Windows 8 for general availability on the next day. However, only a day after its release to manufacturing, a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N (a version for European markets lacking bundled media players to comply with a court ruling) leaked online, followed by leaks of the final versions of Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise a few days later. On August 15, 2012, Windows 8 was made available to download for MSDN and TechNet subscribers. Windows 8 was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16, 2012. Windows 8 was made available for students with a DreamSpark Premium subscription on August 22, 2012, earlier than advertised.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "August 1, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Windows 8 manufacturing begin?",
       "id": "57302231b2c2fd1400568913"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "October 25, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Microsoft supposed to officially launch Windows 8?",
       "id": "57302231b2c2fd1400568915"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "9200"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the final build Microsoft decided to manufacture?",
       "id": "57302231b2c2fd1400568914"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 703,
         "text": "August 16, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were Software Assurance consumers allowed access to Windows 8?",
       "id": "57302231b2c2fd1400568917"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "a version for European markets lacking bundled media players"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What version of Windows 8 is Enterprise N?",
       "id": "57302231b2c2fd1400568916"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version; these included updated versions of its pre-loaded apps, the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer, the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-colored theme, and the addition of new background options for the Start screen, lock screen, and desktop. Prior to its general availability on October 26, 2012, updates were released for some of Windows 8's bundled apps, and a \"General Availability Cumulative Update\" (which included fixes to improve performance, compatibility, and battery life) was released on Tuesday, October 9, 2012. Microsoft indicated that due to improvements to its testing infrastructure, general improvements of this nature are to be released more frequently through Windows Update instead of being relegated to OEMs and service packs only.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Relatively few"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many things did Microsoft alter after Release Preview?",
       "id": "5730233fa23a5019007fce1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 650,
         "text": "October 9, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the General Availablity Cumulative Update provided?",
       "id": "5730233fa23a5019007fce1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 814,
         "text": "through Windows Update"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are system improvements released through Windows 8?",
       "id": "5730233fa23a5019007fce1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "File Explorer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What name did Windows Explorer change to?",
       "id": "5730233fa23a5019007fce1e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Microsoft began an advertising campaign centered around Windows 8 and its Surface tablet in October 2012, starting with its first television advertisement premiering on October 14, 2012. Microsoft's advertising budget of US$1.5\u20131.8 billion was significantly larger than the US$200 million campaign used to promote Windows 95. As part of its campaign, Microsoft set up 34 pop-up stores inside malls (primarily focusing on Surface), provided training for retail employees in partnership with Intel, and collaborated with the electronics store chain Best Buy to design expanded spaces to showcase devices. In an effort to make retail displays of Windows 8 devices more \"personal\", Microsoft also developed a character known in English-speaking markets as \"Allison Brown\", whose fictional profile (including personal photos, contacts, and emails) is also featured on demonstration units of Windows 8 devices.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "$1.5\u20131.8 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 8?",
       "id": "5730245ca23a5019007fce3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "$200 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 95?",
       "id": "5730245ca23a5019007fce40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 753,
         "text": "Allison Brown"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the character Microsoft used to make Windows 8 seem more personable?",
       "id": "5730245ca23a5019007fce41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "October 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Microsoft begin promoting Windows 8?",
       "id": "5730245ca23a5019007fce42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "34"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many pop up stores did Microsoft set up to help promote Windows 8?",
       "id": "5730245ca23a5019007fce43"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In May 2013, Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the iPad, which featured the voice of Siri remarking on the iPad's limitations in a parody of Apple's \"Get a Mac\" advertisements. On June 12, 2013 during game 1 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals, Microsoft premiered the first ad in its \"Windows Everywhere\" campaign, which promoted Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services as an interconnected platform.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "June 12, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first game of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals?",
       "id": "5730258e04bcaa1900d77225"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "the iPad"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Windows 8 mock in their television campaign?",
       "id": "5730258e04bcaa1900d77226"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "Windows Everywhere"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the Windows 8 advertising campaign?",
       "id": "5730258e04bcaa1900d77227"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What three things did the Windows Everywhere campaign emphasize on?",
       "id": "5730258e04bcaa1900d77228"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new \"Hybrid Boot\" mode (which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot), a new lock screen with a clock and notifications, and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versions of Windows (known as Windows To Go). Windows 8 also adds native support for USB 3.0 devices, which allow for faster data transfers and improved power management with compatible devices, and hard disk 4KB Advanced Format support, as well as support for near field communication to facilitate sharing and communication between devices.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happens during Hybrid Boot mode?",
       "id": "57302668947a6a140053d190"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "faster data transfers and improved power management"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the benefits of USB 3.0?",
       "id": "57302668947a6a140053d192"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "to facilitate sharing and communication between devices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the point of near field communications?",
       "id": "57302668947a6a140053d193"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "live USB versions of Windows"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Windows to Go?",
       "id": "57302668947a6a140053d191"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "clock and notifications"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What features were added to the lock screen?",
       "id": "57302668947a6a140053d194"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new \"File History\" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device, while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "a ribbon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar?",
       "id": "573027b6947a6a140053d1b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "File Explorer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the new name of Windows Explorer?",
       "id": "573027b6947a6a140053d1b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does file history make possible?",
       "id": "573027b6947a6a140053d1b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with?",
       "id": "573027b6947a6a140053d1b8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Task Manager has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes. Additionally, the Blue Screen of Death has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "indicating the level of resource usage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the point of using different colors on a heat map?",
       "id": "573029cd947a6a140053d1f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 543,
         "text": "a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What changes were made to the BSoD?",
       "id": "573029cd947a6a140053d1f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "applications, background processes and Windows processes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some of the process type groups Windows 8 implemented?",
       "id": "573029cd947a6a140053d1f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 422,
         "text": "search the web"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can users find out more about obscure Windows 8 processes?",
       "id": "573029cd947a6a140053d1f3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens (PINs and picture passwords), the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows Defender (bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials). SmartScreen filtering integrated into Windows, Family Safety offers Parental controls, which allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls. Windows 8 also provides integrated system recovery through the new \"Refresh\" and \"Reset\" functions, including system recovery from USB drive. Windows 8's first security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed \"critical\" by the company.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "PINs and picture passwords"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What new security features did Windows 8 provide?",
       "id": "57302b2ab2c2fd14005689c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "touchscreens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the new security features in Windows 8 geared at?",
       "id": "57302b2ab2c2fd14005689c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What options do Parental controls provide?",
       "id": "57302b2ab2c2fd14005689c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "\"Refresh\" and \"Reset\" functions, including system recovery from USB drive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What new recovery options did Windows 8 implement?",
       "id": "57302b2ab2c2fd14005689ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 664,
         "text": "November 13, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first Windows 8 patch sent out?",
       "id": "57302b2ab2c2fd14005689cb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as \"Secure boot\", which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device's boot process. Some pre-built devices may be described as \"certified\" by Microsoft; these must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature. ARM-based Windows RT devices must have secure boot permanently enabled.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does secure boot help avert boot process infections?",
       "id": "57302c0ca23a5019007fcef7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have?",
       "id": "57302c0ca23a5019007fcef8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 482,
         "text": "secure boot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows RT devices?",
       "id": "57302c0ca23a5019007fcef9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 provides heavier integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log in to Windows with a Microsoft account, which can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices. Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft's SkyDrive cloud storage service, which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and File Explorer is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately. Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass companion for use with an Xbox 360 console. Games can integrate into an Xbox Live hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and gamerscore. Other bundled apps provide the ability to link Flickr and Facebook. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "cloud storage service"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is SkyDrive?",
       "id": "57302d90b2c2fd14005689ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 943,
         "text": "June 8, 2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Facebook support turned off?",
       "id": "57302d90b2c2fd1400568a01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 724,
         "text": "allows users to view their profile and gamerscore"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What features does Xbox Live hub offer?",
       "id": "57302d90b2c2fd1400568a00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Xbox apps were bundled together?",
       "id": "57302d90b2c2fd1400568a02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What service options does Windows online now offer?",
       "id": "57302d90b2c2fd1400568a03"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a \"Compatibility View\" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "a desktop program and a touch-optimized app"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?",
       "id": "57302f1504bcaa1900d772ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "a \"Compatibility View\" whitelist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What limitations were put on Adobe flash to begin with?",
       "id": "57302f1504bcaa1900d77300"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 646,
         "text": "most sites by default"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can Adobe Flash now be used?",
       "id": "57302f1504bcaa1900d77302"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What improvements were made to Internet Explorer?",
       "id": "57302f1504bcaa1900d77301"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings (including APNs and carrier branding), and reduce its internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks. Windows 8 also adds an integrated airplane mode setting to globally disable all wireless connectivity as well. Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps, which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "disable all wireless connectivity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does airplone mode do?",
       "id": "573030d304bcaa1900d77321"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "Windows Store apps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can Carrier account management systems be found?",
       "id": "573030d304bcaa1900d77322"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "APNs and carrier branding"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some connection settings in Windows 8?",
       "id": "573030d304bcaa1900d77324"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "the operating system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What registers the insertion of a SIM card?",
       "id": "573030d304bcaa1900d77323"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, Windows Store apps. According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode, or be snapped to the side of a screen. Apps can provide toast notifications on screen or animate their tiles on the Start screen with dynamic content. Apps can use \"contracts\"; a collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, including search and sharing. Apps can also provide integration with other services; for example, the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services (such as Facebook, Skype, and People service), while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "Microsoft developer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Jensen Harris?",
       "id": "573031bb04bcaa1900d7733b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 736,
         "text": "Facebook, Skype, and People service"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What apps can one expect the People app to match with?",
       "id": "573031bb04bcaa1900d7733c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 838,
         "text": "Facebook and Flickr"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What apps can one expect the Photos app to match with?",
       "id": "573031bb04bcaa1900d7733d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What makes Windows Store apps unique?",
       "id": "573031bb04bcaa1900d7733e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are contracts?",
       "id": "573031bb04bcaa1900d7733f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows Store apps run within a new set of APIs known as Windows Runtime, which supports programming languages such as C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript. If written in some \"high-level\" languages, apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and ARM versions of Windows, otherwise they are not binary code compatible. Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components, permitting consumption by all compatible languages. To ensure stability and security, apps run within a sandboxed environment, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What programming languages does Windows Runtime work with?",
       "id": "573032bba23a5019007fcf5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "If written in some \"high-level\" languages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What makes Windows apps binary code compatible?",
       "id": "573032bba23a5019007fcf60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "permitting consumption by all compatible languages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does compiling components as Windows Runtime make possible?",
       "id": "573032bba23a5019007fcf61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "sandboxed environment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of environment provides Windows apps extra security?",
       "id": "573032bba23a5019007fcf62"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Retail versions of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through Windows Store\u2014a namesake distribution platform which offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8. A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "Windows Store"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can Windows 8 install apps from?",
       "id": "57303379b2c2fd1400568a5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 234,
         "text": "sideload apps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store?",
       "id": "57303379b2c2fd1400568a5c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other devices can sideload apps?",
       "id": "57303379b2c2fd1400568a5d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The term \"Immersive app\" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as \"Metro-style apps\" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that \"Metro\" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release. Following these reports, the terms \"Modern UI-style apps\", \"Windows 8-style apps\" and \"Windows Store apps\" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that \"Windows Store apps\" would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term \"Modern design\" to refer to the language as a whole.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does immersive app stand for?",
       "id": "5730342e947a6a140053d282"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Metro-style apps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called?",
       "id": "5730342e947a6a140053d283"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 734,
         "text": "vice president of Microsoft's development software division"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Soma Somasegar?",
       "id": "5730342e947a6a140053d284"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 698,
         "text": "September 12, 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?",
       "id": "5730342e947a6a140053d285"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege \"New experience enabled\" (formerly \"Metro-style enabled\").",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "API code instead of WinRT"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What code did Windows 8 change to?",
       "id": "5730368a04bcaa1900d7737f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "New experience enabled"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?",
       "id": "5730368a04bcaa1900d77380"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What different options did the desktop version have?",
       "id": "5730368a04bcaa1900d77381"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers; while Chrome's \"Windows 8 mode\" uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's version (which was first made available on the \"Aurora\" release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used by Chrome OS. Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption for the beta versions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "Chrome and Firefox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?",
       "id": "5730374704bcaa1900d7738f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do?",
       "id": "5730374704bcaa1900d77390"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 301,
         "text": "uses a touch-optimized interface"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Firefox's version for Windows 8 do?",
       "id": "5730374704bcaa1900d77391"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "September 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Firefox's version of Windows 8 made accesible?",
       "id": "5730374704bcaa1900d77392"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through \"live tiles\". As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as \"PC Settings\" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is found on the Start Screen?",
       "id": "573038afb2c2fd1400568a8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "display constantly updated information and content"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do live tiles do?",
       "id": "573038afb2c2fd1400568a8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 746,
         "text": "used for basic configuration and user settings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the primary function of the PC Settings app? ",
       "id": "573038afb2c2fd1400568a8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 876,
         "text": "Control Panel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can advanced settings options be found?",
       "id": "573038afb2c2fd1400568a90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "Microsoft's Metro design language"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the new System User interface built on?",
       "id": "573038afb2c2fd1400568a91"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A vertical toolbar known as the charms (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button. The traditional desktop environment for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen. The Start button on the taskbar from previous versions of Windows has been converted into a hotspot in the lower-left corner of the screen, which displays a large tooltip displaying a thumbnail of the Start screen. Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop. Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps. Aside from the removal of the Start button and the replacement of the Aero Glass theme with a flatter and solid-colored design, the desktop interface on Windows 8 is similar to that of Windows 7.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "A vertical toolbar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is charms?",
       "id": "573039d104bcaa1900d773cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the purpose of charms?",
       "id": "573039d104bcaa1900d773ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is an active list of apps accessed?",
       "id": "573039d104bcaa1900d773cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 715,
         "text": "allows one to switch between apps and Desktop"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does swiping from the left edge of the screen do?",
       "id": "573039d104bcaa1900d773d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "via a tile on the Start screen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is the traditional desktop evironment opened?",
       "id": "573039d104bcaa1900d773d1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Several notable features have been removed in Windows 8, beginning with the traditional Start menu. Support for playing DVD-Video was removed from Windows Media Player due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include optical disc drives at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services. For the same reasons, Windows Media Center is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support can be purchased in the \"Pro Pack\" (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or \"Media Center Pack\" add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party DVD player software can still be used to enable DVD playback.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "the cost of licensing the necessary decoders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Media Player?",
       "id": "57303ce2947a6a140053d2fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Pro Pack do?",
       "id": "57303ce2947a6a140053d2fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "the traditional Start menu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which main feature was removed in Windows 8?",
       "id": "57303ce2947a6a140053d2fe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Backup and Restore, the backup component of Windows, is deprecated. It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called \"Windows 7 File Recovery\".:76 Shadow Copy, a component of Windows Explorer that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer.:74 The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.:74",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Backup and Restore"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What backup element is still found on Windows 8?",
       "id": "57303e5ea23a5019007fcffd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "through a Control Panel applet called \"Windows 7 File Recovery\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is Backup and Restore opened?",
       "id": "57303e5ea23a5019007fcffe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does :76 Shadow Copy do?",
       "id": "57303e5ea23a5019007fcfff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "other software"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is :74 used for? ",
       "id": "57303e5ea23a5019007fd000"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and laplet devices to be \"certified\" for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism. On March 12, 2013, Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024\u00d7768 (down from the previous 1366\u00d7768). The amended requirement is intended to allow \"greater design flexibility\" for future products.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 680,
         "text": "to allow \"greater design flexibility\" for future products"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Microsoft decrease the required resoultion for tablets?",
       "id": "5730408b947a6a140053d333"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a convertible form factor? ",
       "id": "5730408b947a6a140053d334"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does a convertible become a tablet?",
       "id": "5730408b947a6a140053d335"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "1024\u00d7768"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?",
       "id": "5730408b947a6a140053d332"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a \"Pro Pack\" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through Add features to Windows. This license also includes Windows Media Center. Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through volume licensing. A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture, Windows RT, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Windows 8 editions are there?",
       "id": "5730413904bcaa1900d7741d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What extras does Windows 8 Pro have?",
       "id": "5730413904bcaa1900d7741e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 737,
         "text": "features aimed towards business environments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?",
       "id": "5730413904bcaa1900d7741f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 947,
         "text": "as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How would one get Windows RT?",
       "id": "5730413904bcaa1900d77420"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99. Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99. Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models). During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During it's launch how much was a Windows 8 upgrade?",
       "id": "57304225947a6a140053d368"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "$119.99"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Windows 8 price?",
       "id": "57304225947a6a140053d369"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "$199.99"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Windows 8 Pro price?",
       "id": "57304225947a6a140053d36a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?",
       "id": "57304225947a6a140053d36b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 946,
         "text": "free"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion?",
       "id": "57304225947a6a140053d36c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in \"Upgrade\" licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The \"full version software\" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized \"System Builder\" SKU was introduced. The \"System Builder\" SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale, but added a \"Personal Use License\" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "require an existing version of Windows to install"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have?",
       "id": "573043c2b2c2fd1400568b2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "specialized \"System Builder\" SKU"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software?",
       "id": "573043c2b2c2fd1400568b30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "(OEM) SKU"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the System Builder SKU take the place of?",
       "id": "573043c2b2c2fd1400568b31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 423,
         "text": "original equipment manufacturer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does OEM stand for?",
       "id": "573043c2b2c2fd1400568b32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Personal Use License allow?",
       "id": "573043c2b2c2fd1400568b33"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as \"full version software\" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical. With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the \"Personal Use License\" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements. Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "Windows 8.1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What replaced Windows 8?",
       "id": "57304603b2c2fd1400568b53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "8.1 is available as \"full version software\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1? ",
       "id": "57304603b2c2fd1400568b54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "Personal Use License"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1?",
       "id": "57304603b2c2fd1400568b55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Windows 8.1 with Bing?",
       "id": "57304603b2c2fd1400568b56"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation. The 32-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with x86 architecture 3rd generation (known as IA-32) or newer, and can run 32-bit and 16-bit applications, although 16-bit support must be enabled first. (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation, first conceived in 1978. Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after Windows 95.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "32-bit and 64-bit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What architecture types does Windows 8 support?",
       "id": "573047b604bcaa1900d77465"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is 16-bit support intended for?",
       "id": "573047b604bcaa1900d77466"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 595,
         "text": "1978"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was x86 2nd generation created?",
       "id": "573047b604bcaa1900d77467"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 180,
         "text": "automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the online Windows installer know which version to install?",
       "id": "573047b604bcaa1900d77468"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications. Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Windows RT"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors?",
       "id": "5730485304bcaa1900d77477"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "only supports applications included with the system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What apps work on Windows RT?",
       "id": "5730485304bcaa1900d77478"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system?",
       "id": "5730485304bcaa1900d77479"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from free software supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could prevent or hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that \"At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves.\" Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that ARM devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform), but still argued that Microsoft should \"keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets.\" No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "free software supporters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot enabled by default?",
       "id": "57304982a23a5019007fd07d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 822,
         "text": "vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?",
       "id": "57304982a23a5019007fd07e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "Microsoft developer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Tony Mangefeste?",
       "id": "57304982a23a5019007fd07b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ideology does Microsoft follow?",
       "id": "57304982a23a5019007fd07c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus \"Notch\" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft), Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam), and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store. However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the \"curated application store approach.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "video game developers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store?",
       "id": "57304af1069b531400831fff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "Markus \"Notch\" Persson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created Minecraft?",
       "id": "57304af1069b531400832000"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "Gabe Newell"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who developed Steam?",
       "id": "57304af1069b531400832001"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "Activision Blizzard"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What company is Rob Pardo associated with?",
       "id": "57304af1069b531400832002"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the \"curated application store approach.\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?",
       "id": "57304af1069b531400832003"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, a \"tablet PC with Windows 8 makes an iPad feel immediately out of date\" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services. David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as \"the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012\" and praised Microsoft's \"no compromise\" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a \"brilliant innovation for desktop computers\" when compared with \"folder-littered desktops on every other OS\" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information. In contrast, an ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft \"flailing\" and a review in PC Magazine condemned the Metro-style user interface. Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes. Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an \"extremely ambitious\" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "David Pierce"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?",
       "id": "57304f698ab72b1400f9c42e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 804,
         "text": "because it allows users to interact with dynamic information"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?",
       "id": "57304f698ab72b1400f9c42f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1240,
         "text": "File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which improvements were most well regarded?",
       "id": "57304f698ab72b1400f9c430"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1807,
         "text": "Apple"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who else uses a closed distribution platform?",
       "id": "57304f698ab72b1400f9c431"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping \"wasn't very obvious\" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this \"stumbling block\", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the \"Metro\" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means. Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was \"as stunning as it is surprising\", contributing to an \"incredibly personal\" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store. Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet, considered the interface to be \"clumsy and impractical\" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it \"two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together\"), and concluded that \"Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction\u2014touch and tablets -- that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use?",
       "id": "573051012461fd1900a9cd17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1112,
         "text": "Adrian Kingsley-Hughes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical?",
       "id": "573051012461fd1900a9cd18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "mixed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received?",
       "id": "573051012461fd1900a9cd19"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011. As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales. The market research firm IDC reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter, and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features. This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region, as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "market research firm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is IDC?",
       "id": "573051df2461fd1900a9cd27"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "consumers bought more mobile devices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the decline in PC sales attributed to?",
       "id": "573051df2461fd1900a9cd28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "21 percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of a decrease in sales have Windows devices experienced?",
       "id": "573051df2461fd1900a9cd29"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 247,
         "text": "Apple"
        }
       ],
       "question": "While Windows sales went down, which company experienced an increase in sales?",
       "id": "573051df2461fd1900a9cd2a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below Android and iOS, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8. Strategy Analytics also noted \"a shortage of top tier apps\" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "7.4"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013/",
       "id": "57305291069b531400832053"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "43.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Androids market share in 2013?",
       "id": "57305291069b531400832054"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 558,
         "text": "48.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was teh iOS market share in 2013?",
       "id": "57305291069b531400832055"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 720,
         "text": "top tier apps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?",
       "id": "57305291069b531400832056"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "July 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share?",
       "id": "57305291069b531400832057"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024\u00d7768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors\u2014a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets. Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period. This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024\u00d7768 resolution as a minimum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013?",
       "id": "573053ea8ab72b1400f9c46e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum? ",
       "id": "573053ea8ab72b1400f9c46f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "100 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months?",
       "id": "573053ea8ab72b1400f9c470"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "Android-based tablets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What controlled the small form tablet market at this time?",
       "id": "573053ea8ab72b1400f9c471"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In February 2014, Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running Chrome OS. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of Windows XP licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based netbooks. Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, \"Windows 8.1 with Bing\", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost version of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows. On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches, and officially confirmed the rumored \"Windows 8.1 with Bing\" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1174,
         "text": "May 23, 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OEM SKU official?",
       "id": "573055012461fd1900a9cd41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 960,
         "text": "April 2, 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches?",
       "id": "573055012461fd1900a9cd42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "February 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Windows 8 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $250?",
       "id": "573055012461fd1900a9cd43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 630,
         "text": "cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the benefit of Windows 8.1 with Bing?",
       "id": "573055012461fd1900a9cd44"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring \"energy-efficient\" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government \"obviously cannot ignore the risks of running OS [sic] without guaranteed technical support.\" However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of internet-based services.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "May 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?",
       "id": "573055ee8ab72b1400f9c47e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?",
       "id": "573055ee8ab72b1400f9c47f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "49%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?",
       "id": "573055ee8ab72b1400f9c480"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "Ni Guangnan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?",
       "id": "573055ee8ab72b1400f9c481"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In June 2014, state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate \"sensitive user information\" that could be used to \"understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society\", and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at Fudan University, also stated that \"the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security.\" Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo, which stated that the company had never \"assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients\" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never \"provided any government the authority to directly visit\" or placed any backdoors in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "China Central Television"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does CCTV stand for?",
       "id": "573056f1069b531400832085"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 875,
         "text": "Sina Weibo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the Chinese social network?",
       "id": "573056f1069b531400832086"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "Ni Guangnan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who claimed that the Window 8 OS could gather sensitive user information?",
       "id": "573056f1069b531400832087"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "Fudan University"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Yang Min practice as a computer scientiest?",
       "id": "573056f1069b531400832088"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013. Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free download through Windows Store on October 17, 2013. Volume license customers and subscribers to MSDN Plus and TechNet Plus were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs \"to ensure a quality experience at general availability.\" However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "May 14, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Windows 8.1 introduced?",
       "id": "573057ab2461fd1900a9cd89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "June 26, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?",
       "id": "573057ab2461fd1900a9cd8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 768,
         "text": "September 9, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?",
       "id": "573057ab2461fd1900a9cd8b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added. Windows 8.1 also added support for 3D printing, Miracast media streaming, NFC printing, and Wi-Fi Direct.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "Bing-based unified search system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?",
       "id": "573058df069b531400832097"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?",
       "id": "573058df069b531400832098"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "a visible Start button"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What main feature was added back to the desktop?",
       "id": "573058df069b531400832099"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "up to four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?",
       "id": "573058df069b53140083209a"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Swaziland",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "At no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west, Swaziland is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Despite its size, however, its climate and topography is diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld. The population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is siSwati. They established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881. After the Anglo-Boer War, Swaziland was a British protectorate from 1903 until 1967. It regained its independence on 6 September 1968.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "81 mi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How wide is Swaziland in miles??",
       "id": "57301fc6947a6a140053d142"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "siSwati"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the primary language spoken by the people in Swaziland?",
       "id": "57301fc6947a6a140053d144"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "one of the smallest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of size where does Swaziland rank within Africa in terms of country size?",
       "id": "57301fc6947a6a140053d143"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "mid-18th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the ethnic Swazis establish a kingdom?",
       "id": "57301fc6947a6a140053d145"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 435,
         "text": "Ngwane III"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the leader of the 18th century Swazi kingdom?",
       "id": "57301fc6947a6a140053d146"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swaziland's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Swaziland's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "$9,714"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland?",
       "id": "5730204ba23a5019007fcde3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "Southern African Customs Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the SACU?",
       "id": "5730204ba23a5019007fcde4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "Swaziland's currency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the lilangeni?",
       "id": "5730204ba23a5019007fcde6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the acronym COMESA represent?",
       "id": "5730204ba23a5019007fcde5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "South African rand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What form of currency is the lilangeni fixed to?",
       "id": "5730204ba23a5019007fcde7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Swaziland derives its name from a later king named Mswati II. KaNgwane, named for Ngwane III, is an alternative name for Swaziland the surname of whose royal house remains Nkhosi Dlamini. Nkhosi literally means \"king\". Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Swaziland, and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current size. The Emakhandzambili clans were initially incorporated into the kingdom with wide autonomy, often including grants of special ritual and political status. The extent of their autonomy however was drastically curtailed by Mswati, who attacked and subdued some of them in the 1850s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "king"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the literal translation of Nkhosi?",
       "id": "5730211904bcaa1900d771d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "greatly extended the area of the country"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Mswati II do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign?",
       "id": "5730211904bcaa1900d771d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "Mswati II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of the most successful Swaziland kings in battle, who was the best?",
       "id": "5730211904bcaa1900d771d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "Emakhandzambili clans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?",
       "id": "5730211904bcaa1900d771d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "Mswati II. KaNgwane"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the name Swaziland originate?",
       "id": "5730211904bcaa1900d771d7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and non-European (or native reserves) areas with the former being two-thirds of the total land. Sobhuza's official coronation was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy council in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1903"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate? ",
       "id": "57302226947a6a140053d16a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "Anglo-Boer war"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate?",
       "id": "57302226947a6a140053d16b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "1906"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Swaziland given self governance? ",
       "id": "57302226947a6a140053d16c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "two-thirds of the total land"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning?",
       "id": "57302226947a6a140053d16d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "December 1921"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Sobhuza coronated?",
       "id": "57302226947a6a140053d16e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (liqoqo). Despite such opposition, elections took place and the first Legislative Council of Swaziland was constituted on 9 September 1964. Changes to the original constitution proposed by the Legislative Council were accepted by Britain and a new constitution providing for a House of Assembly and Senate was drawn up. Elections under this constitution were held in 1967.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "November 1963"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Swaziland constitution come to be?",
       "id": "573024eda23a5019007fce53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 225,
         "text": "liqoqo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another way to refer to the Swazi National Council?",
       "id": "573024eda23a5019007fce54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "9 September 1964"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Legislative Council of Swaziland first created?",
       "id": "573024eda23a5019007fce55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 591,
         "text": "1967"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did elections that provided for a House of Assembly for Swaziland occur?",
       "id": "573024eda23a5019007fce56"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala. Mswati III, the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "1973"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?",
       "id": "57302590b2c2fd140056896d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "King Sobhuza II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s?",
       "id": "57302590b2c2fd140056896e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "1982"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did King Sobhuza II die?",
       "id": "57302590b2c2fd140056896f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II",
       "id": "57302590b2c2fd1400568970"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "Mswati III"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986?",
       "id": "57302590b2c2fd1400568971"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla (parliament) with help from an advisory council. The king is allowed by the constitution to appoint some members to parliament for special interests. These special interests are citizens who might have been left out by the electorate during the course of elections or did not enter as candidates. This is done to balance views in parliament. Special interests could be people of gender, race, disability, the business community, civic society, scholars, chiefs and so on.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The king"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland?",
       "id": "5730265da23a5019007fce77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "the Libandla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the parliament of Swaziland known as?",
       "id": "5730265da23a5019007fce78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "a minority"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King?",
       "id": "5730265da23a5019007fce79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "to balance views in parliament"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament?",
       "id": "5730265da23a5019007fce7a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate (30 seats; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; to serve five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; to serve five-year terms). The elections are held every five years after dissolution of parliament by the king. The last elections were held on 20 September 2013. The balloting is done on a non-party basis in all categories. All election procedures are overseen by the elections and boundaries commission.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "30 seats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many seats are in the Senate of Swaziland?",
       "id": "573026e0a23a5019007fce7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "65"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members are there in the Swazi House of Assembly?",
       "id": "573026e0a23a5019007fce80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "20 September 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the most recent elections in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573026e0a23a5019007fce82"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "10"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members of the Swazi House of Assembly are chosen by the king?",
       "id": "573026e0a23a5019007fce81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "the elections and boundaries commission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which group looks over elections in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573026e0a23a5019007fce83"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2005, the constitution was put into effect. There is still much debate in the country about the constitutional reforms. From the early seventies, there was active resistance to the royal hegemony. Despite complaints from progressive formations, support for the monarchy and the current political system remains strong among the majority of the population.[citation needed] Submissions were made by citizens around the country to commissions, including the constitutional draft committee, indicating that they would prefer to maintain the current situation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "the early seventies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did people begin to disputre royal hegenomy in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573027ba04bcaa1900d7725f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 327,
         "text": "the majority"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What portion of Swaziland is said to support the monarchy of Swaziland?",
       "id": "573027ba04bcaa1900d77260"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "the constitutional draft committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What entity took submissions about whether or not Swazi citizens wanted to change support of the monarchy?",
       "id": "573027ba04bcaa1900d77261"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "a show of hand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?",
       "id": "573028c2b2c2fd1400568993"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "at least ten"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573028c2b2c2fd1400568994"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "Constituency Headman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?",
       "id": "573028c2b2c2fd1400568995"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "Constituency Executive Committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho? ",
       "id": "573028c2b2c2fd1400568996"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?",
       "id": "573028c2b2c2fd1400568997"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As noted above, there are 55 tinkhundla in Swaziland and each elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Swaziland. Each inkhundla has a development committee (bucopho) elected from the various constituency chiefdoms in its area for a five-year term. Bucopho bring to the inkhundla all matters of interest and concern to their various chiefdoms, and take back to the chiefdoms the decisions of the inkhundla. The chairman of the bucopho is elected at the inkhundla and is called indvuna ye nkhundla.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "one"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many representatives does each tinkhundla elect to the Swazi House of Assembly?",
       "id": "57302991947a6a140053d1e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "a five-year term"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a single term of a Swazi development committee?",
       "id": "57302991947a6a140053d1e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "the chiefdoms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom do Bucopho take the decisions and concerns?",
       "id": "57302991947a6a140053d1e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "indvuna ye nkhundla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the chairman of the bucopho also called?",
       "id": "57302991947a6a140053d1ea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "at the inkhundla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Bucopho chairman elected?",
       "id": "57302991947a6a140053d1e9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at approximately 26\u00b030'S, 31\u00b030'E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "Mozambique"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nation is to the east of Swaziland?",
       "id": "57302a10947a6a140053d1f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "17,364 km2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?",
       "id": "57302a10947a6a140053d1fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "Republic of South Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?",
       "id": "57302a10947a6a140053d1f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?",
       "id": "57302a10947a6a140053d1fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "the northwest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?",
       "id": "57302a10947a6a140053d1fc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "About 75% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL). In contrast with the commercial farms, Swazi Nation Land suffers from low productivity and investment. This dual nature of the Swazi economy, with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural TDLs on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture (on SNL) on the other, may well explain the country's overall low growth, high inequality and unemployment.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "About 75%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?",
       "id": "57302a9bb2c2fd14005689b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "textile manufacturing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy?",
       "id": "57302a9bb2c2fd14005689b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "Swazi Nation Land"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of Swaziland, what does SNL refer to?",
       "id": "57302a9bb2c2fd14005689b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "low productivity and investment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land?",
       "id": "57302a9bb2c2fd14005689ba"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Economic growth in Swaziland has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) member countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS and an overly large and inefficient government sector are likely contributing factors. Swaziland's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "2.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the Real growth in GDP since 2001 in Swaziland in percentage?",
       "id": "57302d33947a6a140053d21c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "nearly 2 percentage points"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much lower is the Swazi Real GDP growth in comparison to other Southern African Customs Union members is Swaziland?",
       "id": "57302d33947a6a140053d21d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "the late 1990s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the public finances in Swaziland decline?",
       "id": "57302d33947a6a140053d21e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "declining revenues and increased spending"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What led to Swazi budget cuts?",
       "id": "57302d33947a6a140053d21f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The considerable spending did not lead to more growth and did not benefit the poor. Much of the increased spending has gone to current expenditures related to wages, transfers, and subsidies. The wage bill today constitutes over 15% of GDP and 55% of total public spending; these are some of the highest levels on the African continent. The recent rapid growth in SACU revenues has, however, reversed the fiscal situation, and a sizeable surplus was recorded since 2006. SACU revenues today account for over 60% of total government revenues. On the positive side, the external debt burden has declined markedly over the last 20 years, and domestic debt is almost negligible; external debt as a percent of GDP was less than 20% in 2006.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "55%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What amount of total public spending in Swaziland is going to wages?",
       "id": "573045e2947a6a140053d38e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "60% of total government revenues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What amount of government revenue in Swaziland is from the SACU?",
       "id": "573045e2947a6a140053d38f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 593,
         "text": "declined markedly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has happened to debt external onus  in Swaziland in the past two decades?",
       "id": "573045e2947a6a140053d390"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 713,
         "text": "less than 20%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the GDP was represented by outside debt in Swaziland in 2006?",
       "id": "573045e2947a6a140053d391"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Swazi economy is very closely linked to the economy of South Africa, from which it receives over 90% of its imports and to which it sends about 70% of its exports. Swaziland's other key trading partners are the United States and the EU, from whom the country has received trade preferences for apparel exports (under the African Growth and Opportunity Act \u2013 AGOA \u2013 to the US) and for sugar (to the EU). Under these agreements, both apparel and sugar exports did well, with rapid growth and a strong inflow of foreign direct investment. Textile exports grew by over 200% between 2000 and 2005 and sugar exports increasing by more than 50% over the same period.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "South Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which nations economy is Swaziland most linked with?",
       "id": "573046d4a23a5019007fd04d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "over 90%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What quantity of imports does Swaziland get from South Africa?",
       "id": "573046d4a23a5019007fd04e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "70%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of exported goods from Swaziland end up in South Africa?",
       "id": "573046d4a23a5019007fd04f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "exports grew by over 200%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Swazi exports of textiles from 2000 to 2005?",
       "id": "573046d4a23a5019007fd050"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "more than 50%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Between 2000 and 2005 what percentage did Swazi sugar exports increase by?",
       "id": "573046d4a23a5019007fd051"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Swaziland's currency is pegged to the South African Rand, subsuming Swaziland's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Swaziland is not poor enough to merit an IMF program; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs at public enterprises. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign direct investment.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "South African Rand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What currency is Swaziland bound to?",
       "id": "57304749a23a5019007fd05f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "South Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which nation does Swazi defer to when it comes to monetary policy?",
       "id": "57304749a23a5019007fd060"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "as much as 70%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Duties from customs represent what amount of Swaziland government revenue?",
       "id": "57304749a23a5019007fd061"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "Southern African Customs Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where does Swaziland get customs revenue?",
       "id": "57304749a23a5019007fd062"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches, including African Zionist, constitute the majority of the Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at 20% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya, was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman to be a bishop in Africa. 15% of the population follows traditional religions; other non-Christian religions practised in the country include Islam (1%), the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith (0.5%), and Hinduism (0.2%). There are 14 Jewish families.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "83%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the Swazi population are Christian?",
       "id": "573047e404bcaa1900d7746d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which religious belief is most prevelant in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573047e404bcaa1900d7746e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "20%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What amount of Swazi Christians are Roman Catholic?",
       "id": "573047e404bcaa1900d7746f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "Ellinah Wamukoya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Anglican Bishop of Swaziland?",
       "id": "573047e404bcaa1900d77470"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "14"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Jewish families are there in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573047e404bcaa1900d77471"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2004, the Swaziland government acknowledged for the first time that it suffered an AIDS crisis, with 38.8% of tested pregnant women infected with HIV (see AIDS in Africa). The then Prime Minister Themba Dlamini declared a humanitarian crisis due to the combined effect of drought, land degradation, increased poverty, and HIV/AIDS. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, Swaziland is close to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, defined as 80% coverage or greater. Estimates of treatment coverage range from 70% to 80% of those infected. Life expectancy had fallen from 61 years in 2000 to 32 years in 2009. Tuberculosis is also a significant problem, with an 18% mortality rate. Many patients have a multi-drug resistant strain, and 83% are co-infected with HIV.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "38.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of pregnant women, how many are believed to be infected with HIV?",
       "id": "5730487aa23a5019007fd071"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "80% coverage or greater"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does UNAIDS consider universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment?",
       "id": "5730487aa23a5019007fd073"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "Themba Dlamini"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the prime minister of Swaziland in 2004?",
       "id": "5730487aa23a5019007fd072"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 523,
         "text": "70% to 80%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of HIV/AIDS infected in Swaziland are believed to be treated?",
       "id": "5730487aa23a5019007fd074"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 675,
         "text": "18%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the rate of mortality for those with tuberculosis in Swaziland?",
       "id": "5730487aa23a5019007fd075"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Education in Swaziland begins with pre-school education for infants, primary, secondary and high school education for general education and training (GET), and universities and colleges at tertiary level. Pre-school education is usually for children 5-year or younger after that the students can enroll in a primary school anywhere in the country. In Swaziland early childhood care and education (ECCE) centres are in the form of preschools or neighbourhood care points (NCPs). In the country 21.6% of preschool age children have access to early childhood education.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "5-year or younger"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What age attends pre-school in Swaziland?",
       "id": "5730492d947a6a140053d3a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "21.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of children of age for preschool have access to education in Swaziland?",
       "id": "5730492d947a6a140053d3a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "neighbourhood care points"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In reference to education in Swaziland, hat is an NCP otherwise known as?",
       "id": "5730492d947a6a140053d3a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "early childhood care and education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is does ECCE refer to in the Swazi educational system?",
       "id": "5730492d947a6a140053d3a9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The secondary and high school education system in Swaziland is a five-year programme divided into three years junior secondary and two years senior secondary. There is an external public examination (Junior Certificate) at the end of the junior secondary that learners have to pass to progress to the senior secondary level. The Examination Council of Swaziland (ECOS) administers this examination. At the end of the senior secondary level, learners sit for a public examination, the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) and International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) which is accredited by the Cambridge International Examination (CIE). A few schools offer the Advanced Studies (AS) programme in their curriculum.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years does a student spend in secondary and high school in Swaziland?",
       "id": "57305116396df91900096058"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For how many years is a Swazi student in junior secondary school?",
       "id": "57305116396df91900096059"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "Examination Council of Swaziland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the ECOS within the Swazi education system?",
       "id": "57305116396df9190009605a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do students finishing senior secondary school get?",
       "id": "57305116396df9190009605b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 641,
         "text": "Cambridge International Examination"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What institution does the accreditation for the IGCSE in Swaziland?",
       "id": "57305116396df9190009605c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "Swaziland Christian University"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The University of Swaziland, Southern Nazarene University, offer higher learning in Swaziland, what is one other University?",
       "id": "5730537d396df91900096074"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "Sidvwashini"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can one find the Limkoking University of Creative Technology?",
       "id": "5730537d396df91900096075"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "Mbabane"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the capital of Swaziland?",
       "id": "5730537d396df91900096076"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "Siteki"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where in Swaziland is The Good shepherd Hospital?",
       "id": "5730537d396df91900096077"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 503,
         "text": "College for Nursing Assistants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nursing school does The Good Shepherd Hospital contain?",
       "id": "5730537d396df91900096078"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The main centre for technical training in Swaziland is the Swaziland College of Technology which is slated to become a full university. It aims to provide and facilitating high quality training and learning in technology and business studies in collaboration with the Commercial, Industrial and Public Sectors. Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre (MITC) in Manzini. Other vocational institutions include Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Center and Siteki Industrial Training Centre.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "Swaziland College of Technology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which school is the main location for technical education in Swaziland?",
       "id": "5730544c8ab72b1400f9c476"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "technology and business studies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of education does the Swaziland College of Technology offer?",
       "id": "5730544c8ab72b1400f9c477"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "Matsapha"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the location of the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute?",
       "id": "5730544c8ab72b1400f9c478"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "Manzini Industrial and Training Centre"
        }
       ],
       "question": "There is an educational facility in Manzini within Swaziland known by the acronym MITC, what does it stand for?",
       "id": "5730544c8ab72b1400f9c479"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In addition to these institutions, Swaziland also has the Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration (SIMPA) and Institute of Development Management (IDM). SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland that provides training, consultancy, and research in management. The Mananga management centre was established as Mananga Agricultural Management Centre in 1972 as an International Management Development Centre catering for middle and senior managers, it is located at Ezulwini.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of education in Swaziland what does the acronym SIMPA represent?",
       "id": "573054f0069b531400832067"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "a government owned management and development institute"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Swaziland, what is SIMPA?",
       "id": "573054f0069b531400832068"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which locations is the Institute of Development Management?",
       "id": "573054f0069b531400832069"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "training, consultancy, and research in management"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What service does the IDM provide?",
       "id": "573054f0069b53140083206a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 464,
         "text": "1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the Mananga Management Centre founded?",
       "id": "573054f0069b53140083206b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called \"kwetfwasa\". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various reasons, such the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on \"kubhula\", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers. The Inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill (\"kushaya ematsambo\") used to determine the cause of the sickness.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "training of the Sangoma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Swaziland, what is kwetfwasa?",
       "id": "573055dc2461fd1900a9cd53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "a traditional diviner"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a Sangoma in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573055dc2461fd1900a9cd54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "the cause of sickness or even death"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573055dc2461fd1900a9cd55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "kubhula"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate?",
       "id": "573055dc2461fd1900a9cd56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "to determine the cause of the sickness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is kushaya ematsambo used for?",
       "id": "573055dc2461fd1900a9cd57"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Swaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. The aims of the ceremony are to preserve girls' chastity, provide tribute labour for the Queen mother, and to encourage solidarity by working together. The royal family appoints a commoner maiden to be \"induna\" (captain) of the girls and she announces over the radio the dates of the ceremony. She will be an expert dancer and knowledgeable on royal protocol. One of the King's daughters will be her counterpart.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "Umhlanga Reed Dance."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture?",
       "id": "5730568a2461fd1900a9cd67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?",
       "id": "5730568a2461fd1900a9cd68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "late August or early September"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?",
       "id": "5730568a2461fd1900a9cd69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "childless, unmarried girls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance?",
       "id": "5730568a2461fd1900a9cd6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "to preserve girls' chastity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?",
       "id": "5730568a2461fd1900a9cd6b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother, ending with dancing and feasting. The country was under the chastity rite of \"umchwasho\" until 19 August 2005.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "19 August 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?",
       "id": "573057502461fd1900a9cd77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573057502461fd1900a9cd78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 113,
         "text": "all young girls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland?",
       "id": "573057502461fd1900a9cd79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "the old \"umchwasho\" custom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did the Reed Dance originate?",
       "id": "573057502461fd1900a9cd7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 410,
         "text": "dancing and feasting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would the end of umchwasho be marked with?",
       "id": "573057502461fd1900a9cd7b"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Translation",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The English word \"translation\" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum\u2014together meaning \"a carrying across\" or \"a bringing across\"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere (\"to lead across\" or \"to bring across\"). The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, \"vertaling\"\u2014a \"re-language-ing\") likewise use calques of these Latin sources.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "translatio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Latin word does the English word translation come from?",
       "id": "573055f2069b531400832071"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "Romance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that come from the same Latin source?",
       "id": "573055f2069b531400832072"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "\"to lead across\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Latin's traducere mean in English?",
       "id": "573055f2069b531400832073"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Latin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?",
       "id": "573055f2069b531400832074"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "\"re-language-ing\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Dutch word \"vertaling\" roughly translate to?",
       "id": "573055f2069b531400832075"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents \u2014 \"literal\" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary \u2014 for the original meaning and other crucial \"values\" (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "hardly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much has translation changed since antiquity?",
       "id": "573058992461fd1900a9cd9f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "seeking equivalents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have general been prudent about?",
       "id": "573058992461fd1900a9cda2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "literal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For crucial values, what type of values do translators use where possible?",
       "id": "573058992461fd1900a9cda3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "theoretical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had?",
       "id": "573058992461fd1900a9cda0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "early Christian period and the Middle Ages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were there some extreme metaphrasers?",
       "id": "573058992461fd1900a9cda1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order \u2014 when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences between \"fixed-word-order\" languages (e.g. English, French, German) and \"free-word-order\" languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian) have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax (sentence-structure) characteristics of a text's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "context itself"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have translators tried to preserve?",
       "id": "57305b0b069b5314008320a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "reproducing the original order of sememes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do translators preserve context?",
       "id": "57305b0b069b5314008320a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "grammatical structure"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?",
       "id": "57305b0b069b5314008320a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "passive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?",
       "id": "57305b0b069b5314008320aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 584,
         "text": "syntactic requirements"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?",
       "id": "57305b0b069b5314008320ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "contact and exchange"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?",
       "id": "57305bb7069b5314008320b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 332,
         "text": "guide to current meaning"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?",
       "id": "57305bb7069b5314008320b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "present"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the French \"actuel\" mean in English?",
       "id": "57305bb7069b5314008320b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "aktuell"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How would you convey that something is \"presently of importance\" in Swedish?",
       "id": "57305bb7069b5314008320b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "aktualny"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?",
       "id": "57305bb7069b5314008320b5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The translator's role as a bridge for \"carrying across\" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an artist. The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero. Dryden observed that \"Translation is a type of drawing after life...\" Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to Samuel Johnson\u2019s remark about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet, while Homer himself used a bassoon.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "at least since Terence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed?",
       "id": "57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 166,
         "text": "comedies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Terence adapt from the Greek's?",
       "id": "57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "artist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what?",
       "id": "57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "Cicero"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the concept of parallel creation found?",
       "id": "57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 542,
         "text": "Samuel Johnson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?",
       "id": "57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by Western traditions and practiced by translators taught in Western-style educational systems, Chinese and related translation traditions retain some theories and philosophies unique to the Chinese tradition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "earlier approaches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today?",
       "id": "5730609f396df919000960be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "when historians view ancient or medieval records"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians?",
       "id": "5730609f396df919000960bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "events"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments?",
       "id": "5730609f396df919000960c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 449,
         "text": "theories and philosophies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition?",
       "id": "5730609f396df919000960c1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al-Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al-Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "5th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?",
       "id": "5730612b396df919000960c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "creation of Arabic script"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?",
       "id": "5730612b396df919000960c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "politics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?",
       "id": "5730612b396df919000960c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 356,
         "text": "Greek and Persian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?",
       "id": "5730612b396df919000960c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 609,
         "text": "Arabic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?",
       "id": "5730612b396df919000960ca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Arabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosophical works of Arab and oriental origins. Arabic and, to a lesser degree, Persian became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions, which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "centuries of close contacts and exchanges"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions?",
       "id": "5730621f2461fd1900a9cded"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "after the Renaissance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works?",
       "id": "5730621f2461fd1900a9cdee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "important sources of material"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Arabic, and to a less extent Persian, become to Europeans?",
       "id": "5730621f2461fd1900a9cdef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "techniques"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic?",
       "id": "5730621f2461fd1900a9cdf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would Western traditions eventually do?",
       "id": "5730621f2461fd1900a9cdf1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Christopher de Bellaigue, \"with a freedom that is rarely witnessed today.... No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools, interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness. It had come to include virtually any intellectual production anywhere in the world.\" One of the neologisms that, in a way, came to characterize the infusion of new ideas via translation was \"darwiniya\", or \"Darwinism\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "movement to translate English and European texts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What transformed Arabic languages?",
       "id": "573062ec396df919000960da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "new words, simplified syntax, and directness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What came to be valued over previous convolutions?",
       "id": "573062ec396df919000960db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Educated Arabs and Turks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?",
       "id": "573062ec396df919000960dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "texts in the religious schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by?",
       "id": "573062ec396df919000960dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 738,
         "text": "Darwinism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?",
       "id": "573062ec396df919000960de"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement\u2014in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy\u2014there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the House of Saud took over the Hijaz, and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey. \"[B]oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East,\" writes de Bellaigne, \"Islamism and militarism, received a major impetus from Western empire-builders.\" As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as Muhammad Abduh, largely had to yield to retrograde currents.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "Britain and France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two countries divvied up the Middle East's countries after WWI?",
       "id": "57306408069b5314008320c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of?",
       "id": "57306408069b5314008320c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A reaction to Britain and France's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt?",
       "id": "57306408069b5314008320c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "empire-builders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst?",
       "id": "57306408069b5314008320c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 729,
         "text": "retrograde currents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves yielding to?",
       "id": "57306408069b5314008320c9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move \"the writer toward [the reader]\", i.e., transparency, and those that move the \"reader toward [the author]\", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "German Romanticism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?",
       "id": "57306625396df919000960e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "German"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?",
       "id": "57306625396df919000960e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 247,
         "text": "1813"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\"?",
       "id": "57306625396df919000960e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "transparency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?",
       "id": "57306625396df919000960e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?",
       "id": "57306625396df919000960e8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as approximate checks, are not always precisely reliable. Back-translation must in general be less accurate than back-calculation because linguistic symbols (words) are often ambiguous, whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Comparison of a back-translation with the original text"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation?",
       "id": "57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "by reversing the operation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are mathematical operations checked?",
       "id": "57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "reverse-translation operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What operations are results from not always completely reliable?",
       "id": "57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 435,
         "text": "linguistic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity?",
       "id": "57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "mathematical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal?",
       "id": "57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce05"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a \"Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story\". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick\u2019s Greek Prose Composition (p. 116) under the title, \"The Athenian and the Frog\"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's \"Jumping Frog\" story.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Mark Twain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation? ",
       "id": "57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "1903"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Twain's back-translation published?",
       "id": "57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what language did Twain create a back-translation?",
       "id": "57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "\"Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?",
       "id": "57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 595,
         "text": "\"The Athenian and the Frog\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?",
       "id": "57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761\u20131815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813\u201314. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki\u2019s Polish version.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "the original text"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?",
       "id": "573070bb396df91900096100"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "Polish aristocrat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Jan Potocki?",
       "id": "573070bb396df91900096101"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?",
       "id": "573070bb396df91900096102"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "1847"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?",
       "id": "573070bb396df91900096103"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 698,
         "text": "French-language"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?",
       "id": "573070bb396df91900096104"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Translation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has served as a school of writing for many authors?",
       "id": "573071d98ab72b1400f9c4ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "monks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?",
       "id": "573071d98ab72b1400f9c4ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "languages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did translators shape in the course of their work?",
       "id": "573071d98ab72b1400f9c4f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "bridges"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?",
       "id": "573071d98ab72b1400f9c4f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 400,
         "text": "source languages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?",
       "id": "573071d98ab72b1400f9c4f2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Do\u00f1a Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "crucial"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history?",
       "id": "573072ae396df91900096112"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "Xicalango"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?",
       "id": "573072ae396df91900096114"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Mexican Gulf Coast"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region did La Malinche hail from?",
       "id": "573072ae396df91900096113"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "Spanish conquest of Mexico"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was La Malinche essential to?",
       "id": "573072ae396df91900096115"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 492,
         "text": "lover"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s?",
       "id": "573072ae396df91900096116"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing, translation-memory techniques, and internet applications, translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses, individuals, and enterprises.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Web-based human translation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?",
       "id": "573074f58ab72b1400f9c500"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "frequent inaccuracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What reputation does machine translations have?",
       "id": "573074f58ab72b1400f9c501"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "human"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?",
       "id": "573074f58ab72b1400f9c502"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "on-demand human-translation services"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?",
       "id": "573074f58ab72b1400f9c503"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "businesses, individuals, and enterprises"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who purchases the services of translation agencies?",
       "id": "573074f58ab72b1400f9c504"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error; therefore, to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved, such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "context-embedded"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?",
       "id": "57307593396df91900096122"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 166,
         "text": "comprehend the context of the original text"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does it take a person to be able to do?",
       "id": "57307593396df91900096123"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "error"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?",
       "id": "57307593396df91900096124"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "reviewed and edited"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How must machine translations be transformed by a human?",
       "id": "57307593396df91900096125"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort, alongside sages of various nationalities), the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the Chinese centuries to render.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "Asia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Buddhism spread?",
       "id": "573076138ab72b1400f9c50a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "translation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Buddhism's spread led to what large-scale effort?",
       "id": "573076138ab72b1400f9c50b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "well over a thousand years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the translation effort take?",
       "id": "573076138ab72b1400f9c50c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "The Tangut Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Empire was especially good at translation?",
       "id": "573076138ab72b1400f9c50d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "translate volumes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries?",
       "id": "573076138ab72b1400f9c50e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at C\u00f3rdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wise) of Castille in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a Schola Traductorum (School of Translation) in Toledo. There Arabic texts, Hebrew texts, and Latin texts were translated into the other tongues by Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars, who also argued the merits of their respective religions. Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European Scholasticism, and thus European science and culture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Arabs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?",
       "id": "5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "philosophical and scientific works"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?",
       "id": "5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "Middle Ages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?",
       "id": "5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "School of Translation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Schola Traductorum in English?",
       "id": "5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 761,
         "text": "European"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?",
       "id": "5730772b8ab72b1400f9c520"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur\u2014an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523\u201325).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "Wycliffe Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first great English translation?",
       "id": "573078db396df91900096140"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "1382"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?",
       "id": "573078db396df91900096141"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "end of the 15th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the age of great English prose translation begin?",
       "id": "573078db396df91900096142"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "Le Morte Darthur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?",
       "id": "573078db396df91900096143"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 381,
         "text": "Tudor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?",
       "id": "573078db396df91900096144"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "Cosimo de' Medici"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?",
       "id": "57307a82069b53140083210b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "Byzantine scholar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?",
       "id": "57307a82069b53140083210c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "1453"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?",
       "id": "57307a82069b53140083210d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "Marsilio Ficino"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?",
       "id": "57307a82069b53140083210e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 536,
         "text": "the exact words"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?",
       "id": "57307a82069b53140083210f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Throughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translation. For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors, and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages, or from languages that they hardly knew, or\u2014as in the case of James Macpherson's \"translations\" of Ossian\u2014from texts that were actually of the \"translator's\" own composition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "ease of reading"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century?",
       "id": "57307b852461fd1900a9ce4f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "omitted"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If a translator didn't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers, what did they do with it?",
       "id": "57307b852461fd1900a9ce50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "their own style of expression"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating?",
       "id": "57307b852461fd1900a9ce51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "no more than had their predecessors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the translators care about scholarship?",
       "id": "57307b852461fd1900a9ce52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 613,
         "text": "own composition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did James Macpherson \"translate\" from?",
       "id": "57307b852461fd1900a9ce53"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "accuracy and style"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?",
       "id": "5730807e069b531400832129"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "J.M. Cohen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who observed that the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\"?",
       "id": "5730807e069b53140083212a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "bawdy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed \"whole\" text?",
       "id": "5730807e069b53140083212b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "that they were reading a foreign classic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?",
       "id": "5730807e069b53140083212c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?",
       "id": "5730807e069b53140083212d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language\u2014sometimes called \"singing translation\"\u2014is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "poetry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?",
       "id": "573082488ab72b1400f9c530"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "verse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?",
       "id": "573082488ab72b1400f9c531"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "stanzaic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?",
       "id": "573082488ab72b1400f9c532"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 590,
         "text": "church hymns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?",
       "id": "573082488ab72b1400f9c533"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 659,
         "text": "Catherine Winkworth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who translated German chorales into English?",
       "id": "573082488ab72b1400f9c534"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "more restrictive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?",
       "id": "573082f4396df9190009615e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?",
       "id": "573082f4396df9190009615f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?",
       "id": "573082f4396df91900096160"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 527,
         "text": "by subdividing or combining notes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?",
       "id": "573082f4396df91900096161"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Translations of sung texts\u2014whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read\u2014are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "audiences, singers and conductors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can translations of a sung text aid?",
       "id": "573083d58ab72b1400f9c53a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "subtitles or surtitles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?",
       "id": "573083d58ab72b1400f9c53b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "works in languages they do not know"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do professional and amateur singers often sing?",
       "id": "573083d58ab72b1400f9c53c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 619,
         "text": "understand the meaning of the words they are singing."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?",
       "id": "573083d58ab72b1400f9c53d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "rendering of the Old Testament into Greek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?",
       "id": "5730846a069b531400832147"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "3rd century BCE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?",
       "id": "5730846a069b531400832148"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "seventy translators"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?",
       "id": "5730846a069b531400832149"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "in solitary confinement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?",
       "id": "5730846a069b53140083214a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "identical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?",
       "id": "5730846a069b53140083214b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages\u2014a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "European"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?",
       "id": "57308553069b531400832151"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?",
       "id": "57308553069b531400832153"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "Roman Catholicism and Protestantism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?",
       "id": "57308553069b531400832152"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 750,
         "text": "religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?",
       "id": "57308553069b531400832155"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "Martin Luther"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who translated the Bible to German?",
       "id": "57308553069b531400832154"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Airport",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars  and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, airport aprons, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?",
       "id": "573084572461fd1900a9ce77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "landing area"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?",
       "id": "573084572461fd1900a9ce78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an airport?",
       "id": "573084572461fd1900a9ce79"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the U.S. and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, a human observer or a combination of the two. Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and airports often have their own safety services.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "air traffic control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does ATC stand for?",
       "id": "573084ab396df91900096166"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "traffic pattern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?",
       "id": "573084ab396df91900096167"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "Air safety"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?",
       "id": "573084ab396df91900096168"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just five. Germany's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?",
       "id": "57308546396df9190009616c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "Spanish Ferrovial consortium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?",
       "id": "57308546396df9190009616d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 576,
         "text": "Fraport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?",
       "id": "57308546396df9190009616e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "GMR Group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?",
       "id": "57308546396df9190009616f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do landside areas include?",
       "id": "573086f82461fd1900a9ce7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "landside and airside"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Airports are divided into what two areas?",
       "id": "573086f82461fd1900a9ce7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do airside areas include?",
       "id": "573086f82461fd1900a9ce7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "terminals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can passengers purchase tickets?",
       "id": "573086f82461fd1900a9ce80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 587,
         "text": "concourses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?",
       "id": "573086f82461fd1900a9ce81"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to \"street prices\". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "products and services"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?",
       "id": "5730877a2461fd1900a9ce87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "within the departure areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are most of these companies located in an airport?",
       "id": "5730877a2461fd1900a9ce88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "clothing boutiques and restaurants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some of these companies include what type of businesses?",
       "id": "5730877a2461fd1900a9ce89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "higher"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?",
       "id": "5730877a2461fd1900a9ce8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "express check-in and dedicated check-in counters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some services that are offered by VIP services?",
       "id": "573087f5396df91900096184"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "First and Business class"
        }
       ],
       "question": "These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?",
       "id": "573087f5396df91900096185"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "Premium services"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?",
       "id": "573087f5396df91900096186"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "near railway trunk routes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?",
       "id": "5730888c069b531400832165"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 654,
         "text": "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does MBTA stand for?",
       "id": "5730888c069b531400832166"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems"
        }
       ],
       "question": "It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?",
       "id": "5730888c069b531400832167"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield\u2013Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotr\u00e9n to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "buses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?",
       "id": "573088d7396df9190009618a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Hartsfield\u2013Jackson Atlanta International Airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?",
       "id": "573088d7396df9190009618b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "Mexico City International Airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.",
       "id": "573088d7396df9190009618c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The title of \"world's oldest airport\" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared \"the first international airport of the Americas\" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia\u2014which started operations in January 1920\u2014to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok,Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "College Park Airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?",
       "id": "573089508ab72b1400f9c556"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "1909"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the College Park Airport established?",
       "id": "573089508ab72b1400f9c557"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "Wilbur Wright"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who established the College Park Airport?",
       "id": "573089508ab72b1400f9c558"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1128,
         "text": "35,000,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?",
       "id": "573089508ab72b1400f9c559"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1410,
         "text": "1916"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?",
       "id": "573089508ab72b1400f9c55a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris \u2013 Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then K\u00f6nigsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved \"apron\", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "for handling passenger traffic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?",
       "id": "57308a07396df9190009619a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "Le Bourget Airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?",
       "id": "57308a07396df9190009619b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "Hounslow Heath Aerodrome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?",
       "id": "57308a07396df9190009619c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "August 1919"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?",
       "id": "57308a07396df9190009619d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 579,
         "text": "a paved \"apron\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?",
       "id": "57308a07396df9190009619e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "latter part of the 1920s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first lighting used on an airport?",
       "id": "57309019396df919000961ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "1930s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did approach lighting come into use?",
       "id": "57309019396df919000961af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "1940s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the slope-line approach system introduced?",
       "id": "57309019396df919000961b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "approach lighting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?",
       "id": "57309019396df919000961b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "slope-line approach system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?",
       "id": "57309019396df919000961b2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "increase in jet aircraft traffic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?",
       "id": "5730907d069b531400832189"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "9,800 ft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How far were runways extended out?",
       "id": "5730907d069b53140083218a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "The fields"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?",
       "id": "5730907d069b53140083218b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "early 1960s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?",
       "id": "5730907d069b53140083218c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports also have clearance delivery, apron control, and other specialized ATC stations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "air traffic control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does ATC stand for?",
       "id": "57309103069b531400832191"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?",
       "id": "57309103069b531400832192"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated \"movement areas\", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Ground Control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?",
       "id": "57309157069b531400832195"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "Ground Control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?",
       "id": "57309157069b531400832196"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 571,
         "text": "Tower Control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?",
       "id": "57309157069b531400832197"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "After a plane has landed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is control turned back over to ground control?",
       "id": "57309157069b531400832198"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Tower Control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who controls aircraft on the runway?",
       "id": "573091be2461fd1900a9ceab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "radar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?",
       "id": "573091be2461fd1900a9cead"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Tower Control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?",
       "id": "573091be2461fd1900a9ceac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?",
       "id": "573091be2461fd1900a9ceae"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "traffic pattern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?",
       "id": "573092478ab72b1400f9c59e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "traffic pattern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?",
       "id": "573092478ab72b1400f9c59f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "so-called SLOT-times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.",
       "id": "573092478ab72b1400f9c5a0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five \"legs\" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "800 or 1,000 ft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?",
       "id": "573093662461fd1900a9ceb3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "left-handed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?",
       "id": "573093662461fd1900a9ceb5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "above ground level"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does AGL stand for?",
       "id": "573093662461fd1900a9ceb4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "Standard traffic patterns are left-handed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?",
       "id": "573093662461fd1900a9ceb6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even take off from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called Clearance Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This then allows aircraft to take the most direct approach path to the runway and land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "a circuit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?",
       "id": "573094368ab72b1400f9c5b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "Clearance Delivery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?",
       "id": "573094368ab72b1400f9c5b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "commercial with long routes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?",
       "id": "573094368ab72b1400f9c5ba"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "visual approach slope indicator"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?",
       "id": "573094c48ab72b1400f9c5be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "visual approach slope indicator"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does VASI stand for?",
       "id": "573094c48ab72b1400f9c5bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "VHF omnidirectional range"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does VOR stand for?",
       "id": "573094c48ab72b1400f9c5c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "VHF omnidirectional range"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?",
       "id": "573094c48ab72b1400f9c5c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "instrument landing system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?",
       "id": "573094c48ab72b1400f9c5c2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "green lights"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?",
       "id": "5730954a2461fd1900a9cebb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "red lights"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?",
       "id": "5730954a2461fd1900a9cebc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "white lights"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What indicates the edge of a runway?",
       "id": "5730954a2461fd1900a9cebd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "pilot controlled lighting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?",
       "id": "5730954a2461fd1900a9cebe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "approach lighting system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does ALS stand for?",
       "id": "5730954a2461fd1900a9cebf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hazards to aircraft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What includes debris and nesting birds?",
       "id": "573095a62461fd1900a9cec5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "ice and snow clearing equipment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?",
       "id": "573095a62461fd1900a9cec7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "airfield rubber removal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?",
       "id": "573095a62461fd1900a9cec6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many ground crew at the airport work at the aircraft. A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges, The ground power unit is plugged in. It keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal. The engines are not working, therefore they do not generate the electricity, as they do in flight. The passengers disembark using the airbridge. Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft's cabin. There is a cleaning service to clean the aircraft after the aircraft lands. Flight catering provides the food and drinks on flights. A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck fills the water tanks of the aircraft. A fuel transfer vehicle transfers aviation fuel from fuel tanks underground, to the aircraft tanks. A tractor and its dollies bring in luggage from the terminal to the aircraft. They also carry luggage to the terminal if the aircraft has landed, and is being unloaded. Hi-loaders lift the heavy luggage containers to the gate of the cargo hold. The ground crew push the luggage containers into the hold. If it has landed, they rise, the ground crew push the luggage container on the hi-loader, which carries it down. The luggage container is then pushed on one of the tractors dollies. The conveyor, which is a conveyor belt on a truck, brings in the awkwardly shaped, or late luggage. The airbridge is used again by the new passengers to embark the aircraft. The tow tractor pushes the aircraft away from the terminal to a taxi area. The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes. The airport charges the airline for the time the aircraft spends at the airport.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "tow tractor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?",
       "id": "57309634069b5314008321af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "ground power unit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?",
       "id": "57309634069b5314008321b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "airbridge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The passengers disembark using what?",
       "id": "57309634069b5314008321b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "Mobile stairs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?",
       "id": "57309634069b5314008321b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1645,
         "text": "90 minutes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?",
       "id": "57309634069b5314008321b3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "airbase"
        }
       ],
       "question": "An airfield is also referred to as what?",
       "id": "573096972461fd1900a9cecb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "airbase"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What provides basing and support of military aircraft?",
       "id": "573096972461fd1900a9cecc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "the UK"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is RAF Brize Norton located?",
       "id": "573096972461fd1900a9cecd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 605,
         "text": "Norway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?",
       "id": "573096972461fd1900a9cece"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 632,
         "text": "India"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Pune Airport located?",
       "id": "573096972461fd1900a9cecf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 492,
         "text": "1970"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the movie Airport made?",
       "id": "573096e32461fd1900a9ced6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "The Terminal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?",
       "id": "573096e32461fd1900a9ced5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 605,
         "text": "2000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the movie Final Destination released?",
       "id": "573096e32461fd1900a9ced7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is heavily restricted, the only airside locations where filming is permitted are the Departure Lounge and some outside areas. To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as passengers, and be accompanied by a full airside pass holder and have their passport with them at all times. Filming can not be undertaken in Security, at Immigration/Customs, or in Baggage Reclaim.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "all public areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Landside, where can filming take place?",
       "id": "57309733396df919000961dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "Departure Lounge and some outside areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?",
       "id": "57309733396df919000961dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 503,
         "text": "Filming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?",
       "id": "57309733396df919000961de"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Kievan_Rus%27",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882\u2013912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980\u20131015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019\u20131054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "882"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?",
       "id": "573084818ab72b1400f9c542"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "Kiev. Sviatoslav I"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?",
       "id": "573084818ab72b1400f9c544"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "Prince Oleg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?",
       "id": "573084818ab72b1400f9c543"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "Vladimir the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?",
       "id": "573084818ab72b1400f9c545"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "issued its first written legal code"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?",
       "id": "573084818ab72b1400f9c546"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The term \"Kievan Rus'\" (\u041a\u0438\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c Kievskaya Rus\u2019) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as \u041a\u0456\u0435\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c Kije\u016dskaja Rus\u2019 and \u041a\u0438\u0301\u0457\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c Kyivs'ka Rus\u2019, respectively.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "19th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?",
       "id": "5730855c396df91900096174"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "1913"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?",
       "id": "5730855c396df91900096175"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "Vasily Klyuchevsky"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?",
       "id": "5730855c396df91900096176"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "Slavic tribes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?",
       "id": "5730878f2461fd1900a9ce8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "Novgorod"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?",
       "id": "5730878f2461fd1900a9ce90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "Ladoga and Karelia regions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?",
       "id": "5730878f2461fd1900a9ce91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "Poliane"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which tribe resided in the south?",
       "id": "5730878f2461fd1900a9ce92"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Controversy persists over whether the Rus\u2019 were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the \"Normanist\" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "whether the Rus\u2019 were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?",
       "id": "573089b78ab72b1400f9c560"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "Scandinavians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the \"Rus\" accourding to the \"Normanist\"?",
       "id": "573089b78ab72b1400f9c561"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 563,
         "text": "Slavs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?",
       "id": "573089b78ab72b1400f9c562"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': \"They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free.\" Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the \"Russi\" with the Norse (\"the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name\") but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits (\"A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin.\"). Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as \"Scythians\" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Ahmad ibn Fadlan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?",
       "id": "57308b138ab72b1400f9c566"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "garments that only cover half of his body"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?",
       "id": "57308b138ab72b1400f9c567"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 779,
         "text": "Leo the Deacon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which historian refered to the Rus as \"Scythians\"?",
       "id": "57308b138ab72b1400f9c568"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians, driving them \"back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves.\" The tribes had no laws, however, and soon began to make war with one another, prompting them to invite the Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the region:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "Varangians and the Khazars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?",
       "id": "5730de3fb54a4f140068ccb4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "859"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?",
       "id": "5730de3fb54a4f140068ccb5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "862"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?",
       "id": "5730de3fb54a4f140068ccb6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The three brothers\u2014Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor\u2014established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik\u2019s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered \"a small city on a hill,\" Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and \"established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?",
       "id": "5730df1ab54a4f140068ccba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Rurik"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?",
       "id": "5730df1ab54a4f140068ccbb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 410,
         "text": "Kiev"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?",
       "id": "5730df1ab54a4f140068ccbc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Chronicle reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to attack the city in 863\u201366, catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area, though other accounts date the attack in 860. Patriarch Photius vividly describes the \"universal\" devastation of the suburbs and nearby islands, and another account further details the destruction and slaughter of the invasion. The Rus' turned back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin. The attack was the first encounter between the Rus' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "863\u201366"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?",
       "id": "5730e0b8b54a4f140068ccc0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 732,
         "text": "Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?",
       "id": "5730e0b8b54a4f140068ccc1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 791,
         "text": "to convert the Rus' and the Slavs."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?",
       "id": "5730e0b8b54a4f140068ccc2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor. In 880-82, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed himself prince, and declared Kiev the \"mother of Rus' cities.\" Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes. In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "879"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Ruik past away?",
       "id": "5730f58e05b4da19006bcc98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "Prince Oleg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who declared Kiev \"The mother of Rus citis'?",
       "id": "5730f58e05b4da19006bcc9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "Prince Oleg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When Rurik past away, who took over?",
       "id": "5730f58e05b4da19006bcc99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "883"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?",
       "id": "5730f58e05b4da19006bcc9b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the \"route from the Varangians to the Greeks,\" continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the Kievan state prosper?",
       "id": "573104be497a881900248af9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?",
       "id": "573104be497a881900248afa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1125,
         "text": "money-lending system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?",
       "id": "573104be497a881900248afc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 695,
         "text": "Dnieper route"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which route was a central post in Kiev?",
       "id": "573104be497a881900248afb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What led to constant problems with the Khazars?",
       "id": "5731075905b4da19006bccee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "Black Sea steppe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which area did the Khazars rule over?",
       "id": "5731075905b4da19006bccef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "Byzantine Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were allies with the Khazars?",
       "id": "5731075905b4da19006bccf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "Persians and Arabs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?",
       "id": "5731075905b4da19006bccf1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "turmoil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?",
       "id": "5731090ca5e9cc1400cdbbb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "Khazars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? ",
       "id": "5731090ca5e9cc1400cdbbba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 575,
         "text": "build a fortress at Sarkel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?",
       "id": "5731090ca5e9cc1400cdbbbb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and trade. In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea. In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'. The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea, and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864, with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "expansion of the Rus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?",
       "id": "57310bd705b4da19006bcd22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "Oleg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?",
       "id": "57310bd705b4da19006bcd23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "894"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?",
       "id": "57310bd705b4da19006bcd24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1135,
         "text": "913"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?",
       "id": "57310bd705b4da19006bcd25"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them. The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west. Rus' relations with the Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products. The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "10th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?",
       "id": "57310d3fe6313a140071cbbc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Pechenegs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?",
       "id": "57310d3fe6313a140071cbbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "livestock"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?",
       "id": "57310d3fe6313a140071cbbe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the Slavs. Prince Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures, so in 863 the brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries, due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language. The Slavs had no written language, so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet, later developed into Cyrillic, and standardized the language of the Slavs, later known as Old Church Slavonic. They translated portions of the Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents, and the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories, including Kievan Rus\u2019. The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both evangelical and diplomatic purposes, spreading Byzantine cultural influence in support of imperial foreign policy. In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an \"Archbishop of the Rus'.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "860"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Rus attack Constantinople?",
       "id": "57310ec3e6313a140071cbc2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "provide teachers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had Prince Rastislav requested?",
       "id": "57310ec3e6313a140071cbc3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "devised the Glagolitic alphabet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language?",
       "id": "57310ec3e6313a140071cbc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 913,
         "text": "867"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Rus accept a bishop?",
       "id": "57310ec3e6313a140071cbc5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and military concerns. The wealth and income of the Rus' depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium. Constantine Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev, collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube delta, and on to Constantinople. On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit. The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose. The Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus' attacked Constantinople again in 907, probably to secure trade access. The Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg, an account imbued with legendary detail. Byzantine sources do not mention the attack, but a pair of treaties in 907 and 911 set forth a trade agreement with the Rus', the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines, who granted the Rus' quarters and supplies for their merchants and tax-free trading privileges in Constantinople.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "after Oleg took control over Kiev"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated?",
       "id": "5731102ce6313a140071cbd2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "commercial, cultural, and military concerns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the primary concerns the Rus and Byzantines had with oleg?",
       "id": "5731102ce6313a140071cbd3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 790,
         "text": "907"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Rus attack the Constantinole once again?",
       "id": "5731102ce6313a140071cbd4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Chronicle provides a mythic tale of Oleg's death. A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the Grand Prince would be associated with a certain horse. Oleg has the horse sequestered, and it later dies. Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass, gloating that he had outlived the threat, when a snake strikes him from among the bones, and he soon becomes ill and dies. The Chronicle reports that Prince Igor succeeded Oleg in 913, and after some brief conflicts with the Drevlians and the Pechenegs, a period of peace ensued for over twenty years.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Chronicle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What known document tells of the death of Oleg?",
       "id": "57311c1005b4da19006bcda8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "certain horse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg's death?",
       "id": "57311c1005b4da19006bcda9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "Prince Igor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "WHo succeeded Oleg in 913?",
       "id": "57311c1005b4da19006bcdab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "has the horse sequestered"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Oleg do to his horse?",
       "id": "57311c1005b4da19006bcdaa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 941, Igor led another major Rus' attack on Constantinople, probably over trading rights again. A navy of 10,000 vessels, including Pecheneg allies, landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. The attack was well-timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. The Rus\u2019 burned towns, churches, and monasteries, butchering the people and amassing booty. The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus\u2019, luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire. Liutprand of Cremona wrote that \"the Rus', seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire.\" Those captured were beheaded. The ploy dispelled the Rus\u2019 fleet, but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as Nicomedia, with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and set up for use as targets. At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). The outcome indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911, suggesting a shift in the balance of power.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "941"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?",
       "id": "57311df705b4da19006bcdb0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?",
       "id": "57311df705b4da19006bcdb2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "outfitted with Greek fire throwers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?",
       "id": "57311df705b4da19006bcdb3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "10,000 vessels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?",
       "id": "57311df705b4da19006bcdb1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from \u201cbeyond the sea.\u201d In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus\u2019, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus\u2019, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus\u2019 merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "Slavs and Pecheneg allies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?",
       "id": "57311f58497a881900248b77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 464,
         "text": "945"
        }
       ],
       "question": "IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians.",
       "id": "57311f58497a881900248b79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "944"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?",
       "id": "57311f58497a881900248b78"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "945"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Prince Igor past away?",
       "id": "57312584497a881900248bc3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "963"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?",
       "id": "57312584497a881900248bc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "his wife Olga"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?",
       "id": "57312584497a881900248bc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "Pereyaslavets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?",
       "id": "57312584497a881900248bc6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. The Grand Prince (\"velikiy kniaz'\") of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great (980\u20131015) and Prince Yaroslav I the Wise (1019\u20131054). Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus' that had begun under Oleg.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Sviatoslav pass away?",
       "id": "57312b47497a881900248bf7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "two centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?",
       "id": "57312b47497a881900248bf8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 576,
         "text": "980\u20131015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?",
       "id": "57312b47497a881900248bf9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl H\u00e5kon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk. As Prince of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. The Primary Chronicle states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the traditional idol-worship (paganism) of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite, the Jews, and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Novgorod"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?",
       "id": "57312d4da5e9cc1400cdbccb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "Scandinavia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?",
       "id": "57312d4da5e9cc1400cdbccc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "988"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?",
       "id": "57312d4da5e9cc1400cdbccd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1537,
         "text": "Princess Anna"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?",
       "id": "57312d4da5e9cc1400cdbcce"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "Dnieper River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?",
       "id": "5731309ce6313a140071cce8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "Cyrillic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language did the church write  the liturgy in?",
       "id": "5731309ce6313a140071cce9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "facilitated the conversion to Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?",
       "id": "5731309ce6313a140071ccea"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Yaroslav, known as \"the Wise\", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019. Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "the Wise"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Yaroslav also known as?",
       "id": "5731320605b4da19006bce88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "Vladimir the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Yaroslav's father?",
       "id": "5731320605b4da19006bce89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 510,
         "text": "1019"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?",
       "id": "5731320605b4da19006bce8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An unconventional power succession system was established (rota system) whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the ruling dynasty rather than from father to son, i.e. in most cases to the eldest brother of the ruler, fomenting constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family.[citation needed] Familicide was frequently deployed in obtaining power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi rule (sons of Yaroslav) when the established system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II Monomakh as the Grand Prince of Kiev,[clarification needed] in turn creating major squabbles between Olegovichi from Chernihiv, Monomakhs from Pereyaslav, Izyaslavichi from Turov/Volhynia, and Polotsk Princes.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "power was transferred to the eldest member"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the rota system do?",
       "id": "5731334105b4da19006bcea1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "rota system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented?",
       "id": "5731334105b4da19006bcea0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 312,
         "text": "Familicide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was often deployed when trying to gain power?",
       "id": "5731334105b4da19006bcea2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The most prominent struggle for power was the conflict that erupted after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The rivaling Principality of Polotsk was contesting the power of the Grand Prince by occupying Novgorod, while Rostislav Vladimirovich was fighting for the Black Sea port of Tmutarakan belonging to Chernihiv.[citation needed] Three of Yaroslav's sons that first allied together found themselves fighting each other especially after their defeat to the Cuman forces in 1068 at the Battle of the Alta River. At the same time an uprising took place in Kiev, bringing to power Vseslav of Polotsk who supported the traditional Slavic paganism.[citation needed] The ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to Poland asking for support and in couple of years returned to establish the order.[citation needed] The affairs became even more complicated by the end of the 11th century driving the state into chaos and constant warfare. On the initiative of Vladimir II Monomakh in 1097 the first federal council of Kievan Rus took place near Chernihiv]in the city of Liubech with the main intention to find an understanding among the fighting sides. However even though that did not really stop the fighting, it certainly cooled things off.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 703,
         "text": "Poland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country did the fleeing Grand Prince run off to?",
       "id": "573134c405b4da19006bcebc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "conflict"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What immediately occurred after Yarsolav the Wise past away?",
       "id": "573134c405b4da19006bceba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "Rostislav Vladimirovich"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was fighting for Tmutarakan following Yarsolav's death?",
       "id": "573134c405b4da19006bcebb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1048,
         "text": "city of Liubech"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the first federal council of Rus take place in 1097?",
       "id": "573134c405b4da19006bcebd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The decline of Constantinople \u2013 a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' \u2013 played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity. Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship, once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and Kiev lost its appeal.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "decline of Constantinople"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?",
       "id": "573135b1e6313a140071cd28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 343,
         "text": "Kiev"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?",
       "id": "573135b1e6313a140071cd2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "Byzantine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?",
       "id": "573135b1e6313a140071cd29"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The last ruler to maintain united state was Mstislav the Great. After his death in 1132 the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev instead of focussing on the external threat of the Cumans was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic. In 1169, as the Kievan Rus' state was full of internal conflict, Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev. The sack of the city fundamentally changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'. By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "Mstislav the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?",
       "id": "5731365ea5e9cc1400cdbceb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 327,
         "text": "1169"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Mstislav die?",
       "id": "5731365ea5e9cc1400cdbcec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 587,
         "text": "12th century,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?",
       "id": "5731365ea5e9cc1400cdbced"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus'. In 1204 the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople, making the Dnieper trade route marginal. At the same time the Teutonic Knights (of the Northern Crusades) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod. Concurrently with it the Ruthenian Federation of Kievan Rus' started to disintegrate into smaller principalities as the Rurik dynasty grew. The local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus', while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan state and losing its main base in Constantinople was on the brink of extinction. Some of the main regional centres that developed later were Novgorod, Chernigov, Galich, Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir-upon-Klyazma, Vladimir of Volyn and Polotsk.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Crusades"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What helped speed up the decline of the Kievan Rus?",
       "id": "57313d9fa5e9cc1400cdbd9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "1204"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Crusade sack Constantinople?",
       "id": "57313d9fa5e9cc1400cdbd9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 225,
         "text": "Teutonic Knights"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204?",
       "id": "57313d9fa5e9cc1400cdbd9d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the north, the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In the 12th century, Novgorod acquired its own archbishop Ilya in 1169, a sign of increased importance and political independence, while about 30 years prior to that in 1136 in Novgorod was established a republican form of government - elective monarchy. Since then Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "became more independent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline?",
       "id": "57313e7f497a881900248cc0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "it controlled trade routes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?",
       "id": "57313e7f497a881900248cbf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "1169"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop?",
       "id": "57313e7f497a881900248cc1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "Grand Duchy of Moscow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?",
       "id": "5731403205b4da19006bcf3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "Rostov"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?",
       "id": "5731403205b4da19006bcf3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 833,
         "text": "In 1299"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the mongol invasion begin?",
       "id": "5731403205b4da19006bcf3c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "To the southwest, the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus'. In 1199, Prince Roman Mstislavich united the two previously separate principalities. In 1202 he conquered Kiev, and assumed the title of Grand Duke of Kievan Rus', which was held by the rulers of Vladimir-Suzdal since 1169. His son, Prince Daniil (r. 1238\u20131264) looked for support from the West. He accepted a crown as a \"Rex Rusiae\" (\"King of Russia\") from the Roman papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Russian subjects. Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards. Cyprian, a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers, became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382; this way the church in the Russian countries was reunited for some time. In 1439, Kiev became the seat of a separate \"Metropolitan of Kiev, Galich and all Rus'\" for all Greek Orthodox Christians under Polish-Lithuanian rule.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Prince Roman Mstislavich"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who united the two previously separated principalities?",
       "id": "5731417005b4da19006bcf5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with?",
       "id": "5731417005b4da19006bcf5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "1202"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev?",
       "id": "5731417005b4da19006bcf60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 849,
         "text": "Cyprian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who became metropolitan in 1370?",
       "id": "5731417005b4da19006bcf61"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political \"control\" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Due to the expansion of trade"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?",
       "id": "57314282a5e9cc1400cdbde3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what did this new princedom emerge from?",
       "id": "57314282a5e9cc1400cdbde4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "first notable form of self-government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?",
       "id": "57314282a5e9cc1400cdbde5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 11th century and the 12th century, the princes and their retinues, which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites, dominated the society of Kievan Rus'. Leading soldiers and officials received income and land from the princes in return for their political and military services. Kievan society lacked the class institutions and autonomous towns that were typical of Western European feudalism. Nevertheless, urban merchants, artisans and labourers sometimes exercised political influence through a city assembly, the veche (council), which included all the adult males in the population. In some cases, the veche either made agreements with their rulers or expelled them and invited others to take their place. At the bottom of society was a stratum of slaves. More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour duty to the princes. The widespread personal serfdom characteristic of Western Europe did not exist in Kievan Rus'.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus?",
       "id": "57314376a5e9cc1400cdbde9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "class institutions and autonomous towns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?",
       "id": "57314376a5e9cc1400cdbdea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 806,
         "text": "tribute-paying peasants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes?",
       "id": "57314376a5e9cc1400cdbdeb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code, they were theoretically equal to the prince, so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. However, in the 13th century they began to slowly lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "change in political structure"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?",
       "id": "57314bb8497a881900248d73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "1031"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did wages on the manors develop?",
       "id": "57314bb8497a881900248d74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "given equality"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?",
       "id": "57314bb8497a881900248d75"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe, was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced. Literacy in Kiev, Novgorod and other large cities was high. As birch bark documents attest, they exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for schools. Novgorod had a sewage system and wood paving not often found in other cities at the time. The Russkaya Pravda confined punishments to fines and generally did not use capital punishment. Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property and inheritance rights.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "the largest contemporary European state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Despite being much smaller than wester europe, what they known for being?",
       "id": "57314d1205b4da19006bd004"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 343,
         "text": "sewage system and wood paving"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?",
       "id": "57314d1205b4da19006bd005"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "property and inheritance rights"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were some of the rights women had during this time period?",
       "id": "57314d1205b4da19006bd006"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kievan Rus' also played an important genealogical role in European politics. Yaroslav the Wise, whose stepmother belonged to the Macedonian dynasty, the greatest one to rule Byzantium, married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized Sweden. His daughters became queens of Hungary, France and Norway, his sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor (not to mention a niece of the Pope), while his granddaughters were a German Empress and (according to one theory) the queen of Scotland. A grandson married the only daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Thus the Rurikids were a well-connected royal family of the time.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "Macedonian dynasty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To which dynasty did Yarolav's step mother belong to?",
       "id": "57314eb2e6313a140071cdfa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "Hungary, France and Norway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which three countried did Yaroslav's daughters become queens of?",
       "id": "57314eb2e6313a140071cdfb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Yaroslav's sons marry?",
       "id": "57314eb2e6313a140071cdfc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus\u2032. For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus\u2032, which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary military alliances (e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor). In 968, the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev. Some speculation exists that the Pechenegs drove off the Tivertsi and the Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester river in Bukovina. The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "9th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?",
       "id": "57314fb0497a881900248daf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "sporadic raids into the lands of Rus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?",
       "id": "57314fb0497a881900248db0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "968"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?",
       "id": "57314fb0497a881900248db1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 597,
         "text": "Byzantine Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?",
       "id": "57314fb0497a881900248db2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "Michael I"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?",
       "id": "57315091497a881900248dc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "Leontiy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?",
       "id": "57315091497a881900248dc6"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (officially abbreviated the Super NES[b] or SNES[c], and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo[d]) is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (Japanese: \u30b9\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30b3\u30f3, Hepburn: S\u016bp\u0101 Famikon?, officially adopting the abbreviated name of its predecessor, the Family Computer), or SFC for short. In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy (\uc288\ud37c \ucef4\ubcf4\uc774 Syupeo Keomboi) and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another. It was released in Brazil on September 2, 1992, by Playtronic.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 248,
         "text": "1991"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the SNES released in the US?",
       "id": "5730a225069b5314008321d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 225,
         "text": "Japan and South Korea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the SNES first released?",
       "id": "5730a225069b5314008321d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "Super Famicom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the SNES called in Japan?",
       "id": "5730a225069b5314008321d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 571,
         "text": "Super Comboy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the SNES called in South Korea?",
       "id": "5730a225069b5314008321da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "1992"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the SNES released in Australia?",
       "id": "5730a225069b5314008321db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "PC Engine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in Japan?",
       "id": "5730a2a1069b5314008321e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "Mega Drive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in Japan?",
       "id": "5730a2a1069b5314008321e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "TurboGrafx-16"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?",
       "id": "5730a2a1069b5314008321e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "Genesis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in the US?",
       "id": "5730a2a1069b5314008321e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the Genesis's advantages over the NES?",
       "id": "5730a2a1069b5314008321e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Designed by Masayuki Uemura, the designer of the original Famicom, the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday, November 21, 1990 for \u00a525,000 (US$210). It was an instant success; Nintendo's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours, and the resulting social disturbance led the Japanese government to ask video game manufacturers to schedule future console releases on weekends. The system's release also gained the attention of the Yakuza, leading to a decision to ship the devices at night to avoid robbery.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "Masayuki Uemura"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed both the NES and SNES?",
       "id": "5730a3018ab72b1400f9c61e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "\u00a525,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much in yen did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?",
       "id": "5730a3018ab72b1400f9c61f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "US$210"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much in dollars did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?",
       "id": "5730a3018ab72b1400f9c620"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "300,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Super Famicoms were produced in the first run?",
       "id": "5730a3018ab72b1400f9c621"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "the Yakuza"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What criminal group plotted to steal Super Famicoms?",
       "id": "5730a3018ab72b1400f9c622"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On August 23, 1991,[a] Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for US$199. The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB\u00a3150, with a German release following a few weeks later. Most of the PAL region versions of the console use the Japanese Super Famicom design, except for labeling and the length of the joypad leads. The Playtronic Super NES in Brazil, although PAL, uses the North American design. Both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic, a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "US$199"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the SNES cost in the US?",
       "id": "5730a3d08ab72b1400f9c630"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "GB\u00a3150"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the SNES cost in the UK?",
       "id": "5730a3d08ab72b1400f9c631"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "April 1992"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the SNES released in the UK?",
       "id": "5730a3d08ab72b1400f9c632"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 560,
         "text": "1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the SNES released in Brazil?",
       "id": "5730a3d08ab72b1400f9c633"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 568,
         "text": "Playtronic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which company distributed the SNES in Brazil?",
       "id": "5730a3d08ab72b1400f9c634"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history, in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the \"cool\" console, with more mature titles aimed at older gamers, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition. Nintendo however, scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES, which took over a year to make the transition to Genesis. Despite the Genesis's head start, much larger library of games, and lower price point, the Genesis only represented an estimated 60% of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992, and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years. Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation, and for a time, maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn. According to Nintendo, the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S. According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on NPD sales data, the SNES ultimately outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "older gamers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What market did the Genesis target?",
       "id": "5730a4e0069b5314008321f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "over a year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?",
       "id": "5730a4e0069b5314008321f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 656,
         "text": "60%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?",
       "id": "5730a4e0069b5314008321f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 784,
         "text": "Donkey Kong Country"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game was key to the SNES's success?",
       "id": "5730a4e0069b5314008321f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1017,
         "text": "more than 20 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?",
       "id": "5730a4e0069b5314008321f9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system\u2014the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's \"Ultra Games\" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?",
       "id": "5730a569069b5314008321ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "Ultra Games"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?",
       "id": "5730a569069b531400832200"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?",
       "id": "5730a569069b531400832201"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "Sega"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?",
       "id": "5730a569069b531400832202"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 544,
         "text": "Acclaim"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?",
       "id": "5730a569069b531400832203"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The company continued to carefully review submitted titles, giving them scores using a 40-point scale and allocating Nintendo's marketing resources accordingly. Each region performed separate evaluations. Nintendo of America also maintained a policy that, among other things, limited the amount of violence in the games on its systems. One game, Mortal Kombat, would challenge this policy. A surprise hit in arcades in 1992, Mortal Kombat features splashes of blood and finishing moves that often depict one character dismembering the other. Because the Genesis version retained the gore while the SNES version did not, it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "using a 40-point scale"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Nintendo rank submitted games?",
       "id": "5730a5e02461fd1900a9cf3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "Mortal Kombat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game first challenged Nintendo's anti-violence policy?",
       "id": "5730a5e02461fd1900a9cf3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "1992"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Mortal Kombat released in arcades?",
       "id": "5730a5e02461fd1900a9cf3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 554,
         "text": "Genesis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which game console had a full-gore version of Mortal Kombat?",
       "id": "5730a5e02461fd1900a9cf3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 662,
         "text": "three or four-to-one"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version?",
       "id": "5730a5e02461fd1900a9cf3f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children.[e] While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, and the inclusion of ratings on all video games. With these ratings in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993?",
       "id": "5730a66b2461fd1900a9cf45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "the marketing of violent video games to children"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993?",
       "id": "5730a66b2461fd1900a9cf46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?",
       "id": "5730a66b2461fd1900a9cf47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 423,
         "text": "the inclusion of ratings on all video games"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?",
       "id": "5730a66b2461fd1900a9cf48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did video game ratings affect Nintendo?",
       "id": "5730a66b2461fd1900a9cf49"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "Rare"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?",
       "id": "5730ac97069b531400832227"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "6.1 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?",
       "id": "5730ac97069b53140083222a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "SGI workstations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?",
       "id": "5730ac97069b531400832229"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?",
       "id": "5730ac97069b53140083222b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "November 1994"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Donkey Kong Country released?",
       "id": "5730ac97069b531400832228"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In October 1997, Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES (the SNS-101 model) in North America for US$99, which sometimes included the pack-in game Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. Like the earlier redesign of the NES (the NES-101 model), the new model was slimmer and lighter than its predecessor, but it lacked S-Video and RGB output, and it was among the last major SNES-related releases in the region. A similarly redesigned Super Famicom Jr. was released in Japan at around the same time.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "US$99"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the SNS-101 cost in the US?",
       "id": "5730ad472461fd1900a9cf7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game was bundled with the SNS-101?",
       "id": "5730ad472461fd1900a9cf7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "S-Video and RGB output"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What features were removed in the SNS-101?",
       "id": "5730ad472461fd1900a9cf7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 441,
         "text": "Super Famicom Jr."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What redesigned console was released in Japan at the time of the SNS-101?",
       "id": "5730ad472461fd1900a9cf80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "October 1997"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the SNS-101 released in the US?",
       "id": "5730ad472461fd1900a9cf81"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Internally, a regional lockout chip (CIC) within the console and in each cartridge prevents PAL region games from being played on Japanese or North American consoles and vice versa. The Japanese and North American machines have the same region chip. This can be overcome through the use of adapters, typically by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot. Alternatively, disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip will prevent it from locking the console; hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions?",
       "id": "5730ae52069b53140083223b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 436,
         "text": "disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions?",
       "id": "5730ae52069b53140083223c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 530,
         "text": "hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games?",
       "id": "5730ae52069b53140083223d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "60 Hz"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What video frequency does NTSC use?",
       "id": "5730aec62461fd1900a9cf87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "50 Hz"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What video frequency does PAL use?",
       "id": "5730aec62461fd1900a9cf88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "16.7% slower"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?",
       "id": "5730aec62461fd1900a9cf89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?",
       "id": "5730aec62461fd1900a9cf8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All versions of the SNES are predominantly gray, although the exact shade may differ. The original North American version, designed by Nintendo of America industrial designer Lance Barr (who previously redesigned the Famicom to become the NES), has a boxy design with purple sliding switches and a dark gray eject lever. The loading bay surface is curved, both to invite interaction and to prevent food or drinks from being placed on the console and spilling as had happened with the flat surfaced NES. The Japanese and European versions are more rounded, with darker gray accents and buttons. The North American SNS-101 model and the Japanese Super Famicom Jr. (the SHVC-101 model), all designed by Barr, are both smaller with a rounded contour; however, the SNS-101 buttons are purple where the Super Famicom Jr. buttons are gray. The European and American versions of the SNES controllers have much longer cables compared to the Japanese Super Famicom controllers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "predominantly gray"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color is the SNES?",
       "id": "5730af318ab72b1400f9c68c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "Lance Barr"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the North American SNES?",
       "id": "5730af318ab72b1400f9c68d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "industrial designer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Barr's job?",
       "id": "5730af318ab72b1400f9c68e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "purple"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color were the North American SNES's buttons?",
       "id": "5730af318ab72b1400f9c68f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 827,
         "text": "gray"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color were the Japanese Super Famicom Jr.'s buttons?",
       "id": "5730af318ab72b1400f9c690"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All versions incorporate a top-loading slot for game cartridges, although the shape of the slot differs between regions to match the different shapes of the cartridges. The MULTI OUT connector (later used on the Nintendo 64 and GameCube) can output composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator. Original versions additionally include a 28-pin expansion port under a small cover on the bottom of the unit and a standard RF output with channel selection switch on the back; the redesigned models output composite video only, requiring an external modulator for RF.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "top-loading"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is the SNES's slot positioned?",
       "id": "5730afba396df9190009627e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What connection types did MULTI OUT support?",
       "id": "5730afba396df9190009627f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "28"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many pins did the SNES expansion port have?",
       "id": "5730afba396df91900096280"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 542,
         "text": "composite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101?",
       "id": "5730afba396df91900096281"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "Nintendo 64 and GameCube"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT?",
       "id": "5730afba396df91900096282"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization on exposure to air, likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives. This, along with the particularly light color of the original plastic, causes affected consoles to quickly become yellow; if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic, a \"two-tone\" effect results. The color can sometimes be restored with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "ABS plastic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What material is the SNES case made of?",
       "id": "5730b020396df91900096292"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "oxidization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What chemical process turned some SNES cases yellow?",
       "id": "5730b020396df91900096293"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mixture error in the plastic caused some SNES cases to turn yellow?",
       "id": "5730b020396df91900096294"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can SNES yellowing sometimes be reversed?",
       "id": "5730b020396df91900096295"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why would some SNESes be only partly yellow?",
       "id": "5730b020396df91900096296"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The cartridge media of the console is officially referred to as Game Pak in most Western regions, and as Cassette (\u30ab\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8, Kasetto?) in Japan and parts of Latin America. While the SNES can address 128 Mbit,[f] only 117.75 Mbit are actually available for cartridge use. A fairly normal mapping could easily address up to 95 Mbit of ROM data (48 Mbit at FastROM speed) with 8 Mbit of battery-backed RAM. However, most available memory access controllers only support mappings of up to 32 Mbit. The largest games released (Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean) contain 48 Mbit of ROM data, while the smallest games contain only 2 Mbit.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Game Pak"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are SNES game cartridges officially called in the US?",
       "id": "5730b0912461fd1900a9cf99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "Cassette"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are SNES game cartridges officially called in Japan?",
       "id": "5730b0912461fd1900a9cf9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "117.75 Mbit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much data space can an SNES cartridge use?",
       "id": "5730b0912461fd1900a9cf9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the largest SNES games?",
       "id": "5730b0912461fd1900a9cf9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "2 Mbit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much data do the smallest SNES games use?",
       "id": "5730b0912461fd1900a9cf9d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The standard SNES controller adds two additional face buttons (X and Y) to the design of the NES iteration, arranging the four in a diamond shape, and introduces two shoulder buttons. It also features an ergonomic design by Lance Barr, later used for the NES-102 model controllers, also designed by Barr. The Japanese and PAL region versions incorporate the colors of the four action buttons into system's logo. The North American version's buttons are colored to match the redesigned console; the X and Y buttons are lavender with concave faces, and the A and B buttons are purple with convex faces. Several later consoles derive elements of their controller design from the SNES, including the PlayStation, Dreamcast, Xbox, and Wii Classic Controller.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "X and Y"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What face buttons do SNES controllers have that NES controllers didn't?",
       "id": "5730b0ef396df919000962a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many shoulder buttons do SNES controllers have?",
       "id": "5730b0ef396df919000962a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "Lance Barr"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the SNES controllers?",
       "id": "5730b0ef396df919000962a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "lavender"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color are the US SNES controllers' X and Y buttons?",
       "id": "5730b0ef396df919000962a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 575,
         "text": "purple"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color are the US SNES controllers' A and B buttons?",
       "id": "5730b0ef396df919000962aa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage. Nintendo also released the SNES Mouse in conjunction with its Mario Paint title. Hudson Soft, under license from Nintendo, released the Super Multitap, a multiplayer adapter for use with its popular series of Bomberman games. Some of the more unusual controllers include the BatterUP baseball bat, the Life Fitness Entertainment System (an exercise bike controller with built-in monitoring software), and the TeeV Golf golf club.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "Super Scope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper?",
       "id": "5730b1488ab72b1400f9c6a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "Super Advantage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?",
       "id": "5730b1488ab72b1400f9c6a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "Mario Paint"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game used the SNES Mouse?",
       "id": "5730b1488ab72b1400f9c6a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 700,
         "text": "BatterUP"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What game came with a baseball bat controller?",
       "id": "5730b1488ab72b1400f9c6a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "light gun"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of accessory was the Super Scope?",
       "id": "5730b1488ab72b1400f9c6a7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Nintendo say an NES and SNES could be used on the same TV?",
       "id": "5730b2e62461fd1900a9cfbb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "Game Boy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which other game system's cartridges could be adapted to the SNES?",
       "id": "5730b2e62461fd1900a9cfbc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy?",
       "id": "5730b2e62461fd1900a9cfbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 559,
         "text": "Japan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Super Game Boy 2 released?",
       "id": "5730b2e62461fd1900a9cfbe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 623,
         "text": "a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Super Game Boy 2 add?",
       "id": "5730b2e62461fd1900a9cfbf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Japan saw the release of the Satellaview, a modem which attached to the Super Famicom's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station. Users of the Satellaview could download gaming news and specially designed games, which were frequently either remakes of or sequels to older Famicom titles, released in installments. Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23, 1995 through June 30, 2000. In the United States, the similar but relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "Satellaview"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?",
       "id": "5730b372069b53140083227b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "the St.GIGA satellite radio station"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What service did the Satellaview connect to?",
       "id": "5730b372069b53140083227c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 381,
         "text": "April 23, 1995"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Satellaview begin operation?",
       "id": "5730b372069b53140083227d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "June 30, 2000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Satellaview end operation?",
       "id": "5730b372069b53140083227e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "XBAND"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?",
       "id": "5730b372069b53140083227f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the SNES's life, Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega's CD-ROM based addon, Mega-CD. Ultimately, deals with both Sony and Philips fell through, (although a prototype console was produced by Sony) with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo (the PlayStation).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Sony and Philips"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which companies did Nintendo try to get to make a CD add-on for the SNES?",
       "id": "5730b3dd069b531400832285"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "CD-i"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Philips' multimedia system?",
       "id": "5730b3dd069b531400832286"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "PlayStation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo?",
       "id": "5730b3dd069b531400832287"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "Mega-CD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Sega's CD add-on?",
       "id": "5730b3dd069b531400832288"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy. Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status, the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode, space shifting for private use, the desire to develop homebrew games for the system, the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles, and the lack of certain foreign imports.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "flagrant software piracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Nintendo consider emulators?",
       "id": "5730b4e2396df919000962ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "abandonware"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners?",
       "id": "5730b4e2396df919000962bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "Retrode"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What device allows backing up SNES games?",
       "id": "5730b4e2396df919000962bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "homebrew"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for homemade software?",
       "id": "5730b4e2396df919000962bd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Emulation of the SNES is now available on handheld units, such as Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad, Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings, as well as PDAs. While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs, Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation, though SNES9x GX, a port of SNES9x, has been made for the Wii.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What smartphones have SNES emulators?",
       "id": "5730b55f396df919000962cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Nintendo's first approved emulator?",
       "id": "5730b55f396df919000962ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What portable game systems have SNES emulators?",
       "id": "5730b55f396df919000962cd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2007, GameTrailers named the SNES as the second-best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that \"left their mark on the history of gaming\", citing its graphic, sound, and library of top-quality games. In 2015, they also named it the best Nintendo console of all time, saying, \"The list of games we love from this console completely annihilates any other roster from the Big N.\" Technology columnist Don Reisinger proclaimed \"The SNES is the greatest console of all time\" in January 2008, citing the quality of the games and the console's dramatic improvement over its predecessor; fellow technology columnist Will Greenwald replied with a more nuanced view, giving the SNES top marks with his heart, the NES with his head, and the PlayStation (for its controller) with his hands. GamingExcellence also gave the SNES first place in 2008, declaring it \"simply the most timeless system ever created\" with many games that stand the test of time and citing its innovation in controller design, graphics capabilities, and game storytelling. At the same time, GameDaily rated it fifth of ten for its graphics, audio, controllers, and games. In 2009, IGN named the Super Nintendo Entertainment System the fourth best video game console, complimenting its audio and \"concentration of AAA titles\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "GameTrailers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which publication said Nintendo's best console ever was the SNES?",
       "id": "5730b5f4069b53140083229f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "second-best"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did GameTrailers rank the SNES among all consoles?",
       "id": "5730b5f4069b5314008322a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "Don Reisinger"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which writer said the SNES was the best console ever from any company?",
       "id": "5730b5f4069b5314008322a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 799,
         "text": "GamingExcellence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who said the SNES was \"simply the most timeless system ever created\"?",
       "id": "5730b5f4069b5314008322a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1216,
         "text": "fourth best"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did IGN rank the SNES?",
       "id": "5730b5f4069b5314008322a3"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Sumer",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "However, some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. It has been suggested by them and others, that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples, who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region, and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Professor Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians were settled along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "substrate language"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some scholars contest that there was only one what?",
       "id": "5730a6cd2461fd1900a9cf4f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 194,
         "text": "hunter and fisher peoples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do some scholars think the Sumerian language originally belonged to?",
       "id": "5730a6cd2461fd1900a9cf50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "marshland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the original Sumerians live?",
       "id": "5730a6cd2461fd1900a9cf51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "Arabian bifacial"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What culture did the peoples who would be called Sumerian have a part in?",
       "id": "5730a6cd2461fd1900a9cf52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "26th century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the earliest historical records of Sumer?",
       "id": "5730a6cd2461fd1900a9cf53"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) approximately 2100-2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is considered to have been the world's first city, where three separate cultures may have fused \u2014 that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "about a century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was there native Sumerian rule during the Third Dynasty of Ur?",
       "id": "5730a771069b531400832209"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "approximately 2100-2000 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Third Dynasty of Ur?",
       "id": "5730a771069b53140083220a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "Akkadian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire?",
       "id": "5730a771069b53140083220b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "Eridu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is considered to be the world's first city?",
       "id": "5730a771069b53140083220c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cultures may have fused together in Eridu?",
       "id": "5730a771069b53140083220d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The term \"Sumerian\" is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the Semitic Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as \u00f9\u011d sa\u011d g\u00edg-ga (cuneiform: \ud808\udf26 \ud808\ude95 \ud808\ude2a \ud808\udcb5), phonetically /u\u014b sa\u014b giga/, literally meaning \"the black-headed people\", and to their land as ki-en-gi(-r) ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble'), meaning \"place of the noble lords\". The Akkadian word Shumer may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term \u0161umer\u00fb is uncertain. Hebrew Shinar, Egyptian Sngr, and Hittite \u0160anhar(a), all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of Shumer.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "Sumerian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the common name given to the non-Semitic dwellers of Mesopotamia by the Akkadians?",
       "id": "5730a824396df91900096250"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "\"the black-headed people\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Sumerians refer to themselves as in their language?",
       "id": "5730a824396df91900096251"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "\"place of the noble lords\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Sumerians refer to their land?",
       "id": "5730a824396df91900096252"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "geographical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Shumer, an Akkadian word, could reference what type of name?",
       "id": "5730a824396df91900096253"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 609,
         "text": "southern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?",
       "id": "5730a824396df91900096254"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. the 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions. Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC. Following the Gutian period, there is a brief Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC, cut short in the 20th century BC by Semitic Amorite invasions. The Amorite \"dynasty of Isin\" persisted until c. 1700 BC, when Mesopotamia was united under Babylonian rule. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what periods did the Sumerican city-states rise to power?",
       "id": "5730a8cc2461fd1900a9cf59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "Sumerian written history"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is obscure until the Early Dynastic III period around the 23rd century BC?",
       "id": "5730a8cc2461fd1900a9cf5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "syllabary writing system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was developed that has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions?",
       "id": "5730a8cc2461fd1900a9cf5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "rise of the Akkadian Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does Classical Sumer end?",
       "id": "5730a8cc2461fd1900a9cf5c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 613,
         "text": "Semitic Amorite invasions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cut short the Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC?",
       "id": "5730a8cc2461fd1900a9cf5d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. During this time, the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu (Cuneiform: NUN.KI), c. 5300 BC, by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture, which first pioneered irrigation agriculture. It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia. It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. Eridu remained an important religious center when it was gradually surpassed in size by the nearby city of Uruk. The story of the passing of the me (gifts of civilization) to Inanna, goddess of Uruk and of love and war, by Enki, god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu, may reflect this shift in hegemony.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Ubaid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Fine quality painted pottery is a distinctive style of what period in Sumerian history?",
       "id": "5730a9732461fd1900a9cf63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where could the pottery be found spread throughout?",
       "id": "5730a9732461fd1900a9cf64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "Eridu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the Ubaid, where was the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia established?",
       "id": "5730a9732461fd1900a9cf65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "irrigation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of agriculture did the farmers settling at Eridu bring with them?",
       "id": "5730a9732461fd1900a9cf66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 796,
         "text": "Enki"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the chief god of Eridu?",
       "id": "5730a9732461fd1900a9cf67"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the time of the Uruk period (c. 4100\u20132900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large, stratified, temple-centered cities (with populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts. Artifacts, and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area\u2014from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as central Iran.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "transported along the canals and rivers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were trade goods transported in southern Mesopotamia?",
       "id": "5730aa008ab72b1400f9c63b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "trade goods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What facilitated the rise of Sumerian cities?",
       "id": "5730a9ff8ab72b1400f9c63a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "over 10,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people lived in the cities?",
       "id": "5730aa008ab72b1400f9c63c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "Uruk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which period did Sumerian cities begin using slave labor?",
       "id": "5730aa008ab72b1400f9c63d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 551,
         "text": "Artifacts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have been found as far east as central Iran?",
       "id": "5730aa008ab72b1400f9c63e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "priest-king"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an \"ensi\"?",
       "id": "5730aa6f8ab72b1400f9c644"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "theocratic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?",
       "id": "5730aa6f8ab72b1400f9c645"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "a council of elders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who assisted the ensi?",
       "id": "5730aa6f8ab72b1400f9c646"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "Uruk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?",
       "id": "5730aa6f8ab72b1400f9c647"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "50,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Over how many people lived in Uruk?",
       "id": "5730aa6f8ab72b1400f9c648"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic\u2014leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Gilgamesh is credited with having built the walls of Uruk).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "Enmebaragesi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?",
       "id": "5730ab3a8ab72b1400f9c65e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Kish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?",
       "id": "5730ab3a8ab72b1400f9c65d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "Etana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?",
       "id": "5730ab3a8ab72b1400f9c65c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "increased war"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?",
       "id": "5730ab3a8ab72b1400f9c660"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 301,
         "text": "Gilgamesh epic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?",
       "id": "5730ab3a8ab72b1400f9c65f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy. Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies. His empire collapsed shortly after his death.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "Umma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city-state was the rival of Lagash?",
       "id": "5730ab9c396df9190009626b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "practically all of Sumer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eannatum annex?",
       "id": "5730ab9c396df9190009626c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "Eannatum of Lagash,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the first empires known in history?",
       "id": "5730ab9c396df9190009626a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "terror"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line?",
       "id": "5730ab9c396df9190009626d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "collapsed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Eannatum's empire after his death?",
       "id": "5730ab9c396df9190009626e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270\u20132215 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the \"Neo-Sumerian Renaissance\" that followed it. Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes. Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a \"Semitic vs. Sumerian\" conflict. However, it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered by Sargon.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "proper names of the kings of Kish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Semetic Akkadian language first found?",
       "id": "5730ac218ab72b1400f9c666"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "king lists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Semetic Akkadian language found preserved after 2800 BC?",
       "id": "5730ac218ab72b1400f9c667"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Sargon the Great"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During whose rule was the use of Old Akkadian at its peak?",
       "id": "5730ac218ab72b1400f9c668"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "Sumerian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language did scribes use over Akkadian?",
       "id": "5730ac218ab72b1400f9c669"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 649,
         "text": "about one thousand years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did Akkadian and Sumerian coexist as spoken languages?",
       "id": "5730ac218ab72b1400f9c66a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great \"Sumerian renaissance\", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu (Amorites) who were to found several competing local powers including Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna and eventually Babylon. The last of these eventually came to dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done so in the north from the late 21st century BC. The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria, much as Latin was used in the Medieval period, for as long as cuneiform was utilized.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "3rd"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance?",
       "id": "5730ad61069b531400832231"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "Ur-Nammu and Shulgi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power?",
       "id": "5730ad61069b531400832232"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "more Semitic than Sumerian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Even during the 3rd dynasty, what was happening to the racial makeup of the region?",
       "id": "5730ad61069b531400832233"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "Amorites"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands?",
       "id": "5730ad61069b531400832234"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 792,
         "text": "for as long as cuneiform was utilized."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools?",
       "id": "5730ad61069b531400832235"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths. This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. Henceforth Sumerian would remain only a literary and liturgical language, similar to the position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "compromised"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What effect was rising salinity having on the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands?",
       "id": "5730aea88ab72b1400f9c678"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "Soil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem?",
       "id": "5730aea88ab72b1400f9c679"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "dissolved salts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Poorly drained irrigated soils in an arid climate with a good deal of evaporation is responsible for leaving what?",
       "id": "5730aea88ab72b1400f9c67a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "wheat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did cultivation shift from to salt-tolerant barley during the Ur III phase?",
       "id": "5730aea88ab72b1400f9c67b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 752,
         "text": "by nearly three fifths"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the population of the region decline due to the decrease in crop productivity? ",
       "id": "5730aea88ab72b1400f9c67c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period (5300 \u2013 4700 BC C-14) settlements in southern Mesopotamia. The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Sumerians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were a non-Semitic caucasoid people?",
       "id": "5730af512461fd1900a9cf8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "earlier inhabitants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What influences did the Sumerian language seem to retain?",
       "id": "5730af512461fd1900a9cf90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "uninterrupted cultural continuity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do archaeological records clearly show about the Sumerian culture?",
       "id": "5730af512461fd1900a9cf91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "early Ubaid period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were settlements started in southern Mesopotamia?",
       "id": "5730af512461fd1900a9cf92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 553,
         "text": "silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were the lands in the region the Sumerian people settled fertile?",
       "id": "5730af512461fd1900a9cf93"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 \u2013 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "the north"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do some archaeologists speculate Sumerians originally moved from?",
       "id": "5730b004396df91900096288"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "irrigation agriculture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had the Sumerians perfected before coming south?",
       "id": "5730b004396df91900096289"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 266,
         "text": "the Samarra"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture?",
       "id": "5730b004396df9190009628a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 582,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s?",
       "id": "5730b004396df9190009628b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 807,
         "text": "labor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the temple-centered social organization of the farming peoples allow them to mobilize?",
       "id": "5730b004396df9190009628c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III \"Sumerian Renaissance\", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal (\"great man\" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The \"lu\" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were women protected in Sumerian society?",
       "id": "5730b096396df9190009629c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "male"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What gender dominated Sumerian culture?",
       "id": "5730b096396df9190009629d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "Ur-Nammu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law?",
       "id": "5730b096396df9190009629e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "the lu-gal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society?",
       "id": "5730b096396df9190009629f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many strata existed in Sumerian society?",
       "id": "5730b096396df919000962a0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures \u2014 that is, hieroglyphs \u2014 were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "tablets written in cuneiform"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer?",
       "id": "5730b14b069b531400832271"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "milestone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature?",
       "id": "5730b14b069b531400832272"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 495,
         "text": "Ideograms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What followed cuneiform in writing?",
       "id": "5730b14b069b531400832273"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 648,
         "text": "hundreds of thousands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day?",
       "id": "5730b14b069b531400832274"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1113,
         "text": "religion and law in Mesopotamia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? ",
       "id": "5730b14b069b531400832275"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes (\"units of meaning\") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "Afroasiatic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages?",
       "id": "5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "belongs to no known language family"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics?",
       "id": "5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "words"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create?",
       "id": "5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "failed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups?",
       "id": "5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "\"units of meaning\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are morphemes?",
       "id": "5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6cb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, \"the muddy ones\", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the \"sky-pivot\" or axle, and the \"earth pivot\", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or \"Lady Sacred Mountain\", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon?",
       "id": "5730b5b4069b531400832295"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "a series of hieros gami"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does one myth see creation as being the result of?",
       "id": "5730b5b4069b531400832296"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "fresh and salt water"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of?",
       "id": "5730b5b4069b531400832297"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "the muddy ones"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?",
       "id": "5730b5b4069b531400832298"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1026,
         "text": "Ninhursag"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?",
       "id": "5730b5b4069b531400832299"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "a core pantheon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Sumerian deities form?",
       "id": "5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "for the purpose of serving them"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the gods create human beings from clay?",
       "id": "5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "different cities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could Sumerian gods be associated with?",
       "id": "5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "those cities' political power"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?",
       "id": "5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "a payment of silver"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?",
       "id": "5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Ziggurats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Sumerian temples known as?",
       "id": "5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "purification"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for?",
       "id": "5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "the priests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for?",
       "id": "5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "animal and vegetable sacrifices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the mudbrick table in the temple for?",
       "id": "5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "near the temples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses?",
       "id": "5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6e0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "confined to a gloomy world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?",
       "id": "5730b7842461fd1900a9cfdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "outside the city walls in graveyards"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were dead Sumerians buried?",
       "id": "5730b7842461fd1900a9cfdf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "Ereshkigal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?",
       "id": "5730b7842461fd1900a9cfde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 526,
         "text": "her servants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?",
       "id": "5730b7842461fd1900a9cfe0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 594,
         "text": "oboe-like"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?",
       "id": "5730b7842461fd1900a9cfe1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and \"woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "Uruk period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?",
       "id": "5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?",
       "id": "5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "donkeys"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?",
       "id": "5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "beasts of burden"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? ",
       "id": "5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 554,
         "text": "pots or vases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were plants also grown besides the garden?",
       "id": "5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: \"Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "beer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume?",
       "id": "5730b8f5396df919000962d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "Cereals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews?",
       "id": "5730b8f5396df919000962d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "wheat, barley, and mixed grain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew?",
       "id": "5730b8f5396df919000962da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "very important"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How important was beer brewing to Sumerians?",
       "id": "5730b8f5396df919000962db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "expansive and sang with joy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer?",
       "id": "5730b8f5396df919000962dc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As is known from the \"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "kill weeds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?",
       "id": "5730b9a8396df919000962e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "from the \"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? ",
       "id": "5730b9a8396df919000962e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "three times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?",
       "id": "5730b9a8396df919000962e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When would farmers flood their fields?",
       "id": "5730b9a8396df919000962e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "salt-tolerant barley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?",
       "id": "5730b9a8396df919000962e6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that \"Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones \u2014 or rather bricks \u2014 of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 113,
         "text": "was scarce"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone?",
       "id": "5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c71e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "into blocks and seals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut?",
       "id": "5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c71f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "Brick"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians?",
       "id": "5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c720"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 632,
         "text": "objects that were deposited under them"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by?",
       "id": "5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c722"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "tower-like"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have?",
       "id": "5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c721"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "the ziggurats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings?",
       "id": "5730bb058ab72b1400f9c728"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "400 CE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when?",
       "id": "5730bb058ab72b1400f9c729"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "by constructing and linking several arches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Sumerians build their strong domes?",
       "id": "5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "the arch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes?",
       "id": "5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "Sumerian temples and palaces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer?",
       "id": "5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 \u2013 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "metrology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC?",
       "id": "5730bbb2069b5314008322cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "arithmetic, geometry, and algebra"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? ",
       "id": "5730bbb2069b5314008322ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "on clay tablets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?",
       "id": "5730bbb2069b5314008322cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "2700 \u2013 2300 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the abacus first seen between?",
       "id": "5730bbb2069b5314008322d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "use a place value numeral system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?",
       "id": "5730bbb2069b5314008322d1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Commercial credit and agricultural consumer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?",
       "id": "5730bc458ab72b1400f9c746"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "one"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans?",
       "id": "5730bc458ab72b1400f9c748"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "silver"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples?",
       "id": "5730bc458ab72b1400f9c747"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "about two thousand years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent?",
       "id": "5730bc458ab72b1400f9c749"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "Rural loans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations?",
       "id": "5730bc458ab72b1400f9c74a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Periodically \"clean slate\" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "rural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of debt did \"clean slate\" decrees cancel?",
       "id": "5730bd1d396df91900096304"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "the first full year of their reign"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did rulers typically proclaim \"clean slate\" decrees?",
       "id": "5730bd1d396df91900096305"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?",
       "id": "5730bd1d396df91900096307"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "lost the subsistence land or became bondservants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?",
       "id": "5730bd1d396df91900096308"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "Enmetena and Urukagina"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made the first known clean slate decrees?",
       "id": "5730bd1d396df91900096306"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "almost constant wars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer?",
       "id": "5730bdce069b5314008322e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "2000 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?",
       "id": "5730bdce069b5314008322e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "Lagash and Umma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?",
       "id": "5730bdce069b5314008322e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "infantry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?",
       "id": "5730bdce069b5314008322e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "rectangular"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?",
       "id": "5730bdce069b5314008322e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "mid 4th millennium BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world?",
       "id": "5730c000396df91900096314"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "potter's wheel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What form did wheels initially take?",
       "id": "5730c000396df91900096315"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "been deciphered"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it?",
       "id": "5730c000396df91900096316"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 591,
         "text": "sets of constellations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Sumerians map stars into?",
       "id": "5730c000396df91900096317"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 728,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?",
       "id": "5730c000396df91900096318"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "base 10 and base 6"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases?",
       "id": "5730c2c8b7151e1900c01522"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "sexagesimal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia?",
       "id": "5730c2c8b7151e1900c01523"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "military"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented?",
       "id": "5730c2c8b7151e1900c01524"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "legal and administrative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day?",
       "id": "5730c2c8b7151e1900c01525"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1002,
         "text": "a city-state's primary temple"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?",
       "id": "5730c2c8b7151e1900c01526"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Tuvalu",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Tuvalu (i/tu\u02d0\u02c8v\u0251\u02d0lu\u02d0/ too-VAH-loo or /\u02c8tu\u02d0v\u0259lu\u02d0/ TOO-v\u0259-loo), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5\u00b0 to 10\u00b0 south and longitude of 176\u00b0 to 180\u00b0, west of the International Date Line. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. Tuvalu has a population of 10,640 (2012 census). The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "Ellice Islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the previous name of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730ae26396df91900096274"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "Pacific Ocean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which ocean is Tuvalu found?",
       "id": "5730ae26396df91900096275"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "Hawaii and Australia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Between what land areas is Tuvalu located?",
       "id": "5730ae26396df91900096276"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "10,640"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According the the 2012 census, how many people live on the Tuvalu islands?",
       "id": "5730ae26396df91900096277"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "reef"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What originally formed the Tuvalu islands?",
       "id": "5730ae26396df91900096278"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1568, Spanish navigator \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a was the first European to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay. The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS Curacoa between 9 and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1568"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?",
       "id": "5730afad069b531400832255"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "\u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730afad069b531400832256"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "Terra Australis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking?",
       "id": "5730afad069b531400832257"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "Ellice Islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Tuvalu named in 1819?",
       "id": "5730afad069b531400832258"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "British protectorate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what means did the British govern Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730afad069b531400832259"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago. During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means \"eight standing together\" in Tuvaluan (compare to *walo meaning \"eight\" in Proto-Austronesian). Possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation for thousands of years.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "3000 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?",
       "id": "5730b108069b531400832267"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "canoe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?",
       "id": "5730b108069b531400832268"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "nine islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?",
       "id": "5730b108069b531400832269"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "Eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?",
       "id": "5730b108069b53140083226a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "eight standing together"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730b108069b53140083226b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the te Pusi mo te Ali (the Eel and the Flounder) who created the islands of Tuvalu; te Ali (the flounder) is believed to be the origin of the flat atolls of Tuvalu and the te Pusin (the Eel) is the model for the coconut palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans. The stories as to the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island. On Niutao, Funafuti and Vaitupu the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa; whereas on Nanumea the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "te Pusi mo te Ali"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the creation myth of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730b2b08ab72b1400f9c6b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "flat atolls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the flounder of the Tuvalu myth represent?",
       "id": "5730b2b08ab72b1400f9c6b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "coconut palms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the eel of the Tuvalu creation myth represent?",
       "id": "5730b2b08ab72b1400f9c6b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "Samoa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what land did the people of Niutao believe they came?",
       "id": "5730b2b08ab72b1400f9c6b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "Tonga"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did the people of the island of Nanumea think they came?",
       "id": "5730b2b08ab72b1400f9c6b8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la R\u00faa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Captain John Byron"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?",
       "id": "5730b4618ab72b1400f9c6be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "circumnavigation of the globe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730b4618ab72b1400f9c6bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 234,
         "text": "Niutao"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?",
       "id": "5730b4618ab72b1400f9c6c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "Lagoon Islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?",
       "id": "5730b4618ab72b1400f9c6c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 618,
         "text": "late 18th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were chronometers available for accurate location charting? ",
       "id": "5730b4618ab72b1400f9c6c2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of New York, captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca, sailing under British colours, which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti, which he named Ellice's Island after an English Politician, Edward Ellice, the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca's cargo. The name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "May 1819"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730be6a2461fd1900a9d03b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "Nukufetau and Funafuti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?",
       "id": "5730be6a2461fd1900a9d03c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "Ellice's Island"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?",
       "id": "5730be6a2461fd1900a9d03d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "Edward Ellice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?",
       "id": "5730be6a2461fd1900a9d03e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "all nine islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?",
       "id": "5730be6a2461fd1900a9d03f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "For less than a year between 1862\u201363, Peruvian ships, engaged in what became to be called the \"blackbirding\" trade, combed the smaller islands of Polynesia from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific to Tuvalu and the southern atolls of the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati), seeking recruits to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru. While some islanders were voluntary recruits the \"blackbirders\" were notorious for enticing islanders on to ships with tricks, such as pretending to be Christian missionaries, as well as kidnapping islanders at gun point. The Rev. A. W. Murray, the earliest European missionary in Tuvalu, reported that in 1863 about 170 people were taken from Funafuti and about 250 were taken from Nukulaelae, as there were fewer than 100 of the 300 recorded in 1861 as living on Nukulaelae.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "1862\u201363"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what years did Peruvian ships seek laborers in the Polynesian islands?",
       "id": "5730c03d069b5314008322fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "blackbirding"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name applied to the trade of dealing with labor hunters?",
       "id": "5730c03d069b5314008322fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 559,
         "text": "Rev. A. W. Murray"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the earliest missionary to Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c03d069b5314008322fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "tricks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what means did Blackbirders often get islanders aboard their ships?",
       "id": "5730c03d069b5314008322fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 639,
         "text": "1863"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Murray report people missing because of Blackbirders?",
       "id": "5730c03d069b5314008322ff"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana, a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki, Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861. Elekana began proselytising Christianity. He was trained at Malua Theological College, a London Missionary Society (LMS) school in Samoa, before beginning his work in establishing the Church of Tuvalu. In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS \u2013 a Protestant congregationalist missionary society \u2013 arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By 1878 Protestantism was well established with preachers on each island. In the later 19th and early 20th centuries the ministers of what became the Church of Tuvalu (Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu) were predominantly Samoans, who influenced the development of the Tuvaluan language and the music of Tuvalu.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "1861"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c1ae396df91900096328"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "Elekana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?",
       "id": "5730c1ae396df91900096329"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "Rev. A. W. Murray"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c1ae396df9190009632b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 820,
         "text": "Samoans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c1ae396df9190009632c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands. John (also known as Jack) O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu, he became a trader on Funafuti in the 1850s. He married Salai, the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti. Louis Becke, who later found success as a writer, was a trader on Nanumanga from April 1880 until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. He then became a trader on Nukufetau.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "mid-19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c30bf6cb411900e24460"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "palagi traders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c30bf6cb411900e24461"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "John (also known as Jack) O'Brien"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c30bf6cb411900e24462"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "Salai"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which native did O'Brien marry?",
       "id": "5730c30bf6cb411900e24463"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "Louis Becke"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c30bf6cb411900e24464"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited. Captain Davis identified the following traders in the Ellice Group: Edmund Duffy (Nanumea); Jack Buckland (Niutao); Harry Nitz (Vaitupu); John (also known as Jack) O'Brien (Funafuti); Alfred Restieaux and Emile Fenisot (Nukufetau); and Martin Kleis (Nui). During this time, the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls, acting as agents for the trading companies. Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 8,
         "text": "Captain Davis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?",
       "id": "5730c426aca1c71400fe5a93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "HMS Royalist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Davis's ship?",
       "id": "5730c426aca1c71400fe5a94"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "agents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?",
       "id": "5730c426aca1c71400fe5a95"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "competing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many traders did some islands have?",
       "id": "5730c426aca1c71400fe5a96"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 542,
         "text": "dryer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders? ",
       "id": "5730c426aca1c71400fe5a97"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century, structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo (the cargo manager of a trading ship) would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island. From 1900 the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu declined and the last of the palagi traders were Fred Whibley on Niutao, Alfred Restieaux on Nukufetau, and Martin Kleis on Nui. By 1909 there were no more resident palagi traders representing the trading companies, although both Whibley and Restieaux remained in the islands until their deaths.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "structural changes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c960b54a4f140068cc5c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "resident"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?",
       "id": "5730c960b54a4f140068cc5d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 316,
         "text": "deal directly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?",
       "id": "5730c960b54a4f140068cc5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 562,
         "text": "1909"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730c960b54a4f140068cc5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "supercargo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?",
       "id": "5730c960b54a4f140068cc60"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific. The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and Nanumea, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti. An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol, together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1890"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?",
       "id": "5730cac5f6cb411900e244b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?",
       "id": "5730cac5f6cb411900e244bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "trading steamer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?",
       "id": "5730cac5f6cb411900e244ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 8,
         "text": "Robert Louis Stevenson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?",
       "id": "5730cac5f6cb411900e244b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 585,
         "text": "The Cruise of the Janet Nichol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?",
       "id": "5730cac5f6cb411900e244bc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill, are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific. Drilling occurred in 1896, 1897 and 1898. Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 \"Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society\", under Professor William Sollas and lead the expedition in 1897. Photographers on these trips recorded people, communities, and scenes at Funafuti.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "Darwin's Drill"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?",
       "id": "5730cc66b54a4f140068cc6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Royal Society of London"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti?",
       "id": "5730cc66b54a4f140068cc6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "coral reefs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What formations was the Royal Society studying?",
       "id": "5730cc66b54a4f140068cc6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "Charles Darwin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow?",
       "id": "5730cc66b54a4f140068cc6f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled?",
       "id": "5730cc66b54a4f140068cc70"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Charles Hedley, a naturalist at the Australian Museum, accompanied the 1896 expedition and during his stay on Funafuti collected invertebrate and ethnological objects. The descriptions of these were published in Memoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney between 1896 and 1900. Hedley also wrote the General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti, The Ethnology of Funafuti, and The Mollusca of Funafuti. Edgar Waite was also part of the 1896 expedition and published an account of The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti. William Rainbow described the spiders and insects collected at Funafuti in The insect fauna of Funafuti.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Charles Hedley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti?",
       "id": "5730cd10aca1c71400fe5ad5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "invertebrate and ethnological"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti",
       "id": "5730cd10aca1c71400fe5ad6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "a base"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War? ",
       "id": "5730d28cb54a4f140068cc9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "Japanese forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?",
       "id": "5730d28cb54a4f140068cc9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 405,
         "text": "Battle of the Coral Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?",
       "id": "5730d28cb54a4f140068cc9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1103,
         "text": "2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?",
       "id": "5730d28cb54a4f140068cc9f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 820,
         "text": "Fongafale"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?",
       "id": "5730d28cb54a4f140068cca0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1974 ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution. In that year a general election was held; and a referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, separation occurred in two stages. The Tuvaluan Order 1975, which took effect on 1 October 1975, recognised Tuvalu as a separate British dependency with its own government. The second stage occurred on 1 January 1976 when separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1974"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands?",
       "id": "5730d756b7151e1900c0156a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "December 1974"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice?",
       "id": "5730d756b7151e1900c0156c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "Constitution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What document was changed to cause a change in government?",
       "id": "5730d756b7151e1900c0156b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 349,
         "text": "separation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the determination of the referendum?",
       "id": "5730d756b7151e1900c0156d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "British dependency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be?",
       "id": "5730d756b7151e1900c0156e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1974 (the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu) until independence, the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono. Following independence in October 1978 the House of the Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu. The unicameral Parliament has 15 members with elections held every four years. The members of parliament select the Prime Minister (who is the head of government) and the Speaker of Parliament. The ministers that form the Cabinet are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "October 1978"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Tuvalu acquire independence?",
       "id": "5730d8b2f6cb411900e244e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "British colony of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was formed in 1974?",
       "id": "5730d8b2f6cb411900e244e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "Parliament of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named? ",
       "id": "5730d8b2f6cb411900e244e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "unicameral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of parliament does Tuvalu have?",
       "id": "5730d8b2f6cb411900e244e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "members of parliament"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster?",
       "id": "5730d8b2f6cb411900e244e6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many courts are there on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730d9d8aca1c71400fe5b0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "High Court of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730d9d8aca1c71400fe5b0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "Law of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the High Court's right to determine?",
       "id": "5730d9d8aca1c71400fe5b0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "Sir Gordon Ward"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?",
       "id": "5730d9d8aca1c71400fe5b0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "Court of Appeal of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To where can judgments be appealed?",
       "id": "5730d9d8aca1c71400fe5b0f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community, or SPC (sometimes Pacific Community) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. Tuvalu has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. Tuvalu is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "Secretariat of the Pacific Community"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what group is Tuvalu involved?",
       "id": "5730db52b7151e1900c01574"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "Pacific Islands Forum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which forum group is Tuvalu a member?",
       "id": "5730db52b7151e1900c01575"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Commonwealth of Nations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which British group is Tuvalu a member?",
       "id": "5730db52b7151e1900c01576"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "United Nations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what world organization does Tuvalu belong?",
       "id": "5730db52b7151e1900c01577"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "18 February 2016"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum?",
       "id": "5730db52b7151e1900c01578"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, \"Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "global warming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?",
       "id": "5730dd2cb7151e1900c01586"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "sea level rising"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority? ",
       "id": "5730dd2cb7151e1900c01587"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "Kyoto Protocol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?",
       "id": "5730dd2cb7151e1900c01588"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "binding deals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?",
       "id": "5730dd2cb7151e1900c01589"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 591,
         "text": "vulnerable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?",
       "id": "5730dd2cb7151e1900c0158a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "Alliance of Small Island States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?",
       "id": "5730df65f6cb411900e24504"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "climate change"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the AOSIS'S main concern?",
       "id": "5730df65f6cb411900e24505"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "Majuro Declaration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what agreement has Tuvalu committed?",
       "id": "5730df65f6cb411900e24506"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "100% renewable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?",
       "id": "5730df65f6cb411900e24507"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "Solar PV"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy?",
       "id": "5730df65f6cb411900e24508"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988. Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru Agreement which addresses the management of tuna purse seine fishing in the tropical western Pacific. In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months. Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer term deal will be negotiated. The treaty is an extension of the Nauru Agreement and provides for US flagged purse seine vessels to fish 8,300 days in the region in return for a payment of US$90 million made up by tuna fishing industry and US-Government contributions. In 2015 Tuvalu has refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate? ",
       "id": "5730e152aca1c71400fe5b33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "South Pacific Tuna Treaty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?",
       "id": "5730e152aca1c71400fe5b34"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 413,
         "text": "tuna purse seine fishing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?",
       "id": "5730e152aca1c71400fe5b35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 615,
         "text": "Multilateral Fisheries Treaty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?",
       "id": "5730e152aca1c71400fe5b36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1255,
         "text": "fishing days"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?",
       "id": "5730e152aca1c71400fe5b37"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "Memorandum of Understanding"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013?",
       "id": "5730e32fb7151e1900c015ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "Pacific Regional Trade"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Memorandum concern?",
       "id": "5730e32fb7151e1900c015af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "Economic Partnership Agreement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the trade agreement encompass?",
       "id": "5730e32fb7151e1900c015b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "European Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what group does the  agreement form an alliance?",
       "id": "5730e32fb7151e1900c015b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 379,
         "text": "Pacific island countries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid?",
       "id": "5730e32fb7151e1900c015b2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council is the Falekaupule (the traditional assembly of elders) or te sina o fenua (literally: \"grey-hairs of the land\"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority at the local level. Ulu-aliki are always chosen based on ancestry. Under the Falekaupule Act (1997), the powers and functions of the Falekaupule are now shared with the pule o kaupule (elected village presidents; one on each atoll).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "ulu-aliki"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called?",
       "id": "5730e4b4b7151e1900c015b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "alikis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730e4b4b7151e1900c015b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "Falekaupule"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders?",
       "id": "5730e4b4b7151e1900c015ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "tofuga"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730e4b4b7151e1900c015bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "pule o kaupule"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730e4b4b7151e1900c015bc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2014 attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were \"climate change refugees\", who would suffer hardship resulting from the environmental degradation of Tuvalu. However the subsequent grant of residence permits to the family was made on grounds unrelated to the refugee claim. The family was successful in their appeal because, under the relevant immigration legislation, there were \"exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature\" that justified the grant of resident permits as the family was integrated into New Zealand society with a sizeable extended family which had effectively relocated to New Zealand. Indeed, in 2013 a claim of a Kiribati man of being a \"climate change refugee\" under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds. Permanent migration to Australia and New Zealand, such as for family reunification, requires compliance with the immigration legislation of those countries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "climate change refugees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand?",
       "id": "5730e671b54a4f140068ccc6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "humanitarian nature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate?",
       "id": "5730e671b54a4f140068ccc7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 895,
         "text": "New Zealand High Court"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable?",
       "id": "5730e671b54a4f140068ccc8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 950,
         "text": "persecution or serious harm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What feature was missing in the climate change claims?",
       "id": "5730e671b54a4f140068ccc9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1016,
         "text": "Refugee Convention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What document draws out the requirements of refugee status?",
       "id": "5730e671b54a4f140068ccca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under the Pacific Access Category, as announced in 2001. The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criteria is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer. Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands. Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "75"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits?",
       "id": "5730e7ddf6cb411900e24532"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "job offer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand?",
       "id": "5730e7ddf6cb411900e24533"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 522,
         "text": "5,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted?",
       "id": "5730e7ddf6cb411900e24534"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the program that allows season employees work permits?",
       "id": "5730e7ddf6cb411900e24535"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 423,
         "text": "Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand?",
       "id": "5730e7ddf6cb411900e24536"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Tuvaluan language and English are the national languages of Tuvalu. Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of Polynesian languages, distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian, M\u0101ori, Tahitian, Samoan and Tongan. It is most closely related to the languages spoken on the Polynesian outliers in Micronesia and northern and central Melanesia. The language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Tuvaluan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides English, what is the national language of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730e927aca1c71400fe5b57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "Ellicean group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language?",
       "id": "5730e927aca1c71400fe5b58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "Polynesian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related?",
       "id": "5730e927aca1c71400fe5b59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "Micronesia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what area's language is Tuvaluan closely related?",
       "id": "5730e927aca1c71400fe5b5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 400,
         "text": "Samoan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits?",
       "id": "5730e927aca1c71400fe5b5b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Princess Margaret Hospital on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu. The Tuvaluan medical staff at PMH in 2011 comprised the Director of Health & Surgeon, the Chief Medical Officer Public Health, an anaesthetist, a paediatric medical officer and an obstetrics and gynaecology medical officer. Allied health staff include two radiographers, two pharmacists, three laboratory technicians, two dieticians and 13 nurses with specialised training in fields including surgical nursing, anaesthesia nursing/ICU, paediatric nursing and midwifery. PMH also employs a dentist. The Department of Health also employs nine or ten nurses on the outer islands to provide general nursing and midwifery services.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Princess Margaret Hospital"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only hospital in Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730ea7df6cb411900e2454e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "13"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff?",
       "id": "5730ea7df6cb411900e24550"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "Funafuti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital?",
       "id": "5730ea7df6cb411900e2454f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 682,
         "text": "midwifery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide?",
       "id": "5730ea7df6cb411900e24551"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "nine or ten"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many nurses are provided to the outer islands?",
       "id": "5730ea7df6cb411900e24552"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Fetuvalu offers the Cambridge syllabus. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, set by the Fiji-based exam board SPBEA. Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the government of Tuvalu. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "Funafuti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?",
       "id": "5730ec2a497a881900248a56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "government of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?",
       "id": "5730ec2a497a881900248a53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "outside of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?",
       "id": "5730ec2a497a881900248a54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "Sixth form"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?",
       "id": "5730ec2a497a881900248a57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "University of the South Pacific"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what educational institution is the program found?",
       "id": "5730ec2a497a881900248a55"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001). The adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002). In 2010, there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers (98 certified and 11 uncertified). The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School, which has a teacher-student ratio of 1:27. Nauti School on Funafuti is the largest primary in Tuvalu with more than 900 students (45 percent of the total primary school enrolment). The pupil-teacher ratio for Tuvalu is low compared to the Pacific region (ratio of 1:29).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "10 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5730ed3ea5e9cc1400cdbaf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "11 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long are females required to go to school?",
       "id": "5730ed3ea5e9cc1400cdbaf2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "99.0%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?",
       "id": "5730ed3ea5e9cc1400cdbaf3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "1,918"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?",
       "id": "5730ed3ea5e9cc1400cdbaf4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "1:18"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?",
       "id": "5730ed3ea5e9cc1400cdbaf5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Community Training Centres (CTCs) have been established within the primary schools on each atoll. The CTCs provide vocational training to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education. The CTCs offer training in basic carpentry, gardening and farming, sewing and cooking. At the end of their studies the graduates can apply to continue studies either at Motufoua Secondary School or the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI). Adults can also attend courses at the CTCs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Community Training Centres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll?",
       "id": "57310107a5e9cc1400cdbb87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "secondary education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?",
       "id": "57310107a5e9cc1400cdbb89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "vocational training"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What from of education do Community Training Centres provide?",
       "id": "57310107a5e9cc1400cdbb88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "Adults"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides children, who can Take CTC  classes?",
       "id": "57310107a5e9cc1400cdbb8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "basic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of training classes are offered at CTC?",
       "id": "57310107a5e9cc1400cdbb8b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The traditional buildings of Tuvalu used plants and trees from the native broadleaf forest, including timber from: Pouka, (Hernandia peltata); Ngia or Ingia bush, (Pemphis acidula); Miro, (Thespesia populnea); Tonga, (Rhizophora mucronata); Fau or Fo fafini, or woman's fibre tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus). and fibre from: coconut; Ferra, native fig (Ficus aspem); Fala, screw pine or Pandanus. The buildings were constructed without nails and were lashed and tied together with a plaited sennit rope that was handmade from dried coconut fibre.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "plants and trees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the traditional building materials on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731023c05b4da19006bccd0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "broadleaf forest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of trees provided lumber for building on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731023c05b4da19006bccd1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "fibre"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What building material did coconut provide?",
       "id": "5731023c05b4da19006bccd2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "nails"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building?",
       "id": "5731023c05b4da19006bccd3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 520,
         "text": "dried coconut fibre"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what was rope made for tying buildings together?",
       "id": "5731023c05b4da19006bccd4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts. The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans. Crochet (kolose) is one of the art forms practiced by Tuvaluan women. The material culture of Tuvalu uses traditional design elements in artefacts used in everyday life such as the design of canoes and fish hooks made from traditional materials. The design of women's skirts (titi), tops (teuga saka), headbands, armbands, and wristbands, which continue to be used in performances of the traditional dance songs of Tuvalu, represents contemporary Tuvaluan art and design.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "shells"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts?",
       "id": "573103f2497a881900248aef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "clothing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced?",
       "id": "573103f2497a881900248af0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "mats and fans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?",
       "id": "573103f2497a881900248af1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "everyday life"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what  have objects having traditional design been used?",
       "id": "573103f2497a881900248af2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 639,
         "text": "dance songs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used?",
       "id": "573103f2497a881900248af3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The cuisine of Tuvalu is based on the staple of coconut and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls. Desserts made on the islands include coconut and coconut milk, instead of animal milk. The traditional foods eaten in Tuvalu are pulaka, taro, bananas, breadfruit and coconut. Tuvaluans also eat seafood, including coconut crab and fish from the lagoon and ocean. A traditional food source is seabirds (taketake or black noddy and akiaki or white tern), with pork being eaten mostly at fateles (or parties with dancing to celebrate events).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "fish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the stable protein  of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573106f5e6313a140071cb6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "coconut"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?",
       "id": "573106f5e6313a140071cb6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "animal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573106f5e6313a140071cb6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 423,
         "text": "seabirds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573106f5e6313a140071cb6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "fateles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573106f5e6313a140071cb6e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders \u2013 the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means \"traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island\". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "meeting hall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of structure is the falekaupule?",
       "id": "5731085a05b4da19006bccf6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "celebrations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?",
       "id": "5731085a05b4da19006bccf7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "council of elders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have? ",
       "id": "5731085a05b4da19006bccf8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "decision making body"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?",
       "id": "5731085a05b4da19006bccf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "Aganu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731085a05b4da19006bccfa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "kilikiti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the traditional sport on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731106ee6313a140071cbd8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "Ano"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball?",
       "id": "5731106ee6313a140071cbda"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "cricket"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what sport is kilikiti like?",
       "id": "5731106ee6313a140071cbd9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 501,
         "text": "Christian missionaries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731106ee6313a140071cbdb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "two hard balls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what equipment is ano played?",
       "id": "5731106ee6313a140071cbdc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "Tuau Lapua Lapua"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition? ",
       "id": "5731124005b4da19006bcd3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "Pacific Mini Games"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731124005b4da19006bcd3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "weightlifting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731124005b4da19006bcd3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "Telupe Iosefa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?",
       "id": "5731124005b4da19006bcd3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 636,
         "text": "powerlifting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?",
       "id": "5731124005b4da19006bcd3e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A major sporting event is the \"Independence Day Sports Festival\" held annually on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008. Tuvalu first participated in the Pacific Games in 1978 and in the Commonwealth Games in 1998, when a weightlifter attended the games held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Two table tennis players attended the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England; Tuvalu entered competitors in shooting, table tennis and weightlifting at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia; three athletes participated in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India, entering the discus, shot put and weightlifting events; and a team of 3 weightlifters and 2 table tennis players attended the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Tuvaluan athletes have also participated in the men's and women's 100 metre sprints at the World Championships in Athletics from 2009.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "Independence Day Sports Festival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731142905b4da19006bcd60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Tuvalu Games"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731142905b4da19006bcd61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "1998"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Tuvalu first appear in the Commonwealth Games?",
       "id": "5731142905b4da19006bcd62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "weightlifter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of competitor entered the commonwealth Games in 1998?",
       "id": "5731142905b4da19006bcd63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 890,
         "text": "100 metre sprints"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What competitions have Tuvalu athletes entered in the World Championships in Athletics?",
       "id": "5731142905b4da19006bcd64"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: \"A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly\". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "5.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?",
       "id": "57311641e6313a140071cc18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "1.5%"
        }
       ],
       "question": " What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?",
       "id": "57311641e6313a140071cc19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "fuel and food"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?",
       "id": "57311641e6313a140071cc1a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "zero growth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57311641e6313a140071cc1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1158,
         "text": "large revenues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?",
       "id": "57311641e6313a140071cc1c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Banking services are provided by the National Bank of Tuvalu. Public sector workers make up about 65% of those formally employed. Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand, and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans. Approximately 15% of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships. Agriculture in Tuvalu is focused on coconut trees and growing pulaka in large pits of composted soil below the water table. Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "National Bank of Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573117cae6313a140071cc34"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "overseas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?",
       "id": "573117cae6313a140071cc36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "seamen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?",
       "id": "573117cae6313a140071cc37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "65%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?",
       "id": "573117cae6313a140071cc35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "agriculture and fishing."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?",
       "id": "573117cae6313a140071cc38"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills, with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu (island), Funafuti, providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping. The Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union (TOSU) is the only registered trade union in Tuvalu. It represents workers on foreign ships. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that 800 Tuvaluan men are trained, certified and active as seafarers. The ADB estimates that, at any one time, about 15% of the adult male population works abroad as seafarers. Job opportunities also exist as observers on tuna boats where the role is to monitor compliance with the boat's tuna fishing licence.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731196da5e9cc1400cdbc07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "120"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the yearly number of cadets at the Maritime Training Institute?",
       "id": "5731196da5e9cc1400cdbc08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only trade union on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731196da5e9cc1400cdbc09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "on foreign ships"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what does the Seaman'd Union represent workers?",
       "id": "5731196da5e9cc1400cdbc0a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "800"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Tuvaluan men are active seafarers?",
       "id": "5731196da5e9cc1400cdbc0b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Government revenues largely come from sales of fishing licenses, income from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and from the lease of its highly fortuitous .tv Internet Top Level Domain (TLD). In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from the use of its area code for premium-rate telephone numbers and from the commercialisation of its \".tv\" Internet domain name, which is now managed by Verisign until 2021. The \".tv\" domain name generates around $2.2 million each year from royalties, which is about ten per cent of the government's total revenue. Domain name income paid most of the cost of paving the streets of Funafuti and installing street lighting in mid-2002. Tuvalu also generates income from stamps by the Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau and income from the Tuvalu Ship Registry.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 435,
         "text": "$2.2 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?",
       "id": "57311acfa5e9cc1400cdbc11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "Top Level Domain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What si Tuvalu's tv domain?",
       "id": "57311acfa5e9cc1400cdbc12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "Verisign"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?",
       "id": "57311acfa5e9cc1400cdbc13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "ten per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?",
       "id": "57311acfa5e9cc1400cdbc14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 749,
         "text": "Tuvalu Ship Registry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What  income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?",
       "id": "57311acfa5e9cc1400cdbc15"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation. In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country (LDC) status to a developing country to 2015. Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as \"Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs\". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister, Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "least developed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57311cc8a5e9cc1400cdbc1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "deferred its graduation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?",
       "id": "57311cc8a5e9cc1400cdbc1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "World Trade Organisation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?",
       "id": "57311cc8a5e9cc1400cdbc1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 854,
         "text": "funding assistance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?",
       "id": "57311cc8a5e9cc1400cdbc1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1172,
         "text": "environmental"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?",
       "id": "57311cc8a5e9cc1400cdbc1f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti. In 2011 the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new AM broadcast studio. The installation of upgraded transmission equipment allows Radio Tuvalu to be heard on all nine islands of Tuvalu. The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services. Fenui \u2013 news from Tuvalu is a free digital publication of the Tuvalu Media Department that is emailed to subscribers and operates a Facebook page, which publishes news about government activities and news about Tuvaluan events, such as a special edition covering the results of the 2015 general election.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "Radio Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the radio station on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57311f8b05b4da19006bcdcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "Funafuti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?",
       "id": "57311f8b05b4da19006bcdcd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "Japanese government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?",
       "id": "57311f8b05b4da19006bcdce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "FM radio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service? ",
       "id": "57311f8b05b4da19006bcdcf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "mobile"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?",
       "id": "57311f8b05b4da19006bcdd0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau. The merchant marine fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships Nivaga III and Manu Folau. These ships carry cargo and passengers between the main atolls and travel between Suva, Fiji and Funafuti 3 to 4 times a year. The Nivaga III and Manu Folau provide round trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks. The Manu Folau is a 50-metre vessel that was a gift from Japan to the people of Tuvalu. In 2015 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire MV Talamoana, a 30-metre vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands. In 2015 the Nivaga III was donated by the government of Japan; it replaced the Nivaga II, which had serviced Tuvalu from 1989.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Funafuti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Tuvalu's only port?",
       "id": "573120dda5e9cc1400cdbc49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "Nukufetau"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573120dda5e9cc1400cdbc4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?",
       "id": "573120dda5e9cc1400cdbc4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 805,
         "text": "Nivaga III"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?",
       "id": "573120dda5e9cc1400cdbc4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "cargo and passengers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?",
       "id": "573120dda5e9cc1400cdbc4d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six true atolls. Its small, scattered group of atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres (10 square miles) making it the fourth smallest country in the world. The islets that form the atolls are very low lying. Nanumanga, Niutao, Niulakita are reef islands and the six true atolls are Funafuti, Nanumea, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Vaitupu. Tuvalu's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an oceanic area of approximately 900,000 km2.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many reef islands does the Tuvalu group have?",
       "id": "57312a03e6313a140071cca4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands?",
       "id": "57312a03e6313a140071cca5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "26 square kilometres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the total land area of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312a03e6313a140071cca6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "fourth smallest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations?",
       "id": "57312a03e6313a140071cca7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "900,000 km2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the coverage of Tuvalu's economic zone?",
       "id": "57312a03e6313a140071cca8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N\u2013S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179\u00b07'E and 8\u00b030'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Funafuti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?",
       "id": "57312b6205b4da19006bce22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "volcanic island chain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312b6205b4da19006bce23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "179\u00b07'E and 8\u00b030'S"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312b6205b4da19006bce24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 702,
         "text": "607"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?",
       "id": "57312b6205b4da19006bce25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 587,
         "text": "66"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?",
       "id": "57312b6205b4da19006bce26"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tuvalu experiences the effects of El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific. El Ni\u00f1o effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones, while La Ni\u00f1a effects increase the chances of drought. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 to 400 mm (8 to 16 in) of rainfall per month. However, in 2011 a weak La Ni\u00f1a effect caused a drought by cooling the surface of the sea around Tuvalu. A state of emergency was declared on 28 September 2011; with rationing of fresh-water on the islands of Funafuti and Nukulaelae. Households on Funafuti and Nukulaelae were restricted to two buckets of fresh water per day (40 litres).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312ca0e6313a140071ccc0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "El Ni\u00f1o"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?",
       "id": "57312ca0e6313a140071ccc1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "La Ni\u00f1a"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What temperature effect causes drought?",
       "id": "57312ca0e6313a140071ccc2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 522,
         "text": "rationing of fresh-water"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?",
       "id": "57312ca0e6313a140071ccc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "200 to 400 mm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312ca0e6313a140071ccc3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants, and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006. In response to the 2011 drought, Japan funded the purchase of a 100 m3/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m3/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community (PEC) program. Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "desalination plants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?",
       "id": "57312e3305b4da19006bce5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "Pacific Environment Community"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312e3305b4da19006bce5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "water tanks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312e3305b4da19006bce60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "fresh water"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?",
       "id": "57312e3305b4da19006bce61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57312e3305b4da19006bce62"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield (what is now Funafuti International Airport) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low areas of Funafuti the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide. Since 1994 a project has been in development to assess the environmental impact of transporting sand from the lagoon to fill all the borrow pits and low-lying areas on Fongafale. In 2014 the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project was approved in order to fill 10 borrow pits, leaving Tafua Pond, which is a natural pond. The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project. The project was carried out in 2015 with 365,000 sqm of sand being dredged from the lagoon to fill the holes and improve living conditions on the island. This project increase the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "Funafuti International Airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?",
       "id": "57313024e6313a140071ccde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "Funafuti Lagoon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was damaged by building of the war time air field?",
       "id": "57313024e6313a140071ccdf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "fresh-water aquifer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction  impacted?",
       "id": "57313024e6313a140071cce0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 744,
         "text": "New Zealand Government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313024e6313a140071cce1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1005,
         "text": "eight per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?",
       "id": "57313024e6313a140071cce2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Ni\u00f1os that occurred from 1998\u20132000 and from 2000\u20132001. A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera. The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "80 per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?",
       "id": "573131d905b4da19006bce7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "water temperature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?",
       "id": "573131d905b4da19006bce7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "foraminifera"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573131d905b4da19006bce81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 694,
         "text": "ecosystem rehabilitation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?",
       "id": "573131d905b4da19006bce82"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "reef restoration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573131d905b4da19006bce80"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon. Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti and inadequate sanitation systems have resulted in pollution. The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems. The Environment Protection (Litter and Waste Control) Regulation 2013 is intended to improve the management of the importation of non-biodegradable materials. In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "Funafuti Conservation Area"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?",
       "id": "5731335fe6313a140071ccf8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "rising population"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?",
       "id": "5731335fe6313a140071ccf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 356,
         "text": "pollution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?",
       "id": "5731335fe6313a140071ccfa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "European Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731335fe6313a140071ccfb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 756,
         "text": "plastic waste"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do imports produce on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "5731335fe6313a140071ccfc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Reverse osmosis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?",
       "id": "573134d3e6313a140071cd1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "40 m3 per day"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?",
       "id": "573134d3e6313a140071cd1f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "below 30%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?",
       "id": "573134d3e6313a140071cd20"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 547,
         "text": "government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?",
       "id": "573134d3e6313a140071cd22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "A$3.50 per m3"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the cost of R/O produced water?",
       "id": "573134d3e6313a140071cd21"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "July 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?",
       "id": "573136bb497a881900248c55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "National Water Resources Policy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?",
       "id": "573136bb497a881900248c56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "50 and 100L"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573136bb497a881900248c57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "United Nations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems?",
       "id": "573136bb497a881900248c58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "Global Environment Fund"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?",
       "id": "573136bb497a881900248c59"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island. Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "low elevation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?",
       "id": "57313831497a881900248c71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "sea level rise"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?",
       "id": "57313831497a881900248c72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "4.6 metres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313831497a881900248c73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "Niulakita"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?",
       "id": "57313831497a881900248c74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "second-lowest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?",
       "id": "57313831497a881900248c75"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996\u201397 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Cyclone Bebe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?",
       "id": "573139b9497a881900248c85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? ",
       "id": "573139b9497a881900248c87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "Cyclone Ofa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573139b9497a881900248c88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "Cyclone Gavin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?",
       "id": "573139b9497a881900248c89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?",
       "id": "573139b9497a881900248c86"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau caused many families to shelter in evacuation centres or with other families. Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops. Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60-100 houses flooded, with the waves also causing damage to the health facility. Vasafua islet, part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313b9a497a881900248ca3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "March 2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313b9a497a881900248ca4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "Nui"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?",
       "id": "57313b9a497a881900248ca5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "90%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during  Cyclone Pam?",
       "id": "57313b9a497a881900248ca6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 831,
         "text": "coconut palms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become  a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?",
       "id": "57313b9a497a881900248ca7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with recovery, including WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, OCHA, World Bank, DFAT, New Zealand Red Cross & IFRC, Fiji National University and governments of New Zealand, Netherlands, UAE, Taiwan and the United States.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "damage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam?",
       "id": "57313d51e6313a140071cd72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "Cyclone Pam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary?",
       "id": "57313d51e6313a140071cd73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "recovery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313d51e6313a140071cd74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "cleaning-up"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone??",
       "id": "57313d51e6313a140071cd75"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: \"The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "sea level"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 661,
         "text": "5 mm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?",
       "id": "57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "satellite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "pre-1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?",
       "id": "57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "degree of uncertainty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdaf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "resilience"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?",
       "id": "5731411605b4da19006bcf54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "reefs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?",
       "id": "5731411605b4da19006bcf55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "faster rate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs? ",
       "id": "5731411605b4da19006bcf56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "ocean acidification"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?",
       "id": "5731411605b4da19006bcf57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "on the islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?",
       "id": "5731411605b4da19006bcf58"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004\u20132006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise \"should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the [rest of] world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "relocation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?",
       "id": "573142d9e6313a140071cd98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "rising sea levels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population? ",
       "id": "573142d9e6313a140071cd99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu? ",
       "id": "573142d9e6313a140071cd9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 429,
         "text": "never be an option"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?",
       "id": "573142d9e6313a140071cd9b"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Immaculate_Conception",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states \"that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.\" Therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "original sin only"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?",
       "id": "5730af4a069b53140083224b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?",
       "id": "5730af4a069b53140083224c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 379,
         "text": "privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?",
       "id": "5730af4a069b53140083224d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?",
       "id": "5730af4a069b53140083224e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 648,
         "text": "sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?",
       "id": "5730af4a069b53140083224f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, \"free from all sin, original or personal\". The Council of Trent decreed: \"If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?",
       "id": "5730b8da2461fd1900a9cff1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, \"free from all sin, original or personal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ? ",
       "id": "5730b8da2461fd1900a9cff2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "let him be anathema.\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?",
       "id": "5730b8da2461fd1900a9cff3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "The Council of Trent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?",
       "id": "5730b8da2461fd1900a9cff4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?",
       "id": "5730ba5c8ab72b1400f9c714"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?",
       "id": "5730ba5c8ab72b1400f9c715"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "since the 4th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?",
       "id": "5730ba5c8ab72b1400f9c718"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?",
       "id": "5730ba5c8ab72b1400f9c717"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "Saint Joachim and Saint Anne"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?",
       "id": "5730ba5c8ab72b1400f9c716"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race. In Luke 1:47, Mary proclaims: \"My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour.\" This is referred to as Mary's pre-redemption by Christ. Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism, the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was explained by the man  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?",
       "id": "5730bc432461fd1900a9d022"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?",
       "id": "5730bc432461fd1900a9d021"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless."
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?",
       "id": "5730bc432461fd1900a9d024"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?",
       "id": "5730bc432461fd1900a9d023"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the \"purification\" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of \"purification\" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as \"prokathartheisa (prepurified).\" Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as \"prepurified\" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the \"Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]\" was becoming popular. After this period, the \"purification\" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "Greek theologians of Byzantium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?",
       "id": "5730c36ab7151e1900c0152c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the \"purification\" of Jesus and Mary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?",
       "id": "5730c36ab7151e1900c0152d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "the circumcision"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?",
       "id": "5730c36ab7151e1900c0152e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 282,
         "text": "Luke"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?",
       "id": "5730c36ab7151e1900c0152f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1743,
         "text": "purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? ",
       "id": "5730c36ab7151e1900c01530"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that \"no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture\". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are, it is pointed out, so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as \"in every respect holy\", \"in all things unstained\", \"super-innocent\", and \"singularly holy\" are applied to her; she is compared to Eve before the fall, as ancestress of a redeemed people; she is \"the earth before it was accursed\". The well-known words of St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: \"As regards the mother of God,\" he says, \"I will not allow any question whatever of sin.\" It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin. But his argument is that all men are sinners; that they are so through original depravity; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin \"of every sort\" (omni ex parte).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as \""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?",
       "id": "5730c671aca1c71400fe5a9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 547,
         "text": "in every respect holy\", \"in all things unstained\", \"super-innocent\", and \"singularly holy\" are applied to her"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What phrases were used to describe Mary ?",
       "id": "5730c671aca1c71400fe5a9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 677,
         "text": "Eve before the fall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?",
       "id": "5730c671aca1c71400fe5a9f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 801,
         "text": "St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: \"As regards the mother of God,\" he says, \"I will not allow any question whatever of sin."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?",
       "id": "5730c671aca1c71400fe5aa0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1004,
         "text": "his argument is that all men are sinners;"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions  ?",
       "id": "5730c671aca1c71400fe5aa1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justinian I, were accustomed to call Mary \"prepurified\" in their poetic and credal statements, the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem. In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate, when she was \"purified\" at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally \"holier than all 'Men' born of woman\" since Mary's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero. Sophronius' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene (d. 749/750). John, besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation, grants her the unique honor of \"purifying the waters of baptism by touching them.\" This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ, especially in the legacy of Nazianzen. As such, Nazianzen's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary's holiness to also imitate Christ's baptism at the Jordan. The Damascene's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary's \"pre purification\" as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature. In fact, Damascene (along with Nazianzen) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary's complete holiness from her Conception by the \"all pure seed\" of Joachim and the womb \"wider than heaven\" of St. Ann.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?",
       "id": "5730ca8fb7151e1900c01536"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "to call Mary \"prepurified\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary  in his writings ?",
       "id": "5730ca8fb7151e1900c01538"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "Emperor Justinian I,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?",
       "id": "5730ca8fb7151e1900c01537"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 605,
         "text": "she was \"purified\" at the Annunciation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?",
       "id": "5730ca8fb7151e1900c01539"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 707,
         "text": "holier than all 'Men' born of woman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible? ",
       "id": "5730ca8fb7151e1900c0153a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage. The spread of the feast, by now with the adjective \"Immaculate\" attached to its title, met opposition on the part of some, on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception. Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Other theologians defended the expression \"Immaculate Conception\", pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 8,
         "text": "the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?",
       "id": "5730e84cf6cb411900e2453c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of this festival ?",
       "id": "5730e84cf6cb411900e2453d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?",
       "id": "5730e84cf6cb411900e2453e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 539,
         "text": "Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?",
       "id": "5730e84cf6cb411900e2453f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 697,
         "text": "out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans."
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?",
       "id": "5730e84cf6cb411900e24540"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary, without using the word \"Immaculate\", he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave, and he used the word \"immaculate\" of Mary, but applied instead the adjective \"miraculous\" to her conception. On 4 September 1483, referring to the feast as that of \"the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin\", he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the \"glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin\" and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that \"the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin\", since, he said, \"up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See.\" This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?",
       "id": "5730eac6b7151e1900c015d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?",
       "id": "5730eac6b7151e1900c015d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What document made the authorization official ?",
       "id": "5730eac6b7151e1900c015d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "but applied instead the adjective \"miraculous\" to her conception."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary  ?",
       "id": "5730eac6b7151e1900c015d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 763,
         "text": "mortally sinful"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all . ",
       "id": "5730eac6b7151e1900c015d4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell\u2019 Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell\u2019 Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?",
       "id": "5730ed13497a881900248a5d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 790,
         "text": "appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?",
       "id": "5730ed13497a881900248a5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 765,
         "text": "Pope Pius IX"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who gave the teacher the new job ?",
       "id": "5730ed13497a881900248a60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 8,
         "text": "Mariano Spada"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?",
       "id": "5730ed13497a881900248a5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 652,
         "text": "Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?",
       "id": "5730ed13497a881900248a61"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless. It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term \"conception\" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: \"How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?\" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "St Bernard of Clairvaux"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?",
       "id": "5730ef4105b4da19006bcc60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?",
       "id": "5730ef4205b4da19006bcc61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?",
       "id": "5730ef4205b4da19006bcc62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 672,
         "text": "conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?",
       "id": "5730ef4205b4da19006bcc63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?",
       "id": "5730ef4205b4da19006bcc64"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?",
       "id": "5730f13e497a881900248a7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?",
       "id": "5730f13e497a881900248a7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the ",
       "id": "5730f13e497a881900248a7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?",
       "id": "5730f13e497a881900248a7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 541,
         "text": "rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?",
       "id": "5730f13e497a881900248a7f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared \"Doctor Angelicus\" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545\u201363)\u2014which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine\u2014instead declined to take a position.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?",
       "id": "5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?",
       "id": "5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?",
       "id": "5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ? ",
       "id": "5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb34"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "declared \"Doctor Angelicus\" of the Church in 1567"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?",
       "id": "5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb35"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's \"wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence\" \"in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God; and in very many other biblical types of this kind.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?",
       "id": "5730f90c497a881900248ab3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "Genesis 3:15"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?",
       "id": "5730f90c497a881900248ab4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's \"wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?",
       "id": "5730f90c497a881900248ab5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?",
       "id": "5730f90c497a881900248ab6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an \"over-elaboration\" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas. Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature, traditional objections to Palamas' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of \"the purification of Mary\" at the Annunciation. Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus' purification at His baptism and Mary's at the Annunciation, but Theophanes of Nicaea, Joseph Bryennius, and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary's Conception as the first moment of her all-immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced. In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius, St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary's title as \"prepurified\" against the Dominican, Manuel Calecas, who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary's all-holiness from the first moment of her existence.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?",
       "id": "5730fa52e6313a140071cb26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an \"over-elaboration\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?",
       "id": "5730fa52e6313a140071cb27"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?",
       "id": "5730fa52e6313a140071cb28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?",
       "id": "5730fa52e6313a140071cb2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "Mariology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the theological study of Mary called ?",
       "id": "5730fa52e6313a140071cb29"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: \"Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person.\" Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Martin Luther"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?",
       "id": "5730fc20e6313a140071cb30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "Protestant Reformation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?",
       "id": "5730fc20e6313a140071cb31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?",
       "id": "5730fc20e6313a140071cb32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? ",
       "id": "5730fc20e6313a140071cb33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 677,
         "text": "Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?",
       "id": "5730fc20e6313a140071cb34"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The report \"Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ\", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be \"revealed by God\", stating: \"The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?",
       "id": "5731036405b4da19006bccda"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The report \"Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What document did this group create once it was convened ?",
       "id": "5731036405b4da19006bccdb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?",
       "id": "5731036405b4da19006bccdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?",
       "id": "5731036405b4da19006bccde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "teaching about Mary in the two definitions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the document attempt to clarify ?",
       "id": "5731036405b4da19006bccdc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, \"I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones\", George Sale stated: \"It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What  religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?",
       "id": "57310527e6313a140071cb56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 544,
         "text": "Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them."
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?",
       "id": "57310527e6313a140071cb58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 441,
         "text": "every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does this other religion also state  happens  to everyone besides Mary and her First born child  ?",
       "id": "57310527e6313a140071cb59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 441,
         "text": "every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?",
       "id": "57310527e6313a140071cb5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "passage in the Qur'an, \"I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion  ?",
       "id": "57310527e6313a140071cb57"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shay\u1e6d\u0101n) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the \"touch of Satan,\" were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?",
       "id": "5731070b05b4da19006bcce4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?",
       "id": "5731070b05b4da19006bcce5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?",
       "id": "5731070b05b4da19006bcce6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the \"touch of Satan,\" were Mary and Jesus."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?",
       "id": "5731070b05b4da19006bcce7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?",
       "id": "5731070b05b4da19006bcce8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: \"The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother.\" That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother, not of her own virginal conception of Jesus, is shown by his footnote: \"In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty.\" In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854, this charge was repeated: \"Strange as it may appear, that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated, with so much pomp and ceremony, 'for the destruction of all heresies, and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents', should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon, and Sale, and Forster, and Gagnier, and Maracci, leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?",
       "id": "573108b205b4da19006bcd00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 180,
         "text": "Edward Gibbon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?",
       "id": "573108b205b4da19006bcd01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the group of volumes titled ?",
       "id": "573108b205b4da19006bcd02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 875,
         "text": "Mohametan Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?",
       "id": "573108b205b4da19006bcd03"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: \"Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te\" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary.) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner, Pablo Casals, Maurice Durufl\u00e9, Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, no:Ola Gjeilo, Jos\u00e9 Maur\u00edcio Nunes Garcia, and Nikolaus Schapfl,",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "Your clothing is white as snow,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?",
       "id": "57310b70497a881900248b23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Roman Missal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?",
       "id": "57310b70497a881900248b24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "polyphonic settings have been composed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of  melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and  unaccompanied sacred song?",
       "id": "57310b70497a881900248b26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?",
       "id": "57310b70497a881900248b25"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to \"a woman clothed with the sun\" from Revelation 12:1-2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ? ",
       "id": "57310cad05b4da19006bcd2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "moon is under her feet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?",
       "id": "57310cad05b4da19006bcd2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "a halo of twelve stars surround her head"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?",
       "id": "57310cad05b4da19006bcd2c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?",
       "id": "57310cad05b4da19006bcd2d"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Namibia",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1\u20137 are primary level, grades 8\u201312 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "free"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b68b069b5314008322a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "400,325"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? ",
       "id": "5730b68b069b5314008322aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "115,237"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?",
       "id": "5730b68b069b5314008322ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "32:1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?",
       "id": "5730b68b069b5314008322ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "National Institute for Educational Development"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b68b069b5314008322ad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "Namibi\u00eb"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "southern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where in Africa is Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 590,
         "text": "21 March 1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa?",
       "id": "5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6ea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "Atlantic Ocean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ocean borders Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "200 metres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?",
       "id": "5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "14th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "1884"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?",
       "id": "5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "end of World War I"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Namibia stop being a German colony?",
       "id": "5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "1920"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?",
       "id": "5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 408,
         "text": "1948"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time as South-West Africa. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until 1994.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "South West Africa People's Organisation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does SWAPO stand for?",
       "id": "5730b8912461fd1900a9cfe7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "1973"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?",
       "id": "5730b8912461fd1900a9cfe8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "South-West Africa."
        }
       ],
       "question": "When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?",
       "id": "5730b8912461fd1900a9cfe9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "internal violence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730b8912461fd1900a9cfea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Namibia obtain full independence?",
       "id": "5730b8912461fd1900a9cfeb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, Nama and, since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment. On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "Orange River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?",
       "id": "5730be1f8ab72b1400f9c750"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "southern Namibia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?",
       "id": "5730be1f8ab72b1400f9c751"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "18th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730be1f8ab72b1400f9c752"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 751,
         "text": "1880"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Nama-Herero war begin?",
       "id": "5730be1f8ab72b1400f9c753"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 791,
         "text": "Imperial Germany"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?",
       "id": "5730be1f8ab72b1400f9c754"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "Portuguese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from? ",
       "id": "5730cae6aca1c71400fe5acc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "1486"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia? ",
       "id": "5730cae6aca1c71400fe5acb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "1485"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?",
       "id": "5730cae6aca1c71400fe5acd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "Angola"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?",
       "id": "5730cae6aca1c71400fe5acf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "Germany"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?",
       "id": "5730cae6aca1c71400fe5ace"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, the 'first genocide of the Twentieth Century' was committed. In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered. The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation and discrimination in a system that in many ways anticipated apartheid.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "Namaqua"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?",
       "id": "5730cea4aca1c71400fe5ad9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "1904 to 1907"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?",
       "id": "5730cea4aca1c71400fe5ada"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "first genocide of the Twentieth Century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the war against the German occupiers considered?",
       "id": "5730cea4aca1c71400fe5adb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "65,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?",
       "id": "5730cea4aca1c71400fe5adc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "10,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?",
       "id": "5730cea4aca1c71400fe5add"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory. Although the South African government desired to incorporate 'South-West Africa' into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto 'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. Following the League's replacement by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration (along with a definite independence schedule). The Herero Chief's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s. During the 1960s, when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia. In 1966 the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, but the U.N. General Assembly subsequently revoked South Africa's mandate, while in 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an \"advisory opinion\" declaring South Africa's continued administration to be illegal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 691,
         "text": "1946"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia? ",
       "id": "5730cf87b54a4f140068cc77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "1915"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did South Africa occupy Namibia? ",
       "id": "5730cf87b54a4f140068cc76"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 936,
         "text": "Herero Chief's Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?",
       "id": "5730cf87b54a4f140068cc78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 691,
         "text": "1946"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the League replaced by the United Nations?",
       "id": "5730cf87b54a4f140068cc7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1075,
         "text": "1960s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?",
       "id": "5730cf87b54a4f140068cc79"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice, South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) military wing, People's Liberation Army of Namibia, a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia, in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. During the South African occupation of Namibia, white commercial farmers, most of whom came as settlers from South Africa and represented 0.2% of the national population, owned 74% of the arable land. Outside the central-southern area of Namibia (known as the \"Police Zone\" since the German era and which contained the main towns, industries, mines and best arable land), the country was divided into \"homelands\", the version of South African bantustan applied to Namibia, although only a few were actually established because indigenous Namibians often did not cooperate.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "People's Liberation Army of Namibia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence? ",
       "id": "5730d03caca1c71400fe5ae3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "1966"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence? ",
       "id": "5730d03caca1c71400fe5ae4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "1988"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?",
       "id": "5730d03caca1c71400fe5ae5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "UN peace plan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730d03caca1c71400fe5ae6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 637,
         "text": "Police Zone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?",
       "id": "5730d03caca1c71400fe5ae7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory's name by Resolution 2372 (XXII) of 12 June 1968. In 1978 the UN Security Council passed UN Resolution 435 which planned a transition toward independence for Namibia. Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the plan's implementation were not successful until 1988 when the transition to independence finally started under a diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola and Cuba, with the USSR and the USA as observers, under which South Africa agreed to withdraw and demobilise its forces in Namibia. As a result, Cuba agreed to pull back its troops in southern Angola sent to support the MPLA in its war for control of Angola with UNITA.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "South West Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Namibia previously called?",
       "id": "5730d0eab54a4f140068cc80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "12 June 1968"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What date did Namibia get it's official name?",
       "id": "5730d0eab54a4f140068cc81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Resolution 2372 (XXII)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the resolution that granted Namibia it's name?",
       "id": "5730d0eab54a4f140068cc82"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "1988"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia's new name? ",
       "id": "5730d0eab54a4f140068cc83"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "USA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?",
       "id": "5730d0eab54a4f140068cc84"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observers, police, and political workers, hostilities were briefly renewed on the day the transition process was supposed to begin. After a new round of negotiations, a second date was set and the elections process began in earnest. After the return of SWAPO exiles (over 46,000 exiles), Namibia's first one-person one-vote elections for the constitutional assembly took place in November 1989. The official election slogan was \"Free and Fair Elections\". This was won by SWAPO although it did not gain the two-thirds majority it had hoped for; the South African-backed Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) became the official opposition. The elections were peaceful and declared free and fair.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "United Nations Transition Assistance Group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does UNTAG stand for?",
       "id": "5730d151f6cb411900e244cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Martti Ahtisaari"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the diplomat for UNTAG?",
       "id": "5730d151f6cb411900e244cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "April 1989 to March 1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia?",
       "id": "5730d151f6cb411900e244cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "Finnish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?",
       "id": "5730d151f6cb411900e244ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 741,
         "text": "Free and Fair Elections"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election?",
       "id": "5730d151f6cb411900e244d0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "February 1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Namibian Constitution adopted?",
       "id": "5730f29da5e9cc1400cdbb27"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "Sam Nujoma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first President of Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f29da5e9cc1400cdbb29"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "21 March 1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the country of Namibia officially become a country?",
       "id": "5730f29da5e9cc1400cdbb28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "Nelson Mandela"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who swore in the first President of Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f29da5e9cc1400cdbb2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 530,
         "text": "Walvis Bay"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was ceded to Namibia in 1994? ",
       "id": "5730f29da5e9cc1400cdbb2b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "parliamentary democracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?",
       "id": "5730f379497a881900248a8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "Multiparty democracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence? ",
       "id": "5730f379497a881900248a90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 356,
         "text": "Swapo Party"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What party has won every election in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f379497a881900248a91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "Hifikepunye Pohamba"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?",
       "id": "5730f379497a881900248a93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 435,
         "text": "15-year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did president Same Nujoma rule?",
       "id": "5730f379497a881900248a92"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Kalahari Desert, an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. One of these, known as the Succulent Karoo, is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; Approximately 10 percent of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo. The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Kalahari Desert"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?",
       "id": "5730f42ea5e9cc1400cdbb3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "5,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?",
       "id": "5730f42ea5e9cc1400cdbb3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "half"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?",
       "id": "5730f42ea5e9cc1400cdbb3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "10 percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?",
       "id": "5730f42ea5e9cc1400cdbb3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 541,
         "text": "stable nature of precipitation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?",
       "id": "5730f42ea5e9cc1400cdbb3f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Namibia extends from 17\u00b0S to 25\u00b0S: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid (mean rain above 500 mm) through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid from 150 to 300 mm (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are mid-40 \u00b0C maxima recorded.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "17\u00b0S to 25\u00b0S"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the climate range for Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f4a1497a881900248aa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "arid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the overall climate description for Namibia? ",
       "id": "5730f4a1497a881900248aa4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "500 mm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the mean rain above in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f4a1497a881900248aa5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "300 and 500 mm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f4a1497a881900248aa6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "150 to 300 mm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the arid measurement in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f4a1497a881900248aa7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts the country about in half. The winter (June \u2013 August) is generally dry, both rainy seasons occur in summer, the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April. Humidity is low, and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the coastal desert to more than 600 mm in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is however highly variable, and droughts are common. The last[update] bad rainy season with rainfall far below the annual average occurred in summer 2006/07.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "300 days"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the typical amount of sunshine days in Tropical high pressure belt?",
       "id": "5730f511e6313a140071caf8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "the Tropic of Capricorn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What feature cuts Namibia in half?",
       "id": "5730f511e6313a140071caf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "dry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the winter in Namibia like?",
       "id": "5730f511e6313a140071cafa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "between February and April"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is the rainiest season in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f511e6313a140071cafb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "low"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is humidity like in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f511e6313a140071cafc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "Benguela"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f654e6313a140071cb02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "north"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?",
       "id": "5730f654e6313a140071cb03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "Atlantic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f654e6313a140071cb04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "Bergwind"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f654e6313a140071cb05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "sand storms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?",
       "id": "5730f654e6313a140071cb06"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi. In the interior of the country surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their runoff. Thus, where people don\u2019t live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. The advantage of using groundwater sources is that even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources such as mining, agriculture, and tourism can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Namibia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa?",
       "id": "5730f84ce6313a140071cb16"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "350 mm per annum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the average rainfall in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f84ce6313a140071cb17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "Caprivi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the highest rainfall occur in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730f84ce6313a140071cb18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1109,
         "text": "80%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the country does dam water supply the rest of the country with? ",
       "id": "5730f84ce6313a140071cb19"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution. Article 95 states, \"The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "natural resources"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Namibia protect in it's constitution? ",
       "id": "5730f902a5e9cc1400cdbb5d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "Article 95"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What article in the Namibia constitution supports natural conservation?",
       "id": "5730f902a5e9cc1400cdbb5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 390,
         "text": "utilisation of living natural resources"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Namibians believe sustains them?",
       "id": "5730f902a5e9cc1400cdbb5f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1993, the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE) Project. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism with the financial support from organisations such as USAID, Endangered Wildlife Trust, WWF, and Canadian Ambassador's Fund, together form a Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) support structure. The main goal of this project is promote sustainable natural resource management by giving local communities rights to wildlife management and tourism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Namibia receive funding from USAID?",
       "id": "5730f98c05b4da19006bcca0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "Living in a Finite Environment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does LIFE project stand for?",
       "id": "5730f98c05b4da19006bcca2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "Community Based Natural Resource Management"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does CBNRM stand for?",
       "id": "5730f98c05b4da19006bcca3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "United States Agency for International Development"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does USAID stands for?",
       "id": "5730f98c05b4da19006bcca1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Namibia follows a largely independent foreign policy, with persisting affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including Cuba. With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian Government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region. A dynamic member of the Southern African Development Community, Namibia is a vocal advocate for greater regional integration. Namibia became the 160th member of the UN on 23 April 1990. On its independence it became the fiftieth member of the Commonwealth of Nations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "states that aided the independence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does Namibia have affiliation with in their foreign policy?",
       "id": "5730fac8a5e9cc1400cdbb63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "Southern African"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ties does Namibia want to strengthen?",
       "id": "5730fac8a5e9cc1400cdbb64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "160th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which number member is Namibia in the UN?",
       "id": "5730fac8a5e9cc1400cdbb65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "23 April 1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Namibia join the UN?",
       "id": "5730fac8a5e9cc1400cdbb66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 537,
         "text": "fiftieth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which number member is Namibia in the Commonwealth of Nations?",
       "id": "5730fac8a5e9cc1400cdbb67"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the Namibia Statistics Agency, the country's unemployment rate is 27.4%. \"Strict unemployment\" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20.2% in 2000, 21.9% in 2004 and spiraled to 29.4% in 2008. Under a broader definition (including people that have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36.7% in 2004. This estimate considers people in the informal economy as employed. Labour and Social Welfare Minister Immanuel Ngatjizeko praised the 2008 study as \"by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously\", but its methodology has also received criticism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "36.7%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the highest unemployment rate in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730fc04497a881900248abc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "Immanuel Ngatjizeko"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Labour and Social Welfare Minister?",
       "id": "5730fc04497a881900248abd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "20.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the lowest unemployment rate in Namibia?",
       "id": "5730fc04497a881900248abe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "27.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Namibian's unemployment rate?",
       "id": "5730fc04497a881900248abb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2013, global business and financial news provider, Bloomberg, named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of Morocco (19th), South Africa (15th) and Zambia (14th). Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil and Mexico. Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria. The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank. The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom. In order to attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations making the country one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region. However, facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures. Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the World Bank, and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "top emerging market economy in Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Bloomberg name Namibia?",
       "id": "5730fd7e497a881900248acd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "13th best in the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rank did Bloomberg name Namibia's economy?",
       "id": "5730fd7e497a881900248ace"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many African countries made the list for top Emerging Markets?",
       "id": "5730fd7e497a881900248acf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life. Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cash-less economy. The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival. Although arable land accounts for only 1% of Namibia, nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "half"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the population depends on agriculture?",
       "id": "57310199a5e9cc1400cdbb91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "five times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa's countries?",
       "id": "57310199a5e9cc1400cdbb92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 382,
         "text": "inequality"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world?",
       "id": "57310199a5e9cc1400cdbb94"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "rural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does a majority of Namibia's people live?",
       "id": "57310199a5e9cc1400cdbb93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 657,
         "text": "1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Namibia's land is arable?",
       "id": "57310199a5e9cc1400cdbb95"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future. According to \"The Diamond Investigation\", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because \"whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "25%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?",
       "id": "573107a2e6313a140071cb74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "fourth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium? ",
       "id": "573107a2e6313a140071cb75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 413,
         "text": "gem-quality diamonds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?",
       "id": "573107a2e6313a140071cb77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "uranium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?",
       "id": "573107a2e6313a140071cb76"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are many lodges and reserves to accommodate eco-tourists. Sport hunting is also a large, and growing component of the Namibian economy, accounting for 14% of total tourism in the year 2000, or $19.6 million US dollars, with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters. In addition, extreme sports such as sandboarding, skydiving and 4x4ing have become popular, and many cities have companies that provide tours.[citation needed] The most visited places include the capital city of Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and L\u00fcderitz.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Sport hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What accounts for almost 14% of total tourism in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310860a5e9cc1400cdbbaf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "$19.6 million US dollars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much economic assistance does Namibia get from tourism from hunting? ",
       "id": "57310860a5e9cc1400cdbbb0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "extreme sports"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other types of sports are popular in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310860a5e9cc1400cdbbb1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "Windhoek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most visited city in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310860a5e9cc1400cdbbb2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 630,
         "text": "coastal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of town is Swakopmund?",
       "id": "57310860a5e9cc1400cdbbb3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The capital city of Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to Hosea Kutako International Airport. According to The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, which was produced by the Millennium Challenge Corporation for the Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% of all tourists visiting Namibia during the time period, 2012 - 2013, visited Windhoek. Many of Namibia's tourism related parastatals and governing bodies such as Namibia Wildlife Resorts, Air Namibia and the Namibia Tourism Board as well as Namibia's tourism related trade associations such as the Hospitality Association of Namibia are also all headquartered in Windhoek. There are also a number of notable hotels in Windhoek such as Windhoek Country Club Resort and some international hotel chains also operate in Windhoek, such as Avani Hotels and Resorts and Hilton Hotels and Resorts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "Windhoek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the capital of Namibia?",
       "id": "5731092be6313a140071cb7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "Hosea Kutako International Airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the airport in Namibia?",
       "id": "5731092be6313a140071cb7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 751,
         "text": "Windhoek Country Club Resort"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most popular hotel in Windhoek?",
       "id": "5731092be6313a140071cb7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 879,
         "text": "Hilton Hotels and Resorts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Avani Hotels and resorts is a chain resort in Windhoek, what is another?",
       "id": "5731092be6313a140071cb7f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament: the Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination. There are also a number of trade associations that represent the tourism sector in Namibia, such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia), the Hospitality Association of Namibia, the Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "Namibia Tourism Board"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does NTB stand for?",
       "id": "57310987e6313a140071cb84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is act 21 of 2000 in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310987e6313a140071cb85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "tourism industry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does act 21 in Namibia regulate?",
       "id": "57310987e6313a140071cb86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "tourism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What market does Act 21 promote?",
       "id": "57310987e6313a140071cb87"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Apart from residences for upper and middle class households, sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas. Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost. As a result, access to improved sanitation has not increased much since independence: In Namibia's rural areas 13% of the population had more than basic sanitation, up from 8% in 1990. Many of Namibia's inhabitants have to resort to \"flying toilets\", plastic bags to defecate which after use are flung into the bush. The use of open areas close to residential land to urinate and defecate is very common and has been identified as a major health hazard.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "sanitation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Most residential areas are insufficient in what area of Namibia?",
       "id": "57310a3305b4da19006bcd08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "water consumption"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides installation cost, why are private flush toilets too expensive for most residents in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310a3305b4da19006bcd09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "flying toilets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Namibian's use as a toilet?",
       "id": "57310a3305b4da19006bcd0a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "bush"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do flying toilets end up after use?",
       "id": "57310a3305b4da19006bcd0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 683,
         "text": "major health hazard"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Urinating and defecating in public has been identified as what?",
       "id": "57310a3305b4da19006bcd0c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "4.0 and 7.0%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whites make up how much of Namibia's population?",
       "id": "57310aaae6313a140071cb96"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "Afrikaans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the language of Namibia?",
       "id": "57310aaae6313a140071cb97"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 644,
         "text": "German settlers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to?",
       "id": "57310aaae6313a140071cb98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 938,
         "text": "526,004"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960?",
       "id": "57310aaae6313a140071cb99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1000,
         "text": "73,464"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960?",
       "id": "57310aaae6313a140071cb9a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method. For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "1991"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310b67e6313a140071cba9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "every ten years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often does Namibia conduct a census?",
       "id": "57310b67e6313a140071cba8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "de facto method"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census? ",
       "id": "57310b67e6313a140071cbaa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "4,042"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310b67e6313a140071cbab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 449,
         "text": "constituency boundaries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data?",
       "id": "57310b67e6313a140071cbac"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which was seen by them as \"a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation.\" Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system. Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and \"English language\" is a compulsory subject. As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310bf4a5e9cc1400cdbbd3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "English"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?",
       "id": "57310bf4a5e9cc1400cdbbd5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "monolingual"
        }
       ],
       "question": "SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language?",
       "id": "57310bf4a5e9cc1400cdbbd4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "3%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Namibian's speak English?",
       "id": "57310bf4a5e9cc1400cdbbd6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1031,
         "text": "school drop-outs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction?",
       "id": "57310bf4a5e9cc1400cdbbd7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and beyond.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "Namibian ultra marathon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the toughest footrace around the world?",
       "id": "57310c4c497a881900248b2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "Women's inline hockey National Team"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?",
       "id": "57310c4c497a881900248b2c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Inline hockey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?",
       "id": "57310c4c497a881900248b2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "Frankie Fredericks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?",
       "id": "57310c4c497a881900248b2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "sprinter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?",
       "id": "57310c4c497a881900248b2f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the \"South West African\" media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, critical journalists threatened.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "Windhoeker Anzeiger"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first Namibian newspaper?",
       "id": "57310c82a5e9cc1400cdbbdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "German"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?",
       "id": "57310c82a5e9cc1400cdbbde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "1898"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?",
       "id": "57310c82a5e9cc1400cdbbdf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "1969"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was radio introduced in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310c82a5e9cc1400cdbbe0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "1981"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was TV introduced in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310c82a5e9cc1400cdbbe1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informant\u00e9 owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine. Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "Windhoek Observer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310cc9497a881900248b3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "Namibia Economist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the economical magazine in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310cc9497a881900248b3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Namib Times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the regional magazine in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310cc9497a881900248b3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "Namibia Sport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only sport newspaper in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310cc9497a881900248b41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "Insight Namibia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most popular current affairs magazine in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310cc9497a881900248b40"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom. Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country. The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results.[citation needed] However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia. In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index. In 2013, it was 19th. In 2014 it ranked 22nd ",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "media"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Compared to neighbouring countries, what freedom does Namibia have?",
       "id": "57310d33e6313a140071cbb2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "Canada"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Namibia is on par with what country in terms of media and reporting?",
       "id": "57310d33e6313a140071cbb3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 549,
         "text": "36"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2009?",
       "id": "57310d33e6313a140071cbb4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2013?",
       "id": "57310d33e6313a140071cbb5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "22nd"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2014?",
       "id": "57310d33e6313a140071cbb6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 52.2 years in 2012 \u2013 among the lowest in the world. The AIDS epidemic is a large problem in Namibia. Though its rate of infection is substantially lower than that of its eastern neighbour, Botswana, approximately 13.1% of the adult population is[update] infected with HIV. In 2001, there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, the epidemic in Namibia \"appears to be leveling off.\" As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has reduced the working-aged population, the number of orphans has increased. It falls to the government to provide education, food, shelter and clothing for these orphans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "52.2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the life expectancy in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310d92a5e9cc1400cdbbef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "AIDS"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What epidemic is a large problem in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310d92a5e9cc1400cdbbf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "13.1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Namibian population is infected with HIV?",
       "id": "57310d92a5e9cc1400cdbbf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "210,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people living in 2001 had HIV/AIDS in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310d92a5e9cc1400cdbbf2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "16,000."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many deaths were associated with HIV/AIDS in Namibia in 2003?",
       "id": "57310d92a5e9cc1400cdbbf3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic. Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14.5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV. The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent HIV infection. Given infection rates this large, as well as a looming malaria problem, it may be very difficult for the government to deal with both the medical and economic impacts of this epidemic. The country had only 598 physicians in 2002.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "malaria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What health issue is compounded by the AIDS epidemic in Namibia?",
       "id": "57310e01497a881900248b51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "14.5% greater"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the risk of contracting malaria if an individual is already infected with HIV?",
       "id": "57310e01497a881900248b52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "50%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The risk of death by malaria raises by how much with a concurrent HIV infection?",
       "id": "57310e01497a881900248b53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "598"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many physicians did Namibia have in 2002?",
       "id": "57310e01497a881900248b54"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Russian_language",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Russian (\u0440\u0443\u0301\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0301\u043a, russkiy yazyk, pronounced [\u02c8rusk\u02b2\u026aj j\u026a\u02c8z\u0268k] ( listen)) is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. It is an unofficial but widely-spoken language in Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, and to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the Soviet Union and former participants of the Eastern Bloc. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the three living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "East Slavic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language sub-family is Russian in?",
       "id": "5730b701069b5314008322b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Russian an official language?",
       "id": "5730b701069b5314008322b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Russian popular but not an official language?",
       "id": "5730b701069b5314008322b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many living East Slavic languages are there?",
       "id": "5730b701069b5314008322b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "10th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the earliest writing in Old East Slavonic?",
       "id": "5730b701069b5314008322b7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a (zamok, meaning a lock) and \u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of phonemes are soft sounds?",
       "id": "5730ba682461fd1900a9cfff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "optional acute accent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of accent can mark stress?",
       "id": "5730ba682461fd1900a9d000"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "homographic words"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of words can acute accents distinguish?",
       "id": "5730ba682461fd1900a9d001"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "zamok"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What word means both lock and castle, depending on its accent?",
       "id": "5730ba682461fd1900a9d002"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family. It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures, e.g. Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, as well as because of later interaction in the 19th\u201320th centuries, although Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called \"Great Russian\" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called \"White Russian\" and Ukrainian, then called \"Little Russian\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "the language used in Kievan Rus'"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language does Russian descend from?",
       "id": "5730bb312461fd1900a9d007"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 194,
         "text": "Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Russian's closest relatives?",
       "id": "5730bb312461fd1900a9d008"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "eastern Ukraine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Surzhyk used?",
       "id": "5730bb312461fd1900a9d009"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "Belarus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Trasianka used?",
       "id": "5730bb312461fd1900a9d00a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1094,
         "text": "Ukrainian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was 'Little Russian'?",
       "id": "5730bb312461fd1900a9d00b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "South Slavic Old Church Slavonic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?",
       "id": "5730bbbb2461fd1900a9d01b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "mainly abstract and literary words"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?",
       "id": "5730bbbb2461fd1900a9d01c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "East Slavic and the Church Slavonic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What word forms are used together in some cases?",
       "id": "5730bbbb2461fd1900a9d01d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Until the 20th century, the language's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population, as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [\u0263] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "the 20th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Russian language spread to the peasants?",
       "id": "5730bc42396df919000962fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "the upper noble classes and urban population"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?",
       "id": "5730bc42396df919000962fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "the mid-20th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Soviets establish required education?",
       "id": "5730bc42396df919000962fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "fricative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use?",
       "id": "5730bc42396df919000962ff"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ethnic Russians constitute 25.5% of the country's current population and 58.6% of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian. In all, 67.8% of Estonia's population can speak Russian. Command of Russian language, however, is rapidly decreasing among younger Estonians (primarily being replaced by the command of English). For example, if 53% of ethnic Estonians between 15 and 19 claim to speak some Russian, then among the 10- to 14-year-old group, command of Russian has fallen to 19% (which is about one-third the percentage of those who claim to have command of English in the same age group).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "25.5%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians?",
       "id": "5730bce92461fd1900a9d029"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "67.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Estonia speaks Russian?",
       "id": "5730bce92461fd1900a9d02a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "about one-third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the ratio of young Estonians who speak Russian relative to those who speak English?",
       "id": "5730bce92461fd1900a9d02b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "58.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Estonia's native Estonians speaks Russian?",
       "id": "5730bce92461fd1900a9d02c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918, a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland. There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns, amounting to 0.6% of the population. Five thousand (0.1%) of them are late 19th century and 20th century immigrants or their descendants, and the remaining majority are recent immigrants who moved there in the 1990s and later.[citation needed] Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population of Finland according to a 2014 estimate from the World Factbook.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "1809"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Finland join the Russian Empire?",
       "id": "5730bdb32461fd1900a9d031"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "1918"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?",
       "id": "5730bdb32461fd1900a9d032"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "0.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Finns speak Russian?",
       "id": "5730bdb32461fd1900a9d033"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "33,400"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Finns speak Russian?",
       "id": "5730bdb32461fd1900a9d034"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "Five thousand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Russian-speaking Finns are descended from early immigrants?",
       "id": "5730bdb32461fd1900a9d035"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Ukraine, Russian is seen as a language of inter-ethnic communication, and a minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook. 20% of school students receive their education primarily in Russian.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "14,400,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?",
       "id": "5730bfba069b5314008322f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "29 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?",
       "id": "5730bfba069b5314008322f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "65%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?",
       "id": "5730bfba069b5314008322f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "38%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006?",
       "id": "5730bfba069b5314008322f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Russian's legal status in Ukraine?",
       "id": "5730bfba069b5314008322f5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20\u201340%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "Warsaw Pact"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?",
       "id": "5730c16d069b53140083230b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?",
       "id": "5730c16d069b53140083230c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 657,
         "text": "Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which countries speak other Slavic languages?",
       "id": "5730c16d069b53140083230d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. According to the 2011 Census of Ireland, there were 21,639 people in the nation who use Russian as a home language. However, of this only 13% were Russian nationals. 20% held Irish citizenship, while 27% and 14% were holding the passports of Latvia and Lithuania respectively.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which European countries do many Russian immigrants live?",
       "id": "5730c2302461fd1900a9d045"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "13%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Russian citizens?",
       "id": "5730c2302461fd1900a9d047"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "21,639"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people in Ireland speak Russian?",
       "id": "5730c2302461fd1900a9d046"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "20%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Irish citizens?",
       "id": "5730c2302461fd1900a9d048"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "27%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Latvian citizens?",
       "id": "5730c2302461fd1900a9d049"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population according to a 2009 estimate from the World Factbook.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia?",
       "id": "5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b1f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "15,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Armenians speak Russian natively?",
       "id": "5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b20"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "1 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Armenians speak Russian actively?",
       "id": "5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "30%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Armenia speaks Russian?",
       "id": "5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Armenia uses Russian as their main language?",
       "id": "5730df7eaca1c71400fe5b23"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 1% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "1.7 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Georgians speak Russian actively?",
       "id": "5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?",
       "id": "5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b29"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "130,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Georgians speak Russian natively?",
       "id": "5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "27%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian?",
       "id": "5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language?",
       "id": "5730dfd1aca1c71400fe5b2d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan?",
       "id": "5730e504f6cb411900e2451e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "63%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?",
       "id": "5730e504f6cb411900e24521"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "4,200,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?",
       "id": "5730e504f6cb411900e2451f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "10 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively?",
       "id": "5730e504f6cb411900e24520"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 410,
         "text": "46%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language?",
       "id": "5730e504f6cb411900e24522"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the U.S. and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver and Cleveland. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "Alaska"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Russian explorers first reach North America?",
       "id": "5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "1700s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Russian explorers first reach North America?",
       "id": "5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "1867"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the US buy Alaska?",
       "id": "5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 824,
         "text": "about 25%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?",
       "id": "5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 945,
         "text": "Russophones"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for Russian-speaking people?",
       "id": "5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1214,
         "text": "1975"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?",
       "id": "5730e962f6cb411900e24547"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1172,
         "text": "Apollo-Soyuz"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?",
       "id": "5730e962f6cb411900e24546"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 910,
         "text": "International Mathematical Olympiad"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What math competition has Russian as an official language?",
       "id": "5730e962f6cb411900e24549"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1091,
         "text": "cosmonauts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Russian astronauts called?",
       "id": "5730e962f6cb411900e24548"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian is the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German and Japanese.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "Russian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?",
       "id": "5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "54.7%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of all websites are in English?",
       "id": "5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "5.9%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of all websites are in Russian?",
       "id": "5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "89.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian?",
       "id": "5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "79.0%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian?",
       "id": "5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, \"Northern\" and \"Southern\", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. All dialects also divided in two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Eastern Rus' or Muscovy, roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts); and secondary formation (other territory). Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "\"Northern\" and \"Southern\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into?",
       "id": "5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into?",
       "id": "5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 802,
         "text": "non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What distinguishes Russian dialects?",
       "id": "5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb03"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0435). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i\u032f\u025b/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *\u011b and /o~u\u032f\u0254/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is okanye?",
       "id": "5730ee8905b4da19006bcc58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What articles are similar to Bulgarian?",
       "id": "5730ee8905b4da19006bcc59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "absence of vowel reduction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some Russian dialects do about vowels?",
       "id": "5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Northern Russian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region of dialects is the Volga River area in?",
       "id": "5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [\u026a] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 is pronounced [n\u02b2a\u02c8sl\u02b2i], not [n\u02b2\u026as\u02c8l\u02b2i]) \u2013 this is called yakanye/\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0435. Consonants include a fricative /\u0263/, a semivowel /w~u\u032f/ and /x~xv~xw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /\u0261/, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /t\u02b2/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /\u0261/, a semivowel /w~u\u032f/ and palatalized final /t\u02b2/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is pronounced [\u026a] in Moscow's dialect?",
       "id": "5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian?",
       "id": "5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 823,
         "text": "modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?",
       "id": "5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb09"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 [d\u02b2\u026a\u0250\u02ccl\u02b2\u025bkt\u0259l\u0250\u02c8\u0261\u02b2it\u0255\u026ask\u02b2\u026aj \u02c8atl\u0259s \u02c8rusk\u0259v\u0259 j\u026az\u0268\u02c8ka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986\u20131989, after four decades of preparatory work.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Vladimir Dal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?",
       "id": "5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?",
       "id": "5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "18th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?",
       "id": "5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb15"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "turn of the 20th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?",
       "id": "5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb16"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "four decades"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?",
       "id": "5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb17"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Older letters of the Russian alphabet include \u27e8\u0463\u27e9, which merged to \u27e8\u0435\u27e9 (/je/ or /\u02b2e/); \u27e8\u0456\u27e9 and \u27e8\u0475\u27e9, which both merged to \u27e8\u0438\u27e9 (/i/); \u27e8\u0473\u27e9, which merged to \u27e8\u0444\u27e9 (/f/); \u27e8\u046b\u27e9, which merged to \u27e8\u0443\u27e9 (/u/); \u27e8\u046d\u27e9, which merged to \u27e8\u044e\u27e9 (/ju/ or /\u02b2u/); and \u27e8\u0467/\u27e8\u0469\u27e9\u27e9, which later were graphically reshaped into \u27e8\u044f\u27e9 and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /\u02b2a/. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers \u27e8\u044a\u27e9 and \u27e8\u044c\u27e9 originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /\u016d/, /\u012d/.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "\u27e8\u0435\u27e9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u0463\u27e9 become?",
       "id": "5730f1c3e6313a140071cad6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "\u27e8\u0438\u27e9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the old letters \u27e8\u0456\u27e9 and \u27e8\u0475\u27e9 become?",
       "id": "5730f1c3e6313a140071cad7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "\u27e8\u0444\u27e9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u0473\u27e9 become?",
       "id": "5730f1c3e6313a140071cad8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "\u27e8\u0443\u27e9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u046b\u27e9 become?",
       "id": "5730f1c3e6313a140071cad9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "\u27e8\u044e\u27e9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u046d\u27e9 become?",
       "id": "5730f1c3e6313a140071cada"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437 ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and \u043c\u044b\u0448\u044c ('mouse'), mysh or my\u0161'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs leveraging this Unicode extension are available which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?",
       "id": "5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "\u043c\u044b\u0448\u044c"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?",
       "id": "5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "frost"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does 'moroz' mean?",
       "id": "5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb20"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "Unicode character encoding,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration?",
       "id": "5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "mouse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does 'mysh' mean?",
       "id": "5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb21"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995\u20132005.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "the Soviet government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created KOI8-R encoding?",
       "id": "5730f2a1497a881900248a85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "Microsoft Windows"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What system used CP1251 encoding?",
       "id": "5730f2a1497a881900248a86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "MS-DOS and OS/2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What systems used IBM866 encoding?",
       "id": "5730f2a1497a881900248a87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "ISO/IEC 8859-5"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What encoding did early Macs use?",
       "id": "5730f2a1497a881900248a88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "1995\u20132005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?",
       "id": "5730f2a1497a881900248a89"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a/\u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (lock/castle), \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0301\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439/\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0301\u0449\u0438\u0439 (worthwhile/standing), \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0301/\u0447\u0443\u0301\u0434\u043d\u043e (this is odd/this is marvelous), \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0301\u0446/\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0446 (attaboy/fine young man), \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0301\u044e/\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0301 (I shall learn it/I recognize it), \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0301\u0442\u044c/\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0301\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0301\u0440\u0430, \u0433\u0443\u0301\u0440\u0443, \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0301\u044f, \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0301\u0448\u0430, \u0424\u0435\u0301\u0440\u043c\u0438), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (\u0422\u044b\u0301 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435?/\u0422\u044b \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0301\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435?/\u0422\u044b \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0301\u043d\u044c\u0435? \u2013 Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "Russian Academy of Sciences"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?",
       "id": "5730f30ce6313a140071cae0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "stress"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can optional acute accents indicate?",
       "id": "5730f30ce6313a140071cae1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "castle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?",
       "id": "5730f30ce6313a140071cae2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "this is marvelous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?",
       "id": "5730f30ce6313a140071cae3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "standing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?",
       "id": "5730f30ce6313a140071cae4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "St. Petersburg Phonological School"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who says Russian has 6 vowels?",
       "id": "5730f38405b4da19006bcc74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When are Russian vowels written differently?",
       "id": "5730f38405b4da19006bcc75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "Moscow dialect"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dialect is standard Russian based on?",
       "id": "5730f38405b4da19006bcc76"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "Irish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?",
       "id": "5730f38405b4da19006bcc77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is done to unstressed vowels?",
       "id": "5730f38405b4da19006bcc78"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /\u0261/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [k\u02b2, \u0261\u02b2, x\u02b2], only /k\u02b2/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /k\u02b2/ to be a separate phoneme is \"\u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043a\u0451\u0442\" ([\u02c8\u025bt\u0259 tk\u02b2\u0275t], 'it weaves')/\"\u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\" ([\u02c8\u025bt\u0259t kot], 'this cat')). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /t\u02b2/ and /d\u02b2/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and r\u02b2/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "a phoneme"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What might /k\u02b2/ be considered?",
       "id": "5730f3cae6313a140071caea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is palatalization?",
       "id": "5730f3cae6313a140071caeb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 708,
         "text": "with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?",
       "id": "5730f3cae6313a140071caec"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "approximately 1000 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?",
       "id": "5730f434497a881900248a99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "about 880"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Kievan Rus' formed?",
       "id": "5730f434497a881900248a9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 312,
         "text": "modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What countries did Kievan Rus' become?",
       "id": "5730f434497a881900248a9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "Old East Slavic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?",
       "id": "5730f434497a881900248a9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "988"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?",
       "id": "5730f434497a881900248a9d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The political reforms of Peter the Great (\u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0301\u043a\u0438\u0439, Py\u00f3tr Vel\u00edkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0301\u0439) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "the languages of Western Europe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?",
       "id": "5730f49b05b4da19006bcc88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?",
       "id": "5730f49b05b4da19006bcc89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "German"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?",
       "id": "5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "Leo Tolstoy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'War and Peace'?",
       "id": "5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?",
       "id": "5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041f\u0443\u0301\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called \"\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0301\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c\" \u2014 \"high style\") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (\u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043b \u041b\u0435\u0301\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432), Nikolai Gogol (\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0301\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c), Aleksander Griboyedov (\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0435\u0301\u0434\u043e\u0432), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "Alexander Pushkin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who revolutionized modern Russian?",
       "id": "5730f4ede6313a140071caf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "archaic grammar and vocabulary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?",
       "id": "5730f4ede6313a140071caf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "archaic grammar and vocabulary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was 'high style'?",
       "id": "5730f4ede6313a140071caf2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 786,
         "text": "became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?",
       "id": "5730f4ede6313a140071caf3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "1991"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the USSR dissolve?",
       "id": "5730f53c05b4da19006bcc92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the USSR make Russian the official language?",
       "id": "5730f53c05b4da19006bcc93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "the unifying role and superior status"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?",
       "id": "5730f53c05b4da19006bcc94"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to figures published in 2006 in the journal \"Demoskop Weekly\" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study \"Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries\", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal \"Demoskop Weekly\"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?",
       "id": "5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "A. L. Arefyev"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote \"Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries\"?",
       "id": "5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was \"Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries\" published?",
       "id": "5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?",
       "id": "5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb48"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "United_States_Air_Force",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the USAF?",
       "id": "5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c732"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many uniformed services are there in the United States?",
       "id": "5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c733"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "18 September 1947"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the USAF split from the US Army?",
       "id": "5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c734"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "National Security Act of 1947"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act formed the USAF?",
       "id": "5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c735"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "Nuclear Deterrence Operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the functions of the USAF?",
       "id": "5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c736"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. The highest-ranking military officer in the Department of the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, who exercises supervision over Air Force units, and serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?",
       "id": "5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "Secretary of Defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? ",
       "id": "5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "Senate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force? ",
       "id": "5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 407,
         "text": "Chief of Staff of the Air Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?",
       "id": "5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "Secretary of Defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? ",
       "id": "5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipment, leadership, and education, personnel, and facilities spectrum. These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. It should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "twelve"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? ",
       "id": "5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "contribute to national security"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do these core functions of the Air Force express? ",
       "id": "5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 657,
         "text": "core functions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? ",
       "id": "5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Assure/Dissuade/Deter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? ",
       "id": "5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? ",
       "id": "5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "carry out the nuclear strike operations mission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? ",
       "id": "5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "US national security"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? ",
       "id": "5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. Post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century. This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of nuclear operations to ensure high levels of performance.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the definition of a nuclear strike? ",
       "id": "5730cac0b7151e1900c01540"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "deployment of nuclear strike capabilities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security? ",
       "id": "5730cac0b7151e1900c01541"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "President"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict?",
       "id": "5730cac0b7151e1900c01542"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1133,
         "text": "US NDO objectives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? ",
       "id": "5730cac0b7151e1900c01543"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 719,
         "text": "Continental United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? ",
       "id": "5730cac0b7151e1900c01544"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against risks and threats inherent in their peacetime and wartime environments. The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements. Adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Force's ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. Positive nuclear command, control, communications; effective nuclear weapons security; and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Nuclear surety"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? ",
       "id": "5730d135b54a4f140068cc8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1153,
         "text": "precise and reliable nuclear operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? ",
       "id": "5730d135b54a4f140068cc8c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 758,
         "text": "unauthorized or accidental use"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? ",
       "id": "5730d135b54a4f140068cc8b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1302,
         "text": "effective nuclear weapons security"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the five functions of NDO support? ",
       "id": "5730d135b54a4f140068cc8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "Departments of Defense or Energy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? ",
       "id": "5730d135b54a4f140068cc8e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as \"offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible\" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Offensive Counterair"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? ",
       "id": "5730d22faca1c71400fe5aed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?",
       "id": "5730d22faca1c71400fe5aee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "air and missile threats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? ",
       "id": "5730d22faca1c71400fe5aef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "suppression/destruction of enemy air defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks? ",
       "id": "5730d22faca1c71400fe5af0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as \"all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace\" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate, secure from air and missile threats. The DCA mission comprises both active and passive defense measures. Active defense is \"the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy\" (JP 1-02). It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense, and encompasses point defense, area defense, and high value airborne asset defense. Passive defense is \"measures taken to reduce the probability of and to minimize the effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative\" (JP 1-02). It includes detection and warning; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; camouflage, concealment, and deception; hardening; reconstitution; dispersion; redundancy; and mobility, counter-measures, and stealth.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Defensive Counterair"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? ",
       "id": "5730d389b7151e1900c01550"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "friendly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?",
       "id": "5730d389b7151e1900c01551"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA? ",
       "id": "5730d389b7151e1900c01552"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 599,
         "text": "ballistic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?",
       "id": "5730d389b7151e1900c01553"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1126,
         "text": "counter-measures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks? ",
       "id": "5730d389b7151e1900c01554"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Space superiority is \"the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force\" (JP 1-02). Space superiority may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring. Space superiority provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces and, when directed, denies the same freedom to the adversary.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Space superiority"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the dominance in space of one force over another? ",
       "id": "5730d475aca1c71400fe5afb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Space Superiority encompass? ",
       "id": "5730d475aca1c71400fe5afc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 441,
         "text": "friendly forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for? ",
       "id": "5730d475aca1c71400fe5afd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 150,
         "text": "land, sea, air, space"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What areas does Space Superiority operate in? ",
       "id": "5730d475aca1c71400fe5afe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Space Control is defined as \"operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive space control); operations to deny an adversary's use of space capabilities (offensive space control); and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend (space situational awareness)\" (JP 1-02).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "operations to ensure freedom of action in space"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? ",
       "id": "5730d552b54a4f140068cca6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect? ",
       "id": "5730d552b54a4f140068cca7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "space situational awareness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on? ",
       "id": "5730d552b54a4f140068cca8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "Air Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?",
       "id": "5730db0aaca1c71400fe5b15"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "computer network defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the definition of CND?",
       "id": "5730db0aaca1c71400fe5b16"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Cyberspace defense include?",
       "id": "5730db0aaca1c71400fe5b17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "fused all-source intelligence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? ",
       "id": "5730db0aaca1c71400fe5b18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "Air Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense? ",
       "id": "5730db0aaca1c71400fe5b19"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cyberspace Support is foundational, continuous, or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in, through, and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space. Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish, extend, secure, protect, and defend in order to sustain assigned networks and missions. This includes protection measures against supply chain components plus critical C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks. The cyberspace support mission incorporates CNE and CND techniques. It incorporates all elements of Air Force Network Operations, information transport, enterprise management, and information assurance, and is dependent on ISR and all-source intelligence.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Cyberspace Support"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability? ",
       "id": "5730dbfef6cb411900e244f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "sustain assigned networks and missions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?",
       "id": "5730dbfef6cb411900e244f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect?",
       "id": "5730dbfef6cb411900e244f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "CNE and CND"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? ",
       "id": "5730dbfef6cb411900e244f7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Command and control is \"the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission\" (JP 1-02). This core function includes all of the C2-related capabilities and activities associated with air, space, cyberspace, nuclear, and agile combat support operations to achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations? ",
       "id": "5730dce3b7151e1900c0157e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "commander in planning"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations? ",
       "id": "5730dce3b7151e1900c0157f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "agile combat support operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses? ",
       "id": "5730dce3b7151e1900c01580"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 621,
         "text": "achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative? ",
       "id": "5730dce3b7151e1900c01581"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Planning and Directing is \"the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies\" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? ",
       "id": "5730df02b7151e1900c01598"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "development of appropriate intelligence architecture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations? ",
       "id": "5730df02b7151e1900c01599"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "national and military decision makers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information? ",
       "id": "5730df02b7151e1900c0159a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Special Operations are \"operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, or low-visibility capabilities. Special operations are applicable across the ROMO. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets\" (JP 1-02).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Special Operations? ",
       "id": "5730dfc8b7151e1900c0159e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the goals of Special Operations? ",
       "id": "5730dfc8b7151e1900c0159f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "indigenous or surrogate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ? ",
       "id": "5730dfc8b7151e1900c015a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 786,
         "text": "dependence on detailed operational intelligence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?",
       "id": "5730dfc8b7151e1900c015a1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Airlift is \"operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives\" (AFDD 3\u201317, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a variety of situations and time frames. The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations. It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations? ",
       "id": "5730e0b7f6cb411900e2450e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "strategic, operational, or tactical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What objectives does Airlift support? ",
       "id": "5730e0b7f6cb411900e2450f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "resolve and compassion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis? ",
       "id": "5730e0b7f6cb411900e24511"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "delivering forces to crisis locations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift? ",
       "id": "5730e0b7f6cb411900e24510"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Aeromedical Evacuation is \"the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation\" (JP 1-02). JP 4-02, Health Service Support, further defines it as \"the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities, using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes, with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission.\" Aeromedical evacuation forces can operate as far forward as fixed-wing aircraft are able to conduct airland operations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "Health Service Support"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation? ",
       "id": "5730e193aca1c71400fe5b3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Aeromedical Evacuation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?",
       "id": "5730e193aca1c71400fe5b3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "to and between medical treatment facilities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties? ",
       "id": "5730e193aca1c71400fe5b3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 408,
         "text": "Aeromedical evacuation forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions? ",
       "id": "5730e193aca1c71400fe5b40"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Personnel Recovery (PR) is defined as \"the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel\" (JP 1-02). It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty. PR also enhances the development of an effective, global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk; deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda; and develop joint, interagency, and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Personnel Recovery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?",
       "id": "5730e287b7151e1900c015a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission? ",
       "id": "5730e287b7151e1900c015a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis? ",
       "id": "5730e287b7151e1900c015a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 641,
         "text": "crisis response and regional stability"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the types of international duties of the PR mission? ",
       "id": "5730e287b7151e1900c015a9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Humanitarian Assistance Operations are \"programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance\" (JP 1-02).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Humanitarian Assistance Operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? ",
       "id": "5730e35df6cb411900e24516"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "limited"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?",
       "id": "5730e35df6cb411900e24518"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? ",
       "id": "5730e35df6cb411900e24517"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "host nation civil authorities or agencies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? ",
       "id": "5730e35df6cb411900e24519"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security. Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking. Through both words and deeds, the majority of interaction is devoted to building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit. It includes both foreign partners as well as domestic partners and emphasizes collaboration with foreign governments, militaries and populations as well as US government departments, agencies, industry, and NGOs. To better facilitate partnering efforts, Airmen should be competent in the relevant language, region, and culture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force? ",
       "id": "5730e690f6cb411900e24528"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions?",
       "id": "5730e690f6cb411900e24529"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "cross-cultural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage? ",
       "id": "5730e690f6cb411900e2452a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?",
       "id": "5730e690f6cb411900e2452b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 735,
         "text": "relevant language, region, and culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions?",
       "id": "5730e690f6cb411900e2452c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "U.S. War Department"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?",
       "id": "5730e777aca1c71400fe5b45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "40 years later"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? ",
       "id": "5730e777aca1c71400fe5b46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "68,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII? ",
       "id": "5730e777aca1c71400fe5b47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "U.S. Army Air Forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the USAAF stand for? ",
       "id": "5730e777aca1c71400fe5b48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "President Harry S Truman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who signed the National Security Act of 1947? ",
       "id": "5730e777aca1c71400fe5b49"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army (for land-based operations), the Navy (for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft), and the Marine Corps (for close air support of infantry operations). The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well. In 1947, Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft, beginning a new era of aeronautics in America.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "Department of Defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?",
       "id": "5730e860b54a4f140068ccda"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?",
       "id": "5730e860b54a4f140068ccdb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?",
       "id": "5730e860b54a4f140068ccdc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "Marine Corps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations? ",
       "id": "5730e860b54a4f140068ccdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "Captain Chuck Yeager"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?",
       "id": "5730e860b54a4f140068ccde"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the early 2000s, the USAF fumbled several high profile aircraft procurement projects, such as the missteps on the KC-X program. Winslow Wheeler has written that this pattern represents \"failures of intellect and \u2013 much more importantly \u2013 ethics.\" As a result, the USAF fleet is setting new records for average aircraft age and needs to replace its fleets of fighters, bombers, airborne tankers, and airborne warning aircraft, in an age of restrictive defense budgets. Finally in the midst of scandal and failure in maintaining its nuclear arsenal, the civilian and military leaders of the air force were replaced in 2008.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "early 2000s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects? ",
       "id": "5730e932b7151e1900c015c2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "Winslow Wheeler"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?",
       "id": "5730e932b7151e1900c015c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 623,
         "text": "2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal? ",
       "id": "5730e932b7151e1900c015c4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since 2005, the USAF has placed a strong focus on the improvement of Basic Military Training (BMT) for enlisted personnel. While the intense training has become longer, it also has shifted to include a deployment phase. This deployment phase, now called the BEAST, places the trainees in a surreal environment that they may experience once they deploy. While the trainees do tackle the massive obstacle courses along with the BEAST, the other portions include defending and protecting their base of operations, forming a structure of leadership, directing search and recovery, and basic self aid buddy care. During this event, the Military Training Instructors (MTI) act as mentors and enemy forces in a deployment exercise.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "Basic Military Training"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005?",
       "id": "5730ea0fb7151e1900c015c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "BEAST"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the deployment phase of BMT called? ",
       "id": "5730ea0fb7151e1900c015c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 546,
         "text": "directing search and recovery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT? ",
       "id": "5730ea0fb7151e1900c015ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 631,
         "text": "Military Training Instructors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who acts as a mentor during this deployment phase of the BMT?",
       "id": "5730ea0fb7151e1900c015cb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2007, the USAF undertook a Reduction-in-Force (RIF). Because of budget constraints, the USAF planned to reduce the service's size from 360,000 active duty personnel to 316,000. The size of the active duty force in 2007 was roughly 64% of that of what the USAF was at the end of the first Gulf War in 1991. However, the reduction was ended at approximately 330,000 personnel in 2008 in order to meet the demand signal of combatant commanders and associated mission requirements. These same constraints have seen a sharp reduction in flight hours for crew training since 2005 and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and Personnel directing Airmen's Time Assessments.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force?",
       "id": "5730eacaaca1c71400fe5b79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "budget constraints"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force?",
       "id": "5730eacaaca1c71400fe5b7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "330,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 2008?",
       "id": "5730eacaaca1c71400fe5b7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "flight hours for crew training"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has there been a sharp reduction in during the years following 2005 in the USAF?",
       "id": "5730eacaaca1c71400fe5b7c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for \"systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission focus and performance.\" This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons: specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB, and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan. The resignations were also the culmination of disputes between the Air Force leadership, populated primarily by non-nuclear background fighter pilots, versus Gates. To put more emphasis on nuclear assets, the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "Secretary of Defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Robert Gates? ",
       "id": "5730ebd0497a881900248a49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Michael Wynne"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?",
       "id": "5730ebd0497a881900248a4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 606,
         "text": "Taiwan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons? ",
       "id": "5730ebd0497a881900248a4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "General T. Michael Moseley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?",
       "id": "5730ebd0497a881900248a4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 895,
         "text": "24 October 2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?",
       "id": "5730ebd0497a881900248a4d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Due to the Budget sequestration in 2013, the USAF was forced to ground many of its squadrons. The Commander of Air Combat Command, General Mike Hostage indicated that the USAF must reduce its F-15 and F-16 fleets and eliminate platforms like the A-10 in order to focus on a fifth-generation jet fighter future. In response to squadron groundings and flight time reductions, many Air Force pilots have opted to resign from active duty and enter the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard while pursuing careers in the commercial airlines where they can find flight hours on more modern aircraft.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "Budget sequestration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013?",
       "id": "5730ec8305b4da19006bcc46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "General Mike Hostage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013?",
       "id": "5730ec8305b4da19006bcc47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "squadron groundings and flight time reductions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have many US Air Force pilots opted to resign from active service? ",
       "id": "5730ec8305b4da19006bcc48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "careers in the commercial airlines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? ",
       "id": "5730ec8305b4da19006bcc49"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces. However, Congress did allow for $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "replace its aging fleet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the concerns of the Air Force? ",
       "id": "5730ed1ea5e9cc1400cdbaeb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet? ",
       "id": "5730ed1ea5e9cc1400cdbaec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "$208 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? ",
       "id": "5730ed1ea5e9cc1400cdbaed"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Department of the Air Force is one of three military departments within the Department of Defense, and is managed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense. The senior officials in the Office of the Secretary are the Under Secretary of the Air Force, four Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force and the General Counsel, all of whom are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The senior uniformed leadership in the Air Staff is made up of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "Secretary of the Air Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Department of the Air Force managed by?",
       "id": "5730ee17497a881900248a71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "Secretary of Defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does the Secretary of the Air Force report to?",
       "id": "5730ee17497a881900248a72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "President"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council?",
       "id": "5730ee17497a881900248a73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "Senate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Upon whom does the President call on for support in his appointments to the USAF?",
       "id": "5730ee17497a881900248a74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 551,
         "text": "Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does the senior leadership roles in the USAF include? ",
       "id": "5730ee17497a881900248a75"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The organizational structure as shown above is responsible for the peacetime organization, equipping, and training of aerospace units for operational missions. When required to support operational missions, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directs the Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) to execute a Change in Operational Control (CHOP) of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander (CCDR). In the case of AFSPC, AFSOC, PACAF, and USAFE units, forces are normally employed in-place under their existing CCDR. Likewise, AMC forces operating in support roles retain their componency to USTRANSCOM unless chopped to a Regional CCDR.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "Secretary of Defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? ",
       "id": "5730f811a5e9cc1400cdbb4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 301,
         "text": "Change in Operational Control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? ",
       "id": "5730f811a5e9cc1400cdbb4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "USTRANSCOM"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?",
       "id": "5730f811a5e9cc1400cdbb50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "Regional Combatant Commander"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions? ",
       "id": "5730f811a5e9cc1400cdbb4f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "\"Chopped\" units are referred to as forces. The top-level structure of these forces is the Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF). The AETF is the Air Force presentation of forces to a CCDR for the employment of Air Power. Each CCDR is supported by a standing Component Numbered Air Force (C-NAF) to provide planning and execution of aerospace forces in support of CCDR requirements. Each C-NAF consists of a Commander, Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR) and AFFOR/A-staff, and an Air Operations Center (AOC). As needed to support multiple Joint Force Commanders (JFC) in the COCOM's Area of Responsibility (AOR), the C-NAF may deploy Air Component Coordinate Elements (ACCE) to liaise with the JFC. If the Air Force possesses the preponderance of air forces in a JFC's area of operations, the COMAFFOR will also serve as the Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are \"Chopped\" units called in the USAF?",
       "id": "5730f918e6313a140071cb1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the top level structure of these Chopped forces in the USAF? ",
       "id": "5730f918e6313a140071cb1f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "planning and execution of aerospace forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the C-NAF provide support to?",
       "id": "5730f918e6313a140071cb20"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 694,
         "text": "JFC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does the C-NAFF coordinate with on ACEE missions?",
       "id": "5730f918e6313a140071cb21"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "AFSCs range from officer specialties such as pilot, combat systems officer, missile launch officer, intelligence officer, aircraft maintenance officer, judge advocate general (JAG), medical doctor, nurse or other fields, to various enlisted specialties. The latter range from flight combat operations such as a gunner, to working in a dining facility to ensure that members are properly fed. There are additional occupational fields such as computer specialties, mechanic specialties, enlisted aircrew, communication systems, cyberspace operations, avionics technicians, medical specialties, civil engineering, public affairs, hospitality, law, drug counseling, mail operations, security forces, and search and rescue specialties.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "judge advocate general"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of AFSC is a JAG?",
       "id": "5730f9b405b4da19006bcca8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "missile launch officer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the many types of AFSC employed by the USAF? ",
       "id": "5730f9b405b4da19006bcca9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 441,
         "text": "computer specialties"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of an occupational field position in the USAF?",
       "id": "5730f9b405b4da19006bccaa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Beyond combat flight crew personnel, perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Combat rescue officer, Pararescue, Security Forces, Combat Control, Combat Weather, Tactical Air Control Party, and AFOSI agents, who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs, rescue downed or isolated personnel, call in air strikes and set up landing zones in forward locations. Most of these are enlisted positions augmented by a smaller number of commissioned officers. Other career fields that have seen increasing exposure to combat include civil engineers, vehicle operators, and Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) personnel.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "Explosive Ordnance Disposal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF?",
       "id": "5730fe9da5e9cc1400cdbb6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "Tactical Air Control Party"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?",
       "id": "5730fe9da5e9cc1400cdbb6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "rescue downed or isolated personnel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some of these special missions in the USAF who deploy with the infantry do?",
       "id": "5730fe9da5e9cc1400cdbb6f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "commissioned officers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are these enlisted positions in the USAF complimented by?",
       "id": "5730fe9da5e9cc1400cdbb70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 625,
         "text": "Air Force Office of Special Investigations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other career fields have seen an increase in active combat missions? ",
       "id": "5730fe9da5e9cc1400cdbb71"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Training programs vary in length; for example, 3M0X1 (Services) has 31 days of tech school training, while 3E8X1 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions, sometimes taking students close to two years to complete. Officer technical training conducted by Second Air Force can also vary by AFSC, while flight training for aeronautically-rated officers conducted by AETC's Nineteenth Air Force can last well in excess of one year.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "one year of training with a preliminary school"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?",
       "id": "5730ff8ba5e9cc1400cdbb80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "3M0X1 (Services)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?",
       "id": "5730ff8ba5e9cc1400cdbb7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "Second Air Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?",
       "id": "5730ff8ba5e9cc1400cdbb81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "excess of one year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last? ",
       "id": "5730ff8ba5e9cc1400cdbb82"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "USAF rank is divided between enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers, and ranges from the enlisted Airman Basic (E-1) to the commissioned officer rank of General (O-10). Enlisted promotions are granted based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval while officer promotions are based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board. Promotions among enlisted personnel and non-commissioned officers are generally designated by increasing numbers of insignia chevrons. Commissioned officer rank is designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars (one to five stars in war-time).[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung? ",
       "id": "5731005e497a881900248ae7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are Enlisted promotions in the USAF decided? ",
       "id": "5731005e497a881900248ae8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are Officer promotions within the USAF decided?",
       "id": "5731005e497a881900248ae9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is a Commissioned Officer's rank shown?",
       "id": "5731005e497a881900248aea"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA) for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. DOPMA also establishes limits on the number of officers that can serve at any given time in the Air Force. Currently, promotion from second lieutenant to first lieutenant is virtually guaranteed after two years of satisfactory service. The promotion from first lieutenant to captain is competitive after successfully completing another two years of service, with a selection rate varying between 99% and 100%. Promotion to major through major general is through a formal selection board process, while promotions to lieutenant general and general are contingent upon nomination to specific general officer positions and subject to U.S. Senate approval.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF? ",
       "id": "57310a09e6313a140071cb8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?",
       "id": "57310a09e6313a140071cb8c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 405,
         "text": "virtually guaranteed after two years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF? ",
       "id": "57310a09e6313a140071cb8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "DOPMA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers? ",
       "id": "57310a09e6313a140071cb8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 641,
         "text": "Promotion to major through major general"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?",
       "id": "57310a09e6313a140071cb90"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the board process an officer's record is reviewed by a selection board at the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. At the 10 to 11 year mark, captains will take part in a selection board to major. If not selected, they will meet a follow-on board to determine if they will be allowed to remain in the Air Force. Promotion from major to lieutenant colonel is similar and occurs approximately between the thirteen year (for officers who were promoted to major early \"below the zone\") and the fifteen year mark, where a certain percentage of majors will be selected below zone (i.e., \"early\"), in zone (i.e., \"on time\") or above zone (i.e., \"late\") for promotion to lieutenant colonel. This process will repeat at the 16 year mark (for officers previously promoted early to major and lieutenant colonel) to the 21 year mark for promotion to full colonel.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is an officer's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion?",
       "id": "57310ae3e6313a140071cba0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "Texas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in? ",
       "id": "57310ae3e6313a140071cba1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "thirteen year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does promotion from major to lieutenant colonel in the USAF typically occur?",
       "id": "57310ae3e6313a140071cba2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "16 year mark"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The promotion process repeats when for officers promoted early in the USAF?",
       "id": "57310ae3e6313a140071cba3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although provision is made in Title 10 of the United States Code for the Secretary of the Air Force to appoint warrant officers, the Air Force does not currently use warrant officer grades, and is the only one of the U.S. Armed Services not to do so. The Air Force inherited warrant officer ranks from the Army at its inception in 1947, but their place in the Air Force structure was never made clear.[citation needed] When the Congress authorized the creation of two new senior enlisted ranks in 1958, Air Force officials privately concluded that these two new \"super grades\" could fill all Air Force needs then performed at the warrant officer level, although this was not publicly acknowledged until years later.[citation needed] The Air Force stopped appointing warrant officers in 1959, the same year the first promotions were made to the new top enlisted grade, Chief Master Sergeant. Most of the existing Air Force warrant officers entered the commissioned officer ranks during the 1960s, but small numbers continued to exist in the warrant officer grades for the next 21 years.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "Title 10"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers?",
       "id": "57310bcda5e9cc1400cdbbc9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "1947"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army?",
       "id": "57310bcda5e9cc1400cdbbca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "1958"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Congress authorize the creation of two new senior officer grades?",
       "id": "57310bcda5e9cc1400cdbbcb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 786,
         "text": "1959"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the USAF stop appointing warrant officers?",
       "id": "57310bcda5e9cc1400cdbbcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 868,
         "text": "Chief Master Sergeant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the newest top enlisted grade in the USAF?",
       "id": "57310bcda5e9cc1400cdbbcd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted). While all USAF military personnel are referred to as Airmen, the term also refers to the pay grades of E-1 through E-4, which are below the level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grades E-5 through E-9) all ranks fall into the category of NCO and are further subdivided into \"NCOs\" (pay grades E-5 and E-6) and \"Senior NCOs\" (pay grades E-7 through E-9); the term \"Junior NCO\" is sometimes used to refer to staff sergeants and technical sergeants (pay grades E-5 and E-6).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "E-1 (entry level)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?",
       "id": "57310c63497a881900248b35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "E-9 (senior enlisted)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?",
       "id": "57310c63497a881900248b36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "pay grades E-7 through E-9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs?",
       "id": "57310c63497a881900248b37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 543,
         "text": "staff sergeants and technical sergeants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?",
       "id": "57310c63497a881900248b38"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The USAF is the only branch of the U.S. military where NCO status is achieved when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5. In all other branches, NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 (e.g., a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps, Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard). The Air Force mirrored the Army from 1976 to 1991 with an E-4 being either a Senior Airman wearing three stripes without a star or a Sergeant (referred to as \"Buck Sergeant\"), which was noted by the presence of the central star and considered an NCO. Despite not being an NCO, a Senior Airman who has completed Airman Leadership School can be a supervisor according to the AFI 36-2618.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "pay grade of E-4"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?",
       "id": "57310d2da5e9cc1400cdbbe8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does NCO status occur in the USAF?",
       "id": "57310d2da5e9cc1400cdbbe7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 617,
         "text": "completed Airman Leadership School"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?",
       "id": "57310d2da5e9cc1400cdbbe9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "Corporal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?",
       "id": "57310d2da5e9cc1400cdbbea"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented \"Uxbridge Blue\" after \"Uxbridge 1683 Blue\", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company. The current Service Dress Uniform, which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995, consists of a three-button, pocketless coat, similar to that of a men's \"sport jacket\" (with silver \"U.S.\" pins on the lapels, with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members), matching trousers, and either a service cap or flight cap, all in Shade 1620, \"Air Force Blue\" (a darker purplish-blue). This is worn with a light blue shirt (Shade 1550) and Shade 1620 herringbone patterned necktie. Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt, while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat, and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt. USAF personnel assigned to Base Honor Guard duties wear, for certain occasions, a modified version of the standard service dress uniform, but with silver trim on the sleeves and trousers, with the addition of a ceremonial belt (if necessary), wheel cap with silver trim and Hap Arnold Device, and a silver aiguillette placed on the left shoulder seam and all devices and accoutrement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?",
       "id": "57310deca5e9cc1400cdbbfa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "1947"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?",
       "id": "57310deca5e9cc1400cdbbf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "1995"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? ",
       "id": "57310deca5e9cc1400cdbbfb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 766,
         "text": "pinned onto the coat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? ",
       "id": "57310deca5e9cc1400cdbbfc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment. Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards. Over time, various badges have been discontinued and are no longer distributed. Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection, and Security Forces, and the Missile Badge (or \"pocket rocket\"), which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "various badges"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment? ",
       "id": "57310ecc497a881900248b59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "merit-based or service-based awards"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF? ",
       "id": "57310ecc497a881900248b5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "Shields of USAF Fire Protection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF? ",
       "id": "57310ecc497a881900248b5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 523,
         "text": "at least one year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is the special \"pocket rocket\" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation? ",
       "id": "57310ecc497a881900248b5c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy, upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) program, or through the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS). OTS, previously located at Lackland AFB, Texas until 1993 and located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama since 1993, in turn encompasses two separate commissioning programs: Basic Officer Training (BOT), which is for line-officer candidates of the active-duty Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve; and the Academy of Military Science (AMS), which is for line-officer candidates of the Air National Guard. (The term \"line officer\" derives from the concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the \"Line of the Air\", meaning combat or combat-support operations within the scope of legitimate combatants as defined by the Geneva Conventions.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "United States Air Force Academy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? ",
       "id": "573112da05b4da19006bcd44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "Air Force Officer Training School"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?",
       "id": "573112da05b4da19006bcd45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 338,
         "text": "Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the OTS in the US currently located?",
       "id": "573112da05b4da19006bcd46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 730,
         "text": "concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the \"Line of the Air\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a line officer in the USAF? ",
       "id": "573112da05b4da19006bcd48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 416,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?",
       "id": "573112da05b4da19006bcd47"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Air Force also provides Commissioned Officer Training (COT) for officers of all three components who are direct-commissioned to non-line positions due to their credentials in medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration. Originally viewed as a \"knife and fork school\" that covered little beyond basic wear of the uniform, COT in recent years has been fully integrated into the OTS program and today encompasses extensive coursework as well as field exercises in leadership, confidence, fitness, and deployed-environment operations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Commissioned Officer Training"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?",
       "id": "5731138fe6313a140071cbf8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF? ",
       "id": "5731138fe6313a140071cbf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "deployed-environment operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF? ",
       "id": "5731138fe6313a140071cbfa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The US Air Force Fitness Test (AFFT) is designed to test the abdominal circumference, muscular strength/endurance and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of airmen in the USAF. As part of the Fit to Fight program, the USAF adopted a more stringent physical fitness assessment; the new fitness program was put into effect on 1 June 2010. The annual ergo-cycle test which the USAF had used for several years had been replaced in 2004. In the AFFT, Airmen are given a score based on performance consisting of four components: waist circumference, the sit-up, the push-up, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Airmen can potentially earn a score of 100, with the run counting as 60%, waist circumference as 20%, and both strength test counting as 10% each. A passing score is 75 points. Effective 1 July 2010, the AFFT is administered by the base Fitness Assessment Cell (FAC), and is required twice a year. Personnel may test once a year if he or she earns a score above a 90%. Additionally, only meeting the minimum standards on each one of these tests will not get you a passing score of 75%, and failing any one component will result in a failure for the entire test.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "Fit to Fight program"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?",
       "id": "5731148c05b4da19006bcd6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "US Air Force Fitness Test"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF? ",
       "id": "5731148c05b4da19006bcd6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "1.5-mile"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program? ",
       "id": "5731148c05b4da19006bcd6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 763,
         "text": "75 points"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test? ",
       "id": "5731148c05b4da19006bcd6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 961,
         "text": "90%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests? ",
       "id": "5731148c05b4da19006bcd6e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ground-attack aircraft of the USAF are designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for, and in proximity to, U.S. ground forces. The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below. They are typically deployed as close air support to ground forces, their role is tactical rather than strategic, operating at the front of the battle rather than against targets deeper in the enemy's rear.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "U.S. ground forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for? ",
       "id": "57311e12a5e9cc1400cdbc37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "precision strikes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?",
       "id": "57311e12a5e9cc1400cdbc38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "front of the battle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?",
       "id": "57311e12a5e9cc1400cdbc39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "bomber aircraft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops? ",
       "id": "57311e12a5e9cc1400cdbc3a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, are often used as 'bomb trucks', despite being designed for aerial combat. Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range: a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory, whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to 'theater' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat. Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations. The US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China operate strategic bombers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "drop bombs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do? ",
       "id": "57311f3905b4da19006bcdc2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "bomber"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks? ",
       "id": "57311f3905b4da19006bcdc3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 578,
         "text": "fighter bombers and attack aircraft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF? ",
       "id": "57311f3905b4da19006bcdc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 760,
         "text": "aerial refueling"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?",
       "id": "57311f3905b4da19006bcdc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 849,
         "text": "US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions? ",
       "id": "57311f3905b4da19006bcdc6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The service's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s, its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s. The B-52 Stratofortress airframe design is over 60 years old and the B-52H aircraft currently in the active inventory were all built between 1960 and 1962. The B-52H is scheduled to remain in service for another 30 years, which would keep the airframe in service for nearly 90 years, an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft. The B-21 is projected to replace the B-52 and parts of the B-1B force by the mid-2020s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "1990s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force? ",
       "id": "573126bbe6313a140071cc90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "1980s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft? ",
       "id": "573126bbe6313a140071cc91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "B-52H"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?",
       "id": "573126bbe6313a140071cc92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "30 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF? ",
       "id": "573126bbe6313a140071cc93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "B-21"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF?",
       "id": "573126bbe6313a140071cc94"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world, usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace. The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy. These aircraft are largely defined in terms of their range capability as strategic airlift (C-5), strategic/tactical (C-17), and tactical (C-130) airlift to reflect the needs of the land forces they most often support. The CV-22 is used by the Air Force for the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). It conducts long-range, special operations missions, and is equipped with extra fuel tanks and terrain-following radar. Some aircraft serve specialized transportation roles such as executive/embassy support (C-12), Antarctic Support (LC-130H), and USSOCOM support (C-27J, C-145A, and C-146A). The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft, now reverted to the transport mission.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Cargo and transport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? ",
       "id": "573127e1e6313a140071cc9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?",
       "id": "573127e1e6313a140071cc9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "U.S. Special Operations Command"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?",
       "id": "573127e1e6313a140071cc9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 904,
         "text": "LC-130H"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?",
       "id": "573127e1e6313a140071cc9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 995,
         "text": "weather reconnaissance aircraft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions? ",
       "id": "573127e1e6313a140071cc9e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called \"The Eye in the Sky.\" The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming (EC-130H), Psychological Operations/Communications (EC-130J), Airborne Early Warning and Control (E-3), Airborne Command Post (E-4B), ground targeting radar (E-8C), range control (E-9A), and communications relay (E-11A)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the purpose of electronic warfare?",
       "id": "5731450de6313a140071cda0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "The Eye in the Sky"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?",
       "id": "5731450de6313a140071cda1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?",
       "id": "5731450de6313a140071cda2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "Electronic Warfare/Jamming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? ",
       "id": "5731450de6313a140071cda3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "Airborne Command Post"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?",
       "id": "5731450de6313a140071cda4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term \"fighter\" is also sometimes used colloquially for dedicated ground-attack aircraft. Other missions include interception of bombers and other fighters, reconnaissance, and patrol. The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron, the Thunderbirds, while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT) or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program. These extant QF-4 aircraft are being replaced in the FSAT role by early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration. The USAF has 2,025 fighters in service as of September 2012.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "air-to-air combat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?",
       "id": "57314737497a881900248d3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "F-16 Fighting Falcon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?",
       "id": "57314737497a881900248d3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "F-16"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?",
       "id": "57314737497a881900248d3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "F-4 Phantom II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?",
       "id": "57314737497a881900248d3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 799,
         "text": "early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force? ",
       "id": "57314737497a881900248d3f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The USAF's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets. The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom, and can be equipped with \"probe and drogue\" refueling systems. Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also used in normal operations; fighters, bombers, and cargo aircraft rely heavily on the lesser-known \"tanker\" aircraft. This makes these aircraft an essential part of the Air Force's global mobility and the U.S. force projection. The KC-46A Pegasus is undergoing testing and is projected to be delivered to USAF units starting in 2017.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "aerial refueling aircraft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?",
       "id": "57314807497a881900248d45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "tail-mounted refueling boom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?",
       "id": "57314807497a881900248d46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "large-scale operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?",
       "id": "57314807497a881900248d47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 551,
         "text": "KC-46A Pegasus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?",
       "id": "57314807497a881900248d48"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tactical airlift and special operations pilot was the first officer appointed to that position who did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot. The Washington Post reported in 2010 that General Schwartz began to dismantle the rigid class system of the USAF, particularly in the officer corps.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "Robert Gates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?",
       "id": "57314c7c05b4da19006bcffc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "Michael Wynne"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?",
       "id": "57314c7c05b4da19006bcffd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "General Norton A. Schwartz"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation?",
       "id": "57314c7c05b4da19006bcffe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "The Washington Post"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system?",
       "id": "57314c7c05b4da19006bcfff"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal \"warriors\" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social \"distance\" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?",
       "id": "57314e60a5e9cc1400cdbe49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 734,
         "text": "an organization in which mostly its officers fought"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?",
       "id": "57314e60a5e9cc1400cdbe4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 828,
         "text": "primarily a rear echelon support force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?",
       "id": "57314e60a5e9cc1400cdbe4b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again, in the face of large aircraft losses in training, and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs. Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other's drone handing innovations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Cultural and career issues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?",
       "id": "57314fe6497a881900248db7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "Iraq War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?",
       "id": "57314fe6497a881900248db8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "large aircraft losses in training"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?",
       "id": "57314fe6497a881900248db9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "US Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?",
       "id": "57314fe6497a881900248dba"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from \"Friday Name Tags\" in flying units to an annual \"Mustache Month.\" The use of \"challenge coins\" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the \"roof stomp\", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "Royal Air Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? ",
       "id": "573156ffe6313a140071ce3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "\"Friday Name Tags\" in flying units"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What traditions does the US Air Force have? ",
       "id": "573156ffe6313a140071ce3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "U.S. Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization did the US Air Force adopt \"Challenge Coins\" from?",
       "id": "573156ffe6313a140071ce3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 590,
         "text": "welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?",
       "id": "573156ffe6313a140071ce3d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including \"No One Comes Close\" and Uno Ab Alto (\"One From On High\"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used \"Aim High\" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used \"Cross into the Blue\", \"We've been waiting for you\" and \"Do Something Amazing\", \"Above All\", and the newest one, as of 7 October 2010, considered a call and response, \"Aim high\" followed with the response, \"Fly-Fight-Win\" Each wing, group, or squadron usually has its own slogan(s). Information and logos can usually be found on the wing, group, or squadron websites.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "\"No One Comes Close\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan? ",
       "id": "573158b9e6313a140071ce56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "\"One From On High\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean? ",
       "id": "573158b9e6313a140071ce57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 407,
         "text": "\"Aim high\" followed with the response, \"Fly-Fight-Win\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010?",
       "id": "573158b9e6313a140071ce58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "wing, group, or squadron websites"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can individual each USAF wing, group or squadrons individual motto be found?",
       "id": "573158b9e6313a140071ce59"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Light-emitting_diode",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes and lighted wallpaper. As of 2015[update], LEDs powerful enough for room lighting remain somewhat more expensive, and require more precise current and heat management, than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "environmental"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used?",
       "id": "5730c0c0396df9190009631e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "longer lifetime"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources?",
       "id": "5730c0c0396df9190009631f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "Light-emitting diodes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does LED stand for?",
       "id": "5730c0c0396df91900096320"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "more expensive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting?",
       "id": "5730c0c0396df91900096321"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "traffic signals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a popular use for LED lighting?",
       "id": "5730c0c0396df91900096322"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo and Edward Jamgochian, explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?",
       "id": "5730c1d7069b531400832313"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Electroluminescence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?",
       "id": "5730c1d7069b531400832311"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "1907"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Electroluminescence discovered?",
       "id": "5730c1d7069b531400832312"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "Oleg Losev"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?",
       "id": "5730c1d7069b531400832315"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "cat's-whisker"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?",
       "id": "5730c1d7069b531400832314"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein\".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier, and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup.\" This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1957"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?",
       "id": "5730c3e8f6cb411900e24474"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Kroemer Braunstein"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?",
       "id": "5730c3e8f6cb411900e24475"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "a GaAs diode"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?",
       "id": "5730c3e8f6cb411900e24476"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "a PbS diode"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?",
       "id": "5730c3e8f6cb411900e24477"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "audio amplifier"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?",
       "id": "5730c3e8f6cb411900e24478"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector. On August 8, 1962, Biard and Pittman filed a patent titled \"Semiconductor Radiant Diode\" based on their findings, which described a zinc diffused p\u2013n junction LED with a spaced cathode contact to allow for efficient emission of infrared light under forward bias. After establishing the priority of their work based on engineering notebooks predating submissions from G.E. Labs, RCA Research Labs, IBM Research Labs, Bell Labs, and Lincoln Lab at MIT, the U.S. patent office issued the two inventors the patent for the GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (U.S. Patent US3293513), the first practical LED. Immediately after filing the patent, Texas Instruments (TI) began a project to manufacture infrared diodes. In October 1962, TI announced the first LED commercial product (the SNX-100), which employed a pure GaAs crystal to emit a 890 nm light output. In October 1963, TI announced the first commercial hemispherical LED, the SNX-110.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "Texas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered? ",
       "id": "5730c541f6cb411900e2447e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "tunnel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission?",
       "id": "5730c541f6cb411900e2447f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "1962"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode?",
       "id": "5730c541f6cb411900e24480"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 917,
         "text": "GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first practical LED?",
       "id": "5730c541f6cb411900e24481"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1044,
         "text": "Texas Instruments (TI)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company?",
       "id": "5730c541f6cb411900e24482"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. In 1976, T. P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high-efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "General Electric Company"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed?",
       "id": "5730c6cbf6cb411900e24488"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Nick Holonyak, Jr."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?",
       "id": "5730c6cbf6cb411900e24489"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "red"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED?",
       "id": "5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "yellow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color LED was later created in 1972?",
       "id": "5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "M. George Craford"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED?",
       "id": "5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. These methods continue to be used by LED producers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?",
       "id": "5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "US$200 per unit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the early LEDs cost?",
       "id": "5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 853,
         "text": "calculators"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was one use of early LED light in products?",
       "id": "5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 631,
         "text": "Hewlett Packard (HP)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?",
       "id": "5730c888aca1c71400fe5aba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1041,
         "text": "1970s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?",
       "id": "5730c888aca1c71400fe5abb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasaki and Amano were awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in physics for their work. In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a \"transparent contact\" LED using indium tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "blue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?",
       "id": "5730f39205b4da19006bcc7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "Shuji Nakamura"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who demonstrated the first blue LED?",
       "id": "5730f39205b4da19006bcc7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "2014 Nobel prize in physics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?",
       "id": "5730f39205b4da19006bcc80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "Alberto Barbieri"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?",
       "id": "5730f39205b4da19006bcc81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "indium tin oxide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?",
       "id": "5730f39205b4da19006bcc82"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y\n3Al\n5O\n12:Ce (known as \"YAG\") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining blue light appears white to the eye. However using different phosphors (fluorescent materials) it also became possible to instead produce green and red light through fluorescence. The resulting mixture of red, green and blue is not only perceived by humans as white light but is superior for illumination in terms of color rendering, whereas one cannot appreciate the color of red or green objects illuminated only by the yellow (and remaining blue) wavelengths from the YAG phosphor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "white"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?",
       "id": "5730f4c0497a881900248aad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "yellow light"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?",
       "id": "5730f4c0497a881900248aaf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 2,
         "text": "P-N junction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current?",
       "id": "5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 234,
         "text": "electroluminescence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?",
       "id": "5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 546,
         "text": "the conduction band"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence?",
       "id": "5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 492,
         "text": "holes existing in the P-region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process?",
       "id": "5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 774,
         "text": "to recombine the electrons and the holes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light?",
       "id": "5730f7c9e6313a140071cb10"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents. In 2006, they demonstrated a prototype with a record white LED luminous efficacy of 131 lm/W at 20 mA. Nichia Corporation has developed a white LED with luminous efficacy of 150 lm/W at a forward current of 20 mA. Cree's XLamp XM-L LEDs, commercially available in 2011, produce 100 lm/W at their full power of 10 W, and up to 160 lm/W at around 2 W input power. In 2012, Cree announced a white LED giving 254 lm/W, and 303 lm/W in March 2014. Practical general lighting needs high-power LEDs, of one watt or more. Typical operating currents for such devices begin at 350 mA.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 13,
         "text": "2003"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was a new type of blue LED produced?",
       "id": "5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Cree"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED?",
       "id": "5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "four times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003?",
       "id": "5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 888,
         "text": "350 mA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs?",
       "id": "5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb58"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperatures and higher current densities than traditional devices. This causes stress on the material and may cause early light-output degradation. To quantitatively classify useful lifetime in a standardized manner it has been suggested to use L70 or L50, which are the runtimes (typically given in thousands of hours) at which a given LED reaches 70% and 50% of initial light output, respectively.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "loss of efficiency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a symptom of LED failure?",
       "id": "5730fa4b05b4da19006bccae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "Sudden failures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is rare in LED lighting?",
       "id": "5730fa4b05b4da19006bccaf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "their short service life"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was notable in early red LEDs?",
       "id": "5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "higher junction temperatures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs?",
       "id": "5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 558,
         "text": "L70 or L50"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a classification used in LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive?",
       "id": "5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buildup than incandescent lamps, so some LED lighting systems have been designed with an added heating circuit. Additionally, research has developed heat sink technologies that will transfer heat produced within the junction to appropriate areas of the light fixture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "operating temperature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "LED efficacy is inversely proportional to what?",
       "id": "5730fb1b05b4da19006bccb8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "supermarket freezer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is LED lighting very well suited?",
       "id": "5730fb1b05b4da19006bccb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "incandescent lamps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "LEDs produce less waste heat than what other device?",
       "id": "5730fb1b05b4da19006bccba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 301,
         "text": "frost"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light?",
       "id": "5730fb1b05b4da19006bccbb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, the year after Maruska left for Stanford, his RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc-doped gallium nitride, though the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built, the first actual gallium nitride light-emitting diode, emitted green light. In 1974 the U.S. Patent Office awarded Maruska, Rhines and Stanford professor David Stevenson a patent for their work in 1972 (U.S. Patent US3819974 A) and today magnesium-doping of gallium nitride continues to be the basis for all commercial blue LEDs and laser diodes. These devices built in the early 1970s had too little light output to be of practical use and research into gallium nitride devices slowed. In August 1989, Cree introduced the first commercially available blue LED based on the indirect bandgap semiconductor, silicon carbide (SiC). SiC LEDs had very low efficiency, no more than about 0.03%, but did emit in the blue portion of the visible light spectrum.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What students developed the first blue-violet LED?",
       "id": "5731085e497a881900248b1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "Stanford"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?",
       "id": "5731085e497a881900248b1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first blue-violet LED developed?",
       "id": "5731085e497a881900248b1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "zinc-doped gallium nitride"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?",
       "id": "5731085e497a881900248b1e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated again by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process similar to Dr. Moustakas's. Both Dr. Moustakas and Mr. Nakamura were issued separate patents, which confused the issue of who was the original inventor (partly because although Dr. Moustakas invented his first, Dr. Nakamura filed first).[citation needed] This new development revolutionized LED lighting, making high-power blue light sources practical, leading to the development of technologies like BlueRay, as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "1980s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?",
       "id": "57310d75497a881900248b47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "Shuji Nakamura"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?",
       "id": "57310d75497a881900248b48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "Dr. Moustakas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?",
       "id": "57310d75497a881900248b49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 852,
         "text": "BlueRay"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources?",
       "id": "57310d75497a881900248b4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 926,
         "text": "tablets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting?",
       "id": "57310d75497a881900248b4b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that had licensed Mr. Nakamura's patents for production in the United States had infringed Dr. Moustakas's prior patent, and order them to pay licensing fees of not less than 13 million USD.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "Physics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2014?",
       "id": "573111b1e6313a140071cbe2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "Millennium Technology Prize"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What award did Nakamura receive in 2006 for his invention?",
       "id": "573111b1e6313a140071cbe3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior blue light patent in 2015?",
       "id": "573111b1e6313a140071cbe4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "not less than 13 million USD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the fine given to the three companies?",
       "id": "573111b1e6313a140071cbe5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to amber. Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) of varying Al/Ga fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum well layers for ultraviolet LEDs, but these devices have not yet reached the level of efficiency and technological maturity of InGaN/GaN blue/green devices. If un-alloyed GaN is used in this case to form the active quantum well layers, the device will emit near-ultraviolet light with a peak wavelength centred around 365 nm. Green LEDs manufactured from the InGaN/GaN system are far more efficient and brighter than green LEDs produced with non-nitride material systems, but practical devices still exhibit efficiency too low for high-brightness applications.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are cladding layers?",
       "id": "573112cae6313a140071cbf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?",
       "id": "573112cae6313a140071cbf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "Aluminium gallium nitride"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does AlGaN stand for?",
       "id": "573112cae6313a140071cbf2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 763,
         "text": "Green"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without?",
       "id": "573112cae6313a140071cbf3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375\u2013395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacements for inspection of anti-counterfeiting UV watermarks in some documents and paper currencies. Shorter-wavelength diodes, while substantially more expensive, are commercially available for wavelengths down to 240 nm. As the photosensitivity of microorganisms approximately matches the absorption spectrum of DNA, with a peak at about 260 nm, UV LED emitting at 250\u2013270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization devices. Recent research has shown that commercially available UVA LEDs (365 nm) are already effective disinfection and sterilization devices. UV-C wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium nitride (210 nm), boron nitride (215 nm) and diamond (235 nm).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "aluminium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What substance does nitrides contain?",
       "id": "573113d805b4da19006bcd56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Ultraviolet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?",
       "id": "573113d805b4da19006bcd57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "375\u2013395 nm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs?",
       "id": "573113d805b4da19006bcd58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "240 nm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?",
       "id": "573113d805b4da19006bcd59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 683,
         "text": "250\u2013270 nm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices?",
       "id": "573113d805b4da19006bcd5a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and because the individual color LEDs typically have slightly different emission patterns (leading to variation of the color depending on direction) even if they are made as a single unit, these are seldom used to produce white lighting. Nonetheless, this method has many applications because of the flexibility of mixing different colors, and in principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "red, green, and blue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What colors are used to form white light?",
       "id": "5731151605b4da19006bcd74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "multi-color white LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?",
       "id": "5731151605b4da19006bcd75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "electronic circuits"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?",
       "id": "5731151605b4da19006bcd76"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "RGB LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?",
       "id": "5731151605b4da19006bcd77"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between the luminous efficacy and color rendering. For example, the dichromatic white LEDs have the best luminous efficacy (120 lm/W), but the lowest color rendering capability. However, although tetrachromatic white LEDs have excellent color rendering capability, they often have poor luminous efficacy. Trichromatic white LEDs are in between, having both good luminous efficacy (>70 lm/W) and fair color rendering capability.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "luminous efficacy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs?",
       "id": "5731162005b4da19006bcd7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "lower color rendering"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what?",
       "id": "5731162005b4da19006bcd7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "tetrachromatic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one type of multi-color white LED?",
       "id": "5731162005b4da19006bcd7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 379,
         "text": "dichromatic white LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type has the best luminous efficacy?",
       "id": "5731162005b4da19006bcd7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": ">70 lm/W"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have?",
       "id": "5731162005b4da19006bcd80"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color LEDs should have profound influence on the fundamental method that we use to produce and control light color. However, before this type of LED can play a role on the market, several technical problems must be solved. These include that this type of LED's emission power decays exponentially with rising temperature, resulting in a substantial change in color stability. Such problems inhibit and may preclude industrial use. Thus, many new package designs aimed at solving this problem have been proposed and their results are now being reproduced by researchers and scientists.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "to form light of different colors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of white light?",
       "id": "57311c03e6313a140071cc44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 585,
         "text": "power decays exponentially with rising temperature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What problem must be solved before multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market?",
       "id": "57311c03e6313a140071cc45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 652,
         "text": "substantial change in color stability"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What problem results when rising temperatures decays power?",
       "id": "57311c03e6313a140071cc46"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengths to longer. Depending on the color of the original LED, phosphors of different colors can be employed. If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied, the emitted spectrum is broadened, effectively raising the color rendering index (CRI) value of a given LED.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors?",
       "id": "57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "blue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is used?",
       "id": "57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "Stokes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What shift does blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method?",
       "id": "57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "the color of the original LED"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what?",
       "id": "57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method?",
       "id": "57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc43"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the luminous efficacy of a typical YAG yellow phosphor based white LED ranges from 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy of the original blue LED because of the human eye's greater sensitivity to yellow than to blue (as modeled in the luminosity function). Due to the simplicity of manufacturing the phosphor method is still the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs. The design and production of a light source or light fixture using a monochrome emitter with phosphor conversion is simpler and cheaper than a complex RGB system, and the majority of high-intensity white LEDs presently on the market are manufactured using phosphor light conversion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "the spectral distribution of the resultant light output"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on?",
       "id": "57311faae6313a140071cc51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 609,
         "text": "phosphor method"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs?",
       "id": "57311faae6313a140071cc53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "heat loss from the Stokes shift"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs?",
       "id": "57311faae6313a140071cc50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue?",
       "id": "57311faae6313a140071cc52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 765,
         "text": "monochrome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods?",
       "id": "57311faae6313a140071cc54"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption in the LED chip and in the LED packaging itself account typically for another 10% to 30% of efficiency loss. Currently, in the area of phosphor LED development, much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures. For instance, the efficiency can be raised by adapting better package design or by using a more suitable type of phosphor. Conformal coating process is frequently used to address the issue of varying phosphor thickness.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "more efficient phosphors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light?",
       "id": "5731208ee6313a140071cc62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "YAG phosphor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most efficient yellow phosphor?",
       "id": "5731208ee6313a140071cc63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "less than 10%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor?",
       "id": "5731208ee6313a140071cc64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 562,
         "text": "higher operation temperatures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development?",
       "id": "5731208ee6313a140071cc65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 639,
         "text": "adapting better package design"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs?",
       "id": "5731208ee6313a140071cc66"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient than blue LEDs with YAG:Ce phosphor, as the Stokes shift is larger, so more energy is converted to heat, but yields light with better spectral characteristics, which render color better. Due to the higher radiative output of the ultraviolet LEDs than of the blue ones, both methods offer comparable brightness. A concern is that UV light may leak from a malfunctioning light source and cause harm to human eyes or skin.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "White LEDs can be made by coating what?",
       "id": "57312247497a881900248b87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?",
       "id": "57312247497a881900248b88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "fluorescent lamps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs?",
       "id": "57312247497a881900248b89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "blue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs?",
       "id": "57312247497a881900248b8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "UV light"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What light can harm human eyes or skin?",
       "id": "57312247497a881900248b8b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) is being used to produce white LEDs using 200-mm silicon wafers. This avoids the typical costly sapphire substrate in relatively small 100- or 150-mm wafer sizes. The sapphire apparatus must be coupled with a mirror-like collector to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted. It is predicted that by 2020, 40% of all GaN LEDs will be made with GaN-on-Si. Manufacturing large sapphire material is difficult, while large silicon material is cheaper and more abundant. LED companies shifting from using sapphire to silicon should be a minimal investment.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is being used to produce white LEDs?",
       "id": "5731234a497a881900248b91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "200-mm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What size are the wafers used to create white LEDs?",
       "id": "5731234a497a881900248b92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "costly sapphire substrate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By using silicon wafers, what is being avoided?",
       "id": "5731234a497a881900248b93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 282,
         "text": "mirror-like collector"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What needs to be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?",
       "id": "5731234a497a881900248b94"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "2020"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what year will% of all GaN LEDs be made with gallium-nitride-on-silicon wafers?",
       "id": "5731234a497a881900248b95"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Quantum dots (QD) are semiconductor nanocrystals that possess unique optical properties. Their emission color can be tuned from the visible throughout the infrared spectrum. This allows quantum dot LEDs to create almost any color on the CIE diagram. This provides more color options and better color rendering than white LEDs since the emission spectrum is much narrower, characteristic of quantum confined states. There are two types of schemes for QD excitation. One uses photo excitation with a primary light source LED (typically blue or UV LEDs are used). The other is direct electrical excitation first demonstrated by Alivisatos et al.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Quantum dots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nanocrystals possess unique optical properties?",
       "id": "5731249ea5e9cc1400cdbc9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "create almost any color on the CIE diagram"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Quantum Dot LEDs can do what special skill?",
       "id": "5731249ea5e9cc1400cdbc9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "better color rendering"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The narrowing of the emission spectrum in Quantum Dot LEDs allows them to do what?",
       "id": "5731249ea5e9cc1400cdbc9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many types of schemes are there in Quantum Dot LED excitation?",
       "id": "5731249ea5e9cc1400cdbc9e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine forming an exciton that excites a QD. This scheme is commonly studied for quantum dot display. The tunability of emission wavelengths and narrow bandwidth is also beneficial as excitation sources for fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) utilizing an integrated QD-LED has been demonstrated.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "electrical-excitation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation?",
       "id": "573125ee497a881900248bcb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "hole-transporting materials"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one material used in electrical-excitation?",
       "id": "573125ee497a881900248bcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 248,
         "text": "electrons and holes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the electrical-excitation scheme, what moves into the quantum dot layer?",
       "id": "573125ee497a881900248bcd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what?",
       "id": "573125ee497a881900248bce"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "High-power LEDs (HP-LEDs) or high-output LEDs (HO-LEDs) can be driven at currents from hundreds of mA to more than an ampere, compared with the tens of mA for other LEDs. Some can emit over a thousand lumens. LED power densities up to 300 W/cm2 have been achieved. Since overheating is destructive, the HP-LEDs must be mounted on a heat sink to allow for heat dissipation. If the heat from a HP-LED is not removed, the device will fail in seconds. One HP-LED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a flashlight, or be set in an array to form a powerful LED lamp.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "over a thousand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many lumens can some high-power LEDs emit?",
       "id": "5731304e497a881900248c37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "300 W/cm2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Up to how many densities have been achieved with LED power?",
       "id": "5731304e497a881900248c38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "to allow for heat dissipation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why must High-power LEDs be mounted on a heat sink?",
       "id": "5731304e497a881900248c39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "the device will fail in seconds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What will happen if the heat from a high-power LED is not removed?",
       "id": "5731304e497a881900248c3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "incandescent bulb in a flashlight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can one high-power LED replace?",
       "id": "5731304e497a881900248c3b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter. For each half-cycle, part of the LED emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half-cycle. The efficacy of this type of HP-LED is typically 40 lm/W. A large number of LED elements in series may be able to operate directly from line voltage. In 2009, Seoul Semiconductor released a high DC voltage LED, named as 'Acrich MJT', capable of being driven from AC power with a simple controlling circuit. The low-power dissipation of these LEDs affords them more flexibility than the original AC LED design.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Seoul Semiconductor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What company has developed LEDs that can operate on AC power?",
       "id": "57313224e6313a140071ccee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "40 lm/W"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the efficacy of an AC powered HP-LED?",
       "id": "57313224e6313a140071ccef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED?",
       "id": "57313224e6313a140071ccf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 590,
         "text": "more flexibility"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is so good about ac powered HP-LEDs?",
       "id": "57313224e6313a140071ccf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "Acrich MJT"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Seoul Semiconductor name their ac powered HP-LED?",
       "id": "57313224e6313a140071ccf2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Alphanumeric LEDs are available in seven-segment, starburst and dot-matrix format. Seven-segment displays handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can display all letters. Dot-matrix displays typically use 5x7 pixels per character. Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s, but rising use of liquid crystal displays, with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Alphanumeric"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of LEDs are available in seven-segment format?",
       "id": "57313c12a5e9cc1400cdbd6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "dot-matrix"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another format that Alphanumeric LEDs are available in?",
       "id": "57313c12a5e9cc1400cdbd6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "Starburst"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which alphanumeric LED display can display all letters?",
       "id": "57313c12a5e9cc1400cdbd6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "5x7"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of pixels does a dot matrix display use?",
       "id": "57313c12a5e9cc1400cdbd6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "liquid crystal displays"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has reduced the popularity of numeric LED displays?",
       "id": "57313c12a5e9cc1400cdbd6f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Digital-RGB LEDs are RGB LEDs that contain their own \"smart\" control electronics. In addition to power and ground, these provide connections for data-in, data-out, and sometimes a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in a daisy chain, with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others. They are used where a combination of maximum control and minimum visible electronics are needed such as strings for Christmas and LED matrices. Some even have refresh rates in the kHz range, allowing for basic video applications.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "contain their own \"smart\" control electronics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What makes RGB LEDs different?",
       "id": "57313d9505b4da19006bcf20"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "in a daisy chain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected?",
       "id": "57313d9505b4da19006bcf21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "microprocessor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What object sources the data in of the first LED of a digital rgb LED?",
       "id": "57313d9505b4da19006bcf22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED?",
       "id": "57313d9505b4da19006bcf23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "Christmas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one example of where Digital RGB LED lights are used?",
       "id": "57313d9505b4da19006bcf24"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An LED filament consists of multiple LED dice connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that form a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament. These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. The filaments require a rather high voltage to light to nominal brightness, allowing them to work efficiently and simply with mains voltages. Often a simple rectifier and capacitive current limiting are employed to create a low-cost replacement for a traditional light bulb without the complexity of creating a low voltage, high current converter which is required by single die LEDs. Usually they are packaged in a sealed enclosure with a shape similar to lamps they were designed to replace (e.g. a bulb), and filled with inert nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas to remove heat efficiently.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "multiple LED dice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does an LED filament consist of?",
       "id": "57313e89a5e9cc1400cdbda1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are LED filaments used?",
       "id": "57313e89a5e9cc1400cdbda2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "high"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of voltage is needed for LED filaments?",
       "id": "57313e89a5e9cc1400cdbda3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "a simple rectifier"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What helps LED filaments remain low cost?",
       "id": "57313e89a5e9cc1400cdbda4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "high current converter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Single die LEDs require what?",
       "id": "57313e89a5e9cc1400cdbda5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The current\u2013voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see Shockley diode equation). This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED. The typical solution is to use constant-current power supplies to keep the current below the LED's maximum current rating. Since most common power sources (batteries, mains) are constant-voltage sources, most LED fixtures must include a power converter, at least a current-limiting resistor. However, the high resistance of three-volt coin cells combined with the high differential resistance of nitride-based LEDs makes it possible to power such an LED from such a coin cell without an external resistor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are LEDs similar to other diodes?",
       "id": "57313fb0497a881900248ce1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "use constant-current power supplies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a solution to preventing an LED failure?",
       "id": "57313fb0497a881900248ce3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "a small change in voltage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?",
       "id": "57313fb0497a881900248ce2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "batteries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a constant-voltage source?",
       "id": "57313fb0497a881900248ce5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 659,
         "text": "a power converter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What feature do most LED fixtures need to have?",
       "id": "57313fb0497a881900248ce4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are \"safe under all conditions of normal use\", and so are classified as \"Class 1 LED product\"/\"LED Klasse 1\". At present, only a few LEDs\u2014extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8\u00b0 or less\u2014could, in theory, cause temporary blindness, and so are classified as \"Class 2\". The opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) of 2010, on the health issues concerning LEDs, suggested banning public use of lamps which were in the moderate Risk Group 2, especially those with a high blue component in places frequented by children. In general, laser safety regulations\u2014and the \"Class 1\", \"Class 2\", etc. system\u2014also apply to LEDs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "Class 1 LED product"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are most LEDs classified?",
       "id": "5731405b497a881900248cf5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "safe under all conditions of normal use"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does being a Class 1 LED product mean?",
       "id": "5731405b497a881900248cf6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "extremely bright LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?",
       "id": "5731405b497a881900248cf7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs?",
       "id": "5731405b497a881900248cf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "Class 2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as?",
       "id": "5731405b497a881900248cf8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic. Regarding the toxicity of LEDs when treated as waste, a study published in 2011 stated: \"According to federal standards, LEDs are not hazardous except for low-intensity red LEDs, which leached Pb [lead] at levels exceeding regulatory limits (186 mg/L; regulatory limit: 5). However, according to California regulations, excessive levels of copper (up to 3892 mg/kg; limit: 2500), lead (up to 8103 mg/kg; limit: 1000), nickel (up to 4797 mg/kg; limit: 2000), or silver (up to 721 mg/kg; limit: 500) render all except low-intensity yellow LEDs hazardous.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "arsenic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dangerous metal can LEDs contain?",
       "id": "57314138497a881900248d00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "mercury"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What substance does fluorescent lamps contain?",
       "id": "57314138497a881900248cff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "low-intensity red"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which LEDs are considered dangerous by a 2011 study?",
       "id": "57314138497a881900248d01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "lead"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to a California study, what harmful metal is in most LEDs?",
       "id": "57314138497a881900248d02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 669,
         "text": "low-intensity yellow LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What LEDs are considered safer than any other?",
       "id": "57314138497a881900248d03"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights or lanterns (chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972, Annex I and the CIE) and LED-based Christmas lights. In cold climates, LED traffic lights may remain snow-covered. Red or yellow LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments where night vision must be retained: aircraft cockpits, submarine and ship bridges, astronomy observatories, and in the field, e.g. night time animal watching and military field use.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "One-color light"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of light is ideal for traffic signals?",
       "id": "573143ba497a881900248d23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year were luminescence standards set?",
       "id": "573143ba497a881900248d24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "Red or yellow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color LEDs are used when night vision is important?",
       "id": "573143ba497a881900248d25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "astronomy observatories"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of a night vision needed area?",
       "id": "573143ba497a881900248d26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "exit signs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another use for one-color light?",
       "id": "573143ba497a881900248d27"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Because of their long life, fast switching times, and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters. The use in brakes improves safety, due to a great reduction in the time needed to light fully, or faster rise time, up to 0.5 second faster[citation needed] than an incandescent bulb. This gives drivers behind more time to react. In a dual intensity circuit (rear markers and brakes) if the LEDs are not pulsed at a fast enough frequency, they can create a phantom array, where ghost images of the LED will appear if the eyes quickly scan across the array. White LED headlamps are starting to be used. Using LEDs has styling advantages because LEDs can form much thinner lights than incandescent lamps with parabolic reflectors.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "brake lights for cars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where?",
       "id": "5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "their long life"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are LED lights sought after for various applications?",
       "id": "5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "0.5 second"
        }
       ],
       "question": "LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?",
       "id": "5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 779,
         "text": "White"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color LEDs are now starting to be used more?",
       "id": "5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdf2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 885,
         "text": "thinner"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of light can LEDs form better than incandescent?",
       "id": "5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdf3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone. For some time, computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces, which allowed them to send and receive data to nearby machines via infrared.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "theaters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life?",
       "id": "5731458d05b4da19006bcf98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "to send sound to listeners' receivers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are LEDs used in theaters?",
       "id": "5731458d05b4da19006bcf99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "fiber optic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "LEDs can send data over what type of cable?",
       "id": "5731458d05b4da19006bcf9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "very high bandwidth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?",
       "id": "5731458d05b4da19006bcf9b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the US, one kilowatt-hour (3.6 MJ) of electricity currently causes an average 1.34 pounds (610 g) of CO\n2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO\n2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO\n2 over the same time span. A building\u2019s carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "US"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission?",
       "id": "573146e3e6313a140071cdaa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "196 pounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?",
       "id": "573146e3e6313a140071cdab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "30 pounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?",
       "id": "573146e3e6313a140071cdac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "85%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?",
       "id": "573146e3e6313a140071cdad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners are the most common example of machine vision, and many low cost products use red LEDs instead of lasers. Optical computer mice are an example of LEDs in machine vision, as it is used to provide an even light source on the surface for the miniature camera within the mouse. LEDs constitute a nearly ideal light source for machine vision systems for several reasons:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Machine vision"
        }
       ],
       "question": "LEDs are often used for what type of systems?",
       "id": "573147db05b4da19006bcfb2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "so features of interest are easier to process"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are LEDs preferred for machine vision systems?",
       "id": "573147db05b4da19006bcfb3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "price drops"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can help make LEDs more widely used?",
       "id": "573147db05b4da19006bcfb4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "Barcode scanners"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most common example of a machine vision system?",
       "id": "573147db05b4da19006bcfb5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "Optical computer mice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems found?",
       "id": "573147db05b4da19006bcfb6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to provide a signal path with electrical isolation between two circuits. This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit (usually battery-powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages. An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "free space optics communications"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are LEDs often used?",
       "id": "573148d2e6313a140071cdc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "medical equipment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are opto-isolators found?",
       "id": "573148d2e6313a140071cdc7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "remote controls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications?",
       "id": "573148d2e6313a140071cdc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 716,
         "text": "allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does an optoisolator do?",
       "id": "573148d2e6313a140071cdc6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "LED Computers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?",
       "id": "573148d2e6313a140071cdc8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many sensor systems rely on light as the signal source. LEDs are often ideal as a light source due to the requirements of the sensors. LEDs are used as motion sensors, for example in optical computer mice. The Nintendo Wii's sensor bar uses infrared LEDs. Pulse oximeters use them for measuring oxygen saturation. Some flatbed scanners use arrays of RGB LEDs rather than the typical cold-cathode fluorescent lamp as the light source. Having independent control of three illuminated colors allows the scanner to calibrate itself for more accurate color balance, and there is no need for warm-up. Further, its sensors only need be monochromatic, since at any one time the page being scanned is only lit by one color of light. Since LEDs can also be used as photodiodes, they can be used for both photo emission and detection. This could be used, for example, in a touchscreen that registers reflected light from a finger or stylus. Many materials and biological systems are sensitive to, or dependent on, light. Grow lights use LEDs to increase photosynthesis in plants, and bacteria and viruses can be removed from water and other substances using UV LEDs for sterilization.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "Nintendo Wii"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What video game console uses infrared LEDs?",
       "id": "573149e7e6313a140071cdce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Pulse oximeters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation?",
       "id": "573149e7e6313a140071cdcf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "RGB LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some flatbed scanners use what type of LED?",
       "id": "573149e7e6313a140071cdd0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "warm-up"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By using LEDs, scanners do not have to what?",
       "id": "573149e7e6313a140071cdd1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1034,
         "text": "increase photosynthesis in plants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Grow lights use LEDs for what process?",
       "id": "573149e7e6313a140071cdd2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "medium-quality"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What quality has LEDs been used as?",
       "id": "57314ace05b4da19006bcfe2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "Red"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?",
       "id": "57314ace05b4da19006bcfe3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "Nitride-based LEDs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?",
       "id": "57314ace05b4da19006bcfe4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "Zener"
        }
       ],
       "question": "LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?",
       "id": "57314ace05b4da19006bcfe5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "3 V"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?",
       "id": "57314ace05b4da19006bcfe6"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Bird",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws?",
       "id": "5730ed42497a881900248a67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 282,
         "text": "bee hummingbird"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the smallest bird?",
       "id": "5730ed42497a881900248a68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "ostrich"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest bird?",
       "id": "5730ed42497a881900248a69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "5 cm (2 in)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the size of the smallest bird?",
       "id": "5730ed42497a881900248a6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "2.75 m (9 ft)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the size of the largest bird?",
       "id": "5730ed42497a881900248a6b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around the time of the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event that killed off all other dinosaurs. Birds in South America survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world via multiple land bridges while diversifying during periods of global cooling. Primitive bird-like dinosaurs that lie outside class Aves proper, in the broader group Avialae, have been found dating back to the mid-Jurassic period. Many of these early \"stem-birds\", such as Archaeopteryx, were not yet capable of fully powered flight, and many retained primitive characteristics like toothy jaws in place of beaks, and long bony tails.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record?",
       "id": "5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "Cretaceous period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did true birds first appear?",
       "id": "5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 772,
         "text": "Archaeopteryx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name an example of an early stem-bird.",
       "id": "5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species of birds. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly the aforementioned flightless penguins, and also members of the duck family, have also evolved for swimming. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "digestive and respiratory systems"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight?",
       "id": "5730ee0ce6313a140071cac0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 632,
         "text": "Darwin's finches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?",
       "id": "5730ee0ce6313a140071cac1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "Wings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?",
       "id": "5730ee0ce6313a140071cac2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and bird songs, and participating in such social behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life. Other species have polygynous (\"many females\") or, rarely, polyandrous (\"many males\") breeding systems. Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction. They are usually laid in a nest and incubated by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Some birds, such as hens, lay eggs even when not fertilized, though unfertilized eggs do not produce offspring.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "corvids and parrots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?",
       "id": "5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 738,
         "text": "by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How to birds produce offspring?",
       "id": "5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 830,
         "text": "nest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are eggs usually laid?",
       "id": "5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure throughout human culture. About 120\u2013130 species have become extinct due to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreational birdwatching is an important part of the ecotourism industry.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Songbirds, parrots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which birds are popular as pets?",
       "id": "5730efe2e6313a140071cac6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "bird excrement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is guano?",
       "id": "5730efe2e6313a140071cac7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "Guano"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of bird excrement?",
       "id": "5730efe2e6313a140071cac8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "Guano"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is harvested for use as fertilizer?",
       "id": "5730efe2e6313a140071cac9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "120\u2013130"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity?",
       "id": "5730efe2e6313a140071caca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier definition proposed by Jacques Gauthier gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents of the Phylocode system. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the Avialae, in part to avoid the uncertainties about the placement of Archaeopteryx in relation to animals traditionally thought of as theropod dinosaurs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "clade Crocodilia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria?",
       "id": "5730f10ae6313a140071cad0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "Gauthier"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?",
       "id": "5730f10ae6313a140071cad1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "clade Crocodilia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a sister group to Aves?",
       "id": "5730f10ae6313a140071cad2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. Recent discoveries in the Liaoning Province of northeast China, which demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs, contribute to this ambiguity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "fossil and biological evidence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs?",
       "id": "57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "Maniraptora"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids?",
       "id": "57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs.",
       "id": "57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have been arboreal, have been able to glide, or both. Unlike Archaeopteryx and the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, recent studies suggest that the first avialans were omnivores.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "flying theropods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs?",
       "id": "5731123fe6313a140071cbea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "deinonychosaurs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the closest relatives of flying theropods?",
       "id": "5731123fe6313a140071cbeb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "deinonychosaurs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group?",
       "id": "5731123fe6313a140071cbec"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail, as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the true ancestor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found?",
       "id": "57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "Archaeopteryx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics?",
       "id": "57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "reptilian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics?",
       "id": "57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc03"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or \"hind wings\" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "late Jurassic period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?",
       "id": "573113b905b4da19006bcd4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "about 160 million years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago was the late Jurassic period?",
       "id": "573113b905b4da19006bcd4f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": "hind wings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?",
       "id": "573113b905b4da19006bcd51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "late Jurassic period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?",
       "id": "573113b905b4da19006bcd50"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "Cretaceous Period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?",
       "id": "57311531e6313a140071cc08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?",
       "id": "57311531e6313a140071cc09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "late Cretaceous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?",
       "id": "57311531e6313a140071cc0a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 515,
         "text": "around 95 million years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?",
       "id": "57311531e6313a140071cc0b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or \"opposite birds\", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the Mesozoic era.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "enantiornithes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?",
       "id": "573115ade6313a140071cc10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "opposite birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?",
       "id": "573115ade6313a140071cc11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "enantiornithes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?",
       "id": "573115ade6313a140071cc12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "end of the Mesozoic era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did enantiornithes become extinct?",
       "id": "573115ade6313a140071cc13"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning \"true birds\", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lacked perching adaptations and seem to have included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species. The later included the superficially gull-like Ichthyornis, the Hesperornithiformes, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic. The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws). Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers, which may have replaced the \"hind wing\" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 917,
         "text": "Euornithes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers?",
       "id": "573116a4e6313a140071cc24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "true birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Euornithes mean?",
       "id": "573116a4e6313a140071cc22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "because they include the ancestors of modern birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why does Euornithes mean \"true birds?\"",
       "id": "573116a4e6313a140071cc23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 993,
         "text": "fully mobile fan of tail feathers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may have replaced the \"hind wing\" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability?",
       "id": "573116a4e6313a140071cc25"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are often given the rank of superorder, although Livezey and Zusi assigned them \"cohort\" rank. Depending on the taxonomic viewpoint, the number of known living bird species varies anywhere from 9,800 to 10,050.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "Aves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "All modern birds lie within which crown group?",
       "id": "5731185a05b4da19006bcd90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Neornithes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for Aves?",
       "id": "5731185a05b4da19006bcd91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "Aves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae?",
       "id": "5731185a05b4da19006bcd92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "9,800 to 10,050"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the number range of living bird species?",
       "id": "5731185a05b4da19006bcd93"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true birds come from the possible galliform Austinornis lentus, dated to about 85 million years ago, but the dates for the actual splits are much debated by scientists. The Aves are agreed to have evolved in the Cretaceous, and the split between the Galloanseri from other Neognathes occurred before the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, but there are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining Neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence supports a Cenozoic radiation. Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but recent results show that all the extant groups of birds originated from only a small handful of species that survived the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Galloanserae"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?",
       "id": "573118d705b4da19006bcd98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Galloanserae"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?",
       "id": "573118d705b4da19006bcd99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "Anseriformes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?",
       "id": "573118d705b4da19006bcd9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "Galliformes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?",
       "id": "573118d705b4da19006bcd9b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scientists disagree about the relationships between the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. More recently, new fossil and molecular evidence is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders. The most recent effort is drawn above and is based on whole genome sequencing of 48 representative species.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Sibley and Ahlquist' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals?",
       "id": "57311971497a881900248b67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "relationships between the orders themselves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do scientists disagree about?",
       "id": "57311971497a881900248b68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "the assignment of orders is accurate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do scientists tend to agree on?",
       "id": "57311971497a881900248b69"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher speciation rates in the tropics, however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater extinction rates than in the tropics. Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed and some penguins have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Birds live on how many continents?",
       "id": "57311a4705b4da19006bcda0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "tropical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?",
       "id": "57311a4705b4da19006bcda1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 707,
         "text": "980"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?",
       "id": "57311a4705b4da19006bcda2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 636,
         "text": "to breed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?",
       "id": "57311a4705b4da19006bcda3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk parakeets in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including cattle egret, yellow-headed caracara and galah, have spread naturally far beyond their original ranges as agricultural practices created suitable new habitat.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "game bird"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?",
       "id": "57311df8e6313a140071cc4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "agricultural practices created suitable new habitat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?",
       "id": "57311df8e6313a140071cc4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "in areas to which they have been introduced by humans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where have many birds established breeding populations?",
       "id": "57311df8e6313a140071cc4c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior thoracic vertebrae and absent in the later vertebrae. The last few are fused with the pelvis to form the synsacrum. The ribs are flattened and the sternum is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The skeleton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What consists of very lightweight bones?",
       "id": "57311ee005b4da19006bcdb8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "very lightweight bones"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the skeleton consist of?",
       "id": "57311ee005b4da19006bcdb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "large air-filled cavities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are pneumatic cavities?",
       "id": "57311ee005b4da19006bcdba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "pneumatic cavities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system?",
       "id": "57311ee005b4da19006bcdbb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 569,
         "text": "synsacrum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis?",
       "id": "57311ee005b4da19006bcdbc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's cloaca. The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by joining cloaca, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate pellets. Males within Palaeognathae (with the exception of the kiwis), the Anseriformes (with the exception of screamers), and in rudimentary forms in Galliformes (but fully developed in Cracidae) possess a penis, which is never present in Neoaves. The length is thought to be related to sperm competition. When not copulating, it is hidden within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. The digestive system of birds is unique, with a crop for storage and a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein from many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "uricotelic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid?",
       "id": "57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "ostrich"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?",
       "id": "57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 660,
         "text": "cloaca"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a multi-purpose opening on birds?",
       "id": "57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 741,
         "text": "by joining cloaca"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do most birds mate?",
       "id": "57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1452,
         "text": "rapid digestion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aids birds with flight?",
       "id": "57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc57"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the syrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird's size.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "75%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?",
       "id": "57312208497a881900248b7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "directly into the lungs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?",
       "id": "57312208497a881900248b7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 626,
         "text": "a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the syrinx?",
       "id": "57312208497a881900248b81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 618,
         "text": "syrinx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?",
       "id": "57312208497a881900248b80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?",
       "id": "57312208497a881900248b7d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated by atrioventricular valves which prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium. The sinoatrial node uses calcium to cause a depolarizing signal transduction pathway from the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of endocardial, myocardial and epicardial layers. The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "four-chambered, myogenic heart"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The avian circulatory system is driven by what?",
       "id": "5731236de6313a140071cc6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "fibrous pericardial sac"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system?",
       "id": "5731236de6313a140071cc6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "serous fluid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What lubricates the pericardial sac?",
       "id": "5731236de6313a140071cc6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1216,
         "text": "allows more blood to be pumped"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass?",
       "id": "5731236de6313a140071cc6f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo vasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Travelling through the arterioles blood moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues, it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds blood flow is slowed to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?",
       "id": "573123ff05b4da19006bcdec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "Blood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What moves through the arteries?",
       "id": "573123ff05b4da19006bcded"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 870,
         "text": "Capillaries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?",
       "id": "573123ff05b4da19006bcdee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1361,
         "text": "vasodilation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?",
       "id": "573123ff05b4da19006bcdef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with notable exceptions including kiwis, New World vultures and tubenoses. The avian visual system is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing accommodation for vision in air and water. Some species also have dual fovea. Birds are tetrachromatic, possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones. This allows them to perceive ultraviolet light, which is involved in courtship. Birds have specialized light-sensing cells deep in their brains that respond to light without input from eyes or other sensory neurons. These photo-receptive cells in the hypothalamus are involved in detecting the longer days of spring, and thus regulate breeding activities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "nervous system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size?",
       "id": "573124bb497a881900248bb5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is tetrachromatic?",
       "id": "573124bb497a881900248bb6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "courtship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light?",
       "id": "573124bb497a881900248bb7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 915,
         "text": "photo-receptive cells in"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What regulates breeding activities?",
       "id": "573124bb497a881900248bb8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers. Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging\u2014kestrels have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents. The eyelids of a bird are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the nictitating membrane, a third eyelid that moves horizontally. The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds. The bird retina has a fan shaped blood supply system called the pecten. Most birds cannot move their eyes, although there are exceptions, such as the great cormorant. Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field. The avian ear lacks external pinnae but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the Asio, Bubo and Otus owls, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The inner ear has a cochlea, but it is not spiral as in mammals.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 684,
         "text": "nictitating membrane"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds?",
       "id": "573125a9e6313a140071cc86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 839,
         "text": "pecten"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina?",
       "id": "573125a9e6313a140071cc87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 942,
         "text": "Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which birds have a wide visual field?",
       "id": "573125a9e6313a140071cc88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1082,
         "text": "binocular vision"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of vision do owls have?",
       "id": "573125a9e6313a140071cc89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1313,
         "text": "inner ear"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is a bird's cochlea located?",
       "id": "573125a9e6313a140071cc8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas Actophilornis and Irediparra have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct Xenicibis was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail. Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "intraspecific conflicts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?",
       "id": "5731339ae6313a140071cd0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "Tachyeres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for steamer ducks?",
       "id": "5731339ae6313a140071cd0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "screamers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for Anhimidae?",
       "id": "5731339ae6313a140071cd0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 509,
         "text": "bony knob on the alular metacarpal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?",
       "id": "5731339ae6313a140071cd0f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage, may vary within species by age, social status, and sex.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Feathers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a feature characteristic of birds?",
       "id": "57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Feathers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What feature of a bird facilitate flight?",
       "id": "57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "specific tracts of skin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is pterylae?",
       "id": "57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or\u2014in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology\u2014\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as \"alternate\" plumages. Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, flight feathers are replaced one at a time with the innermost primary being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost tertiaries begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the secondaries starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary coverts are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap. A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless. As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair. Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the Phasianidae. The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of woodpeckers and treecreepers, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail. The general pattern seen in passerines is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from center outward. Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare brood patch by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Plumage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is regularly moulted?",
       "id": "57314d0e497a881900248d89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "\"non-breeding\" plumage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding?",
       "id": "57314d0e497a881900248d8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "annual"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often does moulting occur in most species?",
       "id": "57314d0e497a881900248d8b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "large birds of prey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds may moult only once every few years?",
       "id": "57314d0e497a881900248d8c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading bacteria. This may be supplemented with the secretions of formic acid from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as anting, to remove feather parasites.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "daily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often do birds groom their feathers?",
       "id": "57314e18e6313a140071cdec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "9%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?",
       "id": "57314e18e6313a140071cded"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "The bill"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do birds use to brush away foreign particles?",
       "id": "57314e18e6313a140071cdee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "anting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the process of removing feather parasites?",
       "id": "57314e18e6313a140071cdef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as an aerofoil. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are flightless, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators. Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to \"fly\" through the water, as do auks, shearwaters and dippers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Most birds can fly,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes?",
       "id": "57314ee9497a881900248d91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "Flight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species?",
       "id": "57314ee9497a881900248d92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many large flight muscles do birds have?",
       "id": "57314ee9497a881900248d93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "15%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird?",
       "id": "57314ee9497a881900248d94"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "60"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless?",
       "id": "57314ee9497a881900248d95"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek pest insects are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programs. Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories, and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers. Kiwis and shorebirds with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of ecological niches. Loons, diving ducks, penguins and auks pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as sulids, kingfishers and terns plunge dive after their prey. Flamingos, three species of prion, and some ducks are filter feeders. Geese and dabbling ducks are primarily grazers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "generalists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?",
       "id": "57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "specialists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?",
       "id": "57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "Nectar feeders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?",
       "id": "57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe5b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some species, including frigatebirds, gulls, and skuas, engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobies estimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%. Other birds are scavengers; some of these, like vultures, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls, corvids, or other birds of prey, are opportunists.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "kleptoparasitism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for stealing food items from other birds?",
       "id": "57315007e6313a140071ce14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "stealing food items from other birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is kleptoparasitism?",
       "id": "57315007e6313a140071ce15"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "scavengers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A vulture is what type of bird?",
       "id": "57315007e6313a140071ce16"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water sources and sandgrouse are particularly well known for their daily congregations at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers. Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called crop milk that they provide to their chicks.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "wetting their belly feathers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young?",
       "id": "573150b7497a881900248dc9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 606,
         "text": "The pigeon family"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks?",
       "id": "573150b7497a881900248dca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 701,
         "text": "crop milk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks?",
       "id": "573150b7497a881900248dcb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 676,
         "text": "a nutritive fluid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is crop milk?",
       "id": "573150b7497a881900248dcc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as anting in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "preen gland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland?",
       "id": "5731dce4e17f3d14004224b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 332,
         "text": "water or dust"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do birds bathe in?",
       "id": "5731dce4e17f3d14004224b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "bird encourages ants to run through their plumage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is anting?",
       "id": "5731dce4e17f3d14004224b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "anting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage?",
       "id": "5731dce4e17f3d14004224b4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the temperate or polar regions and a non-breeding season in the tropical regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs. Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi), although the bar-tailed godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Seabirds also undertake long migrations, the longest annual migration being those of sooty shearwaters, which nest in New Zealand and Chile and spend the northern summer feeding in the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska and California, an annual round trip of 64,000 km (39,800 mi). Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "Before migration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?",
       "id": "5731dd77e17f3d14004224c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 815,
         "text": "2,500 km (1,600 mi)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the flight range of landbirds?",
       "id": "5731dd77e17f3d14004224c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 864,
         "text": "4,000 km (2,500 mi)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the flight range of shoebirds?",
       "id": "5731dd77e17f3d14004224c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 898,
         "text": "bar-tailed godwit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles?",
       "id": "5731dd77e17f3d14004224c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1351,
         "text": "Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons?",
       "id": "5731dd77e17f3d14004224c7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability. Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates. Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory. Altitudinal migration is a form of short distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes elevations and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when the normal territories also become inhospitable due to lack of food. Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability. Parrots as a family are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 748,
         "text": "44%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory",
       "id": "5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 779,
         "text": "32%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory",
       "id": "5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 823,
         "text": "Altitudinal migration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is most often triggered by temperature changes?",
       "id": "5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1267,
         "text": "Parrots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic?",
       "id": "5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65bc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For diurnal migrants, the sun is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an internal clock. Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris. These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's geomagnetism through specialised photoreceptors.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "diurnal migrants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night?",
       "id": "5731e1c3b9d445190005e607"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 716,
         "text": "the Earth's geomagnetism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what?",
       "id": "5731e1c3b9d445190005e608"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "internal clock"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day?",
       "id": "5731e1c3b9d445190005e609"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where \"dances\" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "Variation in plumage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?",
       "id": "5731e22ae99e3014001e63af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "plumage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?",
       "id": "5731e22ae99e3014001e63ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "ritualised displays"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?",
       "id": "5731e22ae99e3014001e63b0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat. Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers, woodpeckers drum territorially, and palm cockatoos use tools to drum.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "mechanical sounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some birds use for auditory communication?",
       "id": "5731e292b9d445190005e622"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Calls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?",
       "id": "5731e292b9d445190005e621"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 569,
         "text": "woodpeckers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which birds drum territorially?",
       "id": "5731e292b9d445190005e624"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 605,
         "text": "palm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which type of birds use tools to drum?",
       "id": "5731e292b9d445190005e623"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable early warning system. This has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources. Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the principal benefits of flocking?",
       "id": "5731e2de0fdd8d15006c65ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 631,
         "text": "bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a cost of flocking?",
       "id": "5731e2de0fdd8d15006c6600"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "Defence against predators"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?",
       "id": "5731e2de0fdd8d15006c6601"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening \"peeks\", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats. Swifts are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight. It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight. Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into slow-wave sleep one hemisphere of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for predators by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from marine mammals. Communal roosting is common because it lowers the loss of body heat and decreases the risks associated with predators. Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "vigilant sleep"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what?",
       "id": "57320abbb9d445190005e779"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "Swifts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are believed to be able to sleep in flight?",
       "id": "57320abbb9d445190005e77a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1016,
         "text": "because it lowers the loss of body heat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is communal roosting common?",
       "id": "57320abbb9d445190005e77b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genus Loriculus roost hanging upside down. Some hummingbirds go into a nightly state of torpor accompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates. This physiological adaptation shows in nearly a hundred other species, including owlet-nightjars, nightjars, and woodswallows. One species, the common poorwill, even enters a state of hibernation. Birds do not have sweat glands, but they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or by using special behaviours like urohidrosis to cool themselves.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "Perching birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism.",
       "id": "57320b3b0fdd8d15006c6709"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "in trees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost?",
       "id": "57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "Loriculus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down?",
       "id": "57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "Some hummingbirds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds go into a nightly state of torpor?",
       "id": "57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 830,
         "text": "sweat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Birds do not have what type of glands:?",
       "id": "57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or\u2014in some cases\u2014for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Ninety-five percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?",
       "id": "57320be2b9d445190005e789"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "sperm storage mechanisms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?",
       "id": "57320be2b9d445190005e78b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "infidelity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is extra-pair copulation?",
       "id": "57320be2b9d445190005e78a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1088,
         "text": "to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?",
       "id": "57320be2b9d445190005e78c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekking. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection, although in the polyandrous phalaropes, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females. Courtship feeding, billing and allopreening are commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "male"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which gender typically performs some form of courtship display?",
       "id": "57320cb40fdd8d15006c6719"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "song"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Most courtship displays involve some type of what?",
       "id": "57320cb40fdd8d15006c671a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 312,
         "text": "Females"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which gender generally drive partner selection?:",
       "id": "57320cb40fdd8d15006c671b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "after the birds have paired and mated"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Generally, when is courtship feeding and billing performed between partners?",
       "id": "57320cb40fdd8d15006c671c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of brood parasites have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "amniotic eggs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of eggs to all birds lay?",
       "id": "57320e760fdd8d15006c6721"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "calcium carbonate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what?",
       "id": "57320e760fdd8d15006c6722"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "Hole and burrow nesting species"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds lay white or pale eggs?",
       "id": "57320e760fdd8d15006c6724"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 166,
         "text": "camouflaged eggs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of eggs do open nesters lay?",
       "id": "57320e760fdd8d15006c6723"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds\u2014which are more capable of defence\u2014may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival, and feathers are often used for nest insulation. Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting common guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock, and male emperor penguins keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in ground-nesting species where the newly hatched young are precocial.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "nest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do birds usually lay their eggs?",
       "id": "57320f26e17f3d140042264f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 635,
         "text": "cliff-nesting common guillemot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock?",
       "id": "57320f26e17f3d1400422650"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 730,
         "text": "between their body and feet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs?",
       "id": "57320f26e17f3d1400422651"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "albatross"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground?",
       "id": "57320f26e17f3d1400422652"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation. The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of megapodes comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources. Incubation periods range from 10 days (in woodpeckers, cuckoos and passerine birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and kiwis).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Incubation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What process optimises temperature for chick development?",
       "id": "57320fc50fdd8d15006c673d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "after the last egg has been laid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does incubation begin?",
       "id": "57320fc50fdd8d15006c673e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "brood patches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds?",
       "id": "57320fc50fdd8d15006c673f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 685,
         "text": "10 days"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers?",
       "id": "57320fc50fdd8d15006c6740"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 742,
         "text": "over 80 days"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many days is the incubation period for kiwis?",
       "id": "57320fc50fdd8d15006c6741"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the great frigatebird, whose chicks take up to six months to fledge and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months. The chick guard stage describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "at hatching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does parental care end in megapodes?",
       "id": "57321029e99e3014001e64bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "frigatebird"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care?",
       "id": "57321029e99e3014001e64bd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "chick guard stage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest?",
       "id": "57321029e99e3014001e64be"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species\u2014usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods\u2014will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting is particularly common among the Corvida, which includes such birds as the true crows, Australian magpie and fairy-wrens, but has been observed in species as different as the rifleman and red kite. Among most groups of animals, male parental care is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common\u2014more so than in any other vertebrate class. Though territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a division of labour in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "Corvida"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Alloparenting is particulary common with what species?",
       "id": "57321138e17f3d1400422657"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "Corvida"
        }
       ],
       "question": "True crows belong to what group?",
       "id": "57321138e17f3d1400422658"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 549,
         "text": "male parental care"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class?",
       "id": "57321138e17f3d1400422659"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging. Chicks may also follow their parents during their first migration.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch?",
       "id": "573212130fdd8d15006c6751"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "ducks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age.",
       "id": "573212130fdd8d15006c6752"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "just before, or soon after, they are able to fly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do most species of chicks leave the nest?",
       "id": "573212130fdd8d15006c6753"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or non-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young. One hundred bird species, including honeyguides, icterids, and ducks, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the cuckoos. Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Brood parasitism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood?",
       "id": "573212a3e17f3d1400422663"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 641,
         "text": "One hundred"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many bird species are obligate parasites?",
       "id": "573212a3e17f3d1400422664"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "non-obligate brood parasites"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output?",
       "id": "573212a3e17f3d1400422665"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many types of avian sexual selection have been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual\u2019s fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signaling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage coloration and courtship behavior are \"honest\" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviors.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "peacock tail"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most famous example of sexual selection?",
       "id": "573213bde99e3014001e64d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 407,
         "text": "female choice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is intersexual selection also known as?",
       "id": "573213bde99e3014001e64d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "intrasexual competition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate?",
       "id": "573213bde99e3014001e64d8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "inbreeding depression"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs?",
       "id": "573214a0b9d445190005e7bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding?",
       "id": "573214a0b9d445190005e7c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "43%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young?",
       "id": "573214a0b9d445190005e7c1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Cooperative breeding"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?",
       "id": "573215afb9d445190005e7c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 495,
         "text": "Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?",
       "id": "573215afb9d445190005e7c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is inbreeding avoided?",
       "id": "573215afb9d445190005e7c7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be insectivores, frugivores, and nectarivores. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy or kleptoparasitism. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised scavengers. Avivores are animals that are specialized at preying on birds.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 435,
         "text": "Aquatic birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy?",
       "id": "57321628b9d445190005e7cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "Forest birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores?",
       "id": "57321628b9d445190005e7cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 522,
         "text": "Birds of prey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds?",
       "id": "57321628b9d445190005e7cd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are often important to island ecology?",
       "id": "573216f8e99e3014001e64f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "moas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?",
       "id": "573216f8e99e3014001e64f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "Nesting seabirds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?",
       "id": "573216f8e99e3014001e64f3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when species such as the house sparrow have benefited from human activities. Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests, and some pose an aviation hazard. Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (hunting, avian lead poisoning, pesticides, roadkill, and predation by pet cats and dogs are common sources of death for birds).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "commensal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity?",
       "id": "573217840fdd8d15006c6786"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "Human activities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction?",
       "id": "573217840fdd8d15006c6787"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Since birds are highly visible and common animals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man?",
       "id": "573217840fdd8d15006c6785"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and geese are also relatively common. Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds include pheasants, wild turkeys, quail, doves, partridge, grouse, snipe, and woodcock. Muttonbirding is also popular in Australia and New Zealand. Though some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "poultry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs?",
       "id": "573218720fdd8d15006c6795"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "poultry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans?",
       "id": "573218720fdd8d15006c6796"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "76 million tons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2003, how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide?",
       "id": "573218720fdd8d15006c6797"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "Bird hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely underdeveloped areas?",
       "id": "573218720fdd8d15006c6798"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respectively. Messenger pigeons, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as World War II. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism, or for sports such as pigeon racing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "both as pets and for practical purposes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have birds been domesticated by humans?",
       "id": "573218cfb9d445190005e7e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "Colourful birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets?",
       "id": "573218cfb9d445190005e7e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "since at least 1 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long have messenger pigeons been used?",
       "id": "573218cfb9d445190005e7e7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens who whispered news into the ears of the Norse god Odin. In several civilizations of ancient Italy, particularly Etruscan and Roman religion, priests were involved in augury, or interpreting the words of birds while the \"auspex\" (from which the word \"auspicious\" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. They may also serve as religious symbols, as when Jonah (Hebrew: \u05d9\u05d5\u05b9\u05e0\u05b8\u05d4, dove) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves. Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the common peacock, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the Dravidians of India. In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. The mythical chullumpi bird is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What play prominent roles in religion and mythology?",
       "id": "57321963e99e3014001e650c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "auspex"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The word auspicious is derived from which word?",
       "id": "57321963e99e3014001e650d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1234,
         "text": "mythical chullumpi bird"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?",
       "id": "57321963e99e3014001e650e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the M\u0101ori's legendary Pou\u0101kai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent Peacock Throne of the Mughal and Persian emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon, whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2. The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a 'burden'. Other English metaphors derive from birds; vulture funds and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "since prehistoric times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were birds represented in early cave paintings?",
       "id": "57321a39e99e3014001e651c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "Pou\u0101kai"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans?",
       "id": "57321a39e99e3014001e651d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "National Audubon Society"
        }
       ],
       "question": "John James Audubon later lent his name to which group?",
       "id": "57321a39e99e3014001e651e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 773,
         "text": "nightingales"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey?",
       "id": "57321a39e99e3014001e651f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 972,
         "text": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book?",
       "id": "57321a39e99e3014001e6520"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750\u20131800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands. Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN in 2009.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "Over a hundred"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many bird species have gone extinct in historical times?",
       "id": "57321ac0e17f3d140042268f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "1,227"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN?",
       "id": "57321ac0e17f3d1400422690"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur?",
       "id": "57321ac0e17f3d1400422691"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Qing_dynasty",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The Qing dynasty (Chinese: \u6e05\u671d; pinyin: Q\u012bng Ch\u00e1o; Wade\u2013Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [t\u0255\u02b0\u00ed\u014b t\u0282\u02b0\u0251\u030c\u028a\u032f]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: \u5927\u6e05; pinyin: D\u00e0 Q\u012bng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the last Chinese dynasty?",
       "id": "573117c505b4da19006bcd86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "1644 to 1912"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Manchu dynasty rule?",
       "id": "573117c505b4da19006bcd87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "Ming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?",
       "id": "573117c505b4da19006bcd88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "Republic of China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?",
       "id": "573117c505b4da19006bcd89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Qing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?",
       "id": "573117c505b4da19006bcd8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into \"Banners\", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu people. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing. The conquest of China proper was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia. While the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their official title was Emperor they were known as khans to the Mongols and patronized Tibetan Buddhism, they governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government. They retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in international relations, and in places such as Taiwan, the Qing so-called internal foreign policy closely resembled colonial policy and control.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who started the Manchun dynasty?",
       "id": "57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "Manchuria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did this dynasty form?",
       "id": "57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "Li Zicheng"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name a peasant rebel leader?",
       "id": "57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc27"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 503,
         "text": "Beijing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the ming capital?",
       "id": "57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "Shanhai Pass"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?",
       "id": "57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc29"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735\u20131796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850\u201364) and Dungan Revolt (1862\u201377) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a ruthless but capable leader. When, in response to the violently anti-foreign Yihetuan (\"Boxers\"), foreign powers invaded China, the Empress Dowager declared war on them, leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "(1735\u20131796)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule?",
       "id": "57311e26497a881900248b6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "(1850\u201364)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Taiping rebellion?",
       "id": "57311e26497a881900248b6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "(1862\u201377)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Dungan Revolt?",
       "id": "57311e26497a881900248b6f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 654,
         "text": "20 million people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt?",
       "id": "57311e26497a881900248b70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 931,
         "text": "1895"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first Sino-Japanese War?",
       "id": "57311e26497a881900248b71"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists such as Kang Youwei to transform the Qing empire into a modern nation. After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. Local uprisings starting on October 11, 1911 led to the Xinhai Revolution. Puyi, the last emperor, abdicated on February 12, 1912.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "Xinhai Revolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What started on October 11, 1911?",
       "id": "5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 589,
         "text": "Puyi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the last Qing emperor?",
       "id": "5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 626,
         "text": "February 12, 1912"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did he step down?",
       "id": "5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nurhaci declared himself the \"Bright Khan\" of the Later Jin (lit. \"gold\") state in honor both of the 12\u201313th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese \u91d1 (j\u012bn, \"gold\")).  His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the meaning of Q\u012bng (lit. \"clear\" or \"pure\"). The name may have been selected in reaction to the name of the Ming dynasty (\u660e), which consists of the Chinese characters for \"sun\" (\u65e5) and \"moon\" (\u6708), both associated with the fire element of the Chinese zodiacal system. The character Q\u012bng (\u6e05) is composed of \"water\" (\u6c35) and \"azure\" (\u9752), both associated with the water element. This association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. The water imagery of the new name may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva Manjusri. The Manchu name daicing, which sounds like a phonetic rendering of D\u00e0 Q\u012bng or Dai Ching, may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word that means \"warrior\". Daicing gurun may therefore have meant \"warrior state\", a pun that was only intelligible to Manchu and Mongol people. In the later part of the dynasty, however, even the Manchus themselves had forgotten this possible meaning.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Nurhaci"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who named himself the Bright Khan?",
       "id": "5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 771,
         "text": "water imagery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name?",
       "id": "5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "Hong Taiji"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363?",
       "id": "5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1045,
         "text": "Mongolian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language did the dynasties name come from originall?",
       "id": "5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1045,
         "text": "Mongolian word that means \"warrior\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from?",
       "id": "5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After conquering \"China proper\", the Manchus identified their state as \"China\" (\u4e2d\u570b, Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3; \"Middle Kingdom\"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means \"central\" or \"middle,\" gurun means \"nation\" or \"state\"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas) as \"China\" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that \"China\" only meant Han areas. The Qing emperors proclaimed that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of \"China.\" They used both \"China\" and \"Qing\" to refer to their state in official documents, international treaties (as the Qing was known internationally as \"China\" or the \"Chinese Empire\") and foreign affairs, and \"Chinese language\" (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) included Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and \"Chinese people\" (\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u4eba Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 zh\u012b r\u00e9n; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all subjects of the empire. In the Chinese-language versions of its treaties and its maps of the world, the Qing government used \"Qing\" and \"China\" interchangeably.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state?",
       "id": "573122d205b4da19006bcde0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "Middle Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does China mean?",
       "id": "573122d205b4da19006bcde1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Han and non-Han peoples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China?",
       "id": "573122d205b4da19006bcde2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people, which they were not. What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe \u2013 the Aisin Gioro \u2013 in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, Nurhachi embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to unify the nearby tribes. By 1616, he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself Khan of the Great Jin in reference to the previous Jurchen dynasty.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "Han Chinese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ethnic group make up the most people in China?",
       "id": "57312388e6313a140071cc74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "Jurchen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded the Qing dynasty?",
       "id": "57312388e6313a140071cc75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 113,
         "text": "sedentary farming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?",
       "id": "57312388e6313a140071cc76"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "Jilin and Heilongjiang"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What parts of China did they come from?",
       "id": "57312388e6313a140071cc77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "farming people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Were the Manchu's nomadic?",
       "id": "57312388e6313a140071cc78"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhachi's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "Liaodong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Nurhachi move his court to?",
       "id": "57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc95"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "Jianzhou"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Nurhachi move his court from?",
       "id": "57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc96"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "Mongol nation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders?",
       "id": "57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc97"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire \"Jiu Han jun\" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection, Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Manchus, so the Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641 and the swelling of Han Chinese numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 of all Eight Han Banners being created. It was defected Ming Han Chinese armies which conquered southern China for the Qing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "Mongols"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers?",
       "id": "57312518497a881900248bbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "artillery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus?",
       "id": "57312518497a881900248bbe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "1641"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Manchus create their own artillery?",
       "id": "57312518497a881900248bbf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor (who thought Yuan had betrayed him), and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "1637"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the first couple Han Banners founded?",
       "id": "573127d505b4da19006bcdfc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "1642"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Han Banners grow to eight?",
       "id": "573127d505b4da19006bcdfd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "Chongzhen Emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who killed Yuan Chonghuan?",
       "id": "573127d505b4da19006bcdff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "Hong Taiji"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which leader defeated the Ming armies?",
       "id": "573127d505b4da19006bcdfe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "north of the Great Wall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Ming armies retreat to?",
       "id": "573127d505b4da19006bce00"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated like chattel while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted; He enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. Hong Taiji instead incorporated them into the Jurchen \"nation\" as full (if not first-class) citizens, obligated to provide military service. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry. This change of policy not only increased Hong Taiji's manpower and reduced his military dependence on banners not under his personal control, it also greatly encouraged other Han Chinese subjects of the Ming dynasty to surrender and accept Jurchen rule when they were defeated militarily. Through these and other measures Hong Taiji was able to centralize power unto the office of the Khan, which in the long run prevented the Jurchen federation from fragmenting after his death.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hong Taiji"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government?",
       "id": "57312a3b05b4da19006bce10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 551,
         "text": "1623"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did a Han revolt occur?",
       "id": "57312a3b05b4da19006bce12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 539,
         "text": "Liaodong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did a Han revolt occur?",
       "id": "57312a3b05b4da19006bce11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1082,
         "text": "one-sixth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?",
       "id": "57312a3b05b4da19006bce13"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally \"elected\" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon. A compromise candidate in the person of Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fulin, was installed as the Shunzhi Emperor, with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "September 1643"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Hong Taiji die?",
       "id": "57312af6497a881900248bef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "without a designated heir"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was his heir?",
       "id": "57312af6497a881900248bf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the likely heirs?",
       "id": "57312af6497a881900248bf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "Fulin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who became the emperor?",
       "id": "57312af7497a881900248bf2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "Li Zicheng"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who raided Beijing in 1644?",
       "id": "57312bb0497a881900248bfd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 327,
         "text": "former minor Ming official"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Li Zicheng?",
       "id": "57312bb0497a881900248bfe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "Chongzhen Emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the last Ming leader?",
       "id": "57312bb0497a881900248c00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "Shun"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dynasty did Zicheng form?",
       "id": "57312bb0497a881900248bff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "suicide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?",
       "id": "57312bb0497a881900248c01"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming capital. Wu Sangui, caught between a rebel army twice his size and a foreign enemy he had fought for years, decided to cast his lot with the Manchus, with whom he was familiar. Wu Sangui may have been influenced by Li Zicheng's mistreatment of his family and other wealthy and cultured officials; it was said that Li also took Wu's concubine Chen Yuanyuan for himself. Wu and Dorgon allied in the name of avenging the death of the Chongzhen Emperor. Together, the two former enemies met and defeated Li Zicheng's rebel forces in battle on May 27, 1644.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "200,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How big was Li Zicheng's army?",
       "id": "57312c4e497a881900248c07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "Wu Sangui"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Li Zicheng's army fight?",
       "id": "57312c4e497a881900248c08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "Wu Sangui"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the general at the Ming fort?",
       "id": "57312c4e497a881900248c09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 686,
         "text": "Wu and Dorgon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who beat Li Zicheng's army?",
       "id": "57312c4e497a881900248c0a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 856,
         "text": "May 27, 1644"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the battle take place?",
       "id": "57312c4e497a881900248c0b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the \"Son of Heaven\" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen Emperor. However the process of conquering the rest of China took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels. The last Ming pretender, Prince Gui, sought refuge with the King of Burma, but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to Yunnan province and executed in early 1662.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "seventeen years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?",
       "id": "57312ede497a881900248c30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "Ming loyalists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Manchus struggle against?",
       "id": "57312ede497a881900248c31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "October 30"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?",
       "id": "57312ede497a881900248c2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "\"Son of Heaven\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Shunzi Emperor called?",
       "id": "57312ede497a881900248c2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "June 6"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Beijing fall?",
       "id": "57312ede497a881900248c2d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. This multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only a minority conquered China for the Qing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "75%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of bannermen did the Han represent?",
       "id": "57312f5805b4da19006bce69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "Han Chinese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made up the Han Chinese Banners?",
       "id": "57312f5805b4da19006bce68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "Mongol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners?",
       "id": "57312f5805b4da19006bce6a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests. Normally the Manchu Bannermen acted only as reserve forces or in the rear and were used predominantly for quick strikes with maximum impact, so as to minimize ethnic Manchu losses; instead, the Qing used defected Han Chinese troops to fight as the vanguard during the entire conquest of China.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 338,
         "text": "Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?",
       "id": "573130f305b4da19006bce6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "southern China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule?",
       "id": "573130f305b4da19006bce6f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "viceroys"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the three Han Bannermen position called?",
       "id": "573130f305b4da19006bce70"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "First, the Manchus had entered \"China proper\" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. Choosing Beijing as the capital had not been a straightforward decision, since no major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital. Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country. However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular nor easily implemented.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Dorgon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made Beijing his capital?",
       "id": "5731320c497a881900248c41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "Ming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu's?",
       "id": "5731320c497a881900248c42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital?",
       "id": "5731320c497a881900248c43"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Dorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the \"haircutting order\") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: \"To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair.\" To the Manchus, this policy was a test of loyalty and an aid in distinguishing friend from foe. For the Han Chinese, however, it was a humiliating reminder of Qing authority that challenged traditional Confucian values. The Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing) held that \"a person's body and hair, being gifts from one's parents, are not to be damaged.\" Under the Ming dynasty, adult men did not cut their hair but instead wore it in the form of a top-knot. The order triggered strong resistance to Qing rule in Jiangnan and massive killing of ethnic Han Chinese. It was Han Chinese defectors who carried out massacres against people refusing to wear the queue.. Li Chengdong, a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but surrendered to the Qing, ordered his Han troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of Jiading within a month, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. At the end of the third massacre, there was hardly any living person left in this city. Jiangyin also held out against about 10,000 Han Chinese Qing troops for 83 days. When the city wall was finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Han Chinese Qing army led by the Han Chinese Ming defector Liu Liangzuo (\u5289\u826f\u4f50), who had been ordered to \"fill the city with corpses before you sheathe your swords,\" massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people. The queue was the only aspect of Manchu culture which the Qing forced on the common Han population. The Qing required people serving as officials to wear Manchu clothing, but allowed non-official Han civilians to continue wearing Hanfu (Han clothing).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "the \"haircutting order\")"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Dorgon declare in July of 1645?",
       "id": "573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "\"To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair.\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the peoples description of the haircutting order?",
       "id": "573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 793,
         "text": "top-knot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Ming's typically wear their hair>",
       "id": "573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1173,
         "text": "Jiading"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city was massacred for not wearing the proper haircut?",
       "id": "573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: \u7fa9\u7687\u5e1d), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu \"prince of the blood\" (Chinese: \u89aa\u738b) was so honored. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.[b] to atone for multiple \"crimes\", one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi\u2019s agnate eldest brother, Hooge. More importantly, Dorgon's symbolic fall from grace also signaled a political purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor. After a promising start, Shunzhi's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "Dorgon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?",
       "id": "5731338e05b4da19006bcea6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "Emperor Yi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Dorgon known as after death?",
       "id": "5731338e05b4da19006bcea7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 891,
         "text": "1661"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Shunzhi's death?",
       "id": "5731338e05b4da19006bcea9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "Hooge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?",
       "id": "5731338e05b4da19006bcea8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 910,
         "text": "twenty-four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Shunzhi at his death?",
       "id": "5731338e05b4da19006bceaa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were \"afraid of water\". In Fujian, it was Han Bannermen who were the ones carrying out the fighting and killing for the Qing and this disproved the entirely irrelevant claim that alleged fear of the water on part of the Manchus had to do with the coastal evacuation and seaban. Even though a poem refers to the soldiers carrying out massacres in Fujian as \"barbarian\", both Han Green Standard Army and Han Bannermen were involved in the fighting for the Qing side and carried out the worst slaughter. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "Han Bannermen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga's troops?",
       "id": "57313458497a881900248c47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "Fujian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur?",
       "id": "57313458497a881900248c48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "water"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of?",
       "id": "57313458497a881900248c49"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers \u2014 Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi \u2014 were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi \u2014 a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "sixty-one year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?",
       "id": "5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "High Qing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?",
       "id": "5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "Kangxi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who had the longest rule of any emperor?",
       "id": "5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Kangxi when he took over?",
       "id": "5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 871,
         "text": "Oboi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled while Kangxi was young?",
       "id": "5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms with each other. The examination system offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials. Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning, while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values. The second major source of stability was the Central Asian aspect of their Manchu identity which allowed them to appeal to Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur constituents. The Qing used the title of Emperor (Huangdi) in Chinese while among Mongols the Qing monarch was referred to as Bogda khan (wise Khan), and referred to as Gong Ma in Tibet. Qianlong propagated the image of himself as Buddhist sage rulers, patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. In the Manchu language, the Qing monarch was alternately referred to as either Huwangdi (Emperor) or Khan with no special distinction between the two usages. The Kangxi Emperor also welcomed to his court Jesuit missionaries, who had first come to China under the Ming. Missionaries including Tom\u00e1s Pereira, Martino Martini, Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Ferdinand Verbiest and Antoine Thomas held significant positions as military weapons experts, mathematicians, cartographers, astronomers and advisers to the emperor. The relationship of trust was however lost in the later Chinese Rites controversy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "Confucian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?",
       "id": "5731360e497a881900248c4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "Sacred Edict of 1670"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What declaration solidified Confucian values?",
       "id": "5731360e497a881900248c4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 696,
         "text": "Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Manchu appeal to?",
       "id": "5731360e497a881900248c4f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1209,
         "text": "Jesuit missionaries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?",
       "id": "5731360e497a881900248c50"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Yet controlling the \"Mandate of Heaven\" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out for their contributions to the establishment of the Qing dynasty, ennobled as feudal princes (\u85e9\u738b), and given governorships over vast territories in Southern China. The chief of these was Wu Sangui, who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "Wu Sangui"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the most important Ming general?",
       "id": "573136ed497a881900248c5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 549,
         "text": "Yunnan and Guizhou"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What provinces did Sangui control?",
       "id": "573136ed497a881900248c60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 584,
         "text": "Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name the other two important Ming generals?",
       "id": "573136ed497a881900248c61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 625,
         "text": "Guangdong and Fujian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive?",
       "id": "573136ed497a881900248c62"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the heredity of his fief. In reaction, the two other generals decided to petition for their own retirements to test Kangxi's resolve, thinking that he would not risk offending them. The move backfired as the young emperor called their bluff by accepting their requests and ordering that all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "1673"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Kexi retire?",
       "id": "5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "his son"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Kexi thing should take over for him?",
       "id": "5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired?",
       "id": "5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd11"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restoring Ming customs, ordering that the resented queues be cut, and declaring himself emperor of a new dynasty. At the peak of the rebels' fortunes, they extended their control as far north as the Yangtze River, nearly establishing a divided China. Wu then hesitated to go further north, not being able to coordinate strategy with his allies, and Kangxi was able to unify his forces for a counterattack led by a new generation of Manchu generals. By 1681, the Qing government had established control over a ravaged southern China which took several decades to recover. Manchu Generals and Bannermen were initially put to shame by the better performance of the Han Chinese Green Standard Army, who fought better than them against the rebels and this was noted by Kangxi, leading him to task Generals Sun Sike, Wang Jinbao, and Zhao Liangdong to lead Green Standard Soldiers to crush the rebels. The Qing thought that Han Chinese were superior at battling other Han people and so used the Green Standard Army as the dominant and majority army in crushing the rebels instead of Bannermen. Similarly, in northwestern China against Wang Fuchen, the Qing used Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers and Han Chinese Generals such as Zhang Liangdong, Wang Jinbao, and Zhang Yong as the primary military forces. This choice was due to the rocky terrain, which favoured infantry troops over cavalry, to the desire to keep Bannermen in the reserves, and, again, to the belief that Han troops were better at fighting other Han people. These Han generals achieved victory over the rebels. Also due to the mountainous terrain, Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were also retaken by the Han Chinese Green Standard Army under Wang Jinbao and Zhao Liangdong in 1680, with Manchus only participating in dealing with logistics and provisions. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war. 213 Han Chinese Banner companies, and 527 companies of Mongol and Manchu Banners were mobilized by the Qing during the revolt. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "eight years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last?",
       "id": "5731388f497a881900248c7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "Wu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who declared himself emperor?",
       "id": "5731388f497a881900248c7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 765,
         "text": "1681"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Qing regain power over southern China?",
       "id": "5731388f497a881900248c7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1269,
         "text": "other Han people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese?",
       "id": "5731388f497a881900248c7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 2136,
         "text": "400,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Green Standard Army soldiers  were on the Qing side?",
       "id": "5731388f497a881900248c7f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with using a massive army of more than 900,000 Han Chinese (non-Banner) instead of the Eight Banners, to fight and crush the Three Feudatories. Wu Sangui's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army, made out of defected Ming soldiers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "1673-1674"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?",
       "id": "573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "900,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?",
       "id": "573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "crushed by the Green Standard Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Wu's army?",
       "id": "573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan was eventually killed in the Dzungar\u2013Qing War. In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of Taiwan from Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Koxinga, who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing. Zheng Keshuang was awarded the title \"Duke Haicheng\" (\u6d77\u6f84\u516c) and was inducted into the Han Chinese Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners when he moved to Beijing. Several Ming princes had accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1661-1662, including the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (\u6731\u5f18\u6853), son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan in 1683 back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile since their lives were spared from execution. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for series of battles over Albazin, the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia. Zheng's former soldiers on Taiwan like the rattan shield troops were also inducted into the Eight Banners and used by the Qing against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. After Galdan's death, his followers, as adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, attempted to control the choice of the next Dalai Lama. Kangxi dispatched two armies to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "Dzungars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Kangxi fight?",
       "id": "57313a17497a881900248c90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "Dzungar\u2013Qing War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Galdan killed?",
       "id": "57313a17497a881900248c91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "Outer Mongolia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Kangxi lead an army?",
       "id": "57313a17497a881900248c8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "1683"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Taiwan fall?",
       "id": "57313a17497a881900248c92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1206,
         "text": "Russia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What European country did Kangxi fight?",
       "id": "57313a17497a881900248c93"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (\u96cd\u89aa\u738b), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangxi's 14th son) is the real successor of Kangxi Emperor, the reason why Yingzhen failed to sit on the throne is because Yongzheng and his confidant Keduo Long tampered the content of Kangxi's testament at the night when Kangxi passed away), a charge for which there is little evidence. In fact, his father had trusted him with delicate political issues and discussed state policy with him. When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45, he felt a sense of urgency about the problems which had accumulated in his father's later years and did not need instruction in how to exercise power. In the words of one recent historian, he was \"severe, suspicious, and jealous, but extremely capable and resourceful,\" and in the words of another, turned out to be an \"early modern state-maker of the first order.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "1722"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Kangxi die?",
       "id": "57313a71e6313a140071cd40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "Prince Yong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who took Kangxi's place?",
       "id": "57313a71e6313a140071cd41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 751,
         "text": "45"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Yongzheng when he took over?",
       "id": "57313a71e6313a140071cd42"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in the capital. Next, he moved to control the government. He expanded his father's system of Palace Memorials which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and created a small Grand Council of personal advisors which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty. He shrewdly filled key positions with Manchu and Han Chinese officials who depended on his patronage. When he began to realize that the financial crisis was even greater than he had thought, Yongzheng rejected his father's lenient approach to local landowning elites and mounted a campaign to enforce collection of the land tax. The increased revenues were to be used for \"money to nourish honesty\" among local officials and for local irrigation, schools, roads, and charity. Although these reforms were effective in the north, in the south and lower Yangzi valley, where Kangxi had wooed the elites, there were long established networks of officials and landowners. Yongzheng dispatched experienced Manchu commissioners to penetrate the thickets of falsified land registers and coded account books, but they were met with tricks, passivity, and even violence. The fiscal crisis persisted.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 166,
         "text": "anti-Manchu writer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Yongzheng behead?",
       "id": "57313b16e6313a140071cd50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion did Yongzheng ban?",
       "id": "57313b16e6313a140071cd51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 998,
         "text": "collection of the land tax"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Yongzheng crack down on?",
       "id": "57313b16e6313a140071cd53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "1723"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Yongzheng ban christianity?",
       "id": "57313b16e6313a140071cd52"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianlong Emperor bestowed the title Marquis of Extended Grace posthumously on Zhu Zhuliang in 1750, and the title passed on through twelve generations of Ming descendants until the end of the Qing dynasty.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "Zhu Zhiliang"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?",
       "id": "57313b7c05b4da19006bcef2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1725"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Yongzheng give this title?",
       "id": "57313b7c05b4da19006bcef3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "perform rituals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Zhu's job?",
       "id": "57313b7c05b4da19006bcef4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then turned to that situation, where the Zunghars threatened to re-emerge, and to the southwest, where local Miao chieftains resisted Qing expansion. These campaigns drained the treasury but established the emperor's control of the military and military finance.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "1727"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written?",
       "id": "57313c06e6313a140071cd62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "Russia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta?",
       "id": "57313c06e6313a140071cd63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "territory and trading rights"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the treaty give to the Russians?",
       "id": "57313c06e6313a140071cd64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "Mongolia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta?",
       "id": "57313c06e6313a140071cd65"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history. Nevertheless, Qianlong used Literary Inquisition to silence opposition. The accusation of individuals began with the emperor's own interpretation of the true meaning of the corresponding words. If the emperor decided these were derogatory or cynical towards the dynasty, persecution would begin. Literary inquisition began with isolated cases at the time of Shunzhi and Kangxi, but became a pattern under Qianlong's rule, during which there were 53 cases of literary persecution.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "3,400 books"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many books were in the Siku Quanshu?",
       "id": "57313c97e6313a140071cd6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "36,304 volumes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu?",
       "id": "57313c97e6313a140071cd6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 726,
         "text": "Qianlong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created the Siku Quanshu?",
       "id": "57313c97e6313a140071cd6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 767,
         "text": "53"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign?",
       "id": "57313c97e6313a140071cd6d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well, so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people. Soon all available farmland was used up, forcing peasants to work ever-smaller and more intensely worked plots. The Qianlong Emperor once bemoaned the country's situation by remarking \"The population continues to grow, but the land does not.\" The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria, where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland. The emperor decreed for the first time that Han Chinese civilians were forbidden to settle. Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into neidi (the Han Chinese 18 provinces) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "potato and peanut"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What crops helped the Chinese?",
       "id": "57313d3d05b4da19006bcf16"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "prosperity and internal stability"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What led to overpopulation in China?",
       "id": "57313d3d05b4da19006bcf17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "100 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century?",
       "id": "57313d3d05b4da19006bcf18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "300 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century?",
       "id": "57313d3d05b4da19006bcf19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 789,
         "text": "Manchuria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the last part of China with farmland left?",
       "id": "57313d3d05b4da19006bcf1a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade, during the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of coutrier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands, in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80% of the population.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Manchuria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Hans go to to find land?",
       "id": "57313da305b4da19006bcf2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "500,000 hectares"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much land did the Han cultivate?",
       "id": "57313da305b4da19006bcf2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "80%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han?",
       "id": "57313da305b4da19006bcf2c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. Qianlong allowed Han Chinese peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740\u20131776. Chinese tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the \"imperial estates\" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's rule, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing sold formerly Manchu only lands along the Sungari to Han Chinese at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s according to Abbe Huc.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "Manchuria and Inner Mongolia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were starving Han sent by the Qing?",
       "id": "57313e9a05b4da19006bcf30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 568,
         "text": "tens of thousands of hectares"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much land did the Han farm in Inner Mongolia?",
       "id": "57313e9a05b4da19006bcf31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 851,
         "text": "\"imperial estates\" and Manchu Bannerlands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other types of land were the Han allowed to farm?",
       "id": "57313e9a05b4da19006bcf32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1077,
         "text": "Qianlong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the emperor in the later half of the 18th century?",
       "id": "57313e9a05b4da19006bcf33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1280,
         "text": "Han Chinese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ethnicity was the majority in urban Manchuria?",
       "id": "57313e9a05b4da19006bcf34"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "European states"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which empires grew during the 18th century?",
       "id": "57313f7b497a881900248cd7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "India"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country near China did the Europeans first control?",
       "id": "57313f7b497a881900248cd9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "Canton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?",
       "id": "57313f7b497a881900248cda"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "maritime trade"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the economies of the European empires built on?",
       "id": "57313f7b497a881900248cd8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two European companies traded in Canton?",
       "id": "57313f7b497a881900248cdb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chinese demand for opium, the British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal. Since China's economy was essentially self-sufficient, the country had little need to import goods or raw materials from the Europeans, so the usual way of payment was through silver. The Daoguang Emperor, concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects, ordered Lin Zexu to end the opium trade. Lin confiscated the stocks of opium without compensation in 1839, leading Britain to send a military expedition the following year.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "silk, tea, and ceramics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What products from China did Europeans want?",
       "id": "5731404f497a881900248ceb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "silver"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Chinese want in return?",
       "id": "5731404f497a881900248cec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "imbalance of trade and the drain of silver"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the British and French concerned about?",
       "id": "5731404f497a881900248ced"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "opium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What else did the Chinese want from the British?",
       "id": "5731404f497a881900248cee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "Bengal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was opium made?",
       "id": "5731404f497a881900248cef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow to China. The Treaty of Nanjing, the first of the unequal treaties, demanded war reparations, forced China to open up the five ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai to western trade and missionaries, and to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain. It revealed many inadequacies in the Qing government and provoked widespread rebellions against the already hugely unpopular regime.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War?",
       "id": "57314110e6313a140071cd84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "1842"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Qing surrender to the British?",
       "id": "57314110e6313a140071cd85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "Treaty of Nanjing,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War?",
       "id": "57314110e6313a140071cd86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 539,
         "text": "Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 5 ports did the treaty force open?",
       "id": "57314110e6313a140071cd87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "Hong Kong Island"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What island was given to the British?",
       "id": "57314110e6313a140071cd88"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprising in Guizhou province, established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Hong himself as king, claiming he often had visions of God and that he was the brother of Jesus Christ. Slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbinding, judicial torture, and the worship of idols were all banned. However, success and subsequent authority and power led to internal feuds, defections and corruption. In addition, British and French troops, equipped with modern weapons, had come to the assistance of the Qing imperial army. It was not until 1864 that Qing armies under Zeng Guofan succeeded in crushing the revolt. The rebellion not only posed the most serious threat towards Qing rulers; it was also \"bloodiest civil war of all time.\" Between 20 and 30 million people died during its fourteen-year course from 1850 to 1864. After the outbreak of this rebellion, there were also revolts by the Muslims and Miao people of China against the Qing dynasty, most notably in the Dungan Revolt (1862\u201377) in the northwest and the Panthay Rebellion (1856\u20131873) in Yunnan.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Taiping Rebellion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What marked the first occurence of anti-Manchu feeling?",
       "id": "573141b105b4da19006bcf66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "Hong Xiuquan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who led the Rebellion?",
       "id": "573141b105b4da19006bcf67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "1851"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Rebellion start?",
       "id": "573141b105b4da19006bcf68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What entity was established in Guizhou province?",
       "id": "573141b105b4da19006bcf69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "Hong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?",
       "id": "573141b105b4da19006bcf6a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fight the rebels. In 1854, Britain tried to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing, inserting clauses allowing British commercial access to Chinese rivers and the creation of a permanent British embassy at Beijing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "unsatisfied"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing?",
       "id": "573145e5497a881900248d35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "Qing government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions?",
       "id": "573145e5497a881900248d36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 338,
         "text": "1854"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the British try to redo the Treaty of Nanjing?",
       "id": "573145e5497a881900248d37"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in an act of revenge for the arrest of several Englishmen, burnt it to the ground. Prince Gong, a younger half-brother of the emperor, who had been left as his brother's proxy in the capital, was forced to sign the Convention of Beijing. Meanwhile, the humiliated emperor died the following year at Rehe.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "1860"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whed did the British and French invade Beijing?",
       "id": "573146e605b4da19006bcfaa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "Rehe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the emperor go?",
       "id": "573146e605b4da19006bcfab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "burnt it to the ground"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the Old Summer Palace?",
       "id": "573146e605b4da19006bcfac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "Convention of Beijing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Prince Gong sign?",
       "id": "573146e605b4da19006bcfad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values. Zeng Guofan, in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang, who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self-Strengthening Movement. The reformers then proceeded with institutional reforms, including China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs, the Zongli Yamen; allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital; establishment of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service; the formation of modernized armies, such as the Beiyang Army, as well as a navy; and the purchase from Europeans of armament factories. ",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "Zuo Zongtang"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who put down the rebellions?",
       "id": "5731486605b4da19006bcfbc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 174,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?",
       "id": "5731486605b4da19006bcfbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "1861"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Tongzhi take power?",
       "id": "5731486605b4da19006bcfbe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "western military technology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values?",
       "id": "5731486605b4da19006bcfbf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 852,
         "text": "Beiyang Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of a modern Chinese Army?",
       "id": "5731486605b4da19006bcfc0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "Russian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?",
       "id": "57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "1870"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Tientsin Massacre?",
       "id": "57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "1858"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Cochinchina Campaign?",
       "id": "57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "Indochina"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which territory did France control?",
       "id": "57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "murder of French nuns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?",
       "id": "57314900a5e9cc1400cdbe0f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that \"China\u2019s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea. At the start of the Opium War, China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go......In the Arrow War (1856\u201360), the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing. Meanwhile, new but not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions, bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia, and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino-French War (1884\u201385). But the defeat of the fleet, and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan, forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "naval weakness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?",
       "id": "573149cf05b4da19006bcfc6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 568,
         "text": "(1856\u201360)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Arrow War?",
       "id": "573149cf05b4da19006bcfc8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "Gulf of Zhili"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the French and English land in 1860?",
       "id": "573149cf05b4da19006bcfc9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "Edward L. Dreyer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China?",
       "id": "573149cf05b4da19006bcfc7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1884, pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup. Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising. Japanese Prime Minister It\u014d Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin, an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895 was a military humiliation. The Treaty of Shimonoseki recognized Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan. The terms might have been harsher, but when Japanese citizen attacked and wounded Li Hongzhang, an international outcry shamed the Japanese into revising them. The original agreement stipulated the cession of Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, but Russia, with its own designs on the territory, along with Germany and France, in what was known as the Triple Intervention, successfully put pressure on the Japanese to abandon the peninsula.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "Gapsin Coup"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What coup happened in 1884?",
       "id": "57314aae05b4da19006bcfd8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "pro-Japanese Koreans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?",
       "id": "57314aae05b4da19006bcfd9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "Tensions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?",
       "id": "57314aae05b4da19006bcfda"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "It\u014d Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who signed the Convention of Tientsin?",
       "id": "57314aae05b4da19006bcfdb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "1895"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen?",
       "id": "57314aae05b4da19006bcfdc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent. ",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "Cixi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Xianfeng's concubine?",
       "id": "57314b4205b4da19006bcfec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "Tongzhi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Cixi's son?",
       "id": "57314b4205b4da19006bcfed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 631,
         "text": "1875"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Tongzhi Emperor die?",
       "id": "57314b4205b4da19006bcfee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 656,
         "text": "Guangxu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who took over from Tongzhi?",
       "id": "57314b4205b4da19006bcfef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1889, when Guangxu began to rule in his own right, to 1898, the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement, spending the majority of the year at the Summer Palace. On November 1, 1897, two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province (the Juye Incident). In response, Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of Jiaozhou Bay. The occupation prompted a \"scramble for concessions\" in 1898, which included the German lease of Jiazhou Bay, the Russian acquisition of Liaodong, and the British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "Summer Palace"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?",
       "id": "57314c0e05b4da19006bcff4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "November 1, 1897,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were two missionaries killed?",
       "id": "57314c0e05b4da19006bcff5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "Shandong Province"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were the missionaries killed?",
       "id": "57314c0e05b4da19006bcff6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "Juye Incident"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the murders of the missionaries called?",
       "id": "57314c0e05b4da19006bcff7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the wake of these external defeats, the Guangxu Emperor initiated the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898. Newer, more radical advisers such as Kang Youwei were given positions of influence. The emperor issued a series of edicts and plans were made to reorganize the bureaucracy, restructure the school system, and appoint new officials. Opposition from the bureaucracy was immediate and intense. Although she had been involved in the initial reforms, the empress dowager stepped in to call them off, arrested and executed several reformers, and took over day-to-day control of policy. Yet many of the plans stayed in place, and the goals of reform were implanted.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "Hundred Days' Reform of 1898"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the emperor do in response to so many defeats by the Europeans?",
       "id": "57314cf3497a881900248d84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "Kang Youwei"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name an advisor to Guangxu?",
       "id": "57314cf3497a881900248d83"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "empress dowager"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who took over the policy of China?",
       "id": "57314cf3497a881900248d85"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Widespread drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or \"Boxers.\" In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians, then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter. A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies (the Eight-Nation Alliance) then entered China without diplomatic notice, much less permission. Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign. She fled to Xi'an. The victorious allies drew up scores of demands on the Qing government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "North China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was there a drought?",
       "id": "57314deaa5e9cc1400cdbe3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Righteous and Harmonious Fists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was another name for the Boxers?",
       "id": "57314deaa5e9cc1400cdbe40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "1900"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians?",
       "id": "57314deaa5e9cc1400cdbe41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded China?",
       "id": "57314deaa5e9cc1400cdbe42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 722,
         "text": "Xi'an"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies?",
       "id": "57314deaa5e9cc1400cdbe43"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's \"New Policies\", also known as the \"Late Qing Reform\". The edict paved the way for the most far-reaching reforms in terms of their social consequences, including the creation of a national education system and the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "issued an imperial edict"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Cixi do in 1901?",
       "id": "57314e6ce6313a140071cdf4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "\"Late Qing Reform\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the governments New Policies also called?",
       "id": "57314e6ce6313a140071cdf5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 545,
         "text": "1905"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were imperial examinations halted?",
       "id": "57314e6ce6313a140071cdf6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Chun, and nephew to the childless Guangxu Emperor, was appointed successor at the age of two, leaving Zaifeng with the regency. This was followed by the dismissal of General Yuan Shikai from his former positions of power. In April 1911 Zaifeng created a cabinet in which there were two vice-premiers. Nonetheless, this cabinet was also known by contemporaries as \"The Royal Cabinet\" because among the thirteen cabinet members, five were members of the imperial family or Aisin Gioro relatives. This brought a wide range of negative opinions from senior officials like Zhang Zhidong. The Wuchang Uprising of October 10, 1911, led to the creation of a new central government, the Republic of China, in Nanjing with Sun Yat-sen as its provisional head. Many provinces soon began \"separating\" from Qing control. Seeing a desperate situation unfold, the Qing government brought Yuan Shikai back to military power. He took control of his Beiyang Army to crush the revolution in Wuhan at the Battle of Yangxia. After taking the position of Prime Minister and creating his own cabinet, Yuan Shikai went as far as to ask for the removal of Zaifeng from the regency. This removal later proceeded with directions from Empress Dowager Longyu.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "1908"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Guangxu die?",
       "id": "57314f09497a881900248d9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "1908"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Cixi die?",
       "id": "57314f09497a881900248d9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "Prince Chun"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled after Guangxu?",
       "id": "57314f09497a881900248d9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 407,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Prince Chun?",
       "id": "57314f09497a881900248d9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 937,
         "text": "1911"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was the Republic of China created?",
       "id": "57314f09497a881900248d9f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional reform, both aiming for the benefit of China's economy and populace. With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu, Yuan Shikai began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen, who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic, and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic of China.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "Yuan Shikai"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who led the Qing?",
       "id": "57314fae05b4da19006bd030"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "Sun Yat-sen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war?",
       "id": "57314fae05b4da19006bd031"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "Sun Yat-sen,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who led the Republic of China?",
       "id": "57314fae05b4da19006bd032"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "Yuan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who became the President?",
       "id": "57314fae05b4da19006bd033"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combined with a widespread criticism of Chinese culture led to questioning and doubt about the future. In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo in 1932, with Puyi, as the emperor. After the invasion by the Soviet Union, Manchukuo collapsed in 1945.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "1912"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did the end of Imperial China occur?",
       "id": "57315058497a881900248dbf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "2,000 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did Imperial China last for?",
       "id": "57315058497a881900248dc0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "1932"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Manchukuo created?",
       "id": "57315058497a881900248dc1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "Han Chinese and Manchus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?",
       "id": "5731511a05b4da19006bd038"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "imperial examination system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Qing find their officials?",
       "id": "5731511a05b4da19006bd039"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "nine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty?",
       "id": "5731511a05b4da19006bd03a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat,[f] which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing \"Outer Court,\" which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "Emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the main leader of the Qing?",
       "id": "573151a9e6313a140071ce1a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "Manchu noblemen and Han officials"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ethnicities made up the Qing government?",
       "id": "573151a9e6313a140071ce1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 541,
         "text": "evolved into an imperial chancery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the Grand Secretariat?",
       "id": "573151a9e6313a140071ce1c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the \"Inner Court,\" which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[g] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown. The Grand Councillors[h] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "imperial family and Manchu nobility"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who controlled the \"Inner Court\"?",
       "id": "57315370497a881900248ddb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "Forbidden City"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Inner Court?",
       "id": "57315370497a881900248ddc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "core institution of the inner court"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Grand Council?",
       "id": "57315370497a881900248ddd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule. The distinction between Han Chinese and Manchus extended to their court costumes. During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, for example, members of his family were distinguished by garments with a small circular emblem on the back, whereas Han officials wore clothing with a square emblem.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 578,
         "text": "square emblem"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What shape of emblem signified a Han official?",
       "id": "5731541a497a881900248de1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "circular"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family?",
       "id": "5731541a497a881900248de2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 150,
         "text": "Manchu and a Han Chinese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two ethnicities made up each position in government?",
       "id": "5731541a497a881900248de3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including early contacts with Russia \u2014 then seen as a tribute nation. The office had the status of a full ministry and was headed by officials of equal rank. However, appointees were at first restricted only to candidates of Manchu and Mongol ethnicity, until later open to Han Chinese as well.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "Lifan Yuan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who governed the areas of Tibet and Mongolia?",
       "id": "573154bfa5e9cc1400cdbe95"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "Lifan Yuan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who administered the minority groups?",
       "id": "573154bfa5e9cc1400cdbe96"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many boards were there in the Qing government?",
       "id": "573154bfa5e9cc1400cdbe97"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 \u2014 a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition \u2014 that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen. The office was originally intended to be temporary and was staffed by officials seconded from the Grand Council. However, as dealings with foreigners became increasingly complicated and frequent, the office grew in size and importance, aided by revenue from customs duties which came under its direct jurisdiction.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "Zongli Yamen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the foreign service called?",
       "id": "57315596497a881900248e01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created?",
       "id": "57315596497a881900248e02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "Second Opium War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the war called fought between the British and French against the Qing?",
       "id": "57315596497a881900248e03"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor. The department's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the inner palace (in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia, engaged in trading activities (jade, ginseng, salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region, and even published books. Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants, such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by booi,[o] or \"bondservants,\" from the Upper Three Banners. By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "Kangxi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which emperor followed Shunzhi?",
       "id": "5731564105b4da19006bd05a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 655,
         "text": "Jiangnan region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were textile factories located?",
       "id": "5731564105b4da19006bd05b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "jade, ginseng, salt, furs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia?",
       "id": "5731564105b4da19006bd05c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. Taiwan, originally part of Fujian province, became a province of its own in the late 19th century, but was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War. In addition, many surrounding countries, such as Korea (Joseon dynasty), Vietnam frequently paid tribute to China during much of this period. Khanate of Kokand were forced to submit as protectorate and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty in China between 1774 and 1798.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "18th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century did Qing China stretch to its largest?",
       "id": "5731579e497a881900248e2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "13 million km2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many kilometers was Qing China at its height?",
       "id": "5731579e497a881900248e30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "22"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China?",
       "id": "5731579e497a881900248e31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "1895"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Japan take over Taiwan?",
       "id": "5731579e497a881900248e32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 592,
         "text": "First Sino-Japanese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Japanese win Taiwan?",
       "id": "5731579e497a881900248e33"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and censorate, or surveillance. Each province was administered by a governor (\u5de1\u64ab, xunfu) and a provincial military commander (\u63d0\u7763, tidu). Below the province were prefectures (\u5e9c, fu) operating under a prefect (\u77e5\u5e9c, zh\u012bf\u01d4), followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a county magistrate. The eighteen provinces are also known as \"China proper\". The position of viceroy or governor-general (\u7e3d\u7763, zongdu) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "Hubei and Hunan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two provinces were formed from Huguang?",
       "id": "5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbec9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "governor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?",
       "id": "5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbeca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "prefectures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were provinces broken up into?",
       "id": "5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbecb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 690,
         "text": "China proper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for the main 18 provinces?",
       "id": "5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbecc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 828,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many viceroys were there in China Proper?",
       "id": "5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbecd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called Lifan Yuan. Qinghai was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the Tian Shan mountains, also known today as Dzungaria and Tarim Basin respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions. Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by Jahangir Khoja in the 1820s. Likewise, Manchuria was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the Russian Empire in the mid-19th century. Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonizing the area, especially since the 1860s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "mid-18th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Tibet become part of Qing China?",
       "id": "57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "Lifan Yuan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet?",
       "id": "57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "Xinjiang"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for Chinese Turkestan?",
       "id": "57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 760,
         "text": "Qianlong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria?",
       "id": "57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 999,
         "text": "military generals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who first ran Manchuria?",
       "id": "57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China, Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The Kumul Khanate, which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution up until 1930. In early 20th century, Britain sent an expedition force to Tibet and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Furthermore, similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the \"Three Northeast Provinces\", and established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "khan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia?",
       "id": "57315a55e6313a140071ce7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "Yaqub Beg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled Kashgaria?",
       "id": "57315a55e6313a140071ce7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who supported Beg?",
       "id": "57315a55e6313a140071ce7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 890,
         "text": "early 20th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the British invade Tibet?",
       "id": "57315a55e6313a140071ce7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1077,
         "text": "1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?",
       "id": "57315a55e6313a140071ce7e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the \"Upper Three Banners\" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the \"Lower Five Banners.\" They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the \"Iron cap princes\". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Nurhaci"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created the Eight Banners?",
       "id": "57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbeed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 194,
         "text": "color"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were the 8 banners recognized?",
       "id": "57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbeee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "Upper Three Banners"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?",
       "id": "57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbeef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 343,
         "text": "Manchus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?",
       "id": "57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbef0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Lower Five Banners"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the rest of the banners called?",
       "id": "57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbef1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and around the time of the Qing takeover of Beijing, their numbers rapidly swelled. Han Bannermen held high status and power in the early Qing period, especially immediately after the conquest during Shunzhi and Kangxi's reign where they dominated Governor-Generalships and Governorships across China at the expense of both Manchu Bannermen and Han civilians. Han also numerically dominated the Banners up until the mid 18th century. European visitors in Beijing called them \"Tartarized Chinese\" or \"Tartarified Chinese\". It was in Qianlong's reign that the Qianlong Emperor, concerned about maintaining Manchu identity, re-emphasized Manchu ethnicity, ancestry, language, and culture in the Eight Banners and started a mass discharge of Han Bannermen from the Eight Banners, either asking them to voluntarily resign from the Banner rolls or striking their names off. This led to a change from Han majority to a Manchu majority within the Banner system, and previous Han Bannermen garrisons in southern China such as at Fuzhou, Zhenjiang, Guangzhou, were replaced by Manchu Bannermen in the purge, which started in 1754. The turnover by Qianlong most heavily impacted Han banner garrisons stationed in the provinces while it less impacted Han Bannermen in Beijing, leaving a larger proportion of remaining Han Bannermen in Beijing than the provinces. Han Bannermen's status was decreased from that point on with Manchu Banners gaining higher status. Han Bannermen numbered 75% in 1648 Shunzhi's reign, 72% in 1723 Yongzheng's reign, but decreased to 43% in 1796 during the first year of Jiaqing's reign, which was after Qianlong's purge. The mass discharge was known as the Disbandment of the Han Banners (zh). Qianlong directed most of his ire at those Han Bannermen descended from defectors who joined the Qing after the Qing passed through the Great Wall at Shanhai Pass in 1644, deeming their ancestors as traitors to the Ming and therefore untrustworthy, while retaining Han Bannermen who were descended from defectors who joined the Qing before 1644 in Liaodong and marched through Shanhai pass, also known as those who \"followed the Dragon through the pass\" (\u5f9e\u9f8d\u5165\u95dc; cong long ru guan).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "along ethnic lines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were Banner's organized?",
       "id": "57315c28497a881900248e75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "Manchu and Mongol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies?",
       "id": "57315c28497a881900248e76"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "Han Bannermen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi?",
       "id": "57315c28497a881900248e77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 849,
         "text": "Qianlong's reign"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners?",
       "id": "57315c28497a881900248e79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 792,
         "text": "\"Tartarized Chinese\" or \"Tartarified Chinese\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen?",
       "id": "57315c28497a881900248e78"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders \u2014 mostly members of the Chinese gentry \u2014 could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the \"Yong Ying\" (Brave Camp).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "Taiping Rebellion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?",
       "id": "57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "Nanjing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city did the Qing lose in 1853?",
       "id": "57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 637,
         "text": "Xiang Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Zeng Guofan?",
       "id": "57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "Zeng Guofan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?",
       "id": "57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 665,
         "text": "Hunan region where it was raised"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Xiang Army named after?",
       "id": "57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience. Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own \"private\" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century. Qi Jiguang's doctrine was based on Neo-Confucian ideas of binding troops' loyalty to their immediate superiors and also to the regions in which they were raised. Zeng Guofan's original intention for the Xiang Army was simply to eradicate the Taiping rebels. However, the success of the Yongying system led to its becoming a permanent regional force within the Qing military, which in the long run created problems for the beleaguered central government.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "Qi Jiguang"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army?",
       "id": "57315dcae6313a140071ce98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "repel raiding Japanese pirates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Qi Jiguang's private army do?",
       "id": "57315dcae6313a140071ce99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 543,
         "text": "eradicate the Taiping rebels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the original plan for the Xiang Army?",
       "id": "57315dcae6313a140071ce9a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "First, the Yongying system signaled the end of Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment. Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources, henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government's de facto first-line troops. Second, the Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders, weakening central government's grip on the whole country. Finally, the nature of Yongying command structure fostered nepotism and cronyism amongst its commanders, who laid the seeds of regional warlordism in the first half of the 20th century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "Yongying corps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What entity became the main Qing troops?",
       "id": "57315e3ca5e9cc1400cdbf0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 316,
         "text": "provincial coffers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who paid for the Yongying?",
       "id": "57315e3ca5e9cc1400cdbf0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "regional commanders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who led the Yongying?",
       "id": "57315e3ca5e9cc1400cdbf0d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern weaponry resulting from the European Industrial Revolution had rendered China's traditionally trained and equipped army and navy obsolete. The government attempts to modernize during the Self-Strengthening Movement were initially successful, but yielded few lasting results because of the central government's lack of funds, lack of political will, and unwillingness to depart from tradition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "1860"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Second Opium War?",
       "id": "57315f42497a881900248e91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "25,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How big was the French-British army?",
       "id": "57315f42497a881900248e93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "Self-Strengthening Movement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?",
       "id": "57315f42497a881900248e94"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "sacked"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the Summer Palace?",
       "id": "57315f42497a881900248e92"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894\u20131895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three decades after the Meiji Restoration set a feudal Japan on course to emulate the Western nations in their economic and technological achievements. Finally, in December 1894, the Qing government took concrete steps to reform military institutions and to re-train selected units in westernized drills, tactics and weaponry. These units were collectively called the New Army. The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who used his position to build networks of loyal officers and eventually become President of the Republic of China.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "Japan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War?",
       "id": "5731600fe6313a140071cea8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Beiyang Fleet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which fleet did the Japanese destroy?",
       "id": "5731600fe6313a140071cea9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "1894"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Qing decide to modernize their military?",
       "id": "5731600fe6313a140071ceaa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 675,
         "text": "the New Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the new modern army called?",
       "id": "5731600fe6313a140071ceab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 814,
         "text": "General Yuan Shikai"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who became the President of the Republic of China?",
       "id": "5731600fe6313a140071ceac"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term of its volume and its protracted and routinized nature, was unprecedented in Chinese history. Indeed, the Qing government did far more to encourage mobility than to discourage it. Migration took several different forms, though might be divided in two varieties: permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn. Parties to the latter would include the empire's increasingly large and mobile manual workforce, as well as its densely overlapping internal diaspora of local-origin-based merchant groups. It would also included the patterned movement of Qing subjects overseas, largely to Southeastern Asia, in search of trade and other economic opportunities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "population growth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened in early and middle Qing history?",
       "id": "573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "doubled"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the population grow during the 18th century?",
       "id": "573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the 2 types of migration during the 18th century?",
       "id": "573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf13"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners and people with inferior status. They were divided into two categories: one of them, the good \"commoner\" people, the other \"mean\" people. The majority of the population belonged to the first category and were described as liangmin, a legal term meaning good people, as opposed to jianmin meaning the mean (or ignoble) people. Qing law explicitly stated that the traditional four occupational groups of scholars, farmers, artisans and merchants were \"good\", or having a status of commoners. On the other hand, slaves or bondservants, entertainers (including prostitutes and actors), and those low-level employees of government officials were the \"mean people\". Mean people were considered legally inferior to commoners and suffered unequal treatments, forbidden to take the imperial examination.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many estates were there in Qing society?",
       "id": "5731613c05b4da19006bd110"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "the good \"commoner\" people, the other \"mean\" people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into?",
       "id": "5731613c05b4da19006bd111"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 541,
         "text": "liangmin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the legal term for commoner?",
       "id": "5731613c05b4da19006bd112"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population. After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established, and was expanding at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century. China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West. The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply, facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 626,
         "text": "tea, silk and manufactures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did China export?",
       "id": "573161e105b4da19006bd116"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 735,
         "text": "silver"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?",
       "id": "573161e105b4da19006bd117"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "end of the 17th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings?",
       "id": "573161e105b4da19006bd118"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corv\u00e9e system with a head tax used to hire laborers. The administration of the Grand Canal was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants. A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century. Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas. These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence, by which the Western world overtook China economically.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "reduced the tax burden"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?",
       "id": "57316283497a881900248ea3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 558,
         "text": "rise slowly and smoothly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?",
       "id": "57316283497a881900248ea4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 926,
         "text": "Western world overtook China economically"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Great Divergence?",
       "id": "57316283497a881900248ea5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas, including peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice from Southeast Asia led to a huge increase in production. Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronized literature, theater and the arts. Textile and handicraft production boomed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "300 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?",
       "id": "573162fbe6313a140071ceba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?",
       "id": "573162fbe6313a140071cebb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What crops were imported?",
       "id": "573162fbe6313a140071cebc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the Siku Quanshu, completed in 1782. Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece, Zhang Zeduan's Along the River During the Qingming Festival whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor. The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion. Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "poetry and often skilled in painting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What arts were the Qing emperors good at?",
       "id": "5731639f497a881900248eb1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "Peiwen Yunfu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?",
       "id": "5731639f497a881900248eb2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "1716"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?",
       "id": "5731639f497a881900248eb3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 566,
         "text": "1782"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Siku Quanshu finished?",
       "id": "5731639f497a881900248eb4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included such painters as the orthodox Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626\u20131705) and Shitao (1641\u20131707). The nineteenth century saw such innovations as the Shanghai School and the Lingnan School which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 349,
         "text": "Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626\u20131705) and Shitao (1641\u20131707)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name three painters?",
       "id": "57316448e6313a140071ceca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "Shanghai School and the Lingnan School"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?",
       "id": "57316448e6313a140071cecb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "Calligraphy and painting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name two arts of the Four Arts?",
       "id": "57316448e6313a140071cecc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its association with Chinese opera, developmental trends of Classical Chinese poetry, the transition to a greater role for vernacular language, and for poetry by women in Chinese culture. The Qing dynasty was a period of much literary collection and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the Quantangshi and the Three Hundred Tang Poems. Pu Songling brought the short story form to a new level in his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, published in the mid-18th century, and Shen Fu demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in Six Chapters of a Floating Life, written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in Cao Xueqin's Dream of the Red Chamber, but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as Wu Jingzi's The Scholars (1750) and Li Ruzhen's Flowers in the Mirror (1827).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "Poetry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the sign of a gentleman?",
       "id": "57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "women"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty?",
       "id": "57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 815,
         "text": "Strange Stories"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories?",
       "id": "57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1088,
         "text": "Cao Xueqin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber?",
       "id": "57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 950,
         "text": "Six Chapters of a Floating Life"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir?",
       "id": "57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf1a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detailed the culinary esthetics and theory, along with a wide range of recipes from the ruling period of Qianlong during Qing Dynasty. The Manchu Han Imperial Feast originated at the court. Although this banquet was probably never common, it reflected an appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs. Nevertheless, culinary traditionalists such as Yuan Mei lambasted the opulent culinary rituals of the Manchu Han Imperial Feast, saying that it is cause in part by \"...the vulgar habits of bad chefs\" and that \"Display this trite are useful only for welcoming new relations through one\u2019s gates or when the boss comes to visit.\" (\u7686\u60e1\u5eda\u964b\u7fd2\u3002\u53ea\u53ef\u7528\u4e4b\u65bc\u65b0\u89aa\u4e0a\u9580\uff0c\u4e0a\u53f8\u5165\u5883)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "Yuan Mei"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan?",
       "id": "573165efe6313a140071cee4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "recipes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?",
       "id": "573165efe6313a140071cee5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 569,
         "text": "appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?",
       "id": "573165efe6313a140071cee6"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos ind\u00edgenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas \"Amerindian\" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and M\u00e9tis peoples. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?",
       "id": "573120b505b4da19006bcdd6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "Pueblos ind\u00edgenas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?",
       "id": "573120b505b4da19006bcdd7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Amerindian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?",
       "id": "573120b505b4da19006bcdd9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "Aborigen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?",
       "id": "573120b505b4da19006bcdd8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 524,
         "text": "Native Americans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?",
       "id": "573120b505b4da19006bcdda"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago, with disputed evidence that people had migrated into the Americas much earlier, up to 40,000 years ago. These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "Asia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?",
       "id": "5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "a land bridge which connected the two continents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Beringia?",
       "id": "5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "Beringia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia?",
       "id": "5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc76"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "13,500 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when?",
       "id": "5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 766,
         "text": "a wide range of creation myths"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas?",
       "id": "5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc79"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Application of the term \"Indian\" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the \"West Indies\", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names \"Indies\" and \"Indian\", which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the aboriginal peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by indigenous peoples but has been embraced by many over the last two centuries.[citation needed] Even though the term \"Indian\" does not include the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, these groups are considered indigenous peoples of the Americas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "Indian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus? ",
       "id": "57312489497a881900248bab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "East Indies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Columbus believe he had arrived?",
       "id": "57312489497a881900248bac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "West Indies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what?",
       "id": "57312489497a881900248bad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "some kind of racial or cultural unity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is implied by the global term of \"Indian\"?",
       "id": "57312489497a881900248bae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 709,
         "text": "indigenous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Despite fitting under the umbrella label of \"Indian\", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas?",
       "id": "57312489497a881900248baf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers\u2014and many, especially in Amazonia, still are\u2014many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "hunter-gatherers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?",
       "id": "57312612497a881900248bd3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "agricultural endowment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?",
       "id": "57312612497a881900248bd5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "farming, hunting, and gathering"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did many of the societies practice a mix of?",
       "id": "57312612497a881900248bd6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "indigenous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?",
       "id": "57312612497a881900248bd7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "aquaculture and agriculture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?",
       "id": "57312612497a881900248bd4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "indigenous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples?",
       "id": "573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Many parts of the Americas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?",
       "id": "573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "At least a thousand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas?",
       "id": "573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcaf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "religion, social organization, and subsistence practices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day?",
       "id": "573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcb0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 760,
         "text": "Western culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from?",
       "id": "573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcb1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50\u201317,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska). Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "ongoing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?",
       "id": "573128b3497a881900248be5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "last"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?",
       "id": "573128b3497a881900248be6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 364,
         "text": "falling sea levels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?",
       "id": "573128b3497a881900248be7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 547,
         "text": "snowfall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?",
       "id": "573128b3497a881900248be8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 599,
         "text": "Laurentide Ice Sheet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?",
       "id": "573128b3497a881900248be9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10\u201320,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "single"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?",
       "id": "5731295f05b4da19006bce06"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "in isolation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?",
       "id": "5731295f05b4da19006bce07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "10\u201320,000 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?",
       "id": "5731295f05b4da19006bce08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "16,500 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the glaciers begin to melt?",
       "id": "5731295f05b4da19006bce09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "Pleistocene megafauna"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?",
       "id": "5731295f05b4da19006bce0a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations. Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "directly ancestral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?",
       "id": "57312a93e6313a140071ccae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "present North American Native American"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What populations is the individual closely related to?",
       "id": "57312a93e6313a140071ccaf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "early"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations?",
       "id": "57312a93e6313a140071ccb0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "ruled out"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?",
       "id": "57312a93e6313a140071ccb1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. \"Pre-Columbian\" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Ca\u00f1aris).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?",
       "id": "57312b61e6313a140071ccb6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "1492"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Columbus' first voyage?",
       "id": "57312b61e6313a140071ccb7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "conquered or significantly influenced"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?",
       "id": "57312b61e6313a140071ccb8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "\"Pre-Columbian\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?",
       "id": "57312b61e6313a140071ccb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 597,
         "text": "Andes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?",
       "id": "57312b61e6313a140071ccba"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th\u2013early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec, and Nahua peoples, had their own written records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and Christian pyres destroyed many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "pre-Columbian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations?",
       "id": "57312c7b05b4da19006bce40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "Some of these civilizations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?",
       "id": "57312c7b05b4da19006bce41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 379,
         "text": "oral history and through archaeological investigations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival?",
       "id": "57312c7b05b4da19006bce42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "written records"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did European colonists destroy on their pyres?",
       "id": "57312c7b05b4da19006bce43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 784,
         "text": "a few documents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations?",
       "id": "57312c7b05b4da19006bce44"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "many accomplishments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?",
       "id": "57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "one of the largest cities in the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had the Aztec civilization constructed?",
       "id": "57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "200,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?",
       "id": "57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "American"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?",
       "id": "57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "thousands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?",
       "id": "57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the European colonization forever change?",
       "id": "57313386e6313a140071cd02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "between 80 and 90%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?",
       "id": "57313386e6313a140071cd03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?",
       "id": "57313386e6313a140071cd04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 413,
         "text": "smallpox, measles, and cholera"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?",
       "id": "57313386e6313a140071cd05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 649,
         "text": "lack of prior exposure"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?",
       "id": "57313386e6313a140071cd06"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Ta\u00ednos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Ta\u00ednos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population. Increasing punishment of the Ta\u00ednos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Ta\u00edno rebellion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "the 250,000 Ta\u00ednos of Hispaniola"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?",
       "id": "57313428e6313a140071cd14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "dominant culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Ta\u00ednos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?",
       "id": "57313428e6313a140071cd15"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "70%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the Ta\u00ednos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?",
       "id": "57313428e6313a140071cd16"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "no immunity to European diseases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Ta\u00ednos' population?",
       "id": "57313428e6313a140071cd17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 327,
         "text": "Increasing punishment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What led to the last great Ta\u00ednos rebellion?",
       "id": "57313428e6313a140071cd18"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following years of mistreatment, the Ta\u00ednos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Ta\u00edno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries. Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt, Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "suicidal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What behaviors did the Ta\u00ednos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment?",
       "id": "5731350505b4da19006bcec2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "aborting or killing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Ta\u00ednos women start doing to their infants?",
       "id": "5731350505b4da19006bcec3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "violent poison"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea?",
       "id": "5731350505b4da19006bcec4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "Francisco Barrionuevo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels?",
       "id": "5731350505b4da19006bcec6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "thirteen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years was a Ta\u00ednos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range?",
       "id": "5731350505b4da19006bcec5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives. Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans, Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95% of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years. Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518. By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618\u2014all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "epidemic disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations?",
       "id": "573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "90 to 95%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?",
       "id": "573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "150 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did?",
       "id": "573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "Smallpox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518?",
       "id": "573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War?",
       "id": "573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617\u20131619. In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679. During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans. The 1775\u201382 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians. In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "between 50 and 67 per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?",
       "id": "573148a7497a881900248d4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "90 per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?",
       "id": "573148a7497a881900248d4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "Europeans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?",
       "id": "573148a7497a881900248d4f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "by 1679"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?",
       "id": "573148a7497a881900248d50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 902,
         "text": "a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?",
       "id": "573148a7497a881900248d51"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Spanish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Empire brought horses to the Americas?",
       "id": "57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf4f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "profound"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?",
       "id": "57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "7500 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction?",
       "id": "57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "great success"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses?",
       "id": "57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 416,
         "text": "horses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What enabled some tribes to expand territory, increase trade and capture more game?",
       "id": "57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf53"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50\u201360% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "a large array of plant species"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?",
       "id": "57316ed305b4da19006bd14e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "50\u201360%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?",
       "id": "57316ed305b4da19006bd14f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "artificial selection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were new species and strains of crops developed?",
       "id": "57316ed305b4da19006bd150"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "wild teosinte grasses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the origin of maize?",
       "id": "57316ed305b4da19006bd151"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 457,
         "text": "agricultural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?",
       "id": "57316ed305b4da19006bd152"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago. According to George Raudzens, \"It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet.\" The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "South American highlands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was a center of early agriculture?",
       "id": "57316ffc05b4da19006bd16c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "single"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?",
       "id": "57316ffc05b4da19006bd16d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "area of southern Peru"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the potato originate?",
       "id": "57316ffc05b4da19006bd16e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "10,000 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?",
       "id": "57316ffc05b4da19006bd16f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "persistent drought"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?",
       "id": "57316ffc05b4da19006bd170"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "approximately 4,000 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the North American natives begin farming?",
       "id": "5731708c497a881900248edd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "common"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas?",
       "id": "5731708c497a881900248ede"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "small-scale felling"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did technology make feasible when it came to trees?",
       "id": "5731708c497a881900248edf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "a controlled manner"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Archaic Indians use fire?",
       "id": "5731708c497a881900248ee0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "effects of natural fires"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic?",
       "id": "5731708c497a881900248ee1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or \"corn\", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalape\u00f1os, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Many crops"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?",
       "id": "5731716b05b4da19006bd192"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "corn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is arguably the most important crop in the world?",
       "id": "5731716b05b4da19006bd193"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "significant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?",
       "id": "5731716b05b4da19006bd194"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "cocoa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of bean is used to make chocolate?",
       "id": "5731716b05b4da19006bd195"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "indigenous Americans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?",
       "id": "5731716b05b4da19006bd196"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Cultural practices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of?",
       "id": "57317254497a881900248eed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "similar technologies and social organizations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did people in the same reason adopt?",
       "id": "57317254497a881900248eee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "Mesoamerica"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns?",
       "id": "57317254497a881900248eef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "until the 19th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?",
       "id": "57317254497a881900248ef0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 560,
         "text": "buffalo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?",
       "id": "57317254497a881900248ef1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitl\u00e1n began to wane.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "development of writing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?",
       "id": "5731732b497a881900248f01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "the Mesoamerican region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?",
       "id": "5731732b497a881900248f02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "extensive text"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?",
       "id": "5731732b497a881900248f04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "beginning in the 1st millennium BCE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were writing systems being created in the Americas?",
       "id": "5731732b497a881900248f03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "900 BCE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?",
       "id": "5731732b497a881900248f05"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "spoken language of its community"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?",
       "id": "573173f6497a881900248f13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Maya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?",
       "id": "573173f6497a881900248f11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "syllabic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?",
       "id": "573173f6497a881900248f12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "more than one thousand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?",
       "id": "573173f6497a881900248f14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 685,
         "text": "some two hundred"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?",
       "id": "573173f6497a881900248f15"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "the sixteenth century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?",
       "id": "573174bc05b4da19006bd1c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Spanish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?",
       "id": "573174bc05b4da19006bd1c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 282,
         "text": "lawsuits and other legal matters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?",
       "id": "573174bc05b4da19006bd1c2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "legal cases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Spanish translations at the time made for?",
       "id": "573174bc05b4da19006bd1c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 697,
         "text": "indigenous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?",
       "id": "573174bc05b4da19006bd1c4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "monophonic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?",
       "id": "5731752de6313a140071cf56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "drumming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did traditional Native American music center around?",
       "id": "5731752de6313a140071cf57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?",
       "id": "5731752de6313a140071cf58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "rivercane, cedar, and other woods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?",
       "id": "5731752de6313a140071cf59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 630,
         "text": "single"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?",
       "id": "5731752de6313a140071cf5a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and \"rain\" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600\u2013900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "pentatonic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What feature did the music of Central America have?",
       "id": "57317628e6313a140071cf60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "inseparable from"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What role did music play in the religious festivities? ",
       "id": "57317628e6313a140071cf61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "large variety of percussion and wind"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?",
       "id": "57317628e6313a140071cf62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "a jar in Guatemala"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?",
       "id": "57317628e6313a140071cf63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 791,
         "text": "a jaguar's growl"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?",
       "id": "57317628e6313a140071cf64"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the cach\u00e9 of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Visual arts by indigenous peoples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What comprises a major category in the world art collection?",
       "id": "57317711497a881900248f1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "indigenous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? ",
       "id": "57317711497a881900248f1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "too many artists were posing as Native Americans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?",
       "id": "57317711497a881900248f1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "a state or federally recognized tribe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?",
       "id": "57317711497a881900248f1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 798,
         "text": "2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?",
       "id": "57317711497a881900248f1f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaran\u00ed (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaqu\u00ed (31,753), the Mocov\u00ed (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comeching\u00f3n (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charr\u00faa (4,511), the Pilag\u00e1 (4,465), the Chan\u00e9 (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cac\u00e1n language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "about 600,329"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?",
       "id": "573177ab05b4da19006bd1d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "113,680"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?",
       "id": "573177ab05b4da19006bd1d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 603,
         "text": "Minor but important peoples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are the Quechua and Chorote?",
       "id": "573177ab05b4da19006bd1d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 741,
         "text": "The Selknam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?",
       "id": "573177ab05b4da19006bd1d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1084,
         "text": "a handful of elderly people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? ",
       "id": "573177ab05b4da19006bd1d8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaran\u00ed, 126,000; and Moje\u00f1o, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "62%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?",
       "id": "5731785b497a881900248f39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "3.7%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?",
       "id": "5731785b497a881900248f3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "66.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?",
       "id": "5731785b497a881900248f3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 618,
         "text": "36"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?",
       "id": "5731785b497a881900248f3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 880,
         "text": "fifty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?",
       "id": "5731785b497a881900248f3d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of \"empowered caciques\" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted \"grassroots territorial organizations\" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "Bolivian highland peasants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?",
       "id": "573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "ethnic and class militancy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?",
       "id": "573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "dissolution of communal landholdings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?",
       "id": "573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "Indigenous revolts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What took place frequently until 1953?",
       "id": "573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 765,
         "text": "March for Territory and Dignity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?",
       "id": "573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Morales began work on his \"indigenous autonomy\" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it \"a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement\", saying that, though he might make errors, he would \"never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people\". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Morales"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?",
       "id": "57317b1d497a881900248f71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?",
       "id": "57317b1d497a881900248f72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?",
       "id": "57317b1d497a881900248f73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "fight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the President vow he would never betray?",
       "id": "57317b1d497a881900248f74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 632,
         "text": "divided"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?",
       "id": "57317b1d497a881900248f75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Morales"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?",
       "id": "57317b1de6313a140071cf86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?",
       "id": "57317b1de6313a140071cf87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?",
       "id": "57317b1de6313a140071cf88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "fight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the President vow he would never betray?",
       "id": "57317b1de6313a140071cf89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 632,
         "text": "divided"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?",
       "id": "57317b1de6313a140071cf8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "0.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?",
       "id": "57318080497a881900248f8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "Indian reservations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?",
       "id": "57318080497a881900248f91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "millions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?",
       "id": "57318080497a881900248f90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "67"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?",
       "id": "57318080497a881900248f92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "Brazil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?",
       "id": "57318080497a881900248f93"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and M\u00e9tis; the descriptors \"Indian\" and \"Eskimo\" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. \"Eskimo\" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean \"eater of raw meat.\" Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The M\u00e9tis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "\"eater of raw meat.\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term Eskimo said to mean?",
       "id": "5731812105b4da19006bd1f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Aboriginal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?",
       "id": "5731812105b4da19006bd1f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "Hundreds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?",
       "id": "5731812105b4da19006bd1f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "The M\u00e9tis culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?",
       "id": "5731812105b4da19006bd1f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "Various laws, treaties, and legislation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?",
       "id": "5731812105b4da19006bd1f6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as \"Canadian culture\". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "relatively peaceful"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?",
       "id": "573181eee6313a140071cfda"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "national culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?",
       "id": "573181eee6313a140071cfdb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "late 18th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?",
       "id": "573181eee6313a140071cfdc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 715,
         "text": "cultures and contributions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?",
       "id": "573181eee6313a140071cfdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 795,
         "text": "over 600"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?",
       "id": "573181eee6313a140071cfde"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucan\u00eda and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300\u2013350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucan\u00eda the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "the Rapanui"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?",
       "id": "57318280e6313a140071cfe5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "4.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?",
       "id": "57318280e6313a140071cfe4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "the Mapuche"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?",
       "id": "57318280e6313a140071cfe6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "350 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?",
       "id": "57318280e6313a140071cfe7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "1880s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?",
       "id": "57318280e6313a140071cfe8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Ca\u00f1aris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "many indigenous cultures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Ecuador the site of?",
       "id": "57318336a5e9cc1400cdc003"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "coastal region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Valdivia culture develop?",
       "id": "57318336a5e9cc1400cdc004"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "the Caras and the Quitus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?",
       "id": "57318336a5e9cc1400cdc005"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "The Ca\u00f1aris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What culture did the Inca fear the most?",
       "id": "57318336a5e9cc1400cdc006"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "architecture remains"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?",
       "id": "57318336a5e9cc1400cdc007"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruh\u00e1, the Ca\u00f1ari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "96.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?",
       "id": "57318409e6313a140071cff8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "Inca"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?",
       "id": "57318409e6313a140071cffa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "valleys of the Sierra region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do the Highland Quichuas live?",
       "id": "57318409e6313a140071cff9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "Highland Quichuas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?",
       "id": "57318409e6313a140071cffc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "Kichwa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?",
       "id": "57318409e6313a140071cffb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira"
        }
       ],
       "question": "El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?",
       "id": "57318511e6313a140071d00c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "Cuzcatlan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?",
       "id": "57318511e6313a140071d00d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "Nawat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the language of the Pipil?",
       "id": "57318511e6313a140071d00e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 781,
         "text": "barbaric invaders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?",
       "id": "57318511e6313a140071d00f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1262,
         "text": "Mestizo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?",
       "id": "57318511e6313a140071d010"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "About five percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?",
       "id": "573185bf05b4da19006bd224"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "about ten percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?",
       "id": "573185bf05b4da19006bd225"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "rural westernmost areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? ",
       "id": "573185bf05b4da19006bd226"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "indigenous people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?",
       "id": "573185bf05b4da19006bd227"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Pur\u00e9pecha in present-day Michoac\u00e1n and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s first landed at Veracruz.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "indigenous civilizations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?",
       "id": "57318658e6313a140071d02a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Olmecs flourish?",
       "id": "57318658e6313a140071d02b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?",
       "id": "57318658e6313a140071d02c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "the Maya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who lived in the Yucatan?",
       "id": "57318658e6313a140071d02d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Tenochtitlan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Aztec's central capital located?",
       "id": "57318658e6313a140071d02e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The \"General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples\" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them \u2014 more than 60 languages \u2014 the status of \"national languages\". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? ",
       "id": "5731877f05b4da19006bd236"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "some public services and documents in their native languages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?",
       "id": "5731877f05b4da19006bd237"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 890,
         "text": "bilingual primary and secondary education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?",
       "id": "5731877f05b4da19006bd239"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "more than 60"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many languages have been giving the status of \"national languages\"?",
       "id": "5731877f05b4da19006bd238"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1025,
         "text": "about 67% of them"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?",
       "id": "5731877f05b4da19006bd23a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camar\u00f3n, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "About 5%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?",
       "id": "57318951497a881900248fe7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "frequent contact with the British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Creole English come about?",
       "id": "57318951497a881900248fe9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "Miskito"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?",
       "id": "57318951497a881900248fe8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "total power"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What didn't the king have in Miskito society?",
       "id": "57318951497a881900248fea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 861,
         "text": "some 10,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?",
       "id": "57318951497a881900248feb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship\u2014or what Renato Rosaldo has called, \"the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense\" (1996:243)\u2014is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "45%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?",
       "id": "573189d605b4da19006bd254"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "Native Peruvian traditions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?",
       "id": "573189d705b4da19006bd255"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 150,
         "text": "Cultural citizenship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is not very well developed in Peru?",
       "id": "573189d705b4da19006bd256"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "Amazonian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?",
       "id": "573189d705b4da19006bd257"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called \"American Indians\", or simply \"Indians\" domestically, or \"Native Americans\" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, I\u00f1upiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "the contiguous United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as \"American Indians\"?",
       "id": "57318a94e6313a140071d074"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "Alaska Natives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?",
       "id": "57318a94e6313a140071d076"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "11"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?",
       "id": "57318a94e6313a140071d075"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "Polynesian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?",
       "id": "57318a94e6313a140071d077"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "geographically and culturally"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?",
       "id": "57318a94e6313a140071d078"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US\u2013Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US\u2013Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, I\u00f1upiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "0.97% to 2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?",
       "id": "5731a5edb9d445190005e42f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "5.2 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?",
       "id": "5731a5edb9d445190005e430"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "1.8 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?",
       "id": "5731a5edb9d445190005e431"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 589,
         "text": "Indian reservations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?",
       "id": "5731a5edb9d445190005e432"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 747,
         "text": "Haudenosaunee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?",
       "id": "5731a5edb9d445190005e433"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "0.97% to 2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?",
       "id": "5731a5ede17f3d14004222a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "1.8 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?",
       "id": "5731a5ede17f3d14004222a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "5.2 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?",
       "id": "5731a5ede17f3d14004222a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 747,
         "text": "Haudenosaunee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?",
       "id": "5731a5ede17f3d14004222a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 589,
         "text": "Indian reservations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?",
       "id": "5731a5ede17f3d14004222a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "some indigenous heritage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do most Venezuelans have?",
       "id": "5731a687e17f3d14004222b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "around 29"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?",
       "id": "5731a687e17f3d14004222ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "groups are very small"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?",
       "id": "5731a687e17f3d14004222bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 501,
         "text": "Timoto-cuicas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?",
       "id": "5731a687e17f3d14004222bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 746,
         "text": "agricultural techniques used"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?",
       "id": "5731a687e17f3d14004222bd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Native American name"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?",
       "id": "5731a7740fdd8d15006c642b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "shared language, region, or historical relationship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How may subsets of peoples be named?",
       "id": "5731a7740fdd8d15006c642c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "English exonyms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?",
       "id": "5731a7740fdd8d15006c642d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "earlier explorers and colonists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?",
       "id": "5731a7740fdd8d15006c642e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 712,
         "text": "out of prejudice and fear"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?",
       "id": "5731a7740fdd8d15006c642f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term \"Native American,\" to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "the ways they wish to be referred to"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?",
       "id": "5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6435"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "obsolete, inaccurate, or racist."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?",
       "id": "5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6436"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "United States government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who initially proposed using the term \"Native American\" to recognize the primacy of the native population?",
       "id": "5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6437"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 572,
         "text": "none"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?",
       "id": "5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6438"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "the Americas (mainly South America)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?",
       "id": "5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "preservation of their culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?",
       "id": "5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "Indian Council of South America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?",
       "id": "5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 599,
         "text": "Canada and the United States,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?",
       "id": "5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European \"foreign power elite\" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Representatives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?",
       "id": "5731aab1b9d445190005e443"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 282,
         "text": "destabilize the country"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?",
       "id": "5731aab1b9d445190005e444"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 332,
         "text": "solidarity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?",
       "id": "5731aab1b9d445190005e445"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "diplomats and NGOs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the forum question about US interference?",
       "id": "5731aab1b9d445190005e446"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "plots against Bolivia and other countries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the forum suspicious of?",
       "id": "5731aab1b9d445190005e447"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. \"Y-DNA\" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while \"mtDNA\" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal \"atDNA\" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?",
       "id": "5731ab71e17f3d14004222d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "patrilineal line"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is Y-DNA passed along?",
       "id": "5731ab71e17f3d14004222d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "chance mutation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?",
       "id": "5731ab71e17f3d14004222da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "mtDNA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?",
       "id": "5731ab71e17f3d14004222d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "average continent-of-ancestry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?",
       "id": "5731ab71e17f3d14004222db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that \"the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "Amerindians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?",
       "id": "5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "Asian population"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?",
       "id": "5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 509,
         "text": "Middle Paleolithic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?",
       "id": "5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?",
       "id": "5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 645,
         "text": "mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?",
       "id": "5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Den\u00e9, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "stages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did human settlement of the New World occur in?",
       "id": "5731acdeb9d445190005e461"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "15,000 to 20,000-year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?",
       "id": "5731acdeb9d445190005e462"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 349,
         "text": "isolated since the initial colonization of the region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?",
       "id": "5731acdeb9d445190005e463"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "Alaskan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?",
       "id": "5731acdeb9d445190005e464"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 717,
         "text": "later migrant populations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?",
       "id": "5731acdeb9d445190005e465"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have \"had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought\". \"We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population,\" the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 2,
         "text": "2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?",
       "id": "5731ad73e17f3d14004222eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "24,000-year-old"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was the young boy's remains?",
       "id": "5731ad73e17f3d14004222ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Mal'ta-Buret'"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What culture was the boy from?",
       "id": "5731ad73e17f3d14004222ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "western Eurasians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?",
       "id": "5731ad73e17f3d14004222ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "14 to 38 percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?",
       "id": "5731ad73e17f3d14004222ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that \"The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 2,
         "text": "route through Beringia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?",
       "id": "5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6447"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "similarities in ages and geographical distributions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?",
       "id": "5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6448"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "the mtDNA phylogeny"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?",
       "id": "5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6449"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?",
       "id": "5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c644a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 541,
         "text": "an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?",
       "id": "5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c644b"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Egypt",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Egypt (i/\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt/; Arabic: \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0631\u200e Mi\u1e63r, Egyptian Arabic: \u0645\u064e\u0635\u0631 Ma\u1e63r, Coptic: \u2cac\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "Africa and southwest corner of Asia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 2 continents meet at Egypt?",
       "id": "57312d39497a881900248c11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "Sinai Peninsula"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What land bridge between Asian and Africa?",
       "id": "57312d39497a881900248c12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "1,010,408 square kilometres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How larger is Egypt?",
       "id": "57312d39497a881900248c13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "Red Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Sea borders Egypt to the east?",
       "id": "57312d39497a881900248c14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 595,
         "text": "Sudan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country borders Egypt to the south?",
       "id": "57312d39497a881900248c15"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "tenth millennium BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How far back does Egypt's history date back?",
       "id": "57313756a5e9cc1400cdbd05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?",
       "id": "57313756a5e9cc1400cdbd06"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 725,
         "text": "Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?",
       "id": "57313756a5e9cc1400cdbd07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?",
       "id": "57313756a5e9cc1400cdbd08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 906,
         "text": "seventh century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?",
       "id": "57313756a5e9cc1400cdbd09"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "over 90 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many inhabitants does Egypt have?",
       "id": "5731385505b4da19006bcee0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "third-most populous in Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?",
       "id": "5731385505b4da19006bcee1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "Nile River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Majority of Egypt people live near what river?",
       "id": "5731385505b4da19006bcee2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 407,
         "text": "Sahara desert"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?",
       "id": "5731385505b4da19006bcee3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "President Hosni Mubarak"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What leader stepped down in 2011?",
       "id": "57313d70497a881900248cb7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 464,
         "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?",
       "id": "57313d70497a881900248cb8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "tourism, agriculture, industry and services"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What economic sectors does Egypt have?",
       "id": "57313d70497a881900248cb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What influence does Egypt have?",
       "id": "57313d70497a881900248cba"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Mi\u1e63r (IPA: [mi\u0320s\u02e4r] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mes\u02e4\u027e]; Arabic: \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0631\u200e) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Ma\u1e63r (IPA: [m\u0251s\u02e4\u027e]; Egyptian Arabic: \u0645\u064e\u0635\u0631) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew \u05de\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd (Mitzr\u00e1yim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian \ud808\uddb3 \ud808\ude2a \ud808\udd11 \ud808\ude92 KURmi-i\u1e63-ru mi\u1e63ru, related to mi\u1e63ru/mi\u1e63irru/mi\u1e63aru, meaning \"border\" or \"frontier\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Mi\u1e63r"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?",
       "id": "57313f1e497a881900248ccf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 343,
         "text": "\u05de\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?",
       "id": "57313f1e497a881900248cd0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "Akkadian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the oldest term for Egypt?",
       "id": "57313f1e497a881900248cd1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "\"border\" or \"frontier\"."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?",
       "id": "57313f1e497a881900248cd2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "Nile Valley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?",
       "id": "5731439c497a881900248d1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 174,
         "text": "Badarian culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?",
       "id": "5731439c497a881900248d1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 730,
         "text": "3200 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?",
       "id": "5731439c497a881900248d1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "more than two thousand years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?",
       "id": "5731439c497a881900248d1e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "150 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?",
       "id": "573144cc497a881900248d2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 422,
         "text": "Hyksos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?",
       "id": "573144cc497a881900248d2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "Avaris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?",
       "id": "573144cc497a881900248d2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "Semitic Hyksos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?",
       "id": "573144cc497a881900248d30"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The New Kingdom c. 1550\u20131070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "1550\u20131070 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year were the New Kingdom in control?",
       "id": "573147d7e6313a140071cdb2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "Eighteenth Dynasty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?",
       "id": "573147d7e6313a140071cdb3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?",
       "id": "573147d7e6313a140071cdb4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 632,
         "text": "Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?",
       "id": "573147d7e6313a140071cdb5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "Achaemenid Persians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?",
       "id": "57314908497a881900248d57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "Psamtik III"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?",
       "id": "57314908497a881900248d58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "Susa in Persia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?",
       "id": "57314908497a881900248d59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "525 BC to 402 BC,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?",
       "id": "57314908497a881900248d5a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?",
       "id": "57315327e6313a140071ce20"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "Pharaohs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?",
       "id": "57315327e6313a140071ce22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Alexandria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?",
       "id": "57315327e6313a140071ce21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "Egyptian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?",
       "id": "57315327e6313a140071ce23"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "Cleopatra VII"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?",
       "id": "573154ae05b4da19006bd048"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "Octavian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?",
       "id": "573154ae05b4da19006bd049"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "suicide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Mark Anthony's love die?",
       "id": "573154ae05b4da19006bd04a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "Rome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What culture annexed Egypt?",
       "id": "573154ae05b4da19006bd04b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Byzantines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?",
       "id": "57315661e6313a140071ce32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?",
       "id": "57315661e6313a140071ce33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "ten years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?",
       "id": "57315661e6313a140071ce34"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "Sunni Islam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?",
       "id": "57315661e6313a140071ce35"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corv\u00e9e to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Muhammad Ali Pasha"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who modernized Egyptian army?",
       "id": "57315767a5e9cc1400cdbec1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "strengthening it with numbers and in skill"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what 2 ways was Army improved?",
       "id": "57315767a5e9cc1400cdbec2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "to avoid distraction of their growth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did military use barracks?",
       "id": "57315767a5e9cc1400cdbec3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 630,
         "text": "nationalism and pride"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?",
       "id": "57315767a5e9cc1400cdbec4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, \"with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "1869"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Suez canal completed?",
       "id": "5731583a497a881900248e43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?",
       "id": "5731583a497a881900248e44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "1875"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?",
       "id": "5731583a497a881900248e45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "Ismail"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?",
       "id": "5731583a497a881900248e47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "British Government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?",
       "id": "5731583a497a881900248e46"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'\u00e9tat known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "1923"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was new constitution drafted?",
       "id": "5731596ee6313a140071ce5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "parliamentary system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What system of government was constitution based on?",
       "id": "5731596ee6313a140071ce5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "Saad Zaghlul"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was elected in 1924?",
       "id": "5731596ee6313a140071ce60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 495,
         "text": "his son Fuad"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who succeeded King Farouk?",
       "id": "5731596ee6313a140071ce61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "1954"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731596ee6313a140071ce62"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1958"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?",
       "id": "57315ab9a5e9cc1400cdbee7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "United Arab Republic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the sovereign union with Syria known?",
       "id": "57315ab9a5e9cc1400cdbee8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "1961"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did the union with Syria last?",
       "id": "57315ab9a5e9cc1400cdbee9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as \"baseless\", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, \"The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "Mohamed Fawzi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?",
       "id": "57315bf205b4da19006bd0c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "three successive steps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?",
       "id": "57315bf205b4da19006bd0c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "Soviet Union i"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?",
       "id": "57315bf205b4da19006bd0c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "23 May"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what day did Nasser state \"The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?\"",
       "id": "57315bf205b4da19006bd0c7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "less than half a million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?",
       "id": "57315d4be6313a140071ce8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "four million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s",
       "id": "57315d4be6313a140071ce8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "17 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s",
       "id": "57315d4be6313a140071ce90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 725,
         "text": "Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?",
       "id": "57315d4be6313a140071ce91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 889,
         "text": "went from sluggish to the verge of collapse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?",
       "id": "57315d4be6313a140071ce92"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1970"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Nasser die?",
       "id": "57315e23e6313a140071ce9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "Anwar Sadat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who succeeded Nasser?",
       "id": "57315e23e6313a140071ce9f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "United States,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?",
       "id": "57315e23e6313a140071cea0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the October War?",
       "id": "57315e23e6313a140071cea1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 536,
         "text": "peace with Israel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?",
       "id": "57315e23e6313a140071cea2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "foreign investment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was encouraged through Infitah?",
       "id": "57315ef905b4da19006bd108"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "reduced taxes and import tariffs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?",
       "id": "57315ef905b4da19006bd109"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 568,
         "text": "elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?",
       "id": "57315ef905b4da19006bd10b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 630,
         "text": "Egyptian Bread Riots."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What occured in 1977?",
       "id": "57315ef905b4da19006bd10a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.[citation needed] As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "National Democratic Party,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?",
       "id": "57316483497a881900248ec3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?",
       "id": "57316483497a881900248ec4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 379,
         "text": "late 1990s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?",
       "id": "57316483497a881900248ec5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a \"pharaonic\" political system, and democracy as a \"long-term goal\". Dessouki also stated that \"the real center of power in Egypt is the military\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "parties from using religion as a basis for political activity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?",
       "id": "57316581a5e9cc1400cdbf21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?",
       "id": "57316581a5e9cc1400cdbf24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "democracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the long term goal for Egypt?",
       "id": "57316581a5e9cc1400cdbf22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?",
       "id": "57316581a5e9cc1400cdbf23"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participating although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure. On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, who at this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The poll, held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a landslide victory for el-Sisi. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote. Even though the military-backed authorities extended voting to a third day, the 46% turnout was lower than the 52% turnout in the 2012 election.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "18 January 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was interim government instituted?",
       "id": "573166c9e6313a140071ceea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "98.1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the support by voters for referendum?",
       "id": "573166c9e6313a140071ceeb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was elected President in 2014?",
       "id": "573166c9e6313a140071ceec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 684,
         "text": "Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group boycotted the elections?",
       "id": "573166c9e6313a140071ceed"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "winter months"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does most of Egypts rain fall?",
       "id": "57316982a5e9cc1400cdbf29"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does snow fall in Egypt?",
       "id": "57316982a5e9cc1400cdbf2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "13 December 2013,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the last snow fall in Cairo?",
       "id": "57316982a5e9cc1400cdbf2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 595,
         "text": "Egypt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the sunniest county in the world?",
       "id": "57316982a5e9cc1400cdbf2c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "2426"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?",
       "id": "57316c65497a881900248ec9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "627"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?",
       "id": "57316c65497a881900248eca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "1483"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?",
       "id": "57316c65497a881900248ecb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "15,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?",
       "id": "57316c65497a881900248ecc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "371"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?",
       "id": "57316c65497a881900248ecd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date. The Egyptian presidential election, 2014, took place on 26\u201328 May 2014. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.91% compared to 757,511 (3.09%) for Hamdeen Sabahi.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "legislation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?",
       "id": "5731708705b4da19006bd180"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 640,
         "text": "96.91%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of votes did el-Sisi get? ",
       "id": "5731708705b4da19006bd182"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "five-year terms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tems do House of Representatives serve?",
       "id": "5731708705b4da19006bd181"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 679,
         "text": "Hamdeen Sabahi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?",
       "id": "5731708705b4da19006bd183"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?",
       "id": "57317090497a881900248ee7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?",
       "id": "57317090497a881900248ee8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "tourism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks?",
       "id": "57317090497a881900248ee9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on \"religion, race, gender or geography\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "18 January 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was new constitution institutionalised?",
       "id": "5731715ce6313a140071cf42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "four-year term"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long are presidential terms?",
       "id": "5731715ce6313a140071cf43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "2 terms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many terms may a president serve?",
       "id": "5731715ce6313a140071cf44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "parliament"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who may impeach the president?",
       "id": "5731715ce6313a140071cf45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "religion, race, gender or geography"
        }
       ],
       "question": "what may not be basis for political party?",
       "id": "5731715ce6313a140071cf46"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "fifth worst"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?",
       "id": "573173d8497a881900248f0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "84%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?",
       "id": "573173d8497a881900248f0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 664,
         "text": "adultery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?",
       "id": "573173d8497a881900248f0d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009. There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "great strides forward"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?",
       "id": "5731756c05b4da19006bd1ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "98%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?",
       "id": "5731756c05b4da19006bd1cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "44.8 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was life expectancy in 1960s?",
       "id": "5731756c05b4da19006bd1cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 312,
         "text": "72.12 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the life expectancy in 2009?",
       "id": "5731756c05b4da19006bd1cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "noticeable decline"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What direction has infant mortality rate taken?",
       "id": "5731756c05b4da19006bd1ce"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "551-600"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?",
       "id": "573176cae6313a140071cf6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "360"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?",
       "id": "573176cae6313a140071cf6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "701+ range"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?",
       "id": "573176cae6313a140071cf6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "modernising research"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the aim of new research institutes?",
       "id": "573176cae6313a140071cf6d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches. Intolerance of Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis, also remains a problem. When the government moved to computerise identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, could not obtain identification documents. An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognised.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "discrimination at multiple levels of the government,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Coptic Christians face?",
       "id": "5731779aa5e9cc1400cdbf95"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "religious minorities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?",
       "id": "5731779aa5e9cc1400cdbf96"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 509,
         "text": "2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith?",
       "id": "5731779aa5e9cc1400cdbf97"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed \"deep alarm\" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law. By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after the coup  after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "capital punishment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?",
       "id": "573178c3497a881900248f43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 813,
         "text": "terrorist organisation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?",
       "id": "573178c3497a881900248f45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "529"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?",
       "id": "573178c3497a881900248f44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 422,
         "text": "Mohamed Morsi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What former president's supporters are set to be executed?",
       "id": "573178c3497a881900248f46"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After Morsi was ousted by the military, the judiciary system aligned itself with the new government, actively suopporting the repression of Muslim Brotherhood members. This resulted in a sharp increase in mass death sentences that arose criticism from the US president Barack Obama and the General Secretary of the UN, Ban Ki Moon. In April 2013, one judge of the Minya governatorate of Upper Egypt, sentenced 1,212 people to death. In December 2014 the judge Mohammed Nagi Shahata, notorious for his fierceness in passing on death sentences, condemened to the capital penalty 188 members of the Muslim Brotherhood, for assaulting a police station. Various Egyptian and international human rights organisations have already pointed out the lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes and do not take into consideration the procedural standards of fair trials.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "US president Barack Obama"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What US president was critical of Egypt's repression of Muslim Brotherhood?",
       "id": "57317a2505b4da19006bd1de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 410,
         "text": "1,212"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many individuals did one judge in Minya governatorate court sentence to death in April 2013?",
       "id": "57317a2505b4da19006bd1df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 740,
         "text": "lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the criticism of judge Mohammad NAgi Shatata sentence of 188 member of Muslim Brotherhood for assaulting police station?",
       "id": "57317a2505b4da19006bd1e0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The United States provides Egypt with annual military assistance, which in 2015 amounted to US$1.3 billion. In 1989, Egypt was designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Nevertheless, ties between the two countries have partially soured since the July 2013 military coup that deposed Islamist president Mohamed Morsi, with the Obama administration condemning Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, and cancelling future military exercises involving the two countries. There have been recent attempts, however, to normalise relations between the two, with both governments frequently calling for mutual support in the fight against regional and international terrorism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "US$1.3 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much military assistance di US give Egypt in 2015?",
       "id": "57317b4d05b4da19006bd1e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event soured relations of US and Egypt in 2013?",
       "id": "57317b4d05b4da19006bd1e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods. The Armed Forces' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world. Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US, French, and British equipment, a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt, such as the M1 Abrams tank.[citation needed] Relations with Russia have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military and trade ties among other aspects of bilateral co-operation. Relations with China have also improved considerably. In 2014, Egypt and China have established a bilateral \"comprehensive strategic partnership\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "Soviet Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Equipment from what country is being replaced?",
       "id": "5731926ca5e9cc1400cdc0df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "dozens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many factories does Egyptian military have?",
       "id": "5731926ca5e9cc1400cdc0e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "Russia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After Morsi removal, what country has Egypt improved relations with?",
       "id": "5731926ca5e9cc1400cdc0e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 699,
         "text": "China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2014 what country did Egypt form partnership with?",
       "id": "5731926ca5e9cc1400cdc0e2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "Cairo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Arab League headquarters?",
       "id": "57319331497a88190024905b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "Nabil el-Araby"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the leader of Arab League?",
       "id": "57319331497a88190024905c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 379,
         "text": "United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties?",
       "id": "57319331497a88190024905d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process. Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi, and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "Israel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country has Egypt famously had peace with since 1973 treaty?",
       "id": "5731bbf00fdd8d15006c64b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "still widely considered as a hostile"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is Israel considered a safe state for egyptians?",
       "id": "5731bbf00fdd8d15006c64b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "mediator"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rope has Egypt played in Middle East peace efforts?",
       "id": "5731bbf00fdd8d15006c64b7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What areas of economy is Egypt dependent on?",
       "id": "5731bcdfe17f3d140042235d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 174,
         "text": "Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly?",
       "id": "5731bcdfe17f3d140042235e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "Lake Nasser"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What lake reulted from completion of Aswan High Dam?",
       "id": "5731bcdfe17f3d140042235f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "1970"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was Aswan High Dam completed?",
       "id": "5731bcdfe17f3d1400422360"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Suez, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi), and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 963,
         "text": "has been a net oil importer since 2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?",
       "id": "5731bee9e17f3d1400422387"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 166,
         "text": "600,000 tonnes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai?",
       "id": "5731bee9e17f3d1400422386"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?",
       "id": "5731bee9e17f3d1400422388"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Egypts energy market based upon?",
       "id": "5731bee9e17f3d1400422385"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Economic conditions have started to improve considerably, after a period of stagnation, due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. In its annual report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms. Some major economic reforms undertaken by the government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs. A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%, resulting in a stated 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "improve considerably"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been the trend lately in the Egypt economy?",
       "id": "5731bfcc0fdd8d15006c64fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "stock market"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731bfcc0fdd8d15006c64fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 537,
         "text": "decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was change made to corporate taxes in 2005?",
       "id": "5731bfcc0fdd8d15006c64fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ws the overall impact to tax revenue from change of corporate tax rate?",
       "id": "5731bfcc0fdd8d15006c64fe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak, exceeding $6 billion in 2006, due to economic liberalisation and privatisation measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin.[citation needed] Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues, followed by a 60% drop in foreign exchange reserves, a 3% drop in growth, and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "$6 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much had FDI increased to in 2006?",
       "id": "5731c223e99e3014001e625c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "drastic fall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone?",
       "id": "5731c223e99e3014001e625d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "60% drop"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011?",
       "id": "5731c223e99e3014001e625e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "3% drop"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been the overall growth of economy since 2011?",
       "id": "5731c223e99e3014001e625f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Corruption is often cited by Egyptians as the main impediment to further economic growth. The government promised major reconstruction of the country's infrastructure, using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat in 2006. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "limited trickle down"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population?",
       "id": "5731c45ae17f3d14004223a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices, while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate?",
       "id": "5731c45ae17f3d14004223aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure?",
       "id": "5731c45ae17f3d14004223ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 612,
         "text": "114 out of 177"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Egypt rank in Corruption perceptions Index in 2013?",
       "id": "5731c45ae17f3d14004223ac"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center. The information technology (IT) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years, with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other major corporations, as well as many small and medium size enterprises. Some of these companies are the Xceed Contact Center, Raya, E Group Connections and C3. The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Egypt's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies?",
       "id": "5731ccf7e17f3d1400422413"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "information technology (IT)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe?",
       "id": "5731ccf7e17f3d1400422414"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has stimulated IT sector?",
       "id": "5731ccf7e17f3d1400422415"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, Sharm el-Sheikh (or City of Peace), Hurghada, Luxor (known as world's greatest open-air museum/ or City of the \u2153 of world monuments), Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist's destinations of the recreational tourism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "Mediterranean and the Red Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are Egyptian beaches situated?",
       "id": "5731cf890fdd8d15006c656f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "3,000 km"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How far do Egyptian beaches extend?",
       "id": "5731cf890fdd8d15006c6570"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "Red Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?",
       "id": "5731cf890fdd8d15006c6572"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?",
       "id": "5731cf890fdd8d15006c6571"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "691,000 bbl/d"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?",
       "id": "5731d2a9e99e3014001e6300"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "2,141.05 Tcf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?",
       "id": "5731d2a9e99e3014001e6301"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "largest consumer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa?",
       "id": "5731d2a9e99e3014001e6302"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "El Dabaa city"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant?",
       "id": "5731d2a9e99e3014001e6303"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the half-way point.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Suez Canal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east?",
       "id": "5731d33d0fdd8d15006c658b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "artificial sea-level waterway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is the Suez Canal natural?",
       "id": "5731d33d0fdd8d15006c658c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 2 bodies of water does Suez connect?",
       "id": "5731d33d0fdd8d15006c658d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "November 1869"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Suez canal completed?",
       "id": "5731d33d0fdd8d15006c658e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100.82 mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (5.6 mi). The canal is a single lane with passing places in the \"Ballah By-Pass\" and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 13,
         "text": "193.30 km (120.11 mi)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is Suez canal?",
       "id": "5731d3feb9d445190005e593"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "24 m (79 ft)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How deep is Suez canal?",
       "id": "5731d3feb9d445190005e594"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "205 metres (673 ft)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How wide is Suez canal?",
       "id": "5731d3feb9d445190005e595"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "no locks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many locks are contained in Suez Canal?",
       "id": "5731d3feb9d445190005e596"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "north in winter and south in summer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What direction does the canal north of Bitter lakes flow?",
       "id": "5731d3feb9d445190005e597"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Drinking water supply and sanitation in Egypt is characterised by both achievements and challenges. Among the achievements are an increase of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 from 89% to 100% in urban areas and from 39% to 93% in rural areas despite rapid population growth, the elimination of open defecation in rural areas during the same period, and in general a relatively high level of investment in infrastructure. Access to an improved water source in Egypt is now practically universal with a rate of 99%. About one half of the population is connected to sanitary sewers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Drinking water supply and sanitation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What basic part of civilization has been characterized by achievement and challenges?",
       "id": "5731d53d0fdd8d15006c6593"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "89% to 100%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to urban areas?",
       "id": "5731d53d0fdd8d15006c6594"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "39% to 93%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas?",
       "id": "5731d53d0fdd8d15006c6595"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "99%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Currently how much of Egypt's population is connected to sanitary sewers?",
       "id": "5731d53d0fdd8d15006c6596"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of diarrhoea. Another challenge is low cost recovery due to water tariffs that are among the lowest in the world. This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs, a situation that has been aggravated by salary increases without tariff increases after the Arab Spring. Poor operation of facilities, such as water and wastewater treatment plants, as well as limited government accountability and transparency, are also issues.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "diarrhoea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because of low sanitation coverage 17,000 Egyptian children to die each year from what condition?",
       "id": "5731d666e17f3d1400422485"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "among the lowest in the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Relative to other countries of world how do Egypts's water tariffs compare?",
       "id": "5731d666e17f3d1400422486"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "government subsidies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Due to low waer tariffs, what is required to maintain water treatment operation?",
       "id": "5731d666e17f3d1400422487"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 91% of the total population. Ethnic minorities include the Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula, the Berber-speaking Siwis (Amazigh) of the Siwa Oasis, and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Ethnic Egyptians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest ethnic group in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731d976b9d445190005e5b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?",
       "id": "5731d976b9d445190005e5ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "Nile Delta and Faiyum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are Dom clans mostly gathered?",
       "id": "5731d976b9d445190005e5bb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers, estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million. There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees, and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees, but the number of the largest group, the Sudanese, is contested.[nb 1] The once-vibrant and ancient Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared, with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious or other occasions and tourism. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "between 500,000 and 3 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731daf6b9d445190005e5bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 571,
         "text": "Cairo, Alexandria and other cities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?",
       "id": "5731daf6b9d445190005e5c2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "70,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731daf6b9d445190005e5c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "150,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731daf6b9d445190005e5c1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the \"lingua franca\" of the city.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "Modern Standard Arabic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is official language of Egypt?",
       "id": "5731dbb7e17f3d14004224a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "Greek, Armenian and Italian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are main laguages of immigrants?",
       "id": "5731dbb7e17f3d14004224aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "Alexandria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?",
       "id": "5731dbb7e17f3d14004224ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731dbb7e17f3d14004224ac"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "Christian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Prior to 7th century, what was primary religion of Egypt?",
       "id": "5731dd79b9d445190005e5d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "Sharia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731dd79b9d445190005e5d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "Anwar Sadat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under what leader did Islam become official religion of Egypt?",
       "id": "5731dd79b9d445190005e5d3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Of the Christian minority in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the Syro-Lebanese, who belong to Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "Coptic Orthodox Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What church do 90% of Christian minority in Egypt belong?",
       "id": "5731dfa30fdd8d15006c65df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?",
       "id": "5731dfa30fdd8d15006c65e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Syro-Lebanese belong to?",
       "id": "5731dfa30fdd8d15006c65e1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians, such as the small Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and Ahmadi community, are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security. Individuals, particularly Baha'is and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability (see Egyptian identification card controversy), and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "Islam, Christianity, and Judaism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?",
       "id": "5731e07b0fdd8d15006c65e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "are not recognised by the state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government?",
       "id": "5731e07b0fdd8d15006c65e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 652,
         "text": "2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Until what year did some minorities need to lie about religion or not get mandatory state issued ID?",
       "id": "5731e07b0fdd8d15006c65e7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture. Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal pyramids, temples and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep, the Sphinx, and the temple of Abu Simbel. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef, to Mahmoud Mokhtar's sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous. The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Egyptian blue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color was frequently used in Egyptian designs?",
       "id": "5731e1dce17f3d14004224f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What art required adherence to rigid code?",
       "id": "5731e1dce17f3d14004224f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 859,
         "text": "The Cairo Opera House"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the main performing arts venue in Egyptian capital?",
       "id": "5731e1dce17f3d14004224f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 554,
         "text": "Imhotep"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the Pyramid of Djoser?",
       "id": "5731e1dce17f3d14004224f8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the book. It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East. The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Egyptians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first to develop literature?",
       "id": "5731e314e17f3d14004224fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "modern styles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first?",
       "id": "5731e314e17f3d14004224fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "Zaynab"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first modern Egyptian novel?",
       "id": "5731e314e17f3d14004224ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "1913"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Munammad Huayn Haykal's first modern novel published?",
       "id": "5731e314e17f3d1400422500"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.[citation needed] Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the Middle East. Actors from all over the Arab World seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The Cairo International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "Talaat Harb"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who financed Studio Misr?",
       "id": "5731e624e17f3d140042251a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "4000 films"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731e624e17f3d140042251b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "1936"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Studio Misr founded?",
       "id": "5731e624e17f3d1400422519"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "three quarters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt?",
       "id": "5731e624e17f3d140042251c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North-Africa. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What elements mix for Egyptian music?",
       "id": "5731e810e17f3d1400422535"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "Hathor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?",
       "id": "5731e810e17f3d1400422536"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 449,
         "text": "Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?",
       "id": "5731e810e17f3d1400422537"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 748,
         "text": "Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?",
       "id": "5731e810e17f3d1400422538"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "prehistoric"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the oldest era in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731e8aae99e3014001e63c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "at least 60"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many museums are found in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731e8aae99e3014001e63ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731e8aae99e3014001e63c9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some consider koshari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as \"ta'meyya\"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to mulukhiyya, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is koshari?",
       "id": "5731e9a50fdd8d15006c664b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Fried onions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can be added to koshari?",
       "id": "5731e9a50fdd8d15006c664c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "mulukhiyya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a polular green soup of Egypt?",
       "id": "5731e9a50fdd8d15006c664e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "Fava bean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What beans are used to make falafel?",
       "id": "5731e9a50fdd8d15006c664d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world. Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek SC. Al Ahly was named in 2000 by the Confederation of African Football as the \"African Club of the Century\". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's A.C. Milan and Argentina's Boca Juniors, both having eighteen.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Football"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most popular sport in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731ea310fdd8d15006c665d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "The Cairo Derby"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?",
       "id": "5731ea310fdd8d15006c665e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "Al Ahly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?",
       "id": "5731ea310fdd8d15006c665f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009. On Friday 19 September of the year 2014, Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive, at 332.35 metres. Ahmed set a new world record Friday when he reached a depth of more than 1,000 feet. The 14-hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in ther Red Sea, where he works as a diving instructor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?",
       "id": "5731eaed0fdd8d15006c6663"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Ahmed Gabr"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?",
       "id": "5731eaed0fdd8d15006c6664"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "1,066 feet down"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How deep did Gabr dive?",
       "id": "5731eaed0fdd8d15006c6665"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 527,
         "text": "Red Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what body of water did Gabr dive?",
       "id": "5731eaed0fdd8d15006c6666"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Mosaic",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "the 3rd millennium BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What millennium did Mosaic start?",
       "id": "57313a81a5e9cc1400cdbd57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "Pebble mosaics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?",
       "id": "57313a81a5e9cc1400cdbd58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 695,
         "text": "Byzantine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?",
       "id": "57313a81a5e9cc1400cdbd59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 599,
         "text": "the Renaissance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did mosaic fall out of fashion?",
       "id": "57313a81a5e9cc1400cdbd5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state?",
       "id": "57313a81a5e9cc1400cdbd5a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durr\u00ebs discovered in Durr\u00ebs, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl. Both of these themes were widely copied.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Bronze age"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?",
       "id": "57313c1205b4da19006bcf02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "Albania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Beauty of Durres is in what country?",
       "id": "57313c1205b4da19006bcf03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "Pergamon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The famous artists Sosus was from what area?",
       "id": "57313c1205b4da19006bcf04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "the 3rd century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Greek figure style mostly formed?",
       "id": "57313c1205b4da19006bcf05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "the 4th-century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the famous mosaic \"The Beauty of Durres\" created?",
       "id": "57313c1205b4da19006bcf06"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings, a far more prestigious artform, and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos. Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek, suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves. Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across North Africa, in places such as Carthage, and can still be seen in the extensive collection in Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "paintings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What common artform is far more prestigious than mosaic?",
       "id": "57313ec3497a881900248cc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "the Romans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas?",
       "id": "57313ec3497a881900248cc6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "Greek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Most names of Roman mosaic workers are what nationality?",
       "id": "57313ec3497a881900248cc7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "slaves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Often regular everyday craftsman were most likely what?",
       "id": "57313ec3497a881900248cc8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "North Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Carthage and Tunisia are in what general area?",
       "id": "57313ec3497a881900248cc9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "opus vermiculatum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?",
       "id": "57313f98a5e9cc1400cdbdb5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "emblemata"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were small panel mosaics known as?",
       "id": "57313f98a5e9cc1400cdbdb7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "opus tessellatum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?",
       "id": "57313f98a5e9cc1400cdbdb8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "very fine detail"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?",
       "id": "57313f98a5e9cc1400cdbdb6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 660,
         "text": "cheaper than fully coloured work"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?",
       "id": "57313f98a5e9cc1400cdbdb9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. The Roman church of Santa Costanza, which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault, which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "Nero"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?",
       "id": "5731408a05b4da19006bcf40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "the Christian era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?",
       "id": "5731408a05b4da19006bcf41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "Rome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The church of Santa Costanza is in what country?",
       "id": "5731408a05b4da19006bcf42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "64 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Domus Aurea constructed?",
       "id": "5731408a05b4da19006bcf43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "a mausoleum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what?",
       "id": "5731408a05b4da19006bcf44"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century. The most important pieces are the Circus Scene, the 64m long Great Hunting Scene, the Little Hunt, the Labours of Hercules and the famous Bikini Girls, showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century bikinis. The peristyle, the imperial apartments and the thermae were also decorated with ornamental and mythological mosaics. Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in Palermo where two houses were discovered. The most important scenes there depicted Orpheus, Alexander the Great's Hunt and the Four Seasons.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?",
       "id": "573141ed05b4da19006bcf70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "Emperor Maximian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?",
       "id": "573141ed05b4da19006bcf71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "a landslide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? ",
       "id": "573141ed05b4da19006bcf72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "64m"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?",
       "id": "573141ed05b4da19006bcf73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 865,
         "text": "Piazza Vittoria in Palermo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where in Sicily were the \"Orpheus,\" and the \"Four Seasons\" discovered?",
       "id": "573141ed05b4da19006bcf74"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The mosaics show a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue, staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a bath house within a Roman villa. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen \u2014 a \"masterpiece comparable in quality with the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "gladiatorial contests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?",
       "id": "57314befe6313a140071cde2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1913"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?",
       "id": "57314befe6313a140071cde3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "30 ft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was the mural discovered in Libya?",
       "id": "57314befe6313a140071cde5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "1st or 2nd century AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?",
       "id": "57314befe6313a140071cde4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 752,
         "text": "Pompeii"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?",
       "id": "57314befe6313a140071cde6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "the late 4th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?",
       "id": "57314d4205b4da19006bd00a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "Santa Pudenziana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?",
       "id": "57314d4205b4da19006bd00b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "a mausoleum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?",
       "id": "57314d4205b4da19006bd00c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 773,
         "text": "St Peter's Basilica"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?",
       "id": "57314d4205b4da19006bd00d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "Constantinian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under what period were the 4th century churches built?",
       "id": "57314d4205b4da19006bd00e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th and early 5th centuries depict Christ with the Apostles and the Abduction of Elijah; these mosaics are outstanding for their bright colors, naturalism and adherence to the classical canons of order and proportion. The surviving apse mosaic of the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, which shows Christ enthroned between Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius and angels before a golden background date back to the 5th and to the 8th century, although it was restored many times later. The baptistery of the basilica, which was demolished in the 15th century, had a vault covered with gold-leaf tesserae, large quantities of which were found when the site was excavated. In the small shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro, now a chapel of Sant'Ambrogio, every surface is covered with mosaics from the second half of the 5th century. Saint Victor is depicted in the center of the golden dome, while figures of saints are shown on the walls before a blue background. The low spandrels give space for the symbols of the four Evangelists.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "Milan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire?",
       "id": "57314eae05b4da19006bd01c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 547,
         "text": "apse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio?",
       "id": "57314eae05b4da19006bd01d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1120,
         "text": "the 5th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century?",
       "id": "57314eae05b4da19006bd01e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "Elijah"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted?",
       "id": "57314eae05b4da19006bd01f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 848,
         "text": "the 15th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished?",
       "id": "57314eae05b4da19006bd020"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425\u2013430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif above the crossing is a golden cross in the middle of the starry sky. Another great building established by Galla Placidia was the church of San Giovanni Evangelista. She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna. The mosaics depicted the storm, portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial family and the bishop of Ravenna, Peter Chrysologus. They are known only from Renaissance sources because almost all were destroyed in 1747.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "Ravenna"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?",
       "id": "57314fb3e6313a140071ce0a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "425\u2013430"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?",
       "id": "57314fb3e6313a140071ce0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "the church of San Giovanni Evangelista"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? ",
       "id": "57314fb3e6313a140071ce0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "fulfillment of a vow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?",
       "id": "57314fb3e6313a140071ce0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 853,
         "text": "1747"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?",
       "id": "57314fb3e6313a140071ce0e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. The mosaic depicting Emperor Saint Justinian I and Empress Theodora in the Basilica of San Vitale were executed shortly after the Byzantine conquest. The mosaics of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe were made around 549. The anti-Arian theme is obvious in the apse mosaic of San Michele in Affricisco, executed in 545\u2013547 (largely destroyed; the remains in Berlin).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "After 539"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?",
       "id": "5731514505b4da19006bd03e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "the second half of the 6th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?",
       "id": "5731514505b4da19006bd03f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "the Byzantine conquest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?",
       "id": "5731514505b4da19006bd040"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 616,
         "text": "549"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?",
       "id": "5731514505b4da19006bd041"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 757,
         "text": "Berlin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?",
       "id": "5731514505b4da19006bd042"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 113,
         "text": "almost a generation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?",
       "id": "5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "Albania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what country is Butrint?",
       "id": "5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 679,
         "text": "prayer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?",
       "id": "5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "Butrint"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?",
       "id": "5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "a terrestrial paradise"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?",
       "id": "5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe7a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God\u2019s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection; shown eating or drinking from the vase they indicate the route to eternal life. Deer or stags were commonly used as images of the faithful aspiring to Christ: \"As a heart desireth the water brook, so my souls longs for thee, O God.\" Water-birds and fish and other sea-creatures can indicate baptism as well as the members of the Church who are christened.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "natural life"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?",
       "id": "57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "the eucharist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?",
       "id": "57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "paradise and resurrection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?",
       "id": "57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 613,
         "text": "baptism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?",
       "id": "57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "the faithful aspiring to Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?",
       "id": "57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rome of this period. Two other important 5th century mosaics are lost but we know them from 17th-century drawings. In the apse mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti (462\u2013472, destroyed in 1589) Christ was seated on a globe with the twelve Apostles flanking him, six on either side. At Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara (468\u2013483, destroyed in 1686) Christ appeared in the center, flanked on either side by three Apostles. Four streams flowed from the little mountain supporting Christ. The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ flanked by male and female saints, seated on a hill while lambs drinking from a stream at its feet. All three mosaics had a similar iconography.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "the Early Middle Ages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?",
       "id": "573156a305b4da19006bd06a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "1589"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?",
       "id": "573156a305b4da19006bd06b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1093,
         "text": "iconography"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?",
       "id": "573156a305b4da19006bd06c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 903,
         "text": "1559"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?",
       "id": "573156a305b4da19006bd06d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 885,
         "text": "Taddeo Zuccari"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?",
       "id": "573156a305b4da19006bd06e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 7th\u20139th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in the Lateran Palace was also decorated with mosaics. They were all destroyed later except for one example, the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century. Another great work of Pope Leo, the apse mosaic of Santa Susanna, depicted Christ with the Pope and Charlemagne on one side, and SS. Susanna and Felicity on the other. It was plastered over during a renovation in 1585. Pope Paschal I (817\u2013824) embellished the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church (destroyed in 1607).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "the 7th\u20139th centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?",
       "id": "573157bae6313a140071ce42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "mosaics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The lateran Palace was decorated with what?",
       "id": "573157bae6313a140071ce43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "They were all destroyed later"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?",
       "id": "573157bae6313a140071ce44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "Triclinio Leoniano"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?",
       "id": "573157bae6313a140071ce46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 886,
         "text": "1607"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed?",
       "id": "573157bae6313a140071ce45"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinianian age. The so-called small sekreton of the palace was built during Justin II's reign around 565\u2013577. Some fragments survive from the mosaics of this vaulted room. The vine scroll motifs are very similar to those in the Santa Constanza and they still closely follow the Classical tradition. There are remains of floral decoration in the Church of the Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki (5th\u20136th centuries).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "during Justinian's reign"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?",
       "id": "573158c805b4da19006bd092"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "The portrait of a moustached man"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?",
       "id": "573158c805b4da19006bd093"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "small sekreton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called?",
       "id": "573158c805b4da19006bd094"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 644,
         "text": "Classical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition?",
       "id": "573158c805b4da19006bd095"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 757,
         "text": "5th\u20136th centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created?",
       "id": "573158c805b4da19006bd096"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church, which were made between 634 and 730, also escaped destruction. Unusually almost all represent Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, often with suppliants before him.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Very few"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?",
       "id": "573159bca5e9cc1400cdbedd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?",
       "id": "573159bca5e9cc1400cdbede"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "between 634 and 730"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?",
       "id": "573159bca5e9cc1400cdbee0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "hidden behind mortar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?",
       "id": "573159bca5e9cc1400cdbedf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "almost all represent Saint Demetrius"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?",
       "id": "573159bca5e9cc1400cdbee1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea. The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules (787\u2013797 and in 8th\u20139th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "gold mosaics with only one great cross"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?",
       "id": "57315ab705b4da19006bd0a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "condemned as idolatry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?",
       "id": "57315ab705b4da19006bd0a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "787\u2013797"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Iconodules  change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?",
       "id": "57315ab705b4da19006bd0a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "after 740"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?",
       "id": "57315ab705b4da19006bd0aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 568,
         "text": "1922"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Dormition church destroyed? ",
       "id": "57315ab705b4da19006bd0a9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043\u20131056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and an interesting Anastasis where King Salomon bears resemblance to Constantine Monomachos). In comparison with Osios Loukas Nea Moni mosaics contain more figures, detail, landscape and setting.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "Chios"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located?",
       "id": "57315ba4497a881900248e61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "Constantine Monomachos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who established the Nea Moni Monastery?",
       "id": "57315ba4497a881900248e62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "1043\u20131056"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Nea Moni Monastery established?",
       "id": "57315ba4497a881900248e63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "1822"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed?",
       "id": "57315ba4497a881900248e64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "Osios Loukas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics?",
       "id": "57315ba4497a881900248e65"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106\u20131107 left a description: \"Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling, over the tribune. The altar is surmounted by a mosaic image of Christ. In the main altar one can see the mosaic of the Exhaltation of Adam. In the apse the Ascension of Christ. The Annunciation occupies the two pillars next to the altar.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "Constantine Monomachos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?",
       "id": "57315c6c497a881900248e7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "the Russian abbot Daniel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?",
       "id": "57315c6c497a881900248e81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "Nothing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?",
       "id": "57315c6c497a881900248e80"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "Jerusalem"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?",
       "id": "57315c6c497a881900248e82"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or early 10th century). Above the door from the southwest vestibule to the narthex another mosaic shows the Theotokos with Justinian and Constantine. Justinian I is offering the model of the church to Mary while Constantine is holding a model of the city in his hand. Both emperors are beardless \u2013 this is an example for conscious archaization as contemporary Byzantine rulers were bearded. A mosaic panel on the gallery shows Christ with Constantine Monomachos and Empress Zoe (1042\u20131055). The emperor gives a bulging money sack to Christ as a donation for the church.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The 9th- and 10th-century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?",
       "id": "57315da9497a881900248e87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "prophets, saints and patriarchs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?",
       "id": "57315da9497a881900248e88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 826,
         "text": "a bulging money sack"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic?",
       "id": "57315da9497a881900248e8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 801,
         "text": "1055"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Empress Zoe die?",
       "id": "57315da9497a881900248e89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 756,
         "text": "Constantine Monomachos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia?",
       "id": "57315da9497a881900248e8b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122\u201334). The empress with her long braided hair and rosy cheeks is especially capturing. It must be a lifelike portrayal because Eirene was really a redhead as her original Hungarian name, Piroska shows. The adjacent portrait of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos on a pier (from 1122) is similarly personal. The imperial mausoleum of the Komnenos dynasty, the Pantokrator Monastery was certainly decorated with great mosaics but these were later destroyed. The lack of Komnenian mosaics outside the capital is even more apparent. There is only a \"Communion of the Apostles\" in the apse of the cathedral of Serres.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "accidents of survival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?",
       "id": "57315fc6497a881900248e99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "Hagia Sophia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?",
       "id": "57315fc6497a881900248e9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "red"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The empress Eirene had what color hair?",
       "id": "57315fc6497a881900248e9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "the Theotokos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?",
       "id": "57315fc6497a881900248e9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 888,
         "text": "the cathedral of Serres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?",
       "id": "57315fc6497a881900248e9d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Transfiguration is a very fine example from the late 12th century. The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at Florence illustrates the more gentle, humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 166,
         "text": "1 mm or less"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?",
       "id": "5731628fe6313a140071ceb2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "wax or resin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?",
       "id": "5731628fe6313a140071ceb3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "in the 12th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?",
       "id": "5731628fe6313a140071ceb4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "private devotion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?",
       "id": "5731628fe6313a140071ceb5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310\u201314. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is supposed that the same team of mosaicists worked in both buildings. Another building with a related mosaic decoration is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in Arta. The church was established by the Despot of Epirus in 1294\u201396. In the dome is the traditional stern Pantokrator, with prophets and cherubim below.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "1310\u201314"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? ",
       "id": "573163cf497a881900248eb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "some vandal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles?",
       "id": "573163cf497a881900248eba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "Arta"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located?",
       "id": "573163cf497a881900248ebb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 515,
         "text": "the Despot of Epirus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96?",
       "id": "573163cf497a881900248ebc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "Pammakaristos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building?",
       "id": "573163cf497a881900248ebd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The greatest mosaic work of the Palaeologan renaissance in art is the decoration of the Chora Church in Constantinople. Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels, the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople after the Hagia Sophia. They were executed around 1320 by the command of Theodore Metochites. The esonarthex has two fluted domes, specially created to provide the ideal setting for the mosaic images of the ancestors of Christ. The southern one is called the Dome of the Pantokrator while the northern one is the Dome of the Theotokos. The most important panel of the esonarthex depicts Theodore Metochites wearing a huge turban, offering the model of the church to Christ. The walls of both narthexes are decorated with mosaic cycles from the life of the Virgin and the life of Christ. These panels show the influence of the Italian trecento on Byzantine art especially the more natural settings, landscapes, figures.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "the Chora Church in Constantinople"
        }
       ],
       "question": "where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance?",
       "id": "57316587e6313a140071ceda"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many mosaic panels from naos have survived?",
       "id": "57316587e6313a140071cedb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "the Hagia Sophia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The panels of naos are only capped in importance by which other location?",
       "id": "57316587e6313a140071cedc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "Theodore Metochites"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who commissioned the mosaics at naos?",
       "id": "57316587e6313a140071cedd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 942,
         "text": "Italian trecento"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The panels from naos show what influence on Byzantine art. ",
       "id": "57316587e6313a140071cede"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The last great period of Roman mosaic art was the 12th\u201313th century when Rome developed its own distinctive artistic style, free from the strict rules of eastern tradition and with a more realistic portrayal of figures in the space. Well-known works of this period are the floral mosaics of the Basilica di San Clemente, the fa\u00e7ade of Santa Maria in Trastevere and San Paolo fuori le Mura. The beautiful apse mosaic of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1140) depicts Christ and Mary sitting next to each other on the heavenly throne, the first example of this iconographic scheme. A similar mosaic, the Coronation of the Virgin, decorates the apse of Santa Maria Maggiore. It is a work of Jacopo Torriti from 1295. The mosaics of Torriti and Jacopo da Camerino in the apse of San Giovanni in Laterano from 1288\u201394 were thoroughly restored in 1884. The apse mosaic of San Crisogono is attributed to Pietro Cavallini, the greatest Roman painter of the 13th century. Six scenes from the life of Mary in Santa Maria in Trastevere were also executed by Cavallini in 1290. These mosaics are praised for their realistic portrayal and attempts of perspective. There is an interesting mosaic medaillon from 1210 above the gate of the church of San Tommaso in Formis showing Christ enthroned between a white and a black slave. The church belonged to the Order of the Trinitarians which was devoted to ransoming Christian slaves.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "the 12th\u201313th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the last period of Roman mosaic art?",
       "id": "5731671005b4da19006bd11c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "Trastevere"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the church of Santa maria?",
       "id": "5731671005b4da19006bd11d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "Christ and Mary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does the facade at the Santa Maria church depict?",
       "id": "5731671005b4da19006bd11e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 832,
         "text": "in 1884"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics at Torriti and Jacopo fully restored?",
       "id": "5731671005b4da19006bd11f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1191,
         "text": "1210"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was the medallion above the gate of the church of San Tommaso?",
       "id": "5731671005b4da19006bd120"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The great Navicella mosaic (1305\u20131313) in the atrium of the Old St. Peter's is attributed to Giotto di Bondone. The giant mosaic, commissioned by Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi, was originally situated on the eastern porch of the old basilica and occupied the whole wall above the entrance arcade facing the courtyard. It depicted St. Peter walking on the waters. This extraordinary work was mainly destroyed during the construction of the new St. Peter's in the 17th century. Navicella means \"little ship\" referring to the large boat which dominated the scene, and whose sail, filled by the storm, loomed over the horizon. Such a natural representation of a seascape was known only from ancient works of art.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "Giotto di Bondone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created the Navicella mosaic in the Old St. Peter's church?",
       "id": "57316811e6313a140071cefc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who commissioned the Navicella mosaic?",
       "id": "57316811e6313a140071cefd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "St. Peter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the navicella mosaic depict walking on water?",
       "id": "57316811e6313a140071cefe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "the 17th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century was the majority of the Navicella mosaic destroyed?",
       "id": "57316811e6313a140071ceff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "\"little ship\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "Navicella means what in Italian?",
       "id": "57316811e6313a140071cf00"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The heyday of mosaic making in Sicily was the age of the independent Norman kingdom in the 12th century. The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule. Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style, that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies. Best examples of Sicilian mosaic art are the Cappella Palatina of Roger II, the Martorana church in Palermo and the cathedrals of Cefal\u00f9 and Monreale.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style?",
       "id": "573169afa5e9cc1400cdbf33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "the 12th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "when was the height of mosaic art in sicily?",
       "id": "573169afa5e9cc1400cdbf31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "Greek masters working in Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was influenced by Western European and Islamic tendencies?",
       "id": "573169afa5e9cc1400cdbf34"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "Norman kings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who adopted the Byzantine mosaic tradition?",
       "id": "573169afa5e9cc1400cdbf32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Martorana church is an example of the best mosaic art in what part italy?",
       "id": "573169afa5e9cc1400cdbf35"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished. The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina, with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed, elongated angels. The Greek inscriptions, decorative patterns, and evangelists in the squinches are obviously executed by the same Greek masters who worked on the Cappella Palatina. The mosaic depicting Roger II of Sicily, dressed in Byzantine imperial robes and receiving the crown by Christ, was originally in the demolished narthex together with another panel, the Theotokos with Georgios of Antiochia, the founder of the church.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "around 1143"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Martorana church decorated?",
       "id": "57316b0de6313a140071cf10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is featured in the mosaic at the Martorana church?",
       "id": "57316b0de6313a140071cf11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "the Cappella Palatina"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Martorana church was likely decorated by the same greek masters who decorated which church?",
       "id": "57316b0de6313a140071cf12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "Georgios of Antiochia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the founder of the Martorana church?",
       "id": "57316b0de6313a140071cf13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "Roger II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is receiving a crown from christ in the mosaic originally in the narthex?",
       "id": "57316b0de6313a140071cf14"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Monreale mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy, covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae. This huge work was executed between 1176 and 1186 by the order of King William II of Sicily. The iconography of the mosaics in the presbytery is similar to Cefalu while the pictures in the nave are almost the same as the narrative scenes in the Cappella Palatina. The Martorana mosaic of Roger II blessed by Christ was repeated with the figure of King William II instead of his predecessor. Another panel shows the king offering the model of the cathedral to the Theotokos.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Monreale mosaics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the largest mosaics in Italy?",
       "id": "57316c1d05b4da19006bd126"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "100 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At least how many tesserae are used in the the Monreale mosaics?",
       "id": "57316c1d05b4da19006bd127"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "King William II of Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who commissioned the Monreale mosaics between 1176 and 1186?",
       "id": "57316c1d05b4da19006bd128"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "King William II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is displayed getting crowned by christ in the Monreale mosaics?",
       "id": "57316c1d05b4da19006bd129"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 582,
         "text": "the model of the cathedral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the king offering Theotokos in the Monreale mosaics? ",
       "id": "57316c1d05b4da19006bd12a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166, with mosaics tied into a tree of life, mostly still preserved. The scenes depict biblical characters, warrior kings, medieval beasts, allegories of the months and working activity. Only fragments survived from the original mosaic decoration of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral. The mosaic ambos in the churches of Ravello prove that mosaic art was widespread in Southern Italy during the 11th\u201313th centuries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Southern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region of italy was part of the Norman empire?",
       "id": "57316e2b497a881900248ed3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "pavement of the Otranto Cathedral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The only surviving mosaic from Norman held souther Italy is what?",
       "id": "57316e2b497a881900248ed4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 492,
         "text": "mosaic art was widespread"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaics in churches of Ravello prove what?",
       "id": "57316e2b497a881900248ed5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "1166"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year were the mosaic pavements installed at the Otranto Cathedral?",
       "id": "57316e2b497a881900248ed7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "Only fragments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What survives from the mosaics of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral?",
       "id": "57316e2b497a881900248ed6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In parts of Italy, which were under eastern artistic influences, like Sicily and Venice, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th\u201313th centuries. The decoration of the church was finished only in the 16th century. One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark's were based directly on the miniatures of the Cotton Genesis, a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople (1204). The mosaics were executed in the 1220s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "Venice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?",
       "id": "5731703a05b4da19006bd176"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "St Mark's Basilica"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?",
       "id": "5731703a05b4da19006bd177"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "the late 11th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?",
       "id": "5731703a05b4da19006bd178"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "local artists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?",
       "id": "5731703a05b4da19006bd179"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 685,
         "text": "1204"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the sack of Constantinople?",
       "id": "5731703a05b4da19006bd17a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello from the 12th century, and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in Murano with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement (1140). The apse of the San Cipriano Church in Murano was decorated with an impressive golden mosaic from the early 13th century showing Christ enthroned with Mary, St John and the two patron saints, Cipriano and Cipriana. When the church was demolished in the 19th century, the mosaic was bought by Frederick William IV of Prussia. It was reassembled in the Friedenskirche of Potsdam in the 1840s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "Torcello"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta?",
       "id": "573170f3a5e9cc1400cdbf63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "the 12th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta built?",
       "id": "573170f3a5e9cc1400cdbf64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "Murano"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Basilica of Santi Maria e Donato located?",
       "id": "573170f3a5e9cc1400cdbf65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 558,
         "text": "Frederick William IV of Prussia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church?",
       "id": "573170f3a5e9cc1400cdbf66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 613,
         "text": "the Friedenskirche of Potsdam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Frederick William IV relocate the mural he purchased?",
       "id": "573170f3a5e9cc1400cdbf67"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Abbot of Monte Cassino, Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler Leo of Ostia the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte Cassino Museum). \"The abbot in his wisdom decided that great number of young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts\" \u2013 says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Abbot of Monte Cassino"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who hired Byzantine experts to decorate a rebuilt abbey church?",
       "id": "573172d505b4da19006bd1ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "1066"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After what time did the Abbot of Monte Cassino send for Byzantine mosaicists?",
       "id": "573172d505b4da19006bd1af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 410,
         "text": "greyhounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal was on the only surviving mosaics created by the greeks at the rebuilt abbey?",
       "id": "573172d505b4da19006bd1b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "in the Monte Cassino Museum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the only remaining greek mosaic panels now kept?",
       "id": "573172d505b4da19006bd1b1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Sometimes not only church interiors but fa\u00e7ades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice (mainly from the 17th\u201319th centuries, but the oldest one from 1270\u201375, \"The burial of St Mark in the first basilica\"), the Cathedral of Orvieto (golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century, many times redone) and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca (huge, striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below, designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century). The Cathedral of Spoleto is also decorated on the upper fa\u00e7ade with a huge mosaic portraying the Blessing Christ (signed by one Solsternus from 1207).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "fa\u00e7ades were also decorated"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was special about St Mark's Basilica in Venice?",
       "id": "573174c3e6313a140071cf4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "from 1270\u201375"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the latest addition to the facade at St Mark's Basilica in Venice?",
       "id": "573174c3e6313a140071cf4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "the 14th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century?",
       "id": "573174c3e6313a140071cf4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 674,
         "text": "Solsternus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Cathedral of Spoleto is signed by who?",
       "id": "573174c3e6313a140071cf50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca has a large golden mosaic facade depicting which figure?",
       "id": "573174c3e6313a140071cf4f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Only scant remains prove that mosaics were still used in the Early Middle Ages. The Abbey of Saint-Martial in Limoges, originally an important place of pilgrimage, was totally demolished during the French Revolution except its crypt which was rediscovered in the 1960s. A mosaic panel was unearthed which was dated to the 9th century. It somewhat incongruously uses cubes of gilded glass and deep green marble, probably taken from antique pavements. This could also be the case with the early 9th century mosaic found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin in Picardy, where antique motifs are copied but using only simple colors. The mosaics in the Cathedral of Saint-Jean at Lyon have been dated to the 11th century because they employ the same non-antique simple colors. More fragments were found on the site of Saint-Croix at Poitiers which might be from the 6th or 9th century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "scant remains"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What proves mosaics were used in the early middle ages?",
       "id": "57317859a5e9cc1400cdbf9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Limoges"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Abbey of Saint-Martial?",
       "id": "57317859a5e9cc1400cdbf9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "the 1960s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Martial re-discovered?",
       "id": "57317859a5e9cc1400cdbf9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "9th century mosaic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin?",
       "id": "57317859a5e9cc1400cdbf9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 756,
         "text": "simple colors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What common element do mosaic panels from the 11th century have?",
       "id": "57317859a5e9cc1400cdbf9f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese craftsmen, executed in the first decades of the 11th century. The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century. The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal. It was executed by Venetian craftsmen.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "fresco"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic?",
       "id": "5731792de6313a140071cf7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "the 17th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?",
       "id": "5731792de6313a140071cf7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 630,
         "text": "Venetian craftsmen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral?",
       "id": "5731792de6313a140071cf7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "Alba Regia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?",
       "id": "5731792de6313a140071cf7f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings?",
       "id": "5731792de6313a140071cf80"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Crusaders in the Holy Land also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence. During their 12th-century reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones. Almost nothing of them survived except the \"Ascension of Christ\" in the Latin Chapel (now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics). More substantial fragments were preserved from the 12th-century mosaic decoration of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The mosaics in the nave are arranged in five horizontal bands with the figures of the ancestors of Christ, Councils of the Church and angels. In the apses the Annunciation, the Nativity, Adoration of the Magi and Dormition of the Blessed Virgin can be seen. The program of redecoration of the church was completed in 1169 as a unique collaboration of the Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "Jerusalem"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre located?",
       "id": "57317a46497a881900248f60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "in the Latin Chapel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the mosaic \"Ascension of Christ\" located?",
       "id": "57317a46497a881900248f62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "Byzantine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styles?",
       "id": "57317a46497a881900248f5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "\"Ascension of Christ\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the lone surviving mosaic of the Crusader period?",
       "id": "57317a46497a881900248f61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 836,
         "text": "1169"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church came together in what year to redecorate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?",
       "id": "57317a46497a881900248f63"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2003, the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the Bizere Monastery near the River Mure\u015f in present-day Romania. The panels depict real or fantastic animal, floral, solar and geometric representations. Some archeologists supposed that it was the floor of an Orthodox church, built some time between the 10th and 11th century. Other experts claim that it was part of the later Catholic monastery on the site because it shows the signs of strong Italianate influence. The monastery was situated that time in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "2003"
        }
       ],
       "question": "when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery?",
       "id": "57317b65e6313a140071cf90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "Romania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where would the Bizere Monastery be located today?",
       "id": "57317b65e6313a140071cf91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "between the 10th and 11th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics at Bizere Monastery created?",
       "id": "57317b65e6313a140071cf92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 568,
         "text": "Hungary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what kingdom was the Bizere Monastery located?",
       "id": "57317b65e6313a140071cf93"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The mosaics of St. Peter's often show lively Baroque compositions based on designs or canvases from like Ciro Ferri, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Carlo Maratta, and many others. Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting, the Transfiguration. Many different artists contributed to the 17th- and 18th-century mosaics in St. Peter's, including Giovanni Battista Calandra, Fabio Cristofari (died 1689), and Pietro Paolo Cristofari (died 1743). Works of the Fabbrica were often used as papal gifts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "by a mosaic replica of this last painting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter's?",
       "id": "57317c50a5e9cc1400cdbfbf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "1743"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die?",
       "id": "57317c50a5e9cc1400cdbfc0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "papal gifts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for?",
       "id": "57317c50a5e9cc1400cdbfc1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "Transfiguration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the painting used to represent raphael in St. Peter's?",
       "id": "57317c50a5e9cc1400cdbfc2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "designs or canvases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaics of St.Peter's are often based on what?",
       "id": "57317c50a5e9cc1400cdbfc3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map, made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba, Jordan. It was rediscovered in 1894. The Madaba Map is the oldest surviving cartographic depiction of the Holy Land. It depicts an area from Lebanon in the north to the Nile Delta in the south, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Eastern Desert. The largest and most detailed element of the topographic depiction is Jerusalem, at the center of the map. The map is enriched with many naturalistic features, like animals, fishing boats, bridges and palm trees",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "the Madaba Map"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?",
       "id": "57317cf3e6313a140071cfa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "between 542 and 570"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the the Madaba Map made?",
       "id": "57317cf3e6313a140071cfa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "Madaba, Jordan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the church of Saint George?",
       "id": "57317cf3e6313a140071cfa4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "1894"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Madaba Map rediscovered? ",
       "id": "57317cf3e6313a140071cfa5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "Lebanon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Madaba Map depicts as far South as the Nile delta, and as far North as what country?",
       "id": "57317cf3e6313a140071cfa6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In the apse we can see the Transfiguration of Jesus on a golden background. The apse is surrounded with bands containing medallions of apostles and prophets, and two contemporary figure, \"Abbot Longinos\" and \"John the Deacon\". The mosaic was probably created in 565/6.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "Justinian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?",
       "id": "57317d9be6313a140071cfb6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "Mount Sinai in Egypt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?",
       "id": "57317d9be6313a140071cfb7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "the destruction of buildings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region?",
       "id": "57317d9be6313a140071cfb8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "Moses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is depicted in Saint Catherine's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background? ",
       "id": "57317d9be6313a140071cfb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 577,
         "text": "in 565/6"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery created?",
       "id": "57317d9be6313a140071cfba"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called \"Armenian Mosaic\" which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate. It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters, which springs from a vase. Populating the vine's branches are peacocks, ducks, storks, pigeons, an eagle, a partridge, and a parrot in a cage. The inscription reads: \"For the memory and salvation of all those Armenians whose name the Lord knows.\" Beneath a corner of the mosaic is a small, natural cave which contained human bones dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a mortuary chapel.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Jerusalem"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?",
       "id": "57317e8d497a881900248f85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "near Damascus Gate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?",
       "id": "57317e8d497a881900248f86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 390,
         "text": "a vine with many branches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?",
       "id": "57317e8d497a881900248f89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "1894"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?",
       "id": "57317e8d497a881900248f87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 905,
         "text": "mortuary chapel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?",
       "id": "57317e8d497a881900248f88"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An exceptionally well preserved, carpet-like mosaic floor was uncovered in 1949 in Bethany, the early Byzantine church of the Lazarium which was built between 333 and 390. Because of its purely geometrical pattern, the church floor is to be grouped with other mosaics of the time in Palestine and neighboring areas, especially the Constantinian mosaics in the central nave at Bethlehem. A second church was built above the older one during the 6th century with another more simple geometric mosaic floor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "Bethany"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where would the Byzantine church of the Lazarium be located today?",
       "id": "57317f97e6313a140071cfca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "between 333 and 390"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Byzantine church of the Lazarium constructed?",
       "id": "57317f97e6313a140071cfcb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "Palestine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaic at the Byzantine church of the Lazarium most closely resembles mosaics from which area?",
       "id": "57317f97e6313a140071cfcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "the 6th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century?",
       "id": "57317f98e6313a140071cfcd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982\u201385. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely damaged church floor was similarly rich. The mosaics in the church of the nearby Monastery of Euthymius are of later date (discovered in 1930). They were laid down in the Umayyad era, after a devastating earthquake in 659. Two six pointed stars and a red chalice are the most important surviving features.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "the Judean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics?",
       "id": "5731807ea5e9cc1400cdbfe5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "the end of the 5th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Monastery of Martyrius created?",
       "id": "5731807ea5e9cc1400cdbfe6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "in 1982\u201385"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered?",
       "id": "5731807ea5e9cc1400cdbfe7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "the refectory"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where in the Monastery of Martyrius is the most important mosaic work?",
       "id": "5731807ea5e9cc1400cdbfe8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "Monastery of Euthymius"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930?",
       "id": "5731807ea5e9cc1400cdbfe9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?",
       "id": "57318186a5e9cc1400cdbfef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "in 1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered?",
       "id": "57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "only the floor panels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990?",
       "id": "57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "the 5th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990?",
       "id": "57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "exotic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals?",
       "id": "57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) \"Church of Bishop Sergius.\" Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "Umm ar-Rasas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?",
       "id": "5731822f05b4da19006bd206"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "in 785"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?",
       "id": "5731822f05b4da19006bd207"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "1986"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?",
       "id": "5731822f05b4da19006bd208"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "Jordan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?",
       "id": "5731822f05b4da19006bd209"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "Six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?",
       "id": "5731822f05b4da19006bd20a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kiev. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus'"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia?",
       "id": "57318320497a881900248fa1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "Kiev"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral?",
       "id": "57318320497a881900248fa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "the Hagia Sophia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned?",
       "id": "57318320497a881900248fa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "Saint Sophia Cathedral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned?",
       "id": "57318320497a881900248fa4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "Constantine Monomachos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral?",
       "id": "57318320497a881900248fa5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Georgia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located?",
       "id": "573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc00d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "king David IV"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?",
       "id": "573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc00e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "Demetrius I of Georgia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?",
       "id": "573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc00f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 925,
         "text": "Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?",
       "id": "573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc010"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd\u20137th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "a 6th-century synagogue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?",
       "id": "57318601e6313a140071d020"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "Jews"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?",
       "id": "57318601e6313a140071d021"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "pagan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?",
       "id": "57318601e6313a140071d022"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "Helios"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?",
       "id": "57318601e6313a140071d023"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "a Jewish month"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?",
       "id": "57318601e6313a140071d024"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971\u201372, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion\u2019s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "around the 4th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed?",
       "id": "57318722e6313a140071d034"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "only floral and geometric"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?",
       "id": "57318722e6313a140071d035"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "in 1971\u201372"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered?",
       "id": "57318722e6313a140071d036"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya?",
       "id": "57318722e6313a140071d037"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 861,
         "text": "rather conservative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?",
       "id": "57318722e6313a140071d038"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "figurative depiction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban?",
       "id": "5731882fe6313a140071d046"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "in the ancient harbour area"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966?",
       "id": "5731882fe6313a140071d047"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "King David as Orpheus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?",
       "id": "5731882fe6313a140071d048"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "playing a lyre"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966?",
       "id": "5731882fe6313a140071d049"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "in 508/509"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the mosaic floor constructed?",
       "id": "5731882fe6313a140071d04a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "a Samaritan synagogue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?",
       "id": "5731891705b4da19006bd240"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "typical Jewish symbols"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?",
       "id": "5731891705b4da19006bd241"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "Greek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?",
       "id": "5731891705b4da19006bd242"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "cultic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?",
       "id": "5731891705b4da19006bd243"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?",
       "id": "5731891705b4da19006bd244"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "Muslim"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?",
       "id": "57318a1305b4da19006bd25c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 464,
         "text": "tile"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?",
       "id": "57318a1305b4da19006bd25e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "Roman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?",
       "id": "57318a1305b4da19006bd25d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "remained a flourishing art form"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?",
       "id": "57318a1305b4da19006bd25f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the \"Barada Panel\" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "the Umayyad Mosque"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?",
       "id": "57318af105b4da19006bd26c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "Damascus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?",
       "id": "57318af105b4da19006bd26d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "capital of the Arab Caliphate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?",
       "id": "57318af105b4da19006bd26e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 682,
         "text": "the \"Barada Panel\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?",
       "id": "57318af105b4da19006bd26f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 828,
         "text": "a fire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?",
       "id": "57318af105b4da19006bd270"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by \"good\" animals on one side and \"bad\" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685\u2013705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "floor panels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?",
       "id": "57318bfd497a881900249005"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Roman country villas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?",
       "id": "57318bfd497a881900249006"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "the bath house of Hisham's Palace"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?",
       "id": "57318bfd497a881900249007"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 765,
         "text": "Jordan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?",
       "id": "57318bfd497a881900249008"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1255,
         "text": "Umayyad mosaics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?",
       "id": "57318bfd497a881900249009"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "Moorish Spain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?",
       "id": "57318cad05b4da19006bd290"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "Byzantine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?",
       "id": "57318cad05b4da19006bd291"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "the Byzantine Emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?",
       "id": "57318cad05b4da19006bd294"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "between 965 and 970"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?",
       "id": "57318cad05b4da19006bd292"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "local craftsmen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?",
       "id": "57318cad05b4da19006bd293"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "mosaic installation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?",
       "id": "57318db8497a881900249023"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 615,
         "text": "the rest areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?",
       "id": "57318db8497a881900249024"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "the Museum of Natural History station"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?",
       "id": "57318db8497a881900249025"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?",
       "id": "57318db8497a881900249026"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small \"traditional\" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as \"Rubikcubism\", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "street art"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?",
       "id": "57318e94497a88190024902b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "the French Invader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?",
       "id": "57318e94497a88190024902c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "8 bit video game character"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?",
       "id": "57318e94497a88190024902e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "Rubikcubism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?",
       "id": "57318e94497a88190024902d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 551,
         "text": "grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the French Invader create \"Rubikcubism\" styled mosaics?",
       "id": "57318e94497a88190024902f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Cal\u00e7ada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "Lisbon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?",
       "id": "57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc082"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "geometric"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?",
       "id": "57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc081"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "Cal\u00e7ada Portuguesa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?",
       "id": "57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc07f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "streets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?",
       "id": "57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc083"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "two-tone stone mosaic paving"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Portuguese pavement?",
       "id": "57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc080"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "face-down to a backing paper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were larger mosaics usually constructed?",
       "id": "5731903ce6313a140071d0a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "gives the maker time to rework"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?",
       "id": "5731903ce6313a140071d0a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 742,
         "text": "the indirect method"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?",
       "id": "5731903ce6313a140071d0a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "murals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?",
       "id": "5731903ce6313a140071d0a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "repetitive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?",
       "id": "5731903ce6313a140071d0a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "when it is important to see the work"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?",
       "id": "57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 720,
         "text": "directly controlling the final result of the work"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?",
       "id": "57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 857,
         "text": "1989"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the double indirect method invented?",
       "id": "57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 865,
         "text": "Maurizio Placuzzi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invented the double indirect method?",
       "id": "57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "sticky plastic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?",
       "id": "57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0bb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in \u00d7 1 in (25 mm \u00d7 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in \u00d7 2 in (51 mm \u00d7 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "1 in \u00d7 1 in"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?",
       "id": "573191fe05b4da19006bd2c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "express text"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?",
       "id": "573191fe05b4da19006bd2c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "on a shower room or bathing pool floor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?",
       "id": "573191fe05b4da19006bd2ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "in a non-overlapping fashion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?",
       "id": "573191fe05b4da19006bd2cb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these \"computer\" mosaics have a different look than hand-made \"artisanal\" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "high cost of labor in developed countries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why has production automation become popular?",
       "id": "573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "CAD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?",
       "id": "573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "10 times faster"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much faster is automated creation over handmade?",
       "id": "573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "a command file"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the robot pick the tiles it places?",
       "id": "573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0ea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "different look"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?",
       "id": "573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0eb"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "University",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The original Latin word \"universitas\" refers in general to \"a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc.\" At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised \"associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located\" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 13,
         "text": "Latin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what language does Universitas come from?",
       "id": "57318751e6313a140071d03e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "they were self-regulating"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?",
       "id": "57318751e6313a140071d040"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "urban town life and medieval guilds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?",
       "id": "57318751e6313a140071d03f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "princes, prelates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?",
       "id": "57318751e6313a140071d041"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of \"academic freedom\". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "academic freedom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?",
       "id": "57318829497a881900248fc9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "University of Bologna"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first university?",
       "id": "57318829497a881900248fca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "the Constitutio Habita"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?",
       "id": "57318829497a881900248fcb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "unhindered passage in the interests of education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?",
       "id": "57318829497a881900248fcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "18 September 1988"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?",
       "id": "57318829497a881900248fcd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "monks and nuns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?",
       "id": "573188e1497a881900248fde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "monastic schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a scholae monasticae?",
       "id": "573188e1497a881900248fdd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "Latin Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?",
       "id": "573188e1497a881900248fe0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "immediate forerunners"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?",
       "id": "573188e1497a881900248fdf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 800,
         "text": "early medieval period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?",
       "id": "573188e1497a881900248fe1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions. Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 579,
         "text": "Greek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed?",
       "id": "573189a6e6313a140071d05c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "humanism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What outlook developed the creation of the university system?",
       "id": "573189a6e6313a140071d05b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?",
       "id": "573189a6e6313a140071d05a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "city governments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of governments were involved in creating universities?",
       "id": "573189a6e6313a140071d05d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The rediscovery of Aristotle's works\u2013more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated \u2013fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works \"a turning point in the history of Western thought.\" After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church. The efforts of this \"scholasticism\" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "more than 3000 pages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?",
       "id": "57318a93497a881900248ff1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "Western thought"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?",
       "id": "57318a93497a881900248ff2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 751,
         "text": "scholasticism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?",
       "id": "57318a93497a881900248ff3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 932,
         "text": "reason"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?",
       "id": "57318a93497a881900248ff4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "Latin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?",
       "id": "57318a93497a881900248ff5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine. Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. There were distinct differences in the quality of instruction in these areas which were congruent with their focus, so scholars would travel north or south based on their interests and means. There was also a difference in the types of degrees awarded at these universities. English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common. Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates. The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation \u2013 in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions. The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the University of Paris. Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna. Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a \"self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars\" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were \"founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "Latin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which language was used in lectures in early European universities?",
       "id": "57318b7605b4da19006bd280"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "medicine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates?",
       "id": "57318b7605b4da19006bd281"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 699,
         "text": "arts and theology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?",
       "id": "57318b7605b4da19006bd282"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1049,
         "text": "bachelor's degrees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of degree was given out at a English university?",
       "id": "57318b7605b4da19006bd283"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas, although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madrasahs became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "Mediterranean universities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?",
       "id": "57318c60a5e9cc1400cdc033"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "prince or monarch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?",
       "id": "57318c60a5e9cc1400cdc034"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "individual teachers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did a degree come in a madrasa?",
       "id": "57318c60a5e9cc1400cdc036"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "10th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?",
       "id": "57318c60a5e9cc1400cdc035"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades). Other scholars see this argument as overstated. Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe to call for a reconsideration of the development of higher education, turning away from a concern with local institutional structures to a broader consideration within a global context.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "Al-Andalus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities?",
       "id": "57318db6a5e9cc1400cdc059"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "a global context"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some scholars think that universities come from what, rather than solely local influences?",
       "id": "57318db6a5e9cc1400cdc05b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?",
       "id": "57318db6a5e9cc1400cdc05a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "the Crusades"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas?",
       "id": "57318db6a5e9cc1400cdc05c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Early Modern period (approximately late 15th century to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe. In the 15th century, twenty-eight new ones were created, with another eighteen added between 1500 and 1625. This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe and Eastern Europe, with the highest concentrations in the German Empire (34), Italian countries (26), France (25), and Spain (23) \u2013 this was close to a 500% increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages. This number does not include the numerous universities that disappeared, or institutions that merged with other universities during this time. It should be noted that the identification of a university was not necessarily obvious during the Early Modern period, as the term is applied to a burgeoning number of institutions. In fact, the term \"university\" was not always used to designate a higher education institution. In Mediterranean countries, the term studium generale was still often used, while \"Academy\" was common in Northern European countries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "late 15th century to 1800"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the time span of the Early Modern period?",
       "id": "57318e5ea5e9cc1400cdc075"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "about 400 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed?",
       "id": "57318e5ea5e9cc1400cdc076"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "twenty-nine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages?",
       "id": "57318e5ea5e9cc1400cdc077"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 519,
         "text": "143"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century?",
       "id": "57318e5ea5e9cc1400cdc078"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "34"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The German Empire had how many universities?",
       "id": "57318e5ea5e9cc1400cdc079"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The propagation of universities was not necessarily a steady progression, as the 17th century was rife with events that adversely affected university expansion. Many wars, and especially the Thirty Years' War, disrupted the university landscape throughout Europe at different times. War, plague, famine, regicide, and changes in religious power and structure often adversely affected the societies that provided support for universities. Internal strife within the universities themselves, such as student brawling and absentee professors, acted to destabilize these institutions as well. Universities were also reluctant to give up older curricula, and the continued reliance on the works of Aristotle defied contemporary advancements in science and the arts. This era was also affected by the rise of the nation-state. As universities increasingly came under state control, or formed under the auspices of the state, the faculty governance model (begun by the University of Paris) became more and more prominent. Although the older student-controlled universities still existed, they slowly started to move toward this structural organization. Control of universities still tended to be independent, although university leadership was increasingly appointed by the state.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "the Thirty Years' War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century?",
       "id": "57318f86a5e9cc1400cdc089"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 962,
         "text": "University of Paris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which university is said to have started faculty governance?",
       "id": "57318f86a5e9cc1400cdc08a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1263,
         "text": "the state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century?",
       "id": "57318f86a5e9cc1400cdc08b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 803,
         "text": "the nation-state."
        }
       ],
       "question": "The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?",
       "id": "57318f86a5e9cc1400cdc08c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1034,
         "text": "student-controlled"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?",
       "id": "57318f86a5e9cc1400cdc08d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty \"masters,\" provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists. There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at University of Oxford where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature. There were also universities that combined these models, using the collegiate model but having a centralized organization.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "masters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the faculty who supervised students in the University of Paris called?",
       "id": "5731934705b4da19006bd2da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "a standard"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?",
       "id": "5731934705b4da19006bd2db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "specialists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create?",
       "id": "5731934705b4da19006bd2de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "University of Oxford"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?",
       "id": "5731934705b4da19006bd2dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "at least three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities?",
       "id": "5731934705b4da19006bd2dc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Early Modern universities initially continued the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages: natural philosophy, logic, medicine, theology, mathematics, astronomy (and astrology), law, grammar and rhetoric. Aristotle was prevalent throughout the curriculum, while medicine also depended on Galen and Arabic scholarship. The importance of humanism for changing this state-of-affairs cannot be underestimated. Once humanist professors joined the university faculty, they began to transform the study of grammar and rhetoric through the studia humanitatis. Humanist professors focused on the ability of students to write and speak with distinction, to translate and interpret classical texts, and to live honorable lives. Other scholars within the university were affected by the humanist approaches to learning and their linguistic expertise in relation to ancient texts, as well as the ideology that advocated the ultimate importance of those texts. Professors of medicine such as Niccol\u00f2 Leoniceno, Thomas Linacre and William Cop were often trained in and taught from a humanist perspective as well as translated important ancient medical texts. The critical mindset imparted by humanism was imperative for changes in universities and scholarship. For instance, Andreas Vesalius was educated in a humanist fashion before producing a translation of Galen, whose ideas he verified through his own dissections. In law, Andreas Alciatus infused the Corpus Juris with a humanist perspective, while Jacques Cujas humanist writings were paramount to his reputation as a jurist. Philipp Melanchthon cited the works of Erasmus as a highly influential guide for connecting theology back to original texts, which was important for the reform at Protestant universities. Galileo Galilei, who taught at the Universities of Pisa and Padua, and Martin Luther, who taught at the University of Wittenberg (as did Melanchthon), also had humanist training. The task of the humanists was to slowly permeate the university; to increase the humanist presence in professorships and chairs, syllabi and textbooks so that published works would demonstrate the humanistic ideal of science and scholarship.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?",
       "id": "57319465497a881900249075"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "Galen and Arabic scholarship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula?",
       "id": "57319465497a881900249076"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Humanist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought?",
       "id": "57319465497a881900249077"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 964,
         "text": "medicine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Niccol\u00f2 Leoniceno was a professor of what subject?",
       "id": "57319465497a881900249078"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1417,
         "text": "Andreas Alciatus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris?",
       "id": "57319465497a881900249079"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although the initial focus of the humanist scholars in the university was the discovery, exposition and insertion of ancient texts and languages into the university, and the ideas of those texts into society generally, their influence was ultimately quite progressive. The emergence of classical texts brought new ideas and led to a more creative university climate (as the notable list of scholars above attests to). A focus on knowledge coming from self, from the human, has a direct implication for new forms of scholarship and instruction, and was the foundation for what is commonly known as the humanities. This disposition toward knowledge manifested in not simply the translation and propagation of ancient texts, but also their adaptation and expansion. For instance, Vesalius was imperative for advocating the use of Galen, but he also invigorated this text with experimentation, disagreements and further research. The propagation of these texts, especially within the universities, was greatly aided by the emergence of the printing press and the beginning of the use of the vernacular, which allowed for the printing of relatively large texts at reasonable prices.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "humanist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Discovery and exposition were examples of the focus of what type of university scholar?",
       "id": "5731954b497a881900249089"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 597,
         "text": "the humanities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A concentration on the study of the self resulted in what field of study?",
       "id": "5731954b497a88190024908a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 827,
         "text": "Galen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What work did Vesalius push the study of?",
       "id": "5731954b497a88190024908b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1032,
         "text": "the printing press"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What spread the use of texts by Galen within universities?",
       "id": "5731954b497a88190024908c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are several major exceptions on tuition fees. In many European countries, it is possible to study without tuition fees. Public universities in Nordic countries were entirely without tuition fees until around 2005. Denmark, Sweden and Finland then moved to put in place tuition fees for foreign students. Citizens of EU and EEA member states and citizens from Switzerland remain exempted from tuition fees, and the amounts of public grants granted to promising foreign students were increased to offset some of the impact.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "without tuition fees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In multiple countries in Europe students can attend a university with what kind if financial burden?",
       "id": "573196f9e99e3014001e616a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "around 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Until what year were public universities in nordic nation free of tuition?",
       "id": "573196f9e99e3014001e616b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "foreign students"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of students pay fees in public universities in Denmark?",
       "id": "573196f9e99e3014001e616c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "exempted from tuition fees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of Universities in Denmark what is the fee status for citizens of EFA states?",
       "id": "573196f9e99e3014001e616d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "increased"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to public grants in nordic universities that continued to allow foreign students?",
       "id": "573196f9e99e3014001e616e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Colloquially, the term university may be used to describe a phase in one's life: \"When I was at university...\" (in the United States and Ireland, college is often used instead: \"When I was in college...\"). In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain and the German-speaking countries university is often contracted to uni. In Ghana, New Zealand and in South Africa it is sometimes called \"varsity\" (although this has become uncommon in New Zealand in recent years). \"Varsity\" was also common usage in the UK in the 19th century.[citation needed] \"Varsity\" is still in common usage in Scotland.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "college"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Ireland what word is mainly used instead of university?",
       "id": "573197890fdd8d15006c63b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 590,
         "text": "Varsity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Scotland is said to frequently refer to university as what?",
       "id": "573197890fdd8d15006c63b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "uni"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Spain refers to a university in what other way?",
       "id": "573197890fdd8d15006c63b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "varsity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The nation of Ghana shortens university to what?",
       "id": "573197890fdd8d15006c63b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 558,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university?",
       "id": "573197890fdd8d15006c63b9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Canada, \"college\" generally refers to a two-year, non-degree-granting institution, while \"university\" connotes a four-year, degree-granting institution. Universities may be sub-classified (as in the Macleans rankings) into large research universities with many PhD granting programs and medical schools (for example, McGill University); \"comprehensive\" universities that have some PhDs but aren't geared toward research (such as Waterloo); and smaller, primarily undergraduate universities (such as St. Francis Xavier).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A college teaches students for how many years in Canada?",
       "id": "573198110fdd8d15006c63bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "non-degree-granting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of institution is a college in Canada?",
       "id": "573198110fdd8d15006c63c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years does a degree-granting university in Canada spend teaching students?",
       "id": "573198110fdd8d15006c63c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "medical schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is McGill University in Canada an example of?",
       "id": "573198110fdd8d15006c63c2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "undergraduate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of university is St Francis Xavier in Canada?",
       "id": "573198110fdd8d15006c63c3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although each institution is organized differently, nearly all universities have a board of trustees; a president, chancellor, or rector; at least one vice president, vice-chancellor, or vice-rector; and deans of various divisions. Universities are generally divided into a number of academic departments, schools or faculties. Public university systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards. They review financial requests and budget proposals and then allocate funds for each university in the system. They also approve new programs of instruction and cancel or make changes in existing programs. In addition, they plan for the further coordinated growth and development of the various institutions of higher education in the state or country. However, many public universities in the world have a considerable degree of financial, research and pedagogical autonomy. Private universities are privately funded and generally have broader independence from state policies. However, they may have less independence from business corporations depending on the source of their finances.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "at least one"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many vice presidents do most universities have?",
       "id": "5731993c0fdd8d15006c63d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "a board of trustees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of board does a university commonly have?",
       "id": "5731993c0fdd8d15006c63d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "government-run higher education boards"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who controls public universities?",
       "id": "5731993c0fdd8d15006c63d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "schools or faculties"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the different departments of a university called?",
       "id": "5731993c0fdd8d15006c63d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1037,
         "text": "business corporations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides students, what is the source of funds of private universities?",
       "id": "5731993c0fdd8d15006c63d7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The funding and organization of universities varies widely between different countries around the world. In some countries universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the university must pay. In some countries the vast majority of students attend university in their local town, while in other countries universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide university accommodation for their students.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "varies widely"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the financial backing of universities around the world differ?",
       "id": "57319c9ee17f3d1400422273"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "fees which students attending the university"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Outside of state funded schools, and funds coming from donors, how might a university collect funds?",
       "id": "57319c9ee17f3d1400422275"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "accommodation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In nations that accept students from through the world what might the university offer to a student?",
       "id": "57319c9ee17f3d1400422274"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Universities created by bilateral or multilateral treaties between states are intergovernmental. An example is the Academy of European Law, which offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics. EUCLID (P\u00f4le Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University) is chartered as a university and umbrella organisation dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries, and the United Nations University engages in efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are of concern to the United Nations, its peoples and member states. The European University Institute, a post-graduate university specialised in the social sciences, is officially an intergovernmental organisation, set up by the member states of the European Union.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "intergovernmental"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a university formed through a bilateral treaty known as?",
       "id": "57319d4eb9d445190005e407"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "P\u00f4le Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In terms of intergovernmental universities, what is EUCLID?",
       "id": "57319d4eb9d445190005e408"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "sustainable development"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to signatory nations?",
       "id": "57319d4eb9d445190005e409"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "post-graduate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of school is the European University Institute?",
       "id": "57319d4eb9d445190005e40a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 673,
         "text": "social sciences"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of study does the European University Institute focus on?",
       "id": "57319d4eb9d445190005e40b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A national university is generally a university created or run by a national state but at the same time represents a state autonomic institution which functions as a completely independent body inside of the same state. Some national universities are closely associated with national cultural or political aspirations, for instance the National University of Ireland in the early days of Irish independence collected a large amount of information on the Irish language and Irish culture. Reforms in Argentina were the result of the University Revolution of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "Irish language and Irish culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a focus of the National University of Ireland during the beginning of Irish Independence?",
       "id": "57319e32e99e3014001e6188"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "Argentina"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what nation did the University Revolution occur?",
       "id": "57319e32e99e3014001e6189"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "1918"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Argentina's University Revolution occur?",
       "id": "57319e32e99e3014001e618a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "Reforms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the result of the University Revolution in Argentina?",
       "id": "57319e32e99e3014001e618b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1963, the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main \"objectives essential to any properly balanced system: instruction in skills; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women; to maintain research in balance with teaching, since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1963"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Robbins report say that universities should have four objectives to remain balanced?",
       "id": "57319f1ee17f3d1400422281"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "the United Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nation did the 1963 Robbins Report focus on?",
       "id": "57319f1ee17f3d1400422282"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "general powers of the mind"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What should a university promote, according to the Robbins Report?",
       "id": "57319f1ee17f3d1400422283"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "research in balance with teaching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Universities should maintain what, according to the Robbins Report?",
       "id": "57319f1ee17f3d1400422284"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "a common culture and common standards of citizenship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Robbins Report says universities should transmit what?",
       "id": "57319f1ee17f3d1400422285"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain, the move from Industrial Revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering, a movement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray (chairman of the University Grants Committee) and Sir Samuel Curran, with the formation of the University of Strathclyde. The British also established universities worldwide, and higher education became available to the masses not only in Europe.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Ending with what century did religion play a smaller part in the curriculum of universities?",
       "id": "57319fb90fdd8d15006c6403"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "the German university model"
        }
       ],
       "question": "what model of university structure was being used throughout the world at the finish of the 19th century?",
       "id": "57319fb90fdd8d15006c6404"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "science"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the focus of universities in the 20th century?",
       "id": "57319fb90fdd8d15006c6405"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "chairman of the University Grants Committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Sir Keith Murray?",
       "id": "57319fb90fdd8d15006c6406"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 670,
         "text": "the University of Strathclyde"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What university did Sir Samuel Curran contribute to the creation of?",
       "id": "57319fb90fdd8d15006c6407"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the end of the early modern period, the structure and orientation of higher education had changed in ways that are eminently recognizable for the modern context. Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic orientation was emerging. The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture, and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "the end of the early modern period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At the end of what period would universities become alike to contemporary universities?",
       "id": "5731a0a1b9d445190005e411"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "mechanistic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of focus did universities have at the end of the early modern period?",
       "id": "5731a0a1b9d445190005e412"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "humanities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the early modern period?",
       "id": "5731a0a1b9d445190005e413"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 593,
         "text": "the modern state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The change in universities towards the completion of the early modern period is credited with the formation of what entity?",
       "id": "5731a0a1b9d445190005e414"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "Aristotle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The study of the humanities at the end of the early modern period replaced the study of the work of what individual?",
       "id": "5731a0a1b9d445190005e415"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The epistemological tensions between scientists and universities were also heightened by the economic realities of research during this time, as individual scientists, associations and universities were vying for limited resources. There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded by private benefactors and designed to provide free education to the public, or established by local governments to provide a knowledge hungry populace with an alternative to traditional universities. Even when universities supported new scientific endeavors, and the university provided foundational training and authority for the research and conclusions, they could not compete with the resources available through private benefactors.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "limited resources"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Scientists and universities were competing for what?",
       "id": "5731a21de17f3d1400422295"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "free"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of education did private benefactors hope to provide to the public?",
       "id": "5731a21de17f3d1400422296"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "an alternative to traditional universities"
        }
       ],
       "question": " Governments created universities to serve as what?",
       "id": "5731a21de17f3d1400422297"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 719,
         "text": "private benefactors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of entity created competition with government created universities?",
       "id": "5731a21de17f3d1400422298"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Other historians find incongruity in the proposition that the very place where the vast number of the scholars that influenced the scientific revolution received their education should also be the place that inhibits their research and the advancement of science. In fact, more than 80% of the European scientists between 1450\u20131650 included in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were university trained, of which approximately 45% held university posts. It was the case that the academic foundations remaining from the Middle Ages were stable, and they did provide for an environment that fostered considerable growth and development. There was considerable reluctance on the part of universities to relinquish the symmetry and comprehensiveness provided by the Aristotelian system, which was effective as a coherent system for understanding and interpreting the world. However, university professors still utilized some autonomy, at least in the sciences, to choose epistemological foundations and methods. For instance, Melanchthon and his disciples at University of Wittenberg were instrumental for integrating Copernican mathematical constructs into astronomical debate and instruction. Another example was the short-lived but fairly rapid adoption of Cartesian epistemology and methodology in European universities, and the debates surrounding that adoption, which led to more mechanistic approaches to scientific problems as well as demonstrated an openness to change. There are many examples which belie the commonly perceived intransigence of universities. Although universities may have been slow to accept new sciences and methodologies as they emerged, when they did accept new ideas it helped to convey legitimacy and respectability, and supported the scientific changes through providing a stable environment for instruction and material resources.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "more than 80%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of scientists from 1450\u20131650 in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were taught in a university?",
       "id": "5731a318b9d445190005e425"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 649,
         "text": "considerable reluctance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On the part of universities what was their reaction to giving up the Aristotelian system?",
       "id": "5731a318b9d445190005e426"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1059,
         "text": "University of Wittenberg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What university was Melancthon from?",
       "id": "5731a318b9d445190005e427"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1719,
         "text": "legitimacy and respectability"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The acceptance of new concepts and sciences by universities brought these ideas what?",
       "id": "5731a318b9d445190005e429"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1260,
         "text": "Cartesian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of epistemology was adopted for a short period of time in European universities?",
       "id": "5731a318b9d445190005e428"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Regardless of the way the tension between universities, individual scientists, and the scientific revolution itself is perceived, there was a discernible impact on the way that university education was constructed. Aristotelian epistemology provided a coherent framework not simply for knowledge and knowledge construction, but also for the training of scholars within the higher education setting. The creation of new scientific constructs during the scientific revolution, and the epistemological challenges that were inherent within this creation, initiated the idea of both the autonomy of science and the hierarchy of the disciplines. Instead of entering higher education to become a \"general scholar\" immersed in becoming proficient in the entire curriculum, there emerged a type of scholar that put science first and viewed it as a vocation in itself. The divergence between those focused on science and those still entrenched in the idea of a general scholar exacerbated the epistemological tensions that were already beginning to emerge.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "Aristotelian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of epistemology served as the foundation of knowledge constructions and  training scholars in universities?",
       "id": "5731a4580fdd8d15006c6421"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 582,
         "text": "autonomy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science?",
       "id": "5731a4580fdd8d15006c6422"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 949,
         "text": "a general scholar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "There was disagreement between universities and scientists over schools focusing on science, and the idea of what?",
       "id": "5731a4580fdd8d15006c6423"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "the scientific revolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A hierarchy of scientific disciplines came out of what?",
       "id": "5731a4580fdd8d15006c6424"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 814,
         "text": "first"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did students after the scientific revolution put science on the scale of importance?",
       "id": "5731a4580fdd8d15006c6425"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Examining the influence of humanism on scholars in medicine, mathematics, astronomy and physics may suggest that humanism and universities were a strong impetus for the scientific revolution. Although the connection between humanism and the scientific discovery may very well have begun within the confines of the university, the connection has been commonly perceived as having been severed by the changing nature of science during the scientific revolution. Historians such as Richard S. Westfall have argued that the overt traditionalism of universities inhibited attempts to re-conceptualize nature and knowledge and caused an indelible tension between universities and scientists. This resistance to changes in science may have been a significant factor in driving many scientists away from the university and toward private benefactors, usually in princely courts, and associations with newly forming scientific societies.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "the scientific revolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The study of humanism among those studying math, astronomy and medicine is said to have caused what?",
       "id": "5731a51fe17f3d140042229d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 705,
         "text": "changes in science"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Resisting what caused many scientists to court private benefactors?",
       "id": "5731a51fe17f3d140042229e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 854,
         "text": "princely courts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where might a scientist find a friendly private benefactor?",
       "id": "5731a51fe17f3d140042229f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "Richard S. Westfall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which historian argues that traditionalism in a university system hindered attempts to form new views on knowledge and nature?",
       "id": "5731a51fe17f3d14004222a0"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Religion_in_ancient_Rome",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The priesthoods of public religion were held by members of the elite classes. There was no principle analogous to separation of church and state in ancient Rome. During the Roman Republic (509\u201327 BC), the same men who were elected public officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs. Priests married, raised families, and led politically active lives. Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus before he was elected consul. The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order, thus sanctioning Roman expansionism as a matter of divine destiny. The Roman triumph was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods, especially Jupiter, who embodied just rule. As a result of the Punic Wars (264\u2013146 BC), when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power, many new temples were built by magistrates in fulfillment of a vow to a deity for assuring their military success.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "elite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The members of what class were priests in ancient Rome?",
       "id": "57318c85a5e9cc1400cdc03b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 822,
         "text": "Jupiter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which God exemplified just rule for the Romans?",
       "id": "57318c85a5e9cc1400cdc03e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "509\u201327 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the time span of the Roman Republic?",
       "id": "57318c85a5e9cc1400cdc03d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "church and state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of political separation did not exist in Rome? ",
       "id": "57318c85a5e9cc1400cdc03c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 874,
         "text": "Punic Wars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As a result of what war were many new temples built by victorious generals?",
       "id": "57318c85a5e9cc1400cdc03f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, \"I give that you might give.\" Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as Cicero, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances. Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported Vestals, who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "faith or dogma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice?",
       "id": "57318f2c05b4da19006bd2ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "social order"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was brought forth by religion in Rome?",
       "id": "57318f2c05b4da19006bd2ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 554,
         "text": "household shrine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious feature did each Roman home have?",
       "id": "57318f2c05b4da19006bd2ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 773,
         "text": "religious observances"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?",
       "id": "57318f2c05b4da19006bd2af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1015,
         "text": "Vestals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious group was in charge of Rome's sacred flame?",
       "id": "57318f2c05b4da19006bd2b0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "great number"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How deities did the Romans have?",
       "id": "5731906a497a88190024903f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 150,
         "text": "Greeks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group was an influence to Roman culture?",
       "id": "5731906a497a881900249040"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "religious"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort  of practices did the Greeks offer to Rome's culture?",
       "id": "5731906a497a881900249041"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 457,
         "text": "Greek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs?",
       "id": "5731906a497a881900249042"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "Etruscan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion influenced augury for the Romans?",
       "id": "5731906a497a881900249043"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of \"magic\", conspiratorial (coniuratio), or subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity, as with the senate's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "personal choice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the practice of religion to the Romans?",
       "id": "57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "public religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the standard practice in Roman religious life?",
       "id": "57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "mysteries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy?",
       "id": "57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "conservative Romans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive?",
       "id": "57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "morality and unity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them?",
       "id": "57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage, building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods. By the height of the Empire, numerous international deities were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote provinces, among them Cybele, Isis, Epona, and gods of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus, found as far north as Roman Britain. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only, religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems. The monotheistic rigor of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions, but sometimes to intractable conflict. For example, religious disputes helped cause the First Jewish\u2013Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "preserving tradition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To the Romans what did them think promoted social stability?",
       "id": "573193f005b4da19006bd2e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "absorb"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Romans tend to do with local religions and deities in conquered areas? ",
       "id": "573193f005b4da19006bd2e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 956,
         "text": "tolerance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What facet of religion was not an issue for Roman?",
       "id": "573193f005b4da19006bd2e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 721,
         "text": "remote provinces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what areas of the Roman empire did the Romans take their deities?",
       "id": "573193f005b4da19006bd2e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "religious heritage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What facet of a foreign people did Rome add to itself to promote order?",
       "id": "573193f005b4da19006bd2e6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called \"emperor worship\" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius, the divine tutelary of every individual. Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with Christianity, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "emperors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After the Republic collapsed,  what addition was made to the religions of Rome?",
       "id": "573195dbe6313a140071d0e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Augustus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first Roman emperor?",
       "id": "573195dbe6313a140071d0e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For whose well being were public vows made in the empire?",
       "id": "573195dbe6313a140071d0e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "Imperial cult"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire?",
       "id": "573195dbe6313a140071d0e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 741,
         "text": "treason"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As what during the time of the Roman empire  was rejection of the state religion viewed?",
       "id": "573195dbe6313a140071d0e4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthood. Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander, a Greek exile from Arcadia, to whom were attributed other religious foundations: he established the Ara Maxima, \"Greatest Altar,\" to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium, and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia, an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "Aeneas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine?",
       "id": "57319760e99e3014001e6174"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "Roman religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature?",
       "id": "57319760e99e3014001e6175"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "Vestals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects?",
       "id": "57319760e99e3014001e6176"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "Lupercalia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century?",
       "id": "57319760e99e3014001e6177"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "Hercules"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome?",
       "id": "57319760e99e3014001e6178"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin, in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father. Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars. She gave birth to twins, who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "Romulus and Remus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mythical characters were involved in the founding of Rome?",
       "id": "57319878e17f3d1400422255"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "hero myth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of story was the Romulus and Remus tale?",
       "id": "57319878e17f3d1400422256"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "Rhea Silvia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the mother of Romulus and Remus?",
       "id": "57319878e17f3d1400422257"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "Mars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What god was the father of Romulus and Remus?",
       "id": "57319878e17f3d1400422258"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 638,
         "text": "miraculous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of events saved the twins of Roman myth?",
       "id": "57319878e17f3d1400422259"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "religious"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of organization did Romulus establish?",
       "id": "573199ecb9d445190005e3fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "Jupiter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found?",
       "id": "573199ecb9d445190005e3ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "spoils taken in war"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph?",
       "id": "573199ecb9d445190005e400"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "Consualia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious festival did Romulus found?",
       "id": "573199ecb9d445190005e3fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "deified"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Instead of death, what happened to Romulus?",
       "id": "573199ecb9d445190005e401"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first \"outsider\" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world. The benevolent, divinely fathered Servius Tullius established the Latin League, its Aventine Temple to Diana, and the Compitalia to mark his social reforms. Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant Tarquinius Superbus, whose expulsion marked the beginning of Rome as a republic with annually elected magistrates.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "religious institutions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what were the first kings of Rome associated?",
       "id": "57319b91e17f3d1400422269"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "Jupiter, Juno and Minerva"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus  establish a temple?",
       "id": "57319b91e17f3d140042226a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 635,
         "text": "Tarquinius Superbus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?",
       "id": "57319b91e17f3d140042226d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "Capitoline"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the temple to the triad gods established?",
       "id": "57319b91e17f3d140042226b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "Latin League,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization did Servius Tullius found?",
       "id": "57319b91e17f3d140042226c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, gods of the underworld and a myriad of lesser deities between. Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them, but none were intrinsically, irredeemably foreign or alien. The political, cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad, inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults. At different times and in different places, the sphere of influence, character and functions of a divine being could expand, overlap with those of others, and be redefined as Roman. Change was embedded within existing traditions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "creation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of myth did Rome not have?",
       "id": "5731a18fe17f3d140042228b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "immortal gods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth?",
       "id": "5731a18fe17f3d140042228c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "Rome honoured them"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? ",
       "id": "5731a18fe17f3d140042228d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 633,
         "text": "lawful"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Rome make the myriad various cults?",
       "id": "5731a18fe17f3d140042228e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 829,
         "text": "Change"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was basic facet of Roman religious experience?",
       "id": "5731a18fe17f3d140042228f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and \"the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested\", consistently personified the divine authority of Rome's highest offices, internal organization and external relations. During the archaic and early Republican eras, he shared his temple, some aspects of cult and several divine characteristics with Mars and Quirinus, who were later replaced by Juno and Minerva. A conceptual tendency toward triads may be indicated by the later agricultural or plebeian triad of Ceres, Liber and Libera, and by some of the complementary threefold deity-groupings of Imperial cult. Other major and minor deities could be single, coupled, or linked retrospectively through myths of divine marriage and sexual adventure. These later Roman pantheistic hierarchies are part literary and mythographic, part philosophical creations, and often Greek in origin. The Hellenization of Latin literature and culture supplied literary and artistic models for reinterpreting Roman deities in light of the Greek Olympians, and promoted a sense that the two cultures had a shared heritage.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "Jupiter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods?",
       "id": "5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6417"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 317,
         "text": "divine authority"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices?",
       "id": "5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6418"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 536,
         "text": "Mars and Quirinus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice?",
       "id": "5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6419"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1057,
         "text": "Greek in origin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come?",
       "id": "5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1284,
         "text": "heritage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? ",
       "id": "5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion. In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "commonplace"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?",
       "id": "5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "lawful Roman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices  pertain? ",
       "id": "5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "impressive, costly, and centralised"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the characteristics of state religious observances?",
       "id": "5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "individual"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? ",
       "id": "5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "patron"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of deities did Roman communities have?",
       "id": "5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered \"non-sacred\" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions. Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi (\"games,\" such as chariot races and theatrical performances), with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia, and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber. Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes, or particular groups, such as women at the Bona Dea rites.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "forty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many religious celebrations did Rome have?",
       "id": "5731a76fe17f3d14004222c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "sacred days"
        }
       ],
       "question": " What type of day were there more of in Rome?",
       "id": "5731a76fe17f3d14004222c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "seasonal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance?",
       "id": "5731a76fe17f3d14004222c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "local"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate?",
       "id": "5731a76fe17f3d14004222c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 732,
         "text": "particular groups"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require?",
       "id": "5731a76fe17f3d14004222c7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display, and the ludi attendant on a triumph were expanded to include gladiator contests. Under the Principate, all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control: the most lavish were subsidised by emperors, and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office. Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries. Others, such as the traditional Republican Secular Games to mark a new era (saeculum), became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity. That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in late antiquity is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "fulfillment of religious vows"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of festivals happened when events warranted them?",
       "id": "5731a97bb9d445190005e439"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "The triumph"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of an event organized religious celebration?",
       "id": "5731a97bb9d445190005e43a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "public display"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other?",
       "id": "5731a97bb9d445190005e43b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "Imperial"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under what auspices did public displays  come during the Principate?",
       "id": "5731a97bb9d445190005e43c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 553,
         "text": "emperors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who paid for the most lavish of festival events?",
       "id": "5731a97bb9d445190005e43d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation \u2014 a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era, Ovid. In his Fasti, a long-form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June, Ovid presents a unique look at Roman antiquarian lore, popular customs, and religious practice that is by turns imaginative, entertaining, high-minded, and scurrilous; not a priestly account, despite the speaker's pose as a vates or inspired poet-prophet, but a work of description, imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the Saturnalia, Consualia, and feast of Anna Perenna on the Ides of March, where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people. But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events, indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances. In the later Empire under Christian rule, the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar, alongside at least some of the traditional festivals.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "reinterpretation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do?",
       "id": "5731ab21b9d445190005e44d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 248,
         "text": "reform"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion?",
       "id": "5731ab21b9d445190005e44e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "Ovid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays?",
       "id": "5731ab21b9d445190005e44f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1207,
         "text": "authoritative calendar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome?",
       "id": "5731ab21b9d445190005e450"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1281,
         "text": "Christian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays?",
       "id": "5731ab21b9d445190005e451"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: \"The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual.\" The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer to this sacred precinct, and the more common Latin words aedes, delubrum, or fanum for a temple or shrine as a building. The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "ritual"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space?",
       "id": "5731aca5e99e3014001e61be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "augury"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual?",
       "id": "5731aca5e99e3014001e61bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "templum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct?",
       "id": "5731aca5e99e3014001e61c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "aedes, delubrum, or fanum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building?",
       "id": "5731aca5e99e3014001e61c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "temples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture?",
       "id": "5731aca5e99e3014001e61c2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that \"a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods.\" Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action, and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy. Accurate naming was vital for tapping into the desired powers of the deity invoked, hence the proliferation of cult epithets among Roman deities. Public prayers (prex) were offered loudly and clearly by a priest on behalf of the community. Public religious ritual had to be enacted by specialists and professionals faultlessly; a mistake might require that the action, or even the entire festival, be repeated from the start. The historian Livy reports an occasion when the presiding magistrate at the Latin festival forgot to include the \"Roman people\" among the list of beneficiaries in his prayer; the festival had to be started over. Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic, a recitation rather than a personal expression, though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "prayer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion?",
       "id": "5731ae300fdd8d15006c643d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "useless"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was?",
       "id": "5731ae300fdd8d15006c643e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "Prayer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act alone had power in Roman thought?",
       "id": "5731ae300fdd8d15006c643f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1104,
         "text": "personal expression"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome?",
       "id": "5731ae300fdd8d15006c6441"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "correct verbal formulas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer?",
       "id": "5731ae300fdd8d15006c6440"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, \"gods above\") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consuls. Di superi with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various genii \u2013 including the Emperor's \u2013 were offered fertile victims. After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion (exta, the innards). Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "daylight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? ",
       "id": "5731af92e99e3014001e61c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "white"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities?",
       "id": "5731af92e99e3014001e61c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "banquet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event was held after the sacrifice?",
       "id": "5731af92e99e3014001e61cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "fertile"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections?",
       "id": "5731af92e99e3014001e61ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 702,
         "text": "officials and priests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice  banquet?",
       "id": "5731af92e99e3014001e61cc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi (\"gods below\"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as \"the living cannot share a meal with the dead\". Ceres and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals; Tellus was given a pregnant cow at the Fordicidia festival. Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices. Demigods and heroes, who belonged to the heavens and the underworld, were sometimes given black-and-white victims. Robigo (or Robigus) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the Robigalia for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "nighttime"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the gods below and the dead celebrated?",
       "id": "5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "dark, fertile"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?",
       "id": "5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "burnt offering"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled?",
       "id": "5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "shared banquet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice?",
       "id": "5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "Color"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What feature had importance in sacrifices?",
       "id": "5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "divine agencies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion?",
       "id": "5731b729b9d445190005e4a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "gratitude"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron?",
       "id": "5731b729b9d445190005e4a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "Divine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?",
       "id": "5731b729b9d445190005e4a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "public rites"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome?",
       "id": "5731b729b9d445190005e4aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "supplicating the gods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the point of public procession to the god's temples?",
       "id": "5731b729b9d445190005e4ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The \"contract\" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Extraordinary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties?",
       "id": "5731b8a4e17f3d140042231b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "every animal born"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War?",
       "id": "5731b8a4e17f3d140042231c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "Hannibal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From whom was Rome asking for protection?",
       "id": "5731b8a4e17f3d140042231d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "withheld"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement?",
       "id": "5731b8a4e17f3d140042231e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 826,
         "text": "bull"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii?",
       "id": "5731b8a4e17f3d140042231f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": " The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were \"read\" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman sacrifice, the exta and blood are reserved for the gods, while the meat (viscera) is shared among human beings in a communal meal. The exta of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot (olla or aula), while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers. When the deity's portion was cooked, it was sprinkled with mola salsa (ritually prepared salted flour) and wine, then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering; the technical verb for this action was porricere.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "entrails"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the exta of a sacrifice?",
       "id": "5731b9b9e99e3014001e6204"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "disciplina Etrusca"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were the exta read in Roman religious practice?",
       "id": "5731b9b9e99e3014001e6205"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "exta and blood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods?",
       "id": "5731b9b9e99e3014001e6206"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "meat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans?",
       "id": "5731b9b9e99e3014001e6207"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 708,
         "text": "fire on the altar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed?",
       "id": "5731b9b9e99e3014001e6208"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber \"which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings\". Livy avoids the word \"sacrifice\" in connection with this bloodless human life-offering; Plutarch does not. The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC, preparatory to an invasion of Gaul. Its religious dimensions and purpose remain uncertain.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Human"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome?",
       "id": "5731bb00e99e3014001e6218"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Human sacrifice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act was repulsive to Romans?",
       "id": "5731bb00e99e3014001e6219"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "buried"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome?",
       "id": "5731bb00e99e3014001e621a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "Gaul"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out?",
       "id": "5731bb00e99e3014001e621b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "113 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome?",
       "id": "5731bb00e99e3014001e621c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpose. Even so, the gladiators swore their lives to the infernal gods, and the combat was dedicated as an offering to the di manes or other gods. The event was therefore a sacrificium in the strict sense of the term, and Christian writers later condemned it as human sacrifice.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "First Punic War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what war was the first gladiator munus held?",
       "id": "5731bc54e17f3d1400422349"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "funeral blood-rite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How was the gladiatorial combat described? ",
       "id": "5731bc54e17f3d140042234a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "death"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites?",
       "id": "5731bc54e17f3d140042234b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "as an offering"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what way was gladiatorial combat considered?",
       "id": "5731bc54e17f3d140042234c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 578,
         "text": "human sacrifice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats?",
       "id": "5731bc54e17f3d140042234d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice, whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses; Marcus Marius Gratidianus was a gruesome example.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "L. Junius Brutus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the founder of the Roman Republic?",
       "id": "5731bd96b9d445190005e4ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "woolen dolls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?",
       "id": "5731bd96b9d445190005e4ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "Mother of the Lares"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Mania in Roman religion?",
       "id": "5731bd96b9d445190005e4ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "L. Junius Brutus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic?",
       "id": "5731bd96b9d445190005e4f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 316,
         "text": "executions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices?",
       "id": "5731bd96b9d445190005e4f1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious \"to the laws of gods and men.\" The practice was a mark of the \"Other\", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes. Pliny saw the ending of human sacrifice conducted by the druids as a positive consequence of the conquest of Gaul and Britain. Despite an empire-wide ban under Hadrian, human sacrifice may have continued covertly in North Africa and elsewhere.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "human sacrifice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act did Romans view as obnoxious?",
       "id": "5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "enemies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed?",
       "id": "5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "banned it"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Rome do about human sacrifice?",
       "id": "5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "murder"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As what  did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice?",
       "id": "5731bed90fdd8d15006c64ea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "Hadrian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide?",
       "id": "5731bed90fdd8d15006c64eb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines (lararia) and their deities. Household cults had state counterparts. In Vergil's Aeneid, Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy, along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "wife"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult?",
       "id": "5731c01cb9d445190005e502"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 2,
         "text": "pater familias"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome?",
       "id": "5731c01cb9d445190005e501"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "Aeneas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome?",
       "id": "5731c01cb9d445190005e503"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "Troy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult?",
       "id": "5731c01cb9d445190005e504"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 556,
         "text": "Palladium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was put in the temple of Vesta?",
       "id": "5731c01cb9d445190005e505"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des (\"I give, that you might give\"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were vitia (impious errors). Excessive devotion, fearful grovelling to deities and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were superstitio. Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger (ira deorum) and therefore harm the State. The official deities of the state were identified with its lawful offices and institutions, and Romans of every class were expected to honour the beneficence and protection of mortal and divine superiors. Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to their community and its values.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "ritualised"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused?",
       "id": "5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "Religious neglect"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What form of religion was atheism considered to be? ",
       "id": "5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "harmony and prosperity."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What results did proper religious practices produce?",
       "id": "5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 510,
         "text": "divine anger"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could deviations from proper religious practices cause?",
       "id": "5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 819,
         "text": "commitment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual?",
       "id": "5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Official cults were state funded as a \"matter of public interest\" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to state deities. The public Vestals prepared ritual substances for use in public and private cults, and held the state-funded (thus public) opening ceremony for the Parentalia festival, which was otherwise a private rite to household ancestors. Some rites of the domus (household) were held in public places but were legally defined as privata in part or whole. All cults were ultimately subject to the approval and regulation of the censor and pontifices.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization payed for the maintenance official cults?",
       "id": "5731c36fb9d445190005e515"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "private individuals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who funded non-official religious cults?",
       "id": "5731c36fb9d445190005e516"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "own communities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group benefited from non- official cults? ",
       "id": "5731c36fb9d445190005e517"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "Vestals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival?",
       "id": "5731c36fb9d445190005e518"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 753,
         "text": "censor and pontifices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What individuals had the right to regulate all cults?",
       "id": "5731c36fb9d445190005e519"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. In household cult, the paterfamilias functioned as priest, and members of his familia as acolytes and assistants. Public cults required greater knowledge and expertise. The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines (the singular is flamen), attributed to king Numa: the major flamines, dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, were traditionally drawn from patrician families. Twelve lesser flamines were each dedicated to a single deity, whose archaic nature is indicated by the relative obscurity of some. Flamines were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity; Jupiter's flamen in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "separate priestly caste"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome?",
       "id": "5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6537"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "highest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? ",
       "id": "5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6538"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "Specialists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of religious participants were available for consultation?",
       "id": "5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6539"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 539,
         "text": "flamines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the earliest priesthoods? ",
       "id": "5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 343,
         "text": "paterfamilias"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which member of a family functioned as priest?",
       "id": "5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased. By the late Republican era, the flamines were supervised by the pontifical collegia. The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role \u2013 the supervision of the Vestals and their rites \u2013 fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "rex sacrorum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?",
       "id": "5731cd7fe17f3d1400422429"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "civil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?",
       "id": "5731cd7fe17f3d140042242a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "Republican pontifices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?",
       "id": "5731cd7fe17f3d140042242b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 780,
         "text": "pontifex maximus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?",
       "id": "5731cd7fe17f3d140042242c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "rex sacrorum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?",
       "id": "5731cd7fe17f3d140042242d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religious law was collegial and traditional; it informed political decisions, could overturn them, and was difficult to exploit for personal gain. Priesthood was a costly honour: in traditional Roman practice, a priest drew no stipend. Cult donations were the property of the deity, whose priest must provide cult regardless of shortfalls in public funding \u2013 this could mean subsidy of acolytes and all other cult maintenance from personal funds. For those who had reached their goal in the Cursus honorum, permanent priesthood was best sought or granted after a lifetime's service in military or political life, or preferably both: it was a particularly honourable and active form of retirement which fulfilled an essential public duty. For a freedman or slave, promotion as one of the Compitalia seviri offered a high local profile, and opportunities in local politics; and therefore business. During the Imperial era, priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office; in effect, it was the first step in a provincial cursus honorum. In Rome, the same Imperial cult role was performed by the Arval Brethren, once an obscure Republican priesthood dedicated to several deities, then co-opted by Augustus as part of his religious reforms. The Arvals offered prayer and sacrifice to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays, accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt. Every January 3 they consecrated the annual vows and rendered any sacrifice promised in the previous year, provided the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "collegia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group selected public priests in Rome?",
       "id": "5731cf22e99e3014001e62d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "lifetime"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the term of office for a priest in Rome?",
       "id": "5731cf22e99e3014001e62d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What limited an individual's access to religious offices?",
       "id": "5731cf22e99e3014001e62d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "costly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest?",
       "id": "5731cf22e99e3014001e62d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1298,
         "text": "Roman citizenship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial?",
       "id": "5731cf22e99e3014001e62d4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her office, a Vestal was emancipated from her father's authority. In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Vestals were there in Rome?",
       "id": "5731d079e99e3014001e62da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "hearth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what was Vesta the goddess?",
       "id": "5731d079e99e3014001e62db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "vital flame"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what were the Vestals protectors?",
       "id": "5731d079e99e3014001e62dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "political influence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the benefit of being a Vestal?",
       "id": "5731d079e99e3014001e62dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 536,
         "text": "Pontifex Maximus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom did the Vestal answer?",
       "id": "5731d079e99e3014001e62de"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced: a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive. Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties, which were considered essential to the security of Rome.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "chastity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What vow was required of Vestals?",
       "id": "5731d21ae99e3014001e62f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 625,
         "text": "essential"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?",
       "id": "5731d21ae99e3014001e62f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 416,
         "text": "buried alive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?",
       "id": "5731d21ae99e3014001e62f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "devoted"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?",
       "id": "5731d21ae99e3014001e62f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "religious"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the honor granted a Vestal ?",
       "id": "5731d21ae99e3014001e62fa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festival of Vestalia, they participated directly in the rites of Parilia, Parentalia and Fordicidia. Indirectly, they played a role in every official sacrifice; among their duties was the preparation of the mola salsa, the salted flour that was sprinkled on every sacrificial victim as part of its immolation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "Vesta's flame"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?",
       "id": "5731d3b3e17f3d140042245d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "Lares and Penates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?",
       "id": "5731d3b3e17f3d140042245e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 327,
         "text": "Vestalia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Vestal festival called?",
       "id": "5731d3b3e17f3d140042245f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 522,
         "text": "mola salsa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?",
       "id": "5731d3b3e17f3d1400422460"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 416,
         "text": "Indirect"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?",
       "id": "5731d3b3e17f3d1400422461"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century, after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians. When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, he took steps toward the dissolution of the order. His successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "Vestals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms?",
       "id": "5731d546e99e3014001e6312"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "seating"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games?",
       "id": "5731d546e99e3014001e6313"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "Livia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses?",
       "id": "5731d546e99e3014001e6314"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "4th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions?",
       "id": "5731d546e99e3014001e6315"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 554,
         "text": "Theodosius I"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which emperor disbanded the Vestals?",
       "id": "5731d546e99e3014001e6316"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himself with oxen and plough; what lay within was the earthly home and protectorate of the gods of the state. In Rome, the central references for the establishment of an augural templum appear to have been the Via Sacra (Sacred Way) and the pomerium. Magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed official acts through an augur, who read the divine will through observations made within the templum before, during and after an act of sacrifice. Divine disapproval could arise through unfit sacrifice, errant rites (vitium) or an unacceptable plan of action. If an unfavourable sign was given, the magistrate could repeat the sacrifice until favourable signs were seen, consult with his augural colleagues, or abandon the project. Magistrates could use their right of augury (ius augurum) to adjourn and overturn the process of law, but were obliged to base their decision on the augur's observations and advice. For Cicero, himself an augur, this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Late Republic. By his time (mid 1st century BC) augury was supervised by the college of pontifices, whose powers were increasingly woven into the magistracies of the cursus honorum.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "sacred precinct"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what area did public rites take place in Rome?",
       "id": "5731d6d4e99e3014001e631c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "augur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What person marked the religious area ritually?",
       "id": "5731d6d4e99e3014001e631d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "sacred space"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin?",
       "id": "5731d6d4e99e3014001e631e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "Romulus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designated the first boundary of Rome?",
       "id": "5731d6d4e99e3014001e631f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 656,
         "text": "divine will"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did augers seek to understand through observances?",
       "id": "5731d6d4e99e3014001e6320"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient, ethnically Etruscan \"outsider\" religious profession, separate from Rome's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy, essential but never quite respectable. During the mid-to-late Republic, the reformist Gaius Gracchus, the populist politician-general Gaius Marius and his antagonist Sulla, and the \"notorious Verres\" justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners. The senate and armies used the public haruspices: at some time during the late Republic, the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination. Being of independent means, they would be better motivated to maintain a pure, religious practice for the public good. The motives of private haruspices \u2013 especially females \u2013 and their clients were officially suspect: none of this seems to have troubled Marius, who employed a Syrian prophetess.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "examination of entrails"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?",
       "id": "5731d97fe99e3014001e632e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "liver"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?",
       "id": "5731d97fe99e3014001e632f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "Etruscan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To which group can haruspicy to traced?",
       "id": "5731d97fe99e3014001e6330"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 764,
         "text": "diviners"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of private  individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?",
       "id": "5731d97fe99e3014001e6331"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 805,
         "text": "public haruspices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?",
       "id": "5731d97fe99e3014001e6332"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos \u2013 signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for ritual expiation. In 207 BC, during one of the Punic Wars' worst crises, the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved \"at least twenty days\" of dedicated rites.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Prodigies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?",
       "id": "5731daede99e3014001e6342"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "conflict and misfortune"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what were prodigies predictors?",
       "id": "5731daede99e3014001e6344"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "divine anger"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did prodigies show the Romans?",
       "id": "5731daede99e3014001e6343"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "dedicated rites"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?",
       "id": "5731daede99e3014001e6345"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "Senate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group determined the truth of a prodigy?",
       "id": "5731daede99e3014001e6346"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains and on ears of corn: all were expiated by sacrifice of \"greater victims\". The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural; sheep become goats, a hen become a cock (and vice versa) \u2013 these were expiated with \"lesser victims\". The discovery of an androgynous four-year-old child was expiated by its drowning and the holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of Juno Regina, singing a hymn to avert disaster: a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation. Religious restitution is proved only by Rome's victory.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Livy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What author wrote of disaster prodigies?",
       "id": "5731e68eb9d445190005e63d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "lesser victims"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?",
       "id": "5731e68eb9d445190005e63f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "greater victims"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?",
       "id": "5731e68eb9d445190005e63e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "widespread failure"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?",
       "id": "5731e68eb9d445190005e641"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 854,
         "text": "Rome's victory"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?",
       "id": "5731e68eb9d445190005e640"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased, an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods. As Roman society developed, its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead, and more on monumental endowments to the community, such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name. Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial, with such grave goods as relatives could afford.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "educated elite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?",
       "id": "5731e806b9d445190005e651"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "archaic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?",
       "id": "5731e806b9d445190005e652"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "afterlife"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the ancient Romans expect after death?",
       "id": "5731e806b9d445190005e653"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 519,
         "text": "gods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?",
       "id": "5731e806b9d445190005e654"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 675,
         "text": "monumental endowments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?",
       "id": "5731e806b9d445190005e655"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the cremation. For the less well-off, inhumation with \"a libation of wine, incense, and fruit or crops was sufficient\". Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead: the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living. The ashes (or body) were entombed or buried. On the eighth day of mourning, the family offered further sacrifice, this time on the ground; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed entirely into the underworld. They had become one of the di Manes, who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia, a multi-day festival of remembrance in February.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Funeral and commemorative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?",
       "id": "5731ea07b9d445190005e679"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "sow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?",
       "id": "5731ea07b9d445190005e67a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "less well-off"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?",
       "id": "5731ea07b9d445190005e67b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 940,
         "text": "Parentalia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? ",
       "id": "5731ea07b9d445190005e67c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "Ceres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What goddess was an intermediary  between the dead and the living?",
       "id": "5731ea07b9d445190005e67d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued; St Augustine (following St Ambrose) feared that this invited the \"drunken\" practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor. Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567. Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different. Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life. The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly relics, and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to \"new life\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "Christian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?",
       "id": "5731ec3db9d445190005e6a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Tombs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?",
       "id": "5731ec3db9d445190005e6a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "alms of food"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?",
       "id": "5731ec3db9d445190005e6a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 682,
         "text": "AD 567"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?",
       "id": "5731ec3db9d445190005e6a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 805,
         "text": "ritual pollution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?",
       "id": "5731ec3db9d445190005e6a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperial era, the image of the ruling emperor. In one camp, this shrine is even called Capitolium. The most important camp-offering appears to have been the suovetaurilia performed before a major, set battle. A ram, a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded, led around the outer perimeter of the camp (a lustratio exercitus) and in through a gate, then sacrificed: Trajan's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars. The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum; all within are purified and protected.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "standard pattern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were Roman camps laid out?",
       "id": "5731ed92e99e3014001e63d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "defense and religious ritual"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?",
       "id": "5731ed92e99e3014001e63d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "Rome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?",
       "id": "5731ed92e99e3014001e63da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "commander's headquarters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was in the center of each Roman camp?",
       "id": "5731ed92e99e3014001e63db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 809,
         "text": "divine templum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?",
       "id": "5731ed92e99e3014001e63dc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured that every citizen-soldier knew his duty. As in Rome, whatever gods he served in his own time seem to have been his own business; legionary forts and vici included shrines to household gods, personal deities and deities otherwise unknown. From the earliest Imperial era, citizen legionaries and provincial auxiliaries gave cult to the emperor and his familia on Imperial accessions, anniversaries and their renewal of annual vows. They celebrated Rome's official festivals in absentia, and had the official triads appropriate to their function \u2013 in the Empire, Jupiter, Victoria and Concordia were typical. By the early Severan era, the military also offered cult to the Imperial divi, the current emperor's numen, genius and domus (or familia), and special cult to the Empress as \"mother of the camp.\" The near ubiquitous legionary shrines to Mithras of the later Imperial era were not part of official cult until Mithras was absorbed into Solar and Stoic Monism as a focus of military concordia and Imperial loyalty.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "religious"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of personnel did every camp have?",
       "id": "5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6675"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "senior magistrate-commander"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp?",
       "id": "5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6676"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 656,
         "text": "emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow?",
       "id": "5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6677"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 768,
         "text": "Rome's official festivals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?",
       "id": "5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6678"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1091,
         "text": "Empress"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What person was considered to be \"Mother of the camp''?",
       "id": "5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6679"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears \"damaged where it refers to his own fortunes\". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "devotio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?",
       "id": "5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "Decius Mus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?",
       "id": "5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1021,
         "text": "Roman gladiator"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what does the devotio link to military ethics?",
       "id": "5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 926,
         "text": "disastrous consequences"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?",
       "id": "5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "Livy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?",
       "id": "5731f0ffe99e3014001e63f0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign \"though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices.\" In defiance of the omen, he threw them into the sea, \"saying that they might drink, since they would not eat. He was defeated, and on being bidden by the senate to appoint a dictator, he appointed his messenger Glycias, as if again making a jest of his country's peril.\" His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Publius Claudius Pulcher"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What general was consul in 249 BC?",
       "id": "5731f24bb9d445190005e6d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of campaign did Publius fight?",
       "id": "5731f24bb9d445190005e6d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "defiance of the omen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?",
       "id": "5731f24bb9d445190005e6d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "defeated"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Publius fare in his battle?",
       "id": "5731f24bb9d445190005e6d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "impiety"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?",
       "id": "5731f24bb9d445190005e6d7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. Juno, Diana, Lucina, and specialized divine attendants presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "limited"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?",
       "id": "5731f389e99e3014001e6414"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "animal sacrifice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious act did women not perform?",
       "id": "5731f389e99e3014001e6415"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "Vestals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What priesthood was reserved solely for women?",
       "id": "5731f389e99e3014001e6416"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "Bona Dea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Roman rites excluded men?",
       "id": "5731f389e99e3014001e6417"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "motherhood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? ",
       "id": "5731f389e99e3014001e6418"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of \"doing or believing more than was necessary\", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as \"superstition\" was in fact aimed at excessive religio. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but superstitio was viewed as an \"inappropriate desire for knowledge\"; in effect, an abuse of religio.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "superstitio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?",
       "id": "5731f519e17f3d1400422577"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "superstition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?",
       "id": "5731f519e17f3d1400422579"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "knowledge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the basis of Roman religion?",
       "id": "5731f519e17f3d140042257a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "more than was necessary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?",
       "id": "5731f519e17f3d1400422578"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "inappropriate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?",
       "id": "5731f519e17f3d140042257b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from \"private\" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect. So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit, subversive or magical purposes. Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times, notably in 139 BC and 33 BC. In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death. \"Egyptian rites\" were particularly suspect: Augustus banned them within the pomerium to doubtful effect; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19. Despite several Imperial bans, magic and astrology persisted among all social classes. In the late 1st century AD, Tacitus observed that astrologers \"would always be banned and always retained at Rome\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "private diviners"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?",
       "id": "5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "will of the gods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?",
       "id": "5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "foretelling the future"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What action was not to be sought by state diviners?",
       "id": "5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "Astrologers and magicians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?",
       "id": "5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 695,
         "text": "death"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?",
       "id": "5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a \"foreign\" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as \"in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells (vi cantaminum) for everything he wishes to.\" Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical \"History of magical arts\" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods. Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus, \"despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "magi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?",
       "id": "5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "Persian priests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what did the term magi originally refer?",
       "id": "5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "Pliny the Elder"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?",
       "id": "5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "\"History of magical arts\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?",
       "id": "5731fb920fdd8d15006c66be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 688,
         "text": "Apollonius of Tyana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?",
       "id": "5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced \"the gods of heaven knew too little\" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest \"the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers\" and make \"austere old men blaze with illicit passions\". She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods, mankind and destiny. A female foreigner from Thessaly, notorious for witchcraft, Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature, along with Horace's Canidia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "Erichtho"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?",
       "id": "5731fd11e17f3d14004225b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "Sextus Pompeius"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?",
       "id": "5731fd11e17f3d14004225b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "order of gods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?",
       "id": "5731fd11e17f3d14004225b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "stereotypical witch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How was Erichtho portrayed?",
       "id": "5731fd11e17f3d14004225b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "Thessaly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what country did Erichtho come?",
       "id": "5731fd11e17f3d14004225b5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the \"charming of crops from one field to another\" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although sometimes the recipients of public rites, these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium. Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze, during the hours of darkness. Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals. The barrier between private religious practices and \"magic\" is permeable, and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic: an old woman squats among a circle of younger women, sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch, then pierces and roasts it to \"bind hostile tongues to silence\". By this she invokes Tacita, the \"Silent One\" of the underworld.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Twelve Tables"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What forbid harmful  incantations?",
       "id": "5731ff05e17f3d14004225c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "Chthonic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community? ",
       "id": "5731ff05e17f3d14004225c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "indistinguishable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?",
       "id": "5731ff05e17f3d14004225c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "public gaze"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?",
       "id": "5731ff05e17f3d14004225c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "outside the sacred boundary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was magic conducted in Rome?",
       "id": "5731ff05e17f3d14004225c9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called \"voodoo dolls\" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense or rejection. Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs, in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate, and promise a portion of the value (usually small) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration. None of these defixiones seem produced by, or on behalf of the elite, who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice. Similar traditions existed throughout the empire, persisting until around the 7th century AD, well into the Christian era.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Archaeology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?",
       "id": "573200880fdd8d15006c66cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "defixiones"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?",
       "id": "573200880fdd8d15006c66d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 642,
         "text": "law and justice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?",
       "id": "573200880fdd8d15006c66d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 737,
         "text": "7th century AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Until what era did spells persist in the empire?",
       "id": "573200880fdd8d15006c66d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 767,
         "text": "Christian era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What era produced a decline in the use of spells?",
       "id": "573200880fdd8d15006c66d3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. \"In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans\u2019 relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "aristocracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?",
       "id": "573201d7b9d445190005e713"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "slave or free non-citizens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?",
       "id": "573201d7b9d445190005e714"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "plebeians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?",
       "id": "573201d7b9d445190005e715"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "Less than a quarter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?",
       "id": "573201d7b9d445190005e716"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "the senate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization was Rome's official caretaker?",
       "id": "573201d7b9d445190005e717"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices. In the early Republic, as presumably in the regal era, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. They resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency; he negotiated a settlement, and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia. The religious calendars and laws were eventually made public. Plebeian tribunes were appointed, with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate. In principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "religious and political"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?",
       "id": "573203aae99e3014001e644c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 266,
         "text": "patrician elite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?",
       "id": "573203aae99e3014001e644d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "plebeians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group was excluded from high offices ?",
       "id": "573203aae99e3014001e644e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 725,
         "text": "Camillus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?",
       "id": "573203aae99e3014001e644f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 850,
         "text": "Concordia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?",
       "id": "573203aae99e3014001e6450"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "political traditions and religious cults"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? ",
       "id": "573207f5e17f3d14004225d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 282,
         "text": "Dionysus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cult arrived from southern Italy?",
       "id": "573207f5e17f3d14004225da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "Punic crisis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?",
       "id": "573207f5e17f3d14004225db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "Bacchus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?",
       "id": "573207f5e17f3d14004225dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 876,
         "text": "divine hierarchy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?",
       "id": "573207f5e17f3d14004225dd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus. Julius Caesar went further, and claimed her as his ancestress. Such claims suggested personal character and policy as divinely inspired; an appointment to priesthood offered divine validation. In 63 BC, Julius Caesar's appointment as pontifex maximus \"signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics\". Likewise, political candidates could sponsor temples, priesthoods and the immensely popular, spectacular public ludi and munera whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic. Under the principate, such opportunities were limited by law; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps (\"first citizen\").",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "pontifex maximus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise?",
       "id": "57320a29e99e3014001e6456"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "cultural shift"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes?",
       "id": "57320a29e99e3014001e6457"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "divinely inspired"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals?",
       "id": "57320a29e99e3014001e6458"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "63 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus?",
       "id": "57320a29e99e3014001e6459"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 914,
         "text": "by law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome?",
       "id": "57320a29e99e3014001e645a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival, Epulum Jovis. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "plebeian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?",
       "id": "57320ba7e99e3014001e6478"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "neighbours"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?",
       "id": "57320ba7e99e3014001e6479"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "Minerva"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?",
       "id": "57320ba7e99e3014001e647a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "Etruscan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what style was the temple to Minerva built?",
       "id": "57320ba7e99e3014001e647b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "Jupiter, Juno and Minerva"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What gods were in the Capitoline triad?",
       "id": "57320ba7e99e3014001e647c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium: and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum: Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy, and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste. In 217, Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "Diana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?",
       "id": "57320d61b9d445190005e791"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "Jupiter Latiaris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?",
       "id": "57320d61b9d445190005e792"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "Hercules"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?",
       "id": "57320d61b9d445190005e793"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 646,
         "text": "cavalry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what group was Castor a patron?",
       "id": "57320d61b9d445190005e794"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 819,
         "text": "Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?",
       "id": "57320d61b9d445190005e795"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus followed; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC. Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium: temples were dedicated to Juventas (Hebe) in 191 BC, Diana (Artemis) in 179 BC, Mars (Ares) in 138 BC), and to Bona Dea, equivalent to Fauna, the female counterpart of the rural Faunus, supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia. Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri. The military-political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma (identified with Roman Bellona, the Egyptian mystery-goddess Isis and Persian Mithras.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "Magna Mater"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?",
       "id": "57320eef0fdd8d15006c6729"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "Bacchus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?",
       "id": "57320eef0fdd8d15006c672a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "186 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?",
       "id": "57320eef0fdd8d15006c672b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 530,
         "text": "179 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Diana  brought into the pomerium?",
       "id": "57320eef0fdd8d15006c672c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "Mars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?",
       "id": "57320eef0fdd8d15006c672d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In the last century of the Republic, Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite, most of whom held - or had held - high office and traditional Roman priesthoods; notably, Scaevola and the polymath Varro. For Varro - well versed in Euhemerus' theory - popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction; what the people believed was not itself the truth, but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with. Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives, the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals, and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "model"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?",
       "id": "5732113b0fdd8d15006c6747"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "Euhemerus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What writer defined the development of the gods?",
       "id": "5732113b0fdd8d15006c6748"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "literate elite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?",
       "id": "5732113b0fdd8d15006c6749"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1005,
         "text": "devotion and cult."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?",
       "id": "5732113b0fdd8d15006c674a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "Euhemerus' theory"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?",
       "id": "5732113b0fdd8d15006c674b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably in the very late Republic, the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult. The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil's poetic, Imperial vision of the past.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "divine ancestor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?",
       "id": "573212f70fdd8d15006c675d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "personal claim"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?",
       "id": "573212f70fdd8d15006c675e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "Imperial cult"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?",
       "id": "573212f70fdd8d15006c6760"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "Venus Genetrix"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?",
       "id": "573212f70fdd8d15006c675f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "Vergil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood? ",
       "id": "573212f70fdd8d15006c6761"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "religious and political"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?",
       "id": "573214afe99e3014001e64e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "Augustus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?",
       "id": "573214afe99e3014001e64e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 349,
         "text": "unprecedented number"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many priesthoods was Augustus given?",
       "id": "573214afe99e3014001e64e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "adaptive, restorative and regulatory"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were Augustus's reforms viewed?",
       "id": "573214afe99e3014001e64e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 799,
         "text": "Roman morality"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?",
       "id": "573214afe99e3014001e64e6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent of Roman religious law. Newly municipal Sabratha built a Capitolium near its existing temple to Liber Pater and Serapis. Autonomy and concord were official policy, but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models. Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages, especially to local elites. All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at Cuicul are of emperors or Concordia. By the middle of the 1st century AD, Gaulish Vertault seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established, Romanised cult nearby: by the end of that century, Sabratha\u2019s so-called tophet was no longer in use. Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice, not a centralised legal requirement. Major cult centres to \"non-Roman\" deities continued to prosper: notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian Serapium, the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo's sacred wood at Antioch.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "Roman religious law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what were countries in the empire free?",
       "id": "573217f50fdd8d15006c678b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "inclusionist policies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?",
       "id": "573217f50fdd8d15006c678c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "Autonomy and concord"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Rome's policy towards government?",
       "id": "573217f50fdd8d15006c678d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 936,
         "text": "Romanised"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults? ",
       "id": "573217f50fdd8d15006c678e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1144,
         "text": "centralised legal requirement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?",
       "id": "573217f50fdd8d15006c678f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities \u2013 sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman \"domestic\" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "diis deabusque omnibus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?",
       "id": "57321b19b9d445190005e7fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "domestic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?",
       "id": "57321b19b9d445190005e7fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "traditional gods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?",
       "id": "57321b19b9d445190005e7fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "conscription"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act  of provincials brought new gods into the military?",
       "id": "57321b19b9d445190005e7fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "citizenship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?",
       "id": "57321b19b9d445190005e7ff"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus \u2013 and most of its religious cults \u2013 within his \"reformed\" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his numen. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "Julius Caesar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?",
       "id": "57321ccfb9d445190005e80f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "divine monarchy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?",
       "id": "57321ccfb9d445190005e810"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "Augustus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? ",
       "id": "57321ccfb9d445190005e811"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 663,
         "text": "Imperial cult"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?",
       "id": "57321ccfb9d445190005e813"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "integrated"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?",
       "id": "57321ccfb9d445190005e812"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maximus (greatest priest) and at least notionally, its leading Republican. When he died, his ascent to heaven, or his descent to join the dii manes was decided by a vote in the Senate. As a divus, he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity \u2013 libations of wine, garlands, incense, hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals. What he did in return for these favours is unknown, but literary hints and the later adoption of divus as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor. In Rome, official cult to a living emperor was directed to his genius; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that. In the crises leading up to the Dominate, Imperial titles and honours multiplied, reaching a peak under Diocletian. Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well-being; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "divinely approved"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the emperor's rule in Rome?",
       "id": "57321f30b9d445190005e823"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "father of his country"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?",
       "id": "57321f30b9d445190005e825"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "traditional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?",
       "id": "57321f30b9d445190005e824"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "vote in the Senate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?",
       "id": "57321f30b9d445190005e826"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1177,
         "text": "traditional cults"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion? ",
       "id": "57321f30b9d445190005e827"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero, but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita (an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "treaty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?",
       "id": "573220fce99e3014001e653a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 492,
         "text": "63 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?",
       "id": "573220fce99e3014001e653c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "synagogues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?",
       "id": "573220fce99e3014001e653b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 653,
         "text": "Julius Caesar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?",
       "id": "573220fce99e3014001e653d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1002,
         "text": "Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?",
       "id": "573220fce99e3014001e653e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, \u201ccontemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms\u201d, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome\u2019s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Christians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?",
       "id": "573222f30fdd8d15006c67eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "Emperor Nero"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?",
       "id": "573222f30fdd8d15006c67ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "persecution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce? ",
       "id": "573222f30fdd8d15006c67ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "official policy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?",
       "id": "573222f30fdd8d15006c67ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 861,
         "text": "ungodly practices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?",
       "id": "573222f30fdd8d15006c67ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to \"ancestral gods\" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "Decius"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?",
       "id": "57322474e99e3014001e654e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 589,
         "text": "Decian oath"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?",
       "id": "57322474e99e3014001e6550"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "Jews"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?",
       "id": "57322474e99e3014001e654f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 657,
         "text": "subversives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Decian decree meant to root out?",
       "id": "57322474e99e3014001e6551"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 787,
         "text": "edict expired."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the decree after a year?",
       "id": "57322474e99e3014001e6552"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system \u2013 not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome\u2019s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference \u2013 he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein \u2013 and Hippolytus recognised a \u201cpagan\u201d basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for \"dogmatic reasons \u2013 his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected \u2013 and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite\". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "subversive foreign cult"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?",
       "id": "573226e1b9d445190005e83d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "assemblies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?",
       "id": "573226e1b9d445190005e83e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "Rome's traditional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?",
       "id": "573226e1b9d445190005e83f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "threat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?",
       "id": "573226e1b9d445190005e840"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "stronger"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?",
       "id": "573226e1b9d445190005e841"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) \"ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded of\ufb01cials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them\" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "treason"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?",
       "id": "573228d1b9d445190005e865"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "303 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?",
       "id": "573228d1b9d445190005e866"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 587,
         "text": "legal rights"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?",
       "id": "573228d1b9d445190005e867"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 950,
         "text": "traditional gods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?",
       "id": "573228d1b9d445190005e869"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 825,
         "text": "imprisonment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?",
       "id": "573228d1b9d445190005e868"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. \"This meant an of\ufb01cial recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "strictly enforced"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?",
       "id": "57322ed7b9d445190005e8a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "imprisoned or martyred"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?",
       "id": "57322ed7b9d445190005e8a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "powerful and influential"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were some Christian communities?",
       "id": "57322ed7b9d445190005e8a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "lenient"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?",
       "id": "57322ed7b9d445190005e8a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "311"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?",
       "id": "57322ed7b9d445190005e8a7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that \"imperial honours\" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even \"pagan\" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the \"Catholic Church of the Christians\" against the Donatists because:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "St. Jerome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?",
       "id": "57323080e17f3d14004226ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "peace of God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?",
       "id": "57323080e17f3d1400422701"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "\"pagan\" emperors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?",
       "id": "57323080e17f3d1400422700"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "Donatists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?",
       "id": "57323080e17f3d1400422703"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "Constantine I"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? ",
       "id": "57323080e17f3d1400422702"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended \u2013 or attempted to end \u2013 blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and \"divus\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "edict of Milan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?",
       "id": "5732321ce17f3d1400422717"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 408,
         "text": "officially"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Constantine accept Christianity?",
       "id": "5732321ce17f3d1400422718"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "traditional religions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?",
       "id": "5732321ce17f3d1400422719"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 932,
         "text": "absolute head of state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?",
       "id": "5732321ce17f3d140042271a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 994,
         "text": "Christian, Imperial, and \"divus\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "As what was Constantine honored when he died?",
       "id": "5732321ce17f3d140042271b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "First Council of Nicaea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group did Constantine call to a meeting?",
       "id": "573233c1b9d445190005e8bd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "Western Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?",
       "id": "573233c1b9d445190005e8bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "318"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many bishops attended the First Council?",
       "id": "573233c1b9d445190005e8be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "Nicene Creed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?",
       "id": "573233c1b9d445190005e8c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "Christian orthodoxy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?",
       "id": "573233c1b9d445190005e8c0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "Julian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?",
       "id": "5732354ce17f3d140042272b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "Nicene Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?",
       "id": "5732354ce17f3d140042272c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "religious tolerance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pleas were rejected by the empire?",
       "id": "5732354ce17f3d140042272d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "Heretics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?",
       "id": "5732354ce17f3d140042272e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "ritual"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?",
       "id": "5732354ce17f3d140042272f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the \"Galilean madness\" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the \"irrational impieties\" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "Julian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who rejected the Christian religion?",
       "id": "573236d2e17f3d1400422735"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "361"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Julian become Augustus?",
       "id": "573236d2e17f3d1400422736"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "non-Christian practices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Julian try to restore to the empire?",
       "id": "573236d2e17f3d1400422737"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "Jerusalem's temple"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What building did Julian want to rebuild?",
       "id": "573236d2e17f3d1400422738"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 688,
         "text": "Christian control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?",
       "id": "573236d2e17f3d1400422739"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "pontifex maximus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?",
       "id": "573238630fdd8d15006c685f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "Vestals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group did Gratian seek the abolish?",
       "id": "573238630fdd8d15006c6860"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Theodosius I"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which emperor briefly united the empire again?",
       "id": "573238630fdd8d15006c6861"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1093,
         "text": "East and West"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?",
       "id": "573238630fdd8d15006c6863"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 463,
         "text": "Sacred fire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?",
       "id": "573238630fdd8d15006c6862"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "YouTube",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment on videos, and it makes use of WebM, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "San Bruno, California, United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Youtube headquartered? ",
       "id": "573196af497a88190024909b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "February 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Youtube created?",
       "id": "573196af497a88190024909c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "US$1.65 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?",
       "id": "573196af497a88190024909d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 634,
         "text": "short original videos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?",
       "id": "573196af497a88190024909e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "as one of Google's subsidiaries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does youtube now operate as a business?",
       "id": "573196af497a88190024909f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party \"was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Hurley and Chen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the first names of the men that invented youtube?",
       "id": "57319748e17f3d140042224d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "San Francisco"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Chen live in 2005?",
       "id": "57319748e17f3d140042224e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "difficulty sharing videos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the original stimuli for creating the website?",
       "id": "57319748e17f3d1400422250"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "the early months of 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the creators have the idea for youtube?",
       "id": "57319748e17f3d140042224f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "May 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "when was the first beta test for the youtube site?",
       "id": "573198280fdd8d15006c63c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "a Nike advertisement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first video to reach a million views?",
       "id": "573198280fdd8d15006c63ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "$3.5 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005?",
       "id": "573198280fdd8d15006c63cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "December 15, 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the official launch date for the youtube website?",
       "id": "573198280fdd8d15006c63cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 728,
         "text": "14 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained?",
       "id": "573198280fdd8d15006c63cd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the third most visited website in the world, as of June 2015; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "300"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every  minute?",
       "id": "57319909b9d445190005e3f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "around three quarters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?",
       "id": "57319909b9d445190005e3f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "800 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?",
       "id": "57319909b9d445190005e3f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 585,
         "text": "15 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?",
       "id": "57319909b9d445190005e3f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites?",
       "id": "57319909b9d445190005e3f7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: \"We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter.\" In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as \"nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined\". In May 2011, YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day. In January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "launched a new design"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did youtube do on March 31 2010? ",
       "id": "573199d9e99e3014001e617e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "Shiva Rajaraman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Google product manager in 2010?",
       "id": "573199d9e99e3014001e617f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "more than two billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010?",
       "id": "573199d9e99e3014001e6180"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 554,
         "text": "more than three billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011?",
       "id": "573199d9e99e3014001e6181"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 658,
         "text": "four billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012?",
       "id": "573199d9e99e3014001e6182"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv. 2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red, which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "a new app"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?",
       "id": "57319a95e17f3d140042225f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "YouTube Kids"
        }
       ],
       "question": "what was the name of the new app youtube launched?",
       "id": "57319a95e17f3d1400422260"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 282,
         "text": "YouTube Gaming"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?",
       "id": "57319a95e17f3d1400422261"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "YouTube Red"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?",
       "id": "57319a95e17f3d1400422262"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "both Android and iOS"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?",
       "id": "57319a95e17f3d1400422263"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "HTML5"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?",
       "id": "57319b8c0fdd8d15006c63dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?",
       "id": "57319b8c0fdd8d15006c63de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "a page"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?",
       "id": "57319b8c0fdd8d15006c63df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "WebM"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?",
       "id": "57319b8c0fdd8d15006c63e0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. If an up-to-date browser version is used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "12 hours"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?",
       "id": "57319c770fdd8d15006c63e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "15 minutes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?",
       "id": "57319c770fdd8d15006c63e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "March 2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?",
       "id": "57319c770fdd8d15006c63e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "unauthorized uploads"
        }
       ],
       "question": "in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?",
       "id": "57319c770fdd8d15006c63e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 674,
         "text": "20 GB"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?",
       "id": "57319c770fdd8d15006c63e9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096\u00d73072 pixels. In June 2015, support for 8K resolution was added, with the videos playing at 7680\u00d74320 pixels.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "In November 2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 720p HD support added to youtube?",
       "id": "57319d9e0fdd8d15006c63ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "widescreen 16:9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3?",
       "id": "57319d9e0fdd8d15006c63f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "1080p HD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What video format support was added in 2009?",
       "id": "57319d9e0fdd8d15006c63f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "8K resolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube?",
       "id": "57319d9e0fdd8d15006c63f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "4K"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096\u00d73072 pixels?",
       "id": "57319d9e0fdd8d15006c63f3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Flash player can display stereoscopic content interleaved in rows, columns or a checkerboard pattern, side-by-side or anaglyph using a red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow combination. In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "software engineer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?",
       "id": "57319e69e17f3d1400422279"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "3D"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?",
       "id": "57319e69e17f3d140042227a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "anaglyph"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?",
       "id": "57319e69e17f3d140042227b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "In May 2011"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?",
       "id": "57319e69e17f3d140042227c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a \"video response\". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "outside their website"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Youtube offers users the option to watch content where?",
       "id": "57319f2f0fdd8d15006c63f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "HTML"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage?",
       "id": "57319f2f0fdd8d15006c63fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "social networking pages and blogs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos?",
       "id": "57319f2f0fdd8d15006c63fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "\"video response\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video?",
       "id": "57319f2f0fdd8d15006c63fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "On August 27, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did youtube officially remove the response feature?",
       "id": "57319f2f0fdd8d15006c63fd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface. A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files. Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos. In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout. In June 2012, Google sent cease and desist letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos. In response, Zamzar removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site. The default settings when uploading a video to YouTube will retain a copyright on the video for the uploader, but since July 2012 it has been possible to select a Creative Commons license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material if it is free of copyright.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "download link"
        }
       ],
       "question": "YOutube does not often post a what for its videos?",
       "id": "5731a004e99e3014001e6190"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "through its website"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Youtube intends for users to watch videos where?",
       "id": "5731a004e99e3014001e6191"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 903,
         "text": "a Creative Commons license"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was added to the upload options in July of 2012?",
       "id": "5731a004e99e3014001e6192"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 673,
         "text": "Zamzar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012?",
       "id": "5731a004e99e3014001e6193"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube?",
       "id": "5731a004e99e3014001e6194"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone. In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls. The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform. In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system. According to GlobalWebIndex, YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third most used app.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "June 2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did youtube become available on Apple products?",
       "id": "5731a0dee99e3014001e619a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 560,
         "text": "September 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone?",
       "id": "5731a0dee99e3014001e619b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 784,
         "text": "35%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?",
       "id": "5731a0dee99e3014001e619c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "H.264"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Apple's prefered video standard?",
       "id": "5731a0dee99e3014001e619d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "several months"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long did it take to transfer Youtube's content to Apple's standard?",
       "id": "5731a0dee99e3014001e619e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched \"YouTube for TV\", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013 and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 2,
         "text": "TiVo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?",
       "id": "5731a1d3b9d445190005e41b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "YouTube for TV"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?",
       "id": "5731a1d3b9d445190005e41c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "YouTube XL"
        }
       ],
       "question": "later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV",
       "id": "5731a1d3b9d445190005e41d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 798,
         "text": "the Roku player"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?",
       "id": "5731a1d3b9d445190005e41e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 842,
         "text": "October 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?",
       "id": "5731a1d3b9d445190005e41f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "YouTube Red is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music \"All Access\" service. YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as \"Music Key\", a subscription music streaming service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music \"All Access\" service. On October 28, 2015, the service was re-launched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "YouTube's premium subscription service"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is youtube red?",
       "id": "5731a25e0fdd8d15006c640d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "November 12, 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was youtube red originally announced?",
       "id": "5731a25e0fdd8d15006c640e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "Music Key"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the original title of youtube red?",
       "id": "5731a25e0fdd8d15006c640f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "October 28, 2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was youtube red re-launched with its added features?",
       "id": "5731a25e0fdd8d15006c6410"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "Google Play Music \"All Access\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What service was \"music key\" intended to replace?",
       "id": "5731a25e0fdd8d15006c6411"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing \"Partner Program\" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer\u2014its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million\u2014in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as \"a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels\". In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as \"mega\", \"mainstream\" and \"mid-sized\" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo. By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "large production companies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?",
       "id": "5731a60de17f3d14004222af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 560,
         "text": "Partner Program"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?",
       "id": "5731a60de17f3d14004222b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 781,
         "text": "$12 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?",
       "id": "5731a60de17f3d14004222b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1182,
         "text": "90.3%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?",
       "id": "5731a60de17f3d14004222b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1338,
         "text": "Billboard"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?",
       "id": "5731a60de17f3d14004222b3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been \"fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution\", TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that \"what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication\". Anderson asserted that it's not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch \"the biggest learning cycle in human history.\" In education, for example, the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what Forbes'  Michael Noer called \"the largest school in the world\", with technology poised to disrupt how people learn.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Chris Anderson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the TED curator?",
       "id": "5731a7c9e99e3014001e61ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "face-to-face communication"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize? ",
       "id": "5731a7c9e99e3014001e61af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "Salman Khan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?",
       "id": "5731a7c9e99e3014001e61b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on?",
       "id": "5731a7c9e99e3014001e61b1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Describing the Arab Spring (2010- ), sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using \"Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world.\" In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the \"Kony 2012\" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video \"will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "schedule the protests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?",
       "id": "5731a8f7e17f3d14004222cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 523,
         "text": "coordinate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?",
       "id": "5731a8f7e17f3d14004222ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "tell the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what?",
       "id": "5731a8f7e17f3d14004222cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 746,
         "text": "Senator Lindsey Graham"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?",
       "id": "5731a8f7e17f3d14004222d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?",
       "id": "5731a8f7e17f3d14004222d1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the \"YouTube Generation\". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "to more easily engage with citizens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How has youtube helped the government?",
       "id": "5731abcbb9d445190005e457"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "seventh"
        }
       ],
       "question": "the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?",
       "id": "5731abcbb9d445190005e458"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 790,
         "text": "creators' new media savvy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?",
       "id": "5731abcbb9d445190005e459"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "Iman Crosson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?",
       "id": "5731abcbb9d445190005e45a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "encourage young Americans to enroll"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?",
       "id": "5731abcbb9d445190005e45b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd's video \"My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm\", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "It Gets Better Project"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?",
       "id": "5731ae9f0fdd8d15006c6451"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "fifteen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?",
       "id": "5731ae9f0fdd8d15006c6453"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "within two months"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?",
       "id": "5731ae9f0fdd8d15006c6452"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "legislative action was undertaken"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was done after Amanda Todd's death?",
       "id": "5731ae9f0fdd8d15006c6454"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "form a national anti-bullying strategy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?",
       "id": "5731ae9f0fdd8d15006c6455"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as \"not material\" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television. In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at 3.7 billion. In 2013 it nearly doubled and estimated to hit 5.6 billion dollars according to eMarketer, others estimated 4.7 billion,",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "15 minutes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?",
       "id": "5731af89e17f3d14004222f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "four or five hours"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the average time an American watches TV in day?",
       "id": "5731af89e17f3d14004222f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 547,
         "text": "3.7 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?",
       "id": "5731af89e17f3d14004222f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "$200 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?",
       "id": "5731af89e17f3d14004222f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Google"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Youtube's financial records are not reported by who?",
       "id": "5731af89e17f3d14004222f9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called \"Shows\". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney. In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of \"Shows\" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service, which is available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK as of 2010. The service offers over 6,000 films.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "June 2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC?",
       "id": "5731b2e7e99e3014001e61d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "Shows"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes?",
       "id": "5731b2e7e99e3014001e61d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "to create competition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the intended purpose of youtube's \"shows\" section?",
       "id": "5731b2e7e99e3014001e61d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "In November 2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did youtube launch the version of \"shows\" for the UK?",
       "id": "5731b2e7e99e3014001e61d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 769,
         "text": "over 6,000 films"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer?",
       "id": "5731b2e7e99e3014001e61d6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program, a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program. According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers. Assuming pre-roll advertisements on half of videos, a YouTube partner would earn 0.5 X $7.60 X 55% = $2.09 per 1000 views in 2013.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "AdSense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on?",
       "id": "5731b403e99e3014001e61dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "45 percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on \"partner program\" channels?",
       "id": "5731b403e99e3014001e61dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "over a million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people are employed by the partner program?",
       "id": "5731b403e99e3014001e61de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 756,
         "text": "$2.09"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?",
       "id": "5731b403e99e3014001e61df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "55 percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they're in the partner program?",
       "id": "5731b403e99e3014001e61e0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Much of YouTube's revenue goes to the copyright holders of the videos. In 2010 it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue. In May 2013, Nintendo began enforcing its copyright ownership and claiming the advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of its games. In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "to the copyright holders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the majority of youtube's revenue go?",
       "id": "5731b52eb9d445190005e489"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "nearly a third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent?",
       "id": "5731b52eb9d445190005e48a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "Nintendo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders?",
       "id": "5731b52eb9d445190005e48b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "February 2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders?",
       "id": "5731b52eb9d445190005e48c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "have them continue running for revenue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders?",
       "id": "5731b52eb9d445190005e48d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "violate copyright laws"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?",
       "id": "5731b629b9d445190005e493"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "unauthorized"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?",
       "id": "5731b629b9d445190005e494"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "Three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?",
       "id": "5731b629b9d445190005e495"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 225,
         "text": "view"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?",
       "id": "5731b629b9d445190005e496"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "DMCA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?",
       "id": "5731b629b9d445190005e497"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed \"an astounding 1.5 billion times\". YouTube responded by stating that it \"goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "$1 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube?",
       "id": "5731b70ce17f3d1400422300"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "filed lawsuits"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube?",
       "id": "5731b70ce17f3d14004222ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "goes far beyond its legal obligations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?",
       "id": "5731b70ce17f3d1400422301"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "150,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?",
       "id": "5731b70ce17f3d1400422302"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling \"a setback to privacy rights\". In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "12 terabytes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?",
       "id": "5731b7dcb9d445190005e4bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?",
       "id": "5731b7dcb9d445190005e4bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "appeal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?",
       "id": "5731b7dcb9d445190005e4bd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "rejected in a summary judgment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?",
       "id": "5731b7dcb9d445190005e4be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "Louis L. Stanton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?",
       "id": "5731b7dcb9d445190005e4bf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "videos that infringe copyright"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?",
       "id": "5731b8df0fdd8d15006c6497"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "Eric Schmidt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Google's CEO in 2007?",
       "id": "5731b8df0fdd8d15006c6498"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "Content ID"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?",
       "id": "5731b8df0fdd8d15006c649a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "resolving lawsuits"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary? ",
       "id": "5731b8df0fdd8d15006c6499"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 522,
         "text": "flags the video"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?",
       "id": "5731b8df0fdd8d15006c649b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was \"surprisingly resilient\" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use. If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision. YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "surprisingly resilient"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?",
       "id": "5731b9c0e17f3d1400422339"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 669,
         "text": "unlimited"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?",
       "id": "5731b9c0e17f3d140042233a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "fill in a form"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID?",
       "id": "5731b9c0e17f3d140042233b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "were modified"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010?",
       "id": "5731b9c0e17f3d140042233c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was \"unimpressed\" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that \"proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content\". YouTube responded by stating:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "users"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos?",
       "id": "5731ba99e99e3014001e620e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "a YouTube employee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?",
       "id": "5731ba99e99e3014001e620f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "the Culture and Media Committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies?",
       "id": "5731ba99e99e3014001e6212"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "unimpressed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content?",
       "id": "5731ba99e99e3014001e6210"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "In July 2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies?",
       "id": "5731ba99e99e3014001e6211"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling \"community and collaboration on a scale never seen before\", and added that YouTube \"harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred\". The Guardian in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "leave comments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Most videos enable users to do what",
       "id": "5731bb78b9d445190005e4d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "their form"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content?",
       "id": "5731bb78b9d445190005e4da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "stupidity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity?",
       "id": "5731bb78b9d445190005e4db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "The Guardian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments?",
       "id": "5731bb78b9d445190005e4dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 180,
         "text": "community and collaboration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we've never seen before?",
       "id": "5731bb78b9d445190005e4dd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google+ oriented. The changes are in large part an attempt to address the frequent criticisms of the quality and tone of YouTube comments. They give creators more power to moderate and block comments, and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure that better, more relevant discussions appear at the top. The new system restored the ability to include URLs in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse. In response, YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question \"why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?\" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change. The official YouTube announcement received 20,097 \"thumbs down\" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days. Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that \"Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos\" and \"Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system\". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "November 6, 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment?",
       "id": "5731bcb1b9d445190005e4e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "block"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The changes to the google+ additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments?",
       "id": "5731bcb1b9d445190005e4e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "more relevant discussions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top?",
       "id": "5731bcb1b9d445190005e4e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 637,
         "text": "Jawed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name?",
       "id": "5731bcb1b9d445190005e4e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 848,
         "text": "20,097"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many thumbs down votes did youtube's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days?",
       "id": "5731bcb1b9d445190005e4e7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In some countries, YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "blocked"
        }
       ],
       "question": "youtube is completely what in some places?",
       "id": "5731bd48e17f3d1400422365"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "long term standing ban"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country?",
       "id": "5731bd48e17f3d1400422366"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "specific videos is blocked"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself?",
       "id": "5731bd48e17f3d1400422367"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In May 2014, prior to the launch of YouTube's subscription-based Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were \"undervalued\" in comparison to other streaming services, and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service \"to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms.\" Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that \"while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience.\" The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network\u2014a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1104,
         "text": "20,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?",
       "id": "5731becde17f3d140042237b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 705,
         "text": "90%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?",
       "id": "5731becde17f3d140042237c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 325,
         "text": "block all music content"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?",
       "id": "5731becde17f3d140042237d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 974,
         "text": "The Financial Times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network?",
       "id": "5731becde17f3d140042237f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 932,
         "text": "to launch the enhanced music experience"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played?",
       "id": "5731becde17f3d140042237e"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments \"may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment.\" In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: \"In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Jefferson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?",
       "id": "5731b311b9d445190005e46b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "metaphor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?",
       "id": "5731b311b9d445190005e46c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "1879"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?",
       "id": "5731b311b9d445190005e46d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "authoritative declaration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?",
       "id": "5731b311b9d445190005e46e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "a wall of separation between church and state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?",
       "id": "5731b311b9d445190005e46f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common background, the groups' views on religious toleration were mixed. While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies, others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches. The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was sparse. Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons: the established Church was responsible for poverty relief, putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "to worship freely"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?",
       "id": "5731b3b7b9d445190005e475"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "religious persecution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?",
       "id": "5731b3b7b9d445190005e476"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "King of England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was persecuting the Puritans?",
       "id": "5731b3b7b9d445190005e477"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "religious minorities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?",
       "id": "5731b3b7b9d445190005e478"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?",
       "id": "5731b3b7b9d445190005e479"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: \"Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "worshipping God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?",
       "id": "5731b46ee99e3014001e61e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "1789"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?",
       "id": "5731b46ee99e3014001e61e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?",
       "id": "5731b46ee99e3014001e61e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 591,
         "text": "No one religious society"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?",
       "id": "5731b46ee99e3014001e61e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 731,
         "text": "any civil right"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?",
       "id": "5731b46ee99e3014001e61ea"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "1776"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?",
       "id": "5731b510e99e3014001e61f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "Protestants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?",
       "id": "5731b510e99e3014001e61f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "Christians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?",
       "id": "5731b510e99e3014001e61f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "Article VI, Section 8"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?",
       "id": "5731b510e99e3014001e61f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "1961"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable? ",
       "id": "5731b510e99e3014001e61f4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: \"The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, so love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage.\" The document was signed December 27, 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony, in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic. The signers indicated their \"desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged, neither to condemn least we be condemned, but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master.\" Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted. However, John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home. Bowne was arrested, jailed, and sent to the Netherlands for trial; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Flushing Remonstrance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?",
       "id": "5731b5b50fdd8d15006c646f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "religious persecution of any sort"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the Remonstrance opposed to?",
       "id": "5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6470"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "December 27, 1657"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?",
       "id": "5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6471"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 569,
         "text": "Quakers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?",
       "id": "5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6472"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": "religions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?",
       "id": "5731b5b50fdd8d15006c6473"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: \"Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?\" He also observed that when \"church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued.\" Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "opponents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did an established church, even at the state level, have?",
       "id": "5731b690b9d445190005e49d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "Baptist minister"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Issac Backus' profession?",
       "id": "5731b690b9d445190005e49e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "New England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region did Isaac Backus come from?",
       "id": "5731b690b9d445190005e49f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "1773"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?",
       "id": "5731b690b9d445190005e4a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 707,
         "text": "1786"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?",
       "id": "5731b690b9d445190005e4a1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The phrase \"[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world\" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut):",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Baptist theologian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Roger Williams?",
       "id": "5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6483"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "\"[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What phrase did Roger Williams first use?",
       "id": "5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6484"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "Rhode Island"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?",
       "id": "5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6485"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "1644"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?",
       "id": "5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6486"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "Thomas Jefferson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?",
       "id": "5731b71e0fdd8d15006c6487"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while President, but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment. On the other hand, both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol. Years before the ratification of the Constitution, Madison contended \"Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body.\" After retiring from the presidency, Madison wrote of \"total separation of the church from the state.\" \" \"Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States,\" Madison wrote, and he declared, \"practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States.\" In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded, \"We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt.\" Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States, as well as the Federal Government, from an establishment of religion, but the House did not pass them.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Jefferson and James Madison's"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?",
       "id": "5731b79a0fdd8d15006c648d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Proclamations of Thanksgiving"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?",
       "id": "5731b79a0fdd8d15006c648e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "at the Capitol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?",
       "id": "5731b79a0fdd8d15006c6490"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?",
       "id": "5731b79a0fdd8d15006c648f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 940,
         "text": "practical distinction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?",
       "id": "5731b79a0fdd8d15006c6491"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was \"fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;\" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "destruction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? ",
       "id": "5731b868e17f3d1400422311"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "preachers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?",
       "id": "5731b868e17f3d1400422312"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?",
       "id": "5731b868e17f3d1400422313"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "attend religious worship each morning"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?",
       "id": "5731b868e17f3d1400422314"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 889,
         "text": "one Jeffersonian letter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?",
       "id": "5731b868e17f3d1400422315"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that \"Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order.\" Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "1878"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?",
       "id": "5731b8f8e17f3d1400422325"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "Reynolds v. U.S."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?",
       "id": "5731b8f8e17f3d1400422326"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "Mormon polygamy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?",
       "id": "5731b8f8e17f3d1400422327"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "legal definition for the word religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?",
       "id": "5731b8f8e17f3d1400422328"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 553,
         "text": "constitutional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?",
       "id": "5731b8f8e17f3d1400422329"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it. Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that \"no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship,\" (Article II) but also that:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Jefferson and Madison's"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?",
       "id": "5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "a bill"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?",
       "id": "5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "Patrick Henry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?",
       "id": "5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "some denomination"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?",
       "id": "5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "worshipping God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?",
       "id": "5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to choose their own church. The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience, and the Duke, as an openly divine-right Catholic, was no friend of Anglicanism. The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698, though Anglicanism was more popular in New York.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "some church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?",
       "id": "5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?",
       "id": "5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "to choose their own church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?",
       "id": "5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 469,
         "text": "openly divine-right Catholic,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?",
       "id": "5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 582,
         "text": "1698"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?",
       "id": "5731ba670fdd8d15006c64af"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "Christians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?",
       "id": "5731bb10b9d445190005e4cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "fervently Catholic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?",
       "id": "5731bb10b9d445190005e4d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "Scottish Catholic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?",
       "id": "5731bb10b9d445190005e4d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "religious test"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?",
       "id": "5731bb10b9d445190005e4d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "1799"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?",
       "id": "5731bb10b9d445190005e4d3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\" The two parts, known as the \"establishment clause\" and the \"free exercise clause\" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the \"separation of church and state\" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "\"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?",
       "id": "5731bbb5e99e3014001e622c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "\"establishment clause\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?",
       "id": "5731bbb5e99e3014001e622d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "\"free exercise clause\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?",
       "id": "5731bbb5e99e3014001e622e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "the Supreme Court's interpretations of the \"separation of church and state\" doctrine."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?",
       "id": "5731bbb5e99e3014001e622f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 677,
         "text": "a faith"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?",
       "id": "5731bbb5e99e3014001e6230"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language\u2014that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a \"national religion\"\u2014was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general \"religion\" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word \"national\" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "legal scholars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is John Baker of LSU's profession?",
       "id": "5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "to appease the Anti-Federalists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was a more general \"religion\" used in the language of the First Amendment?",
       "id": "5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "because of the experience under the British crown"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was the word \"national\" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?",
       "id": "5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "Elbridge Gerry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?",
       "id": "5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "Massachusetts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? ",
       "id": "5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions. However, the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "Connecticut"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?",
       "id": "5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "Constitution only gave Congress stated powers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? ",
       "id": "5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "establishing a national religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?",
       "id": "5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "religious clauses in the state constitutions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?",
       "id": "5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "South Carolina"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?",
       "id": "5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64d0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states. While it has not been fully implemented, the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure, through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause, the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "post-Civil War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?",
       "id": "5731bde8b9d445190005e4f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "secure rights for former slaves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?",
       "id": "5731bde8b9d445190005e4f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?",
       "id": "5731bde8b9d445190005e4fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "due process and equal protection clauses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?",
       "id": "5731bde8b9d445190005e4f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 506,
         "text": "application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?",
       "id": "5731bde8b9d445190005e4fb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "Everson v. Board of Education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?",
       "id": "5731bedce99e3014001e623e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "state law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?",
       "id": "5731bedce99e3014001e623f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "state governments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?",
       "id": "5731bedce99e3014001e6240"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 545,
         "text": "Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?",
       "id": "5731bedce99e3014001e6241"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "1994"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the case of v. Grumet?",
       "id": "5731bedce99e3014001e6242"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jefferson's concept of \"separation of church and state\" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, \"The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted.\" The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the \"separation\" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, \"coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "Establishment Clause"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state\" became part of what jurisprudence?",
       "id": "5731c1e2e99e3014001e6252"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?",
       "id": "5731c1e2e99e3014001e6253"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "freedom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?",
       "id": "5731c1e2e99e3014001e6254"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What word is not defined in the Constitution?",
       "id": "5731c1e2e99e3014001e6255"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 759,
         "text": "the Danbury Baptists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?",
       "id": "5731c1e2e99e3014001e6256"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state, having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature. Citing Jefferson, the court concluded that \"The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "1947"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?",
       "id": "5731c3a2b9d445190005e51f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?",
       "id": "5731c3a2b9d445190005e521"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What case was the concept relevant?",
       "id": "5731c3a2b9d445190005e520"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?",
       "id": "5731c3a2b9d445190005e522"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 683,
         "text": "high and impregnable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How must the wall separating church and state be kept?",
       "id": "5731c3a2b9d445190005e523"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a \"wall between church and state\" or a \"separation of Church from State\": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: \"Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth.\" Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that \"[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "state law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the decision ultimately uphold?",
       "id": "5731ca39e99e3014001e6278"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "transportation of students to religious schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the state allowed to continue to fund?",
       "id": "5731ca39e99e3014001e6279"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "that the Constitution has erected a \"wall between church and state\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?",
       "id": "5731ca39e99e3014001e627a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "that wall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?",
       "id": "5731ca39e99e3014001e627b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1034,
         "text": "the present legislation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?",
       "id": "5731ca39e99e3014001e627c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools, even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation. (The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court's decision consisted of: \"Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country. Amen.\") As the Court stated:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1962"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?",
       "id": "5731cae1b9d445190005e563"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?",
       "id": "5731cae1b9d445190005e564"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "6-1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?",
       "id": "5731cae1b9d445190005e565"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "unconstitutional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?",
       "id": "5731cae1b9d445190005e566"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The court noted that it \"is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America.\" The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to the court's embrace of the \"wall of separation\" metaphor: \"I think that the Court's task, in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication, is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the \"wall of separation,\" a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "governmentally composed prayers for religious services"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?",
       "id": "5731cb92e99e3014001e628c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "Justice Potter Stewart"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?",
       "id": "5731cb92e99e3014001e628d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "the court's embrace of the \"wall of separation\" metaphor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Stewart object to?",
       "id": "5731cb92e99e3014001e628e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 523,
         "text": "metaphors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?",
       "id": "5731cb92e99e3014001e628f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "the Constitution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Stewart pointed out that the phrase \"Wall of separation\" was nowhere to be found in what?",
       "id": "5731cb92e99e3014001e6290"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime \"to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,\" or \"to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches\" this theory in any school or university that received public funds. The court's opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that the Arkansas law violated \"the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The overriding fact is that Arkansas' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine; that is, with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group.\" The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion, and that \"[T]he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them.\" ",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "1968"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?",
       "id": "5731cc95e99e3014001e62aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?",
       "id": "5731cc95e99e3014001e62ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "Justice Abe Fortas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?",
       "id": "5731cc95e99e3014001e62ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1053,
         "text": "views distasteful to them"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?",
       "id": "5731cc95e99e3014001e62ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?",
       "id": "5731cc95e99e3014001e62ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute: \"Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense. Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable,\" the court wrote. \"Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation, far from being a \"wall,\" is a blurred, indistinct, and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "1971"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?",
       "id": "5731cd38e17f3d1400422419"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "Pennsylvania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?",
       "id": "5731cd38e17f3d140042241a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "teachers of secular subjects"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?",
       "id": "5731cd38e17f3d140042241b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "the Establishment Clause"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the state's policy violate?",
       "id": "5731cd38e17f3d140042241c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "absolute"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?",
       "id": "5731cd38e17f3d140042241d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the \"Lemon Test\". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute or policy must not result in an \"excessive entanglement\" of government with religion. (The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools, and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church's religious mission, thus the policy involved the state in an \"excessive entanglement\" with religion.) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?",
       "id": "5731ce3ee99e3014001e62be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "\"Lemon Test\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?",
       "id": "5731ce3ee99e3014001e62bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "non-religious"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?",
       "id": "5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?",
       "id": "5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "government with religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?",
       "id": "5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase \"under God.\" In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge, and condemning the panel's ruling. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004, solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue. Rather, a five-justice majority held that Newdow, a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter, lacked standing to sue.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?",
       "id": "5731d073b9d445190005e589"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "2002"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the three judge panel make their ruling?",
       "id": "5731d073b9d445190005e58a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "the Pledge of Allegiance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?",
       "id": "5731d073b9d445190005e58b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "procedural grounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?",
       "id": "5731d073b9d445190005e58c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 759,
         "text": "standing to sue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?",
       "id": "5731d073b9d445190005e58d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the public on American legal traditions) was secular in nature. In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3, 2006, however, a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "December 20, 2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?",
       "id": "5731d14ee99e3014001e62ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "the Ten Commandments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?",
       "id": "5731d14ee99e3014001e62ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "the cross"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?",
       "id": "5731d14ee99e3014001e62f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "May 3, 2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?",
       "id": "5731d14ee99e3014001e62ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "secular in nature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?",
       "id": "5731d14ee99e3014001e62ee"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings, but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Town of Greece v. Galloway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?",
       "id": "5731d483b9d445190005e59d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "May 5, 2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?",
       "id": "5731d483b9d445190005e59e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "5-4"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?",
       "id": "5731d483b9d445190005e59f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "Town of Greece"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?",
       "id": "5731d483b9d445190005e5a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 446,
         "text": "sectarian prayers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?",
       "id": "5731d483b9d445190005e5a1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of \"separation of church and state\", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified. These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers. Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts, and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence, which references the idea of a \"Creator\" and \"Nature's God\", though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a \"Creator\" or \"Nature's God.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "separation of church and state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?",
       "id": "5731d5eee17f3d140042247b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "the textual requirements of the Constitution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?",
       "id": "5731d5eee17f3d140042247d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "constitutional limitation on religious establishment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?",
       "id": "5731d5eee17f3d140042247c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "many aspects of church and state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?",
       "id": "5731d5eee17f3d140042247e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "prevalent degree of separation of church and state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?",
       "id": "5731d5eee17f3d140042247f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed] The issue is complex, however, as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, at which point the first amendment's application to the state government was recognized. Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern, progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution. Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause, but also by legal precedence, making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era, and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?",
       "id": "5731d701e17f3d140042248b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "1868"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?",
       "id": "5731d701e17f3d140042248c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "first amendment's application to the state government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?",
       "id": "5731d701e17f3d140042248d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 638,
         "text": "progressivist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?",
       "id": "5731d701e17f3d140042248e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 857,
         "text": "legal precedence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?",
       "id": "5731d701e17f3d140042248f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The \"religious test\" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution. Seven states, however, have language included in their Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights, or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs, though some of these have been successfully challenged in court. These states are Texas, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "religious test"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?",
       "id": "5731d7dbe99e3014001e6326"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "Religious"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?",
       "id": "5731d7dbe99e3014001e6327"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "Seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?",
       "id": "5731d7dbe99e3014001e6328"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "particular religious beliefs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?",
       "id": "5731d7dbe99e3014001e6329"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words \"so help me God.\" In some cases these beliefs (or oaths) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court. At one time, such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states' rights; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment, as applied to the states via the 14th amendment, and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "a Supreme Being"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?",
       "id": "5731d900b9d445190005e5af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "Article IX, Section 2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?",
       "id": "5731d900b9d445190005e5b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "so help me God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?",
       "id": "5731d900b9d445190005e5b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "federal First Amendment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?",
       "id": "5731d900b9d445190005e5b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 605,
         "text": "unconstitutional and unenforceable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?",
       "id": "5731d900b9d445190005e5b3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. The national motto \"In God We Trust\" has been challenged as a violation, but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature. A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, \"With God, all things are possible\", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "beneficial arrangements for the society"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?",
       "id": "5731da10e17f3d140042249f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "ceremonial deism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the national motto \"In God We Trust\" officially known as?",
       "id": "5731da10e17f3d14004224a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "not religious in nature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?",
       "id": "5731da10e17f3d14004224a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "Ohio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?",
       "id": "5731da10e17f3d14004224a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 601,
         "text": "because it displayed no preference for a particular religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?",
       "id": "5731da10e17f3d14004224a3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions\u2014that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious\u2014make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "mid-twentieth century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?",
       "id": "5731dc7ae99e3014001e635c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "constitutional ban against aid to religious schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?",
       "id": "5731dc7ae99e3014001e635d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "religious observance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was later banned in public education?",
       "id": "5731dc7ae99e3014001e635e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 350,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?",
       "id": "5731dc7ae99e3014001e635f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was \"the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life,\" which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants (and most Jews), who opposed aid to religious schools, which were mostly Catholic at the time. After 1980, however, anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants, and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed. While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state, much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position. As a consequence, strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths, even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "no-aid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?",
       "id": "5731dd32e17f3d14004224b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "pervasive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?",
       "id": "5731dd32e17f3d14004224ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "most Protestants (and most Jews)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?",
       "id": "5731dd32e17f3d14004224bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "anti-Catholic sentiment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What diminished after 1980?",
       "id": "5731dd32e17f3d14004224bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 810,
         "text": "strict separationism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?",
       "id": "5731dd32e17f3d14004224bd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Critics of the modern concept of the \"separation of church and state\" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept, maintains that the modern concept, which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence, is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism.[citation needed] Briefs before the Supreme Court, including by the U.S. government, have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state (Blaine Amendments) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "anything in the text of the constitution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?",
       "id": "5731ddefb9d445190005e5d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "professor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?",
       "id": "5731ddefb9d445190005e5d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 247,
         "text": "Columbia Law school"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?",
       "id": "5731ddefb9d445190005e5d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "American anti-Catholicism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?",
       "id": "5731ddefb9d445190005e5da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 712,
         "text": "Blaine Amendments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?",
       "id": "5731ddefb9d445190005e5db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; \"The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture. Of course, separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools. But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "J. Brent Walker"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?",
       "id": "5731dee2e17f3d14004224cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?",
       "id": "5731dee2e17f3d14004224ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "Champions of religious liberty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?",
       "id": "5731dee2e17f3d14004224cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 542,
         "text": "tap into the public till to support its parochial schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?",
       "id": "5731dee2e17f3d14004224d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 733,
         "text": "religious bigotry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?",
       "id": "5731dee2e17f3d14004224d1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Steven Waldman notes that; \"The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart.\" \"Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners,\" writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. \"New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "the spiritual and secular worlds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did evangelicals want to keep apart?",
       "id": "5731df48e99e3014001e6378"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "an alliance of unlikely partners"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did religious freedom result from?",
       "id": "5731df48e99e3014001e6379"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 327,
         "text": "historian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What profession does Frank Lambert have?",
       "id": "5731df48e99e3014001e637a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of Lambert's book?",
       "id": "5731df48e99e3014001e637b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 578,
         "text": "a complete separation of church and state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?",
       "id": "5731df48e99e3014001e637c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term \"Civil Religion\" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: \"Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "constitution of the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?",
       "id": "5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "John F. Kennedy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?",
       "id": "5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "the specific relation between politics and religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Bellah use the term \"civil religion' to describe?",
       "id": "5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?",
       "id": "5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 636,
         "text": "a religious dimension"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?",
       "id": "5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state\u2014no state-run or state-established church\u2014is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a \"remarkable religiosity\" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on \"a sort of civic religion,\" which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who \"expects better of us.\" Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the \"genius of religious sentiment in the United States.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "flourish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?",
       "id": "5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Robert S. Wood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?",
       "id": "5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "Toronto"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Center for New Religions located?",
       "id": "5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 542,
         "text": "a sort of civic religion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?",
       "id": "5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 807,
         "text": "genius of religious sentiment in the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?",
       "id": "5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f9"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Protestantism",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "Christian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of faith is Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731b64f0fdd8d15006c6479"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "Martin Luther"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?",
       "id": "5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?",
       "id": "5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "Lutheran princes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?",
       "id": "5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "the Protestant Reformation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731b64f0fdd8d15006c647d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The \"Five solae\" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do all Protestantism denominations reject?",
       "id": "5731b75cb9d445190005e4b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "transubstantiation,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731b75cb9d445190005e4b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "sola fide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?",
       "id": "5731b75cb9d445190005e4b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "the Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?",
       "id": "5731b75cb9d445190005e4b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "Five solae"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?",
       "id": "5731b75cb9d445190005e4b5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation\u2014a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers\u2014which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "Germany"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Lutheranism begin?",
       "id": "5731b919e17f3d140042232f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name three early Protestant reformers.",
       "id": "5731b919e17f3d1400422330"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "the Netherlands and parts of Germany"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Arminianism take hold?",
       "id": "5731b919e17f3d1400422331"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "King Henry VIII"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?",
       "id": "5731b919e17f3d1400422332"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1214,
         "text": "Protestants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?",
       "id": "5731b919e17f3d1400422333"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "nearly forty percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Christians are Protestant?",
       "id": "5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "all populated continents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which continents have some form of Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 605,
         "text": "Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of Protestantism are increasing?",
       "id": "5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "the Anglican Communion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Protestant church has members around the world?",
       "id": "5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "more than 900 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people are considered Protestant?",
       "id": "5731ba0e0fdd8d15006c64a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "German"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what language does the term evangelical originate?",
       "id": "5731bb9de99e3014001e6222"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "evangelisch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?",
       "id": "5731bb9de99e3014001e6223"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 543,
         "text": "evangelical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?",
       "id": "5731bb9de99e3014001e6224"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 964,
         "text": "John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name two contributors to Reformed churches.",
       "id": "5731bb9de99e3014001e6225"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 681,
         "text": "the Puritans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?",
       "id": "5731bb9de99e3014001e6226"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "sola scriptura"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for teaching by only scripture?",
       "id": "5731bcb9e17f3d1400422353"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?",
       "id": "5731bcb9e17f3d1400422354"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 413,
         "text": "inerrancy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?",
       "id": "5731bcb9e17f3d1400422355"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "the Holy Spirit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What power can help someone overcome sin?",
       "id": "5731bcb9e17f3d1400422356"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "necessity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?",
       "id": "5731bcb9e17f3d1400422357"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "necessity and inerrancy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?",
       "id": "5731bdcb0fdd8d15006c64d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "ecclesiology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for how the church as a whole works?",
       "id": "5731bdcb0fdd8d15006c64d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "Catholics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?",
       "id": "5731bdcb0fdd8d15006c64d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "the Enlightenment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what period was inerrancy debated?",
       "id": "5731bdcb0fdd8d15006c64da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 253,
         "text": "the Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What item could be learned to gain salvation?",
       "id": "5731bdcb0fdd8d15006c64db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "sola fide (by faith alone)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Luther's main principle?",
       "id": "5731beafe17f3d1400422372"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "sola scriptura"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?",
       "id": "5731beafe17f3d1400422373"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 576,
         "text": "Christocentric"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?",
       "id": "5731beafe17f3d1400422374"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "sola fide (by faith alone)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the second principle of Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731beafe17f3d1400422371"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "salvation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Faith can bring what eternal benefit?",
       "id": "5731beafe17f3d1400422375"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "the mid-to-late 16th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Protestantism begin to split?",
       "id": "5731bfaae17f3d140042238d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "controversy over the Eucharist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731bfaae17f3d140042238e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "transubstantiation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?",
       "id": "5731bfaae17f3d140042238f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "bread and wine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?",
       "id": "5731bfaae17f3d1400422390"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?",
       "id": "5731bfaae17f3d1400422391"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "Arnold of Brescia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?",
       "id": "5731c09db9d445190005e50b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "the early 1170s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the Waldensians created?",
       "id": "5731c09db9d445190005e50c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "1215"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?",
       "id": "5731c09db9d445190005e50d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 668,
         "text": "Italy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?",
       "id": "5731c09db9d445190005e50e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "apostolic poverty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?",
       "id": "5731c09db9d445190005e50f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus\u2014a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor\u2014influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "Jan Hus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who started the Hussite movement?",
       "id": "5731c670b9d445190005e529"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "John Wycliffe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?",
       "id": "5731c670b9d445190005e52a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?",
       "id": "5731c670b9d445190005e52b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "the Pope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who called the crusades against the Hussites?",
       "id": "5731c670b9d445190005e52c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "burned at the stake"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Jan Hus die?",
       "id": "5731c670b9d445190005e52d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "31 October 1517"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?",
       "id": "5731c7ade17f3d14004223d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "indulgences"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the theses argue against selling?",
       "id": "5731c7ade17f3d14004223d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 423,
         "text": "Virgin Mary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/",
       "id": "5731c7ade17f3d14004223d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "Wittenberg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was All Saints' Church?",
       "id": "5731c7ade17f3d14004223da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "the Church and the papacy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?",
       "id": "5731c7ade17f3d14004223db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the \"fallen city\" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "the Pope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who condemned the Reformation?",
       "id": "5731c848b9d445190005e53d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "John Calvin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?",
       "id": "5731c848b9d445190005e53e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 691,
         "text": "Geneva"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?",
       "id": "5731c848b9d445190005e53f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 916,
         "text": "1563"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did John Calvin die?",
       "id": "5731c848b9d445190005e541"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 838,
         "text": "Calvinist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?",
       "id": "5731c848b9d445190005e540"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the C\u00e9vennes region.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "Huguenots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the nickname for French Protestants?",
       "id": "5731c971e17f3d14004223e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?",
       "id": "5731c971e17f3d14004223e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 599,
         "text": "the 1550s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731c971e17f3d14004223e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 938,
         "text": "August 1572"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?",
       "id": "5731c971e17f3d14004223e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 765,
         "text": "Henry II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?",
       "id": "5731c971e17f3d14004223e4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "Huldrych Zwingli"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?",
       "id": "5731ca8be17f3d14004223ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 315,
         "text": "the German states and the Swiss Confederation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two areas had a long history of resentment?",
       "id": "5731ca8be17f3d1400422400"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 590,
         "text": "the Colloquy of Marburg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?",
       "id": "5731ca8be17f3d1400422401"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 446,
         "text": "Prince Philip of Hesse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?",
       "id": "5731ca8be17f3d1400422402"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 645,
         "text": "its failure"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?",
       "id": "5731ca8be17f3d1400422403"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "Henry VIII"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?",
       "id": "5731cbb4b9d445190005e56b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 679,
         "text": "1534"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Act of Supremacy passed?",
       "id": "5731cbb4b9d445190005e56c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1039,
         "text": "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?",
       "id": "5731cbb4b9d445190005e56e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 783,
         "text": "Between 1535 and 1540"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?",
       "id": "5731cbb4b9d445190005e56f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 597,
         "text": "King Henry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?",
       "id": "5731cbb4b9d445190005e56d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "the Elizabethan Age"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?",
       "id": "5731cc840fdd8d15006c6541"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "the Protestant churches of Europe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?",
       "id": "5731cc840fdd8d15006c6543"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "the Church of England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?",
       "id": "5731cc840fdd8d15006c6542"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 408,
         "text": "dissenters and nonconformists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was another name for the later Puritan movement?",
       "id": "5731cc840fdd8d15006c6544"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "various Reformed denominations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the later Puritan movement create?",
       "id": "5731cc840fdd8d15006c6545"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "1560"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Scottish Reformation?",
       "id": "5731cd690fdd8d15006c6553"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?",
       "id": "5731cd690fdd8d15006c6554"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "John Knox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?",
       "id": "5731cd690fdd8d15006c6555"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "Mary of Guise"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?",
       "id": "5731cd690fdd8d15006c6556"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "1560"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?",
       "id": "5731cd690fdd8d15006c6557"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524\u201325 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "1524\u201325"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the German Peasants' War?",
       "id": "5731ce3ab9d445190005e575"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "the Thirty Years' War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?",
       "id": "5731ce3ab9d445190005e576"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "between 25% and 40%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?",
       "id": "5731ce3ab9d445190005e577"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "the Peace of Westphalia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?",
       "id": "5731ce3ab9d445190005e578"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the German Peasants' War?",
       "id": "5731ce3ab9d445190005e579"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The First Great Awakening"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?",
       "id": "5731cf05e17f3d1400422447"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The First Great Awakening"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?",
       "id": "5731cf05e17f3d1400422448"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "around 1790"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Second Great Awakening start?",
       "id": "5731d317e99e3014001e6308"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "Baptist and Methodist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?",
       "id": "5731d317e99e3014001e6309"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "by the late 1840s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?",
       "id": "5731d317e99e3014001e630a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "the formation of new denominations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Second Great Awakening create?",
       "id": "5731d317e99e3014001e630b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "skepticism, deism, and rationalism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?",
       "id": "5731d317e99e3014001e630c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "the late 1850s to the early 20th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Third Great Awakening?",
       "id": "5731d461e17f3d1400422467"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "pietistic Protestant denominations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?",
       "id": "5731d461e17f3d1400422468"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 556,
         "text": "the worldwide missionary movement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?",
       "id": "5731d461e17f3d140042246a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 436,
         "text": "the Social Gospel Movement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?",
       "id": "5731d461e17f3d1400422469"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 622,
         "text": "the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?",
       "id": "5731d461e17f3d140042246b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement. Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout the history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in Western Christianity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "the modern Pentecostal movement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What modern movement began in the 20th century?",
       "id": "5731d56fe17f3d1400422471"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "Methodist and Wesleyan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?",
       "id": "5731d56fe17f3d1400422472"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "the Charismatic movement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement did Pentecostalism create?",
       "id": "5731d56fe17f3d1400422473"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "Los Angeles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?",
       "id": "5731d56fe17f3d1400422474"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "urban"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?",
       "id": "5731d56fe17f3d1400422475"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the post\u2013World War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post\u2013World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "In the United States and elsewhere in the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731db10e99e3014001e634c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "mainstream liberal churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of churches have declined?",
       "id": "5731db10e99e3014001e634d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "In the post\u2013World War I era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Liberal Christianity increase?",
       "id": "5731db10e99e3014001e634e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 410,
         "text": "In the post\u2013World War II era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did conservative churches start to increase?",
       "id": "5731db10e99e3014001e634f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "those that are more exclusively evangelical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?",
       "id": "5731db10e99e3014001e6350"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "secularism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What direction has Europe moved towards?",
       "id": "5731dc25b9d445190005e5c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "The Enlightenment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused the spread of secularism?",
       "id": "5731dc25b9d445190005e5c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "North America, South America and Australia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?",
       "id": "5731dc25b9d445190005e5c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 675,
         "text": "the 20th and 21st centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?",
       "id": "5731dc25b9d445190005e5cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country is more religious than other developed nations?",
       "id": "5731dc25b9d445190005e5ca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the \"new papists\". Since the term \"magister\" also means \"teacher\", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "the Magisterial Reformation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?",
       "id": "5731dceee99e3014001e6364"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "new papists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?",
       "id": "5731dceee99e3014001e6365"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 643,
         "text": "Roman Popes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were reform movement leaders compared to?",
       "id": "5731dceee99e3014001e6367"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "teacher"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for magister?",
       "id": "5731dceee99e3014001e6366"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 777,
         "text": "Anabaptism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been linked with pacifism?",
       "id": "5731dceee99e3014001e6368"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "the invisible church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of church do Protestants believe in?",
       "id": "5731ddf6e99e3014001e636e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "all who profess faith in Jesus Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who comprises the invisible church?",
       "id": "5731ddf6e99e3014001e636f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "the five solas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731ddf6e99e3014001e6370"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "non-denominational groups and organizations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?",
       "id": "5731ddf6e99e3014001e6371"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "it is the one true church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?",
       "id": "5731ddf6e99e3014001e6372"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Various ecumenical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?",
       "id": "5731dedd0fdd8d15006c65cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "divisions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731dedd0fdd8d15006c65cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What beliefs do most denominations agree on?",
       "id": "5731dedd0fdd8d15006c65cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "secondary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?",
       "id": "5731dedd0fdd8d15006c65ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "idiosyncratic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?",
       "id": "5731dedd0fdd8d15006c65cf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga\u2014in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "the ecclesiastical structure with the state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do national churches bring together?",
       "id": "5731df9ae99e3014001e6382"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "since 2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?",
       "id": "5731df9ae99e3014001e6383"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "Tuvalu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has the only Reformed church?",
       "id": "5731df9ae99e3014001e6384"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "The Church of England"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?",
       "id": "5731df9ae99e3014001e6385"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "Methodist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of church does Tonga have?",
       "id": "5731df9ae99e3014001e6386"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "branches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for denominational families?",
       "id": "5731e0acb9d445190005e5f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the major branches of Protestantism?",
       "id": "5731e0acb9d445190005e5f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?",
       "id": "5731e0acb9d445190005e5f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 593,
         "text": "Anabaptist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?",
       "id": "5731e0acb9d445190005e5f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "lineage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some branches share in common?",
       "id": "5731e0acb9d445190005e5f9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "the whole Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?",
       "id": "5731e27cb9d445190005e617"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?",
       "id": "5731e27cb9d445190005e618"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "the 28 Fundamental Beliefs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?",
       "id": "5731e27cb9d445190005e619"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 705,
         "text": "Biblical references"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?",
       "id": "5731e27cb9d445190005e61a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "annihilation or eternal torment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?",
       "id": "5731e27cb9d445190005e61b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The name Anabaptist, meaning \"one who baptizes again\", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.[aa] While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[ab] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are diveded into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas M\u00fcntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "one who baptizes again"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the word Anabaptist describe?",
       "id": "5731e35d0fdd8d15006c660f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "their persecutors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who named the Anabaptists?",
       "id": "5731e35d0fdd8d15006c6610"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "baptism of infants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What baptism do Anabaptists reject?",
       "id": "5731e35d0fdd8d15006c6611"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 701,
         "text": "Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?",
       "id": "5731e35d0fdd8d15006c6612"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1404,
         "text": "Second Front Reformers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?",
       "id": "5731e35d0fdd8d15006c6613"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single \"Anglican Church\" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "the English Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Anglican mean?",
       "id": "5731e472b9d445190005e633"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "1246"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the word Anglican begin?",
       "id": "5731e472b9d445190005e634"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 508,
         "text": "the Archbishop of Canterbury"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?",
       "id": "5731e472b9d445190005e635"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 660,
         "text": "80 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?",
       "id": "5731e472b9d445190005e636"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "full autonomy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What power does each national or regional church possess?",
       "id": "5731e472b9d445190005e637"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism. By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "the Catholic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Church of England split from?",
       "id": "5731e59ee17f3d140042250f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "the Elizabethan Religious Settlement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what time did the Church of England become independent?",
       "id": "5731e59ee17f3d1400422510"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?",
       "id": "5731e59ee17f3d1400422511"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 461,
         "text": "Lutheranism and Calvinism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?",
       "id": "5731e59ee17f3d1400422512"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "traditional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?",
       "id": "5731e59ee17f3d1400422513"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "professing believers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?",
       "id": "5731e667e17f3d1400422521"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 539,
         "text": "Protestant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?",
       "id": "5731e667e17f3d1400422524"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "pastors and deacons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two offices do Baptists have?",
       "id": "5731e667e17f3d1400422523"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "complete immersion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?",
       "id": "5731e667e17f3d1400422522"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "liberty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another term for soul competency?",
       "id": "5731e667e17f3d1400422525"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "Amsterdam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?",
       "id": "5731edafe17f3d1400422559"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "John Smyth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?",
       "id": "5731edafe17f3d140042255a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "General Baptists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?",
       "id": "5731edafe17f3d140042255b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "Roger Williams"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?",
       "id": "5731edafe17f3d140042255c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 897,
         "text": "Baptist missionaries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?",
       "id": "5731edafe17f3d140042255d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things \u2014 in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 316,
         "text": "the five points of Calvinism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?",
       "id": "5731eee6b9d445190005e6ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "the Calvinist view on soteriology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?",
       "id": "5731eee6b9d445190005e6ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "the sovereignty or rule of God in all things"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a brief description of Calvinism?",
       "id": "5731eee6b9d445190005e6ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "predestination and total depravity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?",
       "id": "5731eee6b9d445190005e6ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "Calvin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?",
       "id": "5731eee6b9d445190005e6af"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people. Additionally, there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "Lutheranism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?",
       "id": "5731f0150fdd8d15006c667f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?",
       "id": "5731f0150fdd8d15006c6680"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "The Lutheran World Federation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?",
       "id": "5731f0150fdd8d15006c6681"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "over 72 million people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?",
       "id": "5731f0150fdd8d15006c6682"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 407,
         "text": "International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.",
       "id": "5731f0150fdd8d15006c6683"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley\u2014an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "John Wesley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the inspiration for Methodism?",
       "id": "5731f0f0b9d445190005e6c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 469,
         "text": "workers, agricultural workers, and slaves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Methodism originally attract?",
       "id": "5731f0f0b9d445190005e6ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "Anglican priest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was John Wesley's occupation?",
       "id": "5731f0f0b9d445190005e6cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "approximately 80 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Methodists are there in the world today?",
       "id": "5731f0f0b9d445190005e6cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "vigorous missionary activity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?",
       "id": "5731f0f0b9d445190005e6cd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church, and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "its rich musical tradition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?",
       "id": "5731f248e17f3d1400422565"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "every human being"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?",
       "id": "5731f248e17f3d1400422563"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "exercise an act of the will"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?",
       "id": "5731f248e17f3d1400422564"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "John Wesley's brother, Charles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?",
       "id": "5731f248e17f3d1400422566"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 234,
         "text": "monergism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?",
       "id": "5731f248e17f3d1400422567"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit\u2013filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing\u2014two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "speaking in tongues and divine healing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Give two examples of spiritual gifts.",
       "id": "573209dfe17f3d14004225f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 662,
         "text": "Apostolic or Full Gospel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?",
       "id": "573209dfe17f3d14004225f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "Apostolic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?",
       "id": "573209dfe17f3d14004225f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "the Holy Spirit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?",
       "id": "573209dfe17f3d14004225fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What three things are Pentecostals committed to?",
       "id": "573209dfe17f3d14004225fb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "hundreds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?",
       "id": "57320ae60fdd8d15006c66ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "over 279 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Pentecostals are there in the world?",
       "id": "57320ae60fdd8d15006c6700"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 595,
         "text": "Charismatic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?",
       "id": "57320ae60fdd8d15006c6701"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can claim over 500 million members?",
       "id": "57320ae60fdd8d15006c6702"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "the global South"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?",
       "id": "57320ae60fdd8d15006c6703"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as \"Christians\" or \"born-again Christians\". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves \"non-denominational\" or \"evangelical\". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "\"non-denominational\" or \"evangelical\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What denomination do these small groups belong to?",
       "id": "57320bf8e99e3014001e6483"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "little"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?",
       "id": "57320bf8e99e3014001e6484"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "individual pastors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has founded these small groups of Christians?",
       "id": "57320bf8e99e3014001e6485"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "\"Christians\" or \"born-again Christians\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?",
       "id": "57320bf8e99e3014001e6482"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, evangelical movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes sola scriptura. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself\u2014a stance that some of them still maintain\u2014the title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Dublin, Ireland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?",
       "id": "57320e1ee17f3d1400422633"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "sola scriptura"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?",
       "id": "57320e1ee17f3d1400422634"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 528,
         "text": "The Brethren"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?",
       "id": "57320e1ee17f3d1400422635"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "late 1820s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?",
       "id": "57320e1ee17f3d1400422636"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Anglicanism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What denomination do the Brethren originate from?",
       "id": "57320e1ee17f3d1400422637"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "Friends"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another informal name for Quaker?",
       "id": "57320f0be17f3d1400422645"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "the priesthood of all believers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Quakers unifying belief?",
       "id": "57320f0be17f3d1400422646"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 522,
         "text": "creeds and hierarchical structures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have the Quakers tried to avoid?",
       "id": "57320f0be17f3d1400422647"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "the Religious Society of Friends"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?",
       "id": "57320f0be17f3d1400422648"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?",
       "id": "57320f0be17f3d1400422649"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Evangelicalism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?",
       "id": "573247b5e99e3014001e6634"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "Charismatic Movement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?",
       "id": "573247b5e99e3014001e6635"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "Pentecostals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?",
       "id": "573247b5e99e3014001e6636"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 549,
         "text": "Neo-charismatic churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.",
       "id": "573247b5e99e3014001e6637"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 640,
         "text": "Nondenominational churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?",
       "id": "573247b5e99e3014001e6638"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "the 18th and 19th centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?",
       "id": "573248b9e17f3d14004227d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "Britain and North America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?",
       "id": "573248b9e17f3d14004227db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Evangelicalism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Methodism is part of what movement?",
       "id": "573248b9e17f3d14004227da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "Nicolaus Zinzendorf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?",
       "id": "573248b9e17f3d14004227dc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "Dennis Bennett"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?",
       "id": "573249980fdd8d15006c6905"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "1964"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Massey conference held?",
       "id": "573249980fdd8d15006c6906"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 461,
         "text": "Life in the Spirit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?",
       "id": "573249980fdd8d15006c6907"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement.",
       "id": "573249980fdd8d15006c6908"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "New Zealand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Massey conference held?",
       "id": "573249980fdd8d15006c6909"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially \"Hosanna!\" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Larry Christenson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?",
       "id": "57324a780fdd8d15006c6919"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "Minnesota"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?",
       "id": "57324a780fdd8d15006c691a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 631,
         "text": "Huntington Beach"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?",
       "id": "57324a780fdd8d15006c691b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 669,
         "text": "Touched by the Spirit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was published in 1974?",
       "id": "57324a780fdd8d15006c691c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 649,
         "text": "Richard A. Jensen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?",
       "id": "57324a780fdd8d15006c691d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 657,
         "text": "Terry Virgo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?",
       "id": "57324b720fdd8d15006c6923"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 349,
         "text": "overemotional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?",
       "id": "57324b720fdd8d15006c6925"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 562,
         "text": "USA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Every Nations Churches located?",
       "id": "57324b720fdd8d15006c6924"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "charismata"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?",
       "id": "57324b720fdd8d15006c6926"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.",
       "id": "57324b720fdd8d15006c6927"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Puritans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?",
       "id": "57324c76e99e3014001e6666"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "the University of Cambridge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?",
       "id": "57324c76e99e3014001e6667"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 755,
         "text": "millennialism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement influenced the Puritans?",
       "id": "57324c76e99e3014001e6668"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 696,
         "text": "Sabbatarianism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?",
       "id": "57324c76e99e3014001e6669"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 594,
         "text": "1619"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Synod of Dort?",
       "id": "57324c76e99e3014001e666a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "Reformed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of theology did Puritans accept?",
       "id": "57324d6d0fdd8d15006c6937"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "the 1640s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?",
       "id": "57324d6d0fdd8d15006c6938"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "personal and group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?",
       "id": "57324d6d0fdd8d15006c6939"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "Geneva"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Calvin criticized?",
       "id": "57324d6d0fdd8d15006c693a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 524,
         "text": "the Westminster Assembly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?",
       "id": "57324d6d0fdd8d15006c693b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Although the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts. Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry. Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries. Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. bishops), in most Protestant churches.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "the Reformation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?",
       "id": "57324e68b9d445190005ea11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "Protestant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What churches let their clergy marry?",
       "id": "57324e68b9d445190005ea12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "1950"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did women join the Protestant ministry?",
       "id": "57324e68b9d445190005ea13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "Protestant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of churches have women had leading positions?",
       "id": "57324e68b9d445190005ea14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "celibate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?",
       "id": "57324e68b9d445190005ea15"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?",
       "id": "57324f09e17f3d140042282d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "eight of ten men and women"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?",
       "id": "57324f09e17f3d140042282e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "the Puritans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded Harvard College?",
       "id": "57324f09e17f3d140042282f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 553,
         "text": "1701"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Yale founded?",
       "id": "57324f09e17f3d1400422830"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 560,
         "text": "Pennsylvania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state became a hub of learning?",
       "id": "57324f09e17f3d1400422831"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the \"Protestant ethic thesis.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?",
       "id": "573250300fdd8d15006c6967"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 700,
         "text": "luxury"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Calvin particular reject?",
       "id": "573250300fdd8d15006c6968"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1172,
         "text": "economic success"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?",
       "id": "573250300fdd8d15006c6969"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1277,
         "text": "Protestant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?",
       "id": "573250300fdd8d15006c696a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1482,
         "text": "Protestant ethic thesis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?",
       "id": "573250300fdd8d15006c696b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "Arno Tausch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?",
       "id": "573251210fdd8d15006c697b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "Protestantism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?",
       "id": "573251210fdd8d15006c697c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "Arno Tausch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?",
       "id": "573251210fdd8d15006c697d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "Corvinus University of Budapest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What university is Arno Tausch from?",
       "id": "573251210fdd8d15006c697e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 615,
         "text": "environmental activism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of engagement is considered a World Value?",
       "id": "573251210fdd8d15006c697f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Episcopalians and Presbyterians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?",
       "id": "57325248e99e3014001e66b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "Mainline Protestant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Affluent American families are what type of families?",
       "id": "57325248e99e3014001e66b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Episcopalians and Presbyterians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?",
       "id": "57325248e99e3014001e66b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 332,
         "text": "Republican Party"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?",
       "id": "57325248e99e3014001e66b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "American business, law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?",
       "id": "57325248e99e3014001e66b8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world\u2014his creation\u2014and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "early experimental science"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?",
       "id": "573253fce17f3d140042286f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 760,
         "text": "English Puritanism and German Pietism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?",
       "id": "573253fce17f3d1400422870"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 341,
         "text": "an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?",
       "id": "573253fce17f3d1400422871"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "Puritans or other Protestants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?",
       "id": "573253fce17f3d1400422872"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1045,
         "text": "ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What values were thought to have a significant synergy?",
       "id": "573253fce17f3d1400422873"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "doctrine of the two kingdoms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?",
       "id": "57325526e17f3d140042288d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 684,
         "text": "Calvin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who added the election of laymen to church government?",
       "id": "57325526e17f3d140042288f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 677,
         "text": "1523"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?",
       "id": "57325526e17f3d140042288e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 836,
         "text": "The Huguenots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who added synods to church government?",
       "id": "57325526e17f3d1400422890"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "reason"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?",
       "id": "57325526e17f3d1400422891"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: \"It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords.\" Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "aristocracy and democracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What political mixture did Calvin prefer?",
       "id": "573255dfb9d445190005ea4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "separation of powers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?",
       "id": "573255dfb9d445190005ea4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 381,
         "text": "Calvin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?",
       "id": "573255dfb9d445190005ea4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 806,
         "text": "Hugo Grotius"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?",
       "id": "573255dfb9d445190005ea4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 773,
         "text": "Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What philosophers were given asylum?",
       "id": "573255dfb9d445190005ea4f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "the English and the American democracies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose democracies were created by Protestants?",
       "id": "57325885b9d445190005ea71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "self-rule and separation of powers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony?",
       "id": "57325886b9d445190005ea73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "Australia, New Zealand, and India"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than the U.S., to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs?",
       "id": "57325886b9d445190005ea72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 609,
         "text": "Congregationalists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group believed that democracy was the will of God?",
       "id": "57325886b9d445190005ea74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "Massachusetts Bay Colony"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers?",
       "id": "57325886b9d445190005ea75"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person. The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practised separation of church and state. In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom. Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews. The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Protestants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group initiated the right to religious freedom?",
       "id": "573259a4b9d445190005ea8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "Worms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?",
       "id": "573259a4b9d445190005ea8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 390,
         "text": "Anabaptists and Huguenots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?",
       "id": "573259a4b9d445190005ea8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 547,
         "text": "John Smyth and Thomas Helwys"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?",
       "id": "573259a4b9d445190005ea90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1234,
         "text": "The great majority"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many American Protestants supported independence in America?",
       "id": "573259a4b9d445190005ea91"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state \u2013 these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - had Protestant backgrounds. For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on \"a set of Protestant Christian assumptions\", derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders (\"Adam and Eve\"), from Genesis 1, 26-28. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed \"the consent of the governed.\" These Lockean ideas were fundamental to the United States Declaration of Independence, which also deduced human rights from the biblical belief in creation: \"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "Enlightenment thinkers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group popularized early Protestant teachings about separation of church and state?",
       "id": "57325ab8e99e3014001e6700"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did John Locke use as a basis for his political beliefs?",
       "id": "57325ab8e99e3014001e6701"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "John Locke"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?",
       "id": "57325ab8e99e3014001e6702"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1127,
         "text": "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Rights do the Declaration of Independence consider unalienable?",
       "id": "57325ab8e99e3014001e6703"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 689,
         "text": "Genesis 1, 26-28"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What scripture did Locke use as a reference for equality?",
       "id": "57325ab8e99e3014001e6704"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants). Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law. The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. He also founded the Red Cross.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "1740"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Prussia stop torture?",
       "id": "57325b510fdd8d15006c6a19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "1834"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Britain end slavery?",
       "id": "57325b510fdd8d15006c6a1a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?",
       "id": "57325b510fdd8d15006c6a1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 495,
         "text": "Henry Dunant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded the Red Cross?",
       "id": "57325b510fdd8d15006c6a1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "The Geneva Convention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for?",
       "id": "57325b510fdd8d15006c6a1d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies. In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage. As an answer to the \"social question\" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions). To Bismarck this was \"practical Christianity\". These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who first introduced social insurance programs?",
       "id": "57325c4ab9d445190005eaa1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 698,
         "text": "practical Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?",
       "id": "57325c4ab9d445190005eaa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?",
       "id": "57325c4ab9d445190005eaa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "Germany"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country started programs that led to the welfare state?",
       "id": "57325c4ab9d445190005eaa4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 795,
         "text": "the Western world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?",
       "id": "57325c4ab9d445190005eaa5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irving, Robert Browning, Emily Dickinson, Emily Bront\u00eb, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Galsworthy, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, John Updike, and many others.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "enrich"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did John Milton do for world literature?",
       "id": "57325d03b9d445190005eaab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "World literature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what?",
       "id": "57325d03b9d445190005eaac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "Emily Dickinson, Emily Bront\u00eb"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature?",
       "id": "57325d03b9d445190005eaad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "World"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area?",
       "id": "57325d03b9d445190005eaae"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession. According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?",
       "id": "57325e0fe99e3014001e671e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 332,
         "text": "no sacramental ministerial priesthood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?",
       "id": "57325e0fe99e3014001e671f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "ordinances and doctrines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?",
       "id": "57325e0fe99e3014001e6720"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "Eastern Orthodox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?",
       "id": "57325e0fe99e3014001e6721"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "true apostolic succession"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?",
       "id": "57325e0fe99e3014001e6722"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them. In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument, saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church\u2014this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were Magisterial reformers?",
       "id": "57325f030fdd8d15006c6a4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "the Roman Catholic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?",
       "id": "57325f030fdd8d15006c6a4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 879,
         "text": "a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?",
       "id": "57325f030fdd8d15006c6a4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 939,
         "text": "in the early days of the Protestant Reformation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the idea of a hidden church begin?",
       "id": "57325f030fdd8d15006c6a4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 650,
         "text": "the Roman Catholic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What church did the Reformers claim had left them?",
       "id": "57325f030fdd8d15006c6a4f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "the ruling authorities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who supported the Magisterial Reformation?",
       "id": "57326028e99e3014001e6745"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 642,
         "text": "Conciliar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement?",
       "id": "57326028e99e3014001e6744"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "the five solas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?",
       "id": "57326028e99e3014001e6746"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 785,
         "text": "the Council of Trent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject?",
       "id": "57326028e99e3014001e6747"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 884,
         "text": "invisible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches?",
       "id": "57326028e99e3014001e6748"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the World Council of Churches has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, the US-based United Church of Christ, the United Church of Canada, the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "the World Council of Churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group has been unsuccessful in creating a unified church since 1948?",
       "id": "57326123b9d445190005eac7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "the Edinburgh Missionary Conference"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What conference was held in 1910?",
       "id": "57326123b9d445190005eac8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 890,
         "text": "Orthodox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What churches have been strongly engaged in the ecumenical movement?",
       "id": "57326123b9d445190005eac9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1108,
         "text": "watering down Orthodox doctrine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have Orthodox churches condemned the perception of?",
       "id": "57326123b9d445190005eaca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "united churches"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of churches have had rapidly declining memberships?",
       "id": "57326123b9d445190005eacb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 13,
         "text": "baptism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If done properly, what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize?",
       "id": "573263bde17f3d140042293d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "marriage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?",
       "id": "573263bde17f3d140042293e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 528,
         "text": "Protestant ministers who become Catholics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study?",
       "id": "573263bde17f3d140042293f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 482,
         "text": "re-baptized"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what?",
       "id": "573263bde17f3d1400422940"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers?",
       "id": "573263bde17f3d1400422941"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1999, the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement. This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. On 18 July 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What document was signed in 1999?",
       "id": "5732648ae99e3014001e676c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "Confessional Lutherans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who rejects the statement signed in 1999?",
       "id": "5732648ae99e3014001e676d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "delegates to the World Methodist Conference"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who adopted the Joint Declaration in 2006?",
       "id": "5732648ae99e3014001e676e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "the Protestant Reformation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Joint Declaration supposedly resolves the conflict which originally led to what movement?",
       "id": "5732648ae99e3014001e676f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What two groups originally signed the Joint Declaration?",
       "id": "5732648ae99e3014001e6770"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,[ad] among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.[ae] In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa. Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population. Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%, 36%, 36.7%, and 40%, while in relation to the world's population at 11.6% and 13%.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "more than 900 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Protestants are there in the world?",
       "id": "573265980fdd8d15006c6a83"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "approximately 2.4 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the total population of Christians in the world?",
       "id": "573265980fdd8d15006c6a84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "more than one tenth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?",
       "id": "573265980fdd8d15006c6a85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "Middle East-North Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?",
       "id": "573265980fdd8d15006c6a86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010?",
       "id": "573265980fdd8d15006c6a87"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion. These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom. In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary, it remains one of the most popular religions. Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements, there are only few Protestant adherents; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs, restrictions during the Communist rule, and also the ongoing secularization. Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased. According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Protestants made up 12% of the EU population. According to Pew Research Center, Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 17.8%) of the continent's Christian population in 2010. Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what European areas is Protestantism still the most practiced religion?",
       "id": "5732672a0fdd8d15006c6a8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 880,
         "text": "12%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2012, what percentage of the EU was thought to be Protestant?",
       "id": "5732672a0fdd8d15006c6a8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 247,
         "text": "Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what countries is Protestantism one of the most popular (but not THE most popular) religions?",
       "id": "5732672a0fdd8d15006c6a8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 985,
         "text": "17.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Pew Research Center estimated Protestants to be what percentage of Europe's Christian population in 2010?",
       "id": "5732672a0fdd8d15006c6a90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "Czech Republic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What area was once the site of a significant pre-reformation movement, but now only has a small number of Protestants?",
       "id": "5732672a0fdd8d15006c6a91"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion. Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively. According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth. By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa. In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe. China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.[af]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where has Protestantism spread quickly since the 1900's?",
       "id": "57326877e17f3d1400422955"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "after World War II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did much of the spread of Protestantism occur in the 20th century?",
       "id": "57326877e17f3d1400422956"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 830,
         "text": "59%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2010, what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa?",
       "id": "57326877e17f3d1400422958"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "79%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Anglicans were in the UK in 1910?",
       "id": "57326877e17f3d1400422957"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 958,
         "text": "Brazil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 2010, what country had more Protestants than both the UK and Germany together?",
       "id": "57326877e17f3d1400422959"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Bras%C3%ADlia",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Bras\u00edlia (Portuguese pronunciation: [b\u027ea\u02c8zilj\u0250]) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country's center-western region. It was founded on April 21, 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Bras\u00edlia and its metro (encompassing the whole of the Federal District) had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011, making it the 4th most populous city in Brazil. Among major Latin American cities, Bras\u00edlia has the highest GDP per capita at R$61,915 (US$36,175).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Bras\u00edlia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brazil's capital?",
       "id": "5731d9f3e17f3d1400422495"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "center-western"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What region of Brazil is Brasilia in?",
       "id": "5731d9f3e17f3d1400422496"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "US$36,175"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brasilia's GDP per capita in US dollars?",
       "id": "5731d9f3e17f3d1400422497"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "April 21, 1960"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Brasilia founded?",
       "id": "5731d9f3e17f3d1400422499"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "2,556,149"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the population of Brasilia's metro area?",
       "id": "5731d9f3e17f3d1400422498"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The city has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like other cities in Brazil. The name 'Bras\u00edlia' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche; However, the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions, only one of which is Bras\u00edlia proper, with a population of 209,926 in a 2011 survey; Demographic publications generally do not make this distinction and list the population of Bras\u00edlia as synonymous with the population of the Federal District, considering the whole of it as its metropolitan area. The city was one of the main host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Additionally, Bras\u00edlia hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "31"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many administrative regions does the Federal District have?",
       "id": "5731da68e99e3014001e6338"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 364,
         "text": "209,926"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brasilia's proper city population?",
       "id": "5731da68e99e3014001e6339"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "the Federal District"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Brasilia's metro area consist of?",
       "id": "5731da68e99e3014001e633a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which World Cup did Brasilia host?",
       "id": "5731da68e99e3014001e633b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Confederations Cup did Brasilia host?",
       "id": "5731da68e99e3014001e633c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction of Bras\u00edlia, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Bras\u00edlia was part of Juscelino's \"fifty years of prosperity in five\" plan. L\u00facio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Bras\u00edlia was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "1956"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Kubitschek become President of Brazil?",
       "id": "5731dae40fdd8d15006c659b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "1961"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Kubitschek leave office?",
       "id": "5731dae40fdd8d15006c659c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Juscelino Kubitschek"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ordered Brasilia be built?",
       "id": "5731dae40fdd8d15006c659d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "5550"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people competed to be Brasilia's urban planner?",
       "id": "5731dae40fdd8d15006c659e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "April 21, 1960"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Brasilia inaugurated?",
       "id": "5731dae40fdd8d15006c659f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Until the 1980s, the governor of the Federal District was appointed by the Federal Government, and the laws of Bras\u00edlia were issued by the Brazilian Federal Senate. With the Constitution of 1988 Bras\u00edlia gained the right to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly (C\u00e2mara Legislativa) was elected to exercise legislative power. The Federal District does not have a Judicial Power of its own. The Judicial Power which serves the Federal District also serves federal territories. Currently, Brazil does not have any territories, therefore, for now the courts serve only cases from the Federal District.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "1988"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Brazil pass a new Constitution?",
       "id": "5731db93e99e3014001e6356"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988?",
       "id": "5731db93e99e3014001e6357"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "C\u00e2mara Legislativa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brasilia's District Assembly called?",
       "id": "5731db93e99e3014001e6358"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Bras\u00edlia has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the K\u00f6ppen system, with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and a dry season, from May to September. The average temperature is 20.6 \u00b0C (69.1 \u00b0F). September, at the end of the dry season, has the highest average maximum temperature, 28.3 \u00b0C (82.9 \u00b0F), has major and minor lower maximum average temperature, of 25.1 \u00b0C (77.2 \u00b0F) and 12.9 \u00b0C (55.2 \u00b0F), respectively. Average temperatures from September through March are a consistent 22 \u00b0C (72 \u00b0F). With 247.4 mm (9.7 in), January is the month with the highest rainfall of the year, while June is the lowest, with only 8.7 mm (0.3 in).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "tropical savanna climate (Aw)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What climate type does Brasilia have?",
       "id": "5731dbdf0fdd8d15006c65a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "October to April"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is Brasilia's rainy season?",
       "id": "5731dbdf0fdd8d15006c65a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "May to September"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is Brasilia's dry season?",
       "id": "5731dbdf0fdd8d15006c65a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "28.3 \u00b0C (82.9 \u00b0F)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the average maximum temperature in Brasilia in September?",
       "id": "5731dbdf0fdd8d15006c65a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 556,
         "text": "January"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall?",
       "id": "5731dbdf0fdd8d15006c65a9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Portuguese language is the official national language and the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum. The city has six international schools: American School of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia International School (BIS), Escola das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, Swiss International School (SIS), Lyc\u00e9e fran\u00e7ais Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand (LfFM) and Maple Bear Canadian School. August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school - The British School of Brasilia. Bras\u00edlia has two universities, three university centers, and many private colleges.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Portuguese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brazil's official language?",
       "id": "5731dd950fdd8d15006c65af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "English and Spanish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What languages besides Portuguese are taught in Brasilia's schools?",
       "id": "5731dd950fdd8d15006c65b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many international schools are in Brasilia?",
       "id": "5731dd950fdd8d15006c65b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "August 2016"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When will a new international school open in Brasilia?",
       "id": "5731dd950fdd8d15006c65b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nationality will the new international school in Brasilia be?",
       "id": "5731dd950fdd8d15006c65b3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil, is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer. This concrete-framed hyperboloid structure, seems with its glass roof reaching up, open, to the heavens. On 31 May 1970, the Cathedral\u2019s structure was finished, and only the 70 m (229.66 ft) diameter of the circular area were visible. Niemeyer's project of Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia is based in the hyperboloid of revolution which sections are asymmetric. The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical assembled concrete columns. These columns, having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t, represent two hands moving upwards to heaven. The Cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1970.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 113,
         "text": "Oscar Niemeyer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia?",
       "id": "5731de9c0fdd8d15006c65c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "concrete-framed hyperboloid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of structure is the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia?",
       "id": "5731de9c0fdd8d15006c65c2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 707,
         "text": "31 May 1970"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia dedicated?",
       "id": "5731de9c0fdd8d15006c65c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "16"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many identical columns are used in the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia?",
       "id": "5731de9c0fdd8d15006c65c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 624,
         "text": "90 t"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much do the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia's columns weigh?",
       "id": "5731de9c0fdd8d15006c65c5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A series of low-lying annexes (largely hidden) flank both ends. Also in the square are the glass-faced Planalto Palace housing the presidential offices, and the Palace of the Supreme Court. Farther east, on a triangle of land jutting into the lake, is the Palace of the Dawn (Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada; the presidential residence). Between the federal and civic buildings on the Monumental Axis is the city's cathedral, considered by many to be Niemeyer's finest achievement (see photographs of the interior). The parabolically shaped structure is characterized by its 16 gracefully curving supports, which join in a circle 115 feet (35 meters) above the floor of the nave; stretched between the supports are translucent walls of tinted glass. The nave is entered via a subterranean passage rather than conventional doorways. Other notable buildings are Buriti Palace, Itamaraty Palace, the National Theater, and several foreign embassies that creatively embody features of their national architecture. The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "presidential offices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is in the Planalto Palace?",
       "id": "5731df190fdd8d15006c65d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Brazil's president live, in Portuguese?",
       "id": "5731df190fdd8d15006c65d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Palace of the Dawn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does 'Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada' mean?",
       "id": "5731df190fdd8d15006c65d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1031,
         "text": "Roberto Burle Marx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia's major buildings?",
       "id": "5731df190fdd8d15006c65d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1068,
         "text": "modernist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What style of gardens did Marx design?",
       "id": "5731df190fdd8d15006c65d9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Both low-cost and luxury housing were built by the government in the Bras\u00edlia. The residential zones of the inner city are arranged into superquadras (\"superblocks\"): groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces. At the northern end of Lake Parano\u00e1, separated from the inner city, is a peninsula with many fashionable homes, and a similar city exists on the southern lakeshore. Originally the city planners envisioned extensive public areas along the shores of the artificial lake, but during early development private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants gained footholds around the water. Set well apart from the city are satellite cities, including Gama, Ceil\u00e2ndia, Taguatinga, N\u00facleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina. These cities, with the exception of Gama and Sobradinho were not planned.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are 'superquadras' or superblocks?",
       "id": "5731df9ce17f3d14004224d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "the northern end of Lake Parano\u00e1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes?",
       "id": "5731df9ce17f3d14004224d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "extensive public areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the planners want to have around Lake Paranoa?",
       "id": "5731df9ce17f3d14004224d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 579,
         "text": "private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What took over Lake Paranoa's shores contrary to the plan?",
       "id": "5731df9ce17f3d14004224da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 737,
         "text": "Gama, Ceil\u00e2ndia, Taguatinga, N\u00facleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia?",
       "id": "5731df9ce17f3d14004224db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After a visit to Bras\u00edlia, the French writer Simone de Beauvoir complained that all of its superquadras exuded \"the same air of elegant monotony,\" and other observers have equated the city's large open lawns, plazas, and fields to wastelands. As the city has matured, some of these have gained adornments, and many have been improved by landscaping, giving some observers a sense of \"humanized\" spaciousness. Although not fully accomplished, the \"Bras\u00edlia utopia\" has produced a city of relatively high quality of life, in which the citizens live in forested areas with sporting and leisure structure (the superquadras) flanked by small commercial areas, bookstores and cafes; the city is famous for its cuisine and efficiency of transit.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "Simone de Beauvoir"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who complained that Brasilia was monotonous?",
       "id": "5731dff4e99e3014001e638c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nationality was de Beauvoir?",
       "id": "5731dff4e99e3014001e638d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "writer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was de Beauvoir's career?",
       "id": "5731dff4e99e3014001e638e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 700,
         "text": "its cuisine and efficiency of transit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brasilia famous for?",
       "id": "5731dff4e99e3014001e638f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The major roles of construction and of services (government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services) in Bras\u00edlia's economy reflect the city's status as a governmental rather than an industrial center. Industries connected with construction, food processing, and furnishings are important, as are those associated with publishing, printing, and computer software. GDP is divided in Public Administration 54.8%, Services 28.7%, Industry 10.2%, Commerce 6.1%, Agribusiness 0.2%.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What services are central to Brasilia's economy?",
       "id": "5731e04ce17f3d14004224e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "construction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brasilia's most important non-service industry?",
       "id": "5731e04ce17f3d14004224e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "54.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Public Administration?",
       "id": "5731e04ce17f3d14004224e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "28.7%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Services?",
       "id": "5731e04ce17f3d14004224e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 519,
         "text": "0.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Agribusiness?",
       "id": "5731e04ce17f3d14004224e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Besides being the political center, Bras\u00edlia is an important economic center. Bras\u00edlia has the highest city gross domestic product (GDP) of 99.5 billion reais representing 3.76% of the total Brazilian GDP. The main economic activity of the federal capital results from its administrative function. Its industrial planning is studied carefully by the Government of the Federal District. Being a city registered by UNESCO, the government in Bras\u00edlia has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as software, film, video, and gemology among others, with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining ecological balance, preserving the city property.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "99.5 billion reais"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brasilia's GDP?",
       "id": "5731e0fce99e3014001e6394"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "3.76%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Brazil's GDP comes from Brasilia?",
       "id": "5731e0fce99e3014001e6395"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 523,
         "text": "software, film, video, and gemology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What industries is Brasilia trying to encourage?",
       "id": "5731e0fce99e3014001e6396"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The city's planned design included specific areas for almost everything, including accommodation, Hotels Sectors North and South. New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere, such as the hotels and tourism Sector North, located on the shores of Lake Parano\u00e1. Bras\u00edlia has a range of tourist accommodation from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels. The city's restaurants cater to a wide range of foods from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "Hotels Sectors North and South"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Brasilia place hotels?",
       "id": "5731e152b9d445190005e5ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 436,
         "text": "from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kinds of restaurants does Brasilia have?",
       "id": "5731e152b9d445190005e601"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 312,
         "text": "from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kinds of hotels does Brasilia have?",
       "id": "5731e152b9d445190005e600"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "Lake Parano\u00e1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What lake has some hotels around it?",
       "id": "5731e152b9d445190005e602"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Bras\u00edlia has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, The World In Grey: Dom Bosco's Prophecy, by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalypticle story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco. According to Don Bosco's prophecy: \"Between parallels 15 and 20, around a lake which shall be formed; A great civilization will thrive, and that will be the Promised Land.\" Bras\u00edlia lies between the parallels 15\u00b0 S and 20\u00b0 S, where an artificial lake (Parano\u00e1 Lake) was formed. Don Bosco is Bras\u00edlia's patron saint.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The World In Grey' published?",
       "id": "5731e1b0e99e3014001e63a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "Ryan J. Lucero"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'The World In Grey'?",
       "id": "5731e1b0e99e3014001e63a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "Don Bosco"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose prophecy is 'The World In Grey' based on?",
       "id": "5731e1b0e99e3014001e63a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "Don Bosco"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Brasilia's patron saint?",
       "id": "5731e1b0e99e3014001e63a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "Parano\u00e1 Lake"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What lake did Don Bosco predict?",
       "id": "5731e1b0e99e3014001e63a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes (Portuguese for Square of the Three Powers) is a plaza in Bras\u00edlia. The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza: the Executive, represented by the Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto (presidential office); the Legislative, represented by the National Congress (Congresso Nacional); and the Judicial branch, represented by the Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal). It is a tourist attraction in Bras\u00edlia, designed by L\u00facio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "Square of the Three Powers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does 'Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes' mean?",
       "id": "5731e228b9d445190005e60d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "the three federal branches around the plaza"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the name 'Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes' come from?",
       "id": "5731e228b9d445190005e60e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "Supremo Tribunal Federal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brazil's Supreme Court called?",
       "id": "5731e228b9d445190005e60f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "L\u00facio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes?",
       "id": "5731e228b9d445190005e610"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "Congresso Nacional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brazil's Congress called?",
       "id": "5731e228b9d445190005e611"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Bras\u00edlia, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's new capital city, the \"Alvorada\" lies on a peninsula at the margins of Lake Parano\u00e1. The principles of simplicity and modernity, that in the past characterized the great works of architecture, motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landed on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor. The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Brazil's president live?",
       "id": "5731e2a6e99e3014001e63b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "simplicity and modernity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What principles of architecture was the Alvorada designed with?",
       "id": "5731e2a6e99e3014001e63b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "7,000 m2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is the Alvorada?",
       "id": "5731e2a6e99e3014001e63b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 625,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many floors does the Alvorada have?",
       "id": "5731e2a6e99e3014001e63b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "1958"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Brasilia's presidential residence open?",
       "id": "5731e2a6e99e3014001e63b5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes in Bras\u00edlia. As the seat of government, the term \"Planalto\" is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of government. The main working office of the President of the Republic is in the Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto. The President and his or her family do not live in it, rather in the official residence, the Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada. Besides the President, senior advisors also have offices in the \"Planalto,\" including the Vice-President of Brazil and the Chief of Staff. The other Ministries are along the Esplanada dos Minist\u00e9rios. The architect of the Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto was Oscar Niemeyer, creator of most of the important buildings in Bras\u00edlia. The idea was to project an image of simplicity and modernity using fine lines and waves to compose the columns and exterior structures. The Palace is four stories high, and has an area of 36,000 m2. Four other adjacent buildings are also part of the complex.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 919,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many floors does the Planalto have?",
       "id": "5731e3480fdd8d15006c6605"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 957,
         "text": "36,000 m2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is the Planalto?",
       "id": "5731e3480fdd8d15006c6606"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the President's offices?",
       "id": "5731e3480fdd8d15006c6607"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 697,
         "text": "Oscar Niemeyer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the Planalto?",
       "id": "5731e3480fdd8d15006c6608"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the VP's offices?",
       "id": "5731e3480fdd8d15006c6609"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This makes for a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual for flights to be delayed in the holding pattern before landing. Following the airport's master plan, Infraero built a second runway, which was finished in 2006. In 2007, the airport handled 11,119,872 passengers. The main building's third floor, with 12 thousand square meters, has a panoramic deck, a food court, shops, four movie theatres with total capacity of 500 people, and space for exhibitions. Bras\u00edlia Airport has 136 vendor spaces. The airport is located about 11 km (6.8 mi) from the central area of Bras\u00edlia, outside the metro system. The area outside the airport's main gate is lined with taxis as well as several bus line services which connect the airport to Bras\u00edlia's central district. The parking lot accommodates 1,200 cars. The airport is serviced by domestic and regional airlines (TAM, GOL, Azul, WebJET, Trip and Avianca), in addition to a number of international carriers. In 2012, Bras\u00edlia's International Airport was won by the InfrAmerica consortium, formed by the Brazilian engineering company ENGEVIX and the Argentine Corporacion America holding company, with a 50% stake each. During the 25-year concession, the airport may be expanded to up to 40 million passengers a year.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Brasilia's airport add a second runway?",
       "id": "5731e3b9b9d445190005e629"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "11,119,872"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many passengers came through Brasilia's airport in 2007?",
       "id": "5731e3b9b9d445190005e62a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many movie theaters are in Brasilia's airport?",
       "id": "5731e3b9b9d445190005e62b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "136"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many vendor spaces are in Brasilia's airport?",
       "id": "5731e3b9b9d445190005e62c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 811,
         "text": "1,200"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many parking spaces are there at Brasilia's airport?",
       "id": "5731e3b9b9d445190005e62d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2014, the airport received 15 new boarding bridges, totalling 28 in all. This was the main requirement made by the federal government, which transferred the operation of the terminal to the Inframerica Group after an auction. The group invested R$750 million in the project. In the same year, the number of parking spaces doubled, reaching three thousand. The airport's entrance have a new rooftop cover and a new access road. Furthermore, a VIP room was created on Terminal 1's third floor. The investments resulted an increase the capacity of Bras\u00edlia's airport from approximately 15 million passengers per year to 21 million by 2014. Bras\u00edlia has direct flights to all states of Brazil and direct international flights to Atlanta, Buenos Aires, Lisbon, Miami, Panama City, and Paris.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "28"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many boarding bridges does Brasilia's airport have?",
       "id": "5731e50f0fdd8d15006c6619"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "2014"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the number of boarding bridges at Brasilia's airport nearly double?",
       "id": "5731e50f0fdd8d15006c661a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "Inframerica Group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What company now runs Brasilia's airport?",
       "id": "5731e50f0fdd8d15006c661b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "the number of parking spaces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Besides boarding bridges, what also doubled in 2014 at Brasilia's airport?",
       "id": "5731e50f0fdd8d15006c661c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "21 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Brasilia's airport's annual passenger capacity after 2014's improvements?",
       "id": "5731e50f0fdd8d15006c661d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the 'President JK Bridge' or the 'JK Bridge', crosses Lake Parano\u00e1 in Bras\u00edlia. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, former president of Brazil. It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer M\u00e1rio Vila Verde. Chan won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal for this project at the 2003 International Bridge Conference in Pittsburgh due to \"...outstanding achievement demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful community participation\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the JK Bridge a nickname for?",
       "id": "5731e90bb9d445190005e665"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "Lake Parano\u00e1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the JK Bridge cross?",
       "id": "5731e90bb9d445190005e666"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the JK Bridge named for?",
       "id": "5731e90bb9d445190005e667"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "former president of Brazil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was de Oliveira?",
       "id": "5731e90bb9d445190005e668"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer M\u00e1rio Vila Verde"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the JK Bridge?",
       "id": "5731e90bb9d445190005e669"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The metro leaves the Rodovi\u00e1ria (bus station) and goes south, avoiding most of the political and tourist areas. The main purpose of the metro is to serve cities, such as Samambaia, Taguatinga and Ceil\u00e2ndia, as well as Guar\u00e1 and \u00c1guas Claras. The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself (the census of 2000 indicated that Ceil\u00e2ndia had 344,039 inhabitants, Taguatinga had 243,575, whereas the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants), and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "bus station"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Rodovi\u00e1ria?",
       "id": "5731ea7eb9d445190005e683"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "344,039"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in Ceil\u00e2ndia?",
       "id": "5731ea7eb9d445190005e684"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "243,575"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in Taguatinga?",
       "id": "5731ea7eb9d445190005e685"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "approximately 400,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in the Plano Piloto?",
       "id": "5731ea7eb9d445190005e686"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "most of the political and tourist areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What areas does Brasilia's public transit avoid?",
       "id": "5731ea7eb9d445190005e687"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the original city plan, the interstate buses should also stop at the Central Station. Because of the growth of Bras\u00edlia (and corresponding growth in the bus fleet), today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station (called Rodoferrovi\u00e1ria), located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental. The Central Bus Station also contains a main metro station. A new bus station was opened in July 2010. It is on Sa\u00edda Sul (South Exit) near Parkshopping Mall and with its metro station, and it's also an inter-state bus station, used only to leave the Federal District.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "Rodoferrovi\u00e1ria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the older interstate bus station called?",
       "id": "5731eb11b9d445190005e68e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "Parkshopping Mall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mall is Brasilia's newest bus station near?",
       "id": "5731eb11b9d445190005e690"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "Central Station"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Brasilia's plan want interstate buses to stop?",
       "id": "5731eb11b9d445190005e68d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "the western end of the Eixo Monumental"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the older interstate bus station?",
       "id": "5731eb11b9d445190005e68f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "Sa\u00edda Sul"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What street is Brasilia's newest bus station on?",
       "id": "5731eb11b9d445190005e691"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Bras\u00edlia is known as a departing point for the practice of unpowered air sports, sports that may be practiced with hang gliding or paragliding wings. Practitioners of such sports reveal that, because of the city's dry weather, the city offers strong thermal winds and great \"cloud-streets\", which is also the name for a manoeuvre quite appreciated by practitioners. In 2003, Bras\u00edlia hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship, one of the categories of free flying. In August 2005, the city hosted the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "unpowered air sports"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of sports are popular in Brasilia?",
       "id": "5731ebb2e17f3d1400422551"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2003?",
       "id": "5731ebb2e17f3d1400422552"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 503,
         "text": "the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2005?",
       "id": "5731ebb2e17f3d1400422553"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "strong thermal winds and great \"cloud-streets\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is Brasilia a good place for air sports?",
       "id": "5731ebb2e17f3d1400422554"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Economy_of_Greece",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Greece is a developed country with an economy based on the service (82.8%) and industrial sectors (13.3%). The agricultural sector contributed 3.9% of national economic output in 2015. Important Greek industries include tourism and shipping. With 18 million international tourists in 2013, Greece was the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world. The Greek Merchant Navy is the largest in the world, with Greek-owned vessels accounting for 15% of global deadweight tonnage as of 2013. The increased demand for international maritime transportation between Greece and Asia has resulted in unprecedented investment in the shipping industry.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "developed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of country is Greece?",
       "id": "5731e7900fdd8d15006c662d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "82.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Greece's economy is based on service?",
       "id": "5731e7900fdd8d15006c662e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "13.3%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Greece's economy is comprised of industrial sectors?",
       "id": "5731e7900fdd8d15006c662f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "3.9%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the national economic output did the agricultural sector of Greece contribute in 2015?",
       "id": "5731e7900fdd8d15006c6630"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 247,
         "text": "18 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?",
       "id": "5731e7900fdd8d15006c6631"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "agricultural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Greece a significant producer of within the EU?",
       "id": "5731e813e99e3014001e63be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "economy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Greece has the largest what in the Balkans?",
       "id": "5731e813e99e3014001e63bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 154,
         "text": "Greece"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Albania's largest foreign investor in 2013?",
       "id": "5731e813e99e3014001e63c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Greece the most important trading partner to?",
       "id": "5731e813e99e3014001e63c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "OTE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia?",
       "id": "5731e813e99e3014001e63c2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Greece is classified as an advanced, high-income economy, and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981. In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro. Greece is a member of the International Monetary Fund and of the World Trade Organization, and ranked 34th on Ernst & Young's Globalization Index 2011.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "OECD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization was Greek a founding member?",
       "id": "5731e92f0fdd8d15006c6642"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the abbreviation OECD expand to?",
       "id": "5731e92f0fdd8d15006c6641"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "advanced, high-income"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Greece's economy classified as?",
       "id": "5731e92f0fdd8d15006c6643"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "1981"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Greece join what is now the European Union?",
       "id": "5731e92f0fdd8d15006c6644"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "2001"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Greece adopt the Euro as its currency?",
       "id": "5731e92f0fdd8d15006c6645"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of \u22120.3% in 2008, \u22124.3% in 2009, \u22125.5% in 2010, \u22129.1% in 2011, \u22127.3% in 2012 and \u22123.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached \u20ac356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to \u20ac280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "1950 to 1980"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What years of economic growth was called Greece's economic miracle?",
       "id": "5731e9d1b9d445190005e66f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 180,
         "text": "2000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what year was Greece's levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average?",
       "id": "5731e9d1b9d445190005e670"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 559,
         "text": "\u22123.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013?",
       "id": "5731e9d1b9d445190005e671"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 617,
         "text": "\u20ac356 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much public debt did Greece have in 2011?",
       "id": "5731e9d1b9d445190005e672"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 961,
         "text": "2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Greece fall back into recession?",
       "id": "5731e9d1b9d445190005e673"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations. Industrial activity, (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was evident, mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus. Nonetheless, Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "Industrial Revolution"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?",
       "id": "5731eaa7e17f3d1400422547"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "evolution of the Greek economy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does recent research from 2006 examine?",
       "id": "5731eaa7e17f3d1400422548"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "slightly lower"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?",
       "id": "5731eaa7e17f3d1400422549"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "shipbuilding"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?",
       "id": "5731eaa7e17f3d140042254a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 641,
         "text": "defaulted on its external loans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?",
       "id": "5731eaa7e17f3d140042254b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU. After several upward revisions, the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7% of GDP. This, combined with rapidly rising debt levels (127.9% of GDP in 2009) led to a precipitous increase in borrowing costs, effectively shutting Greece out of the global financial markets and resulting in a severe economic crisis.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "fourteen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years of consecutive growth had Greece had?",
       "id": "57320a23b9d445190005e75d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "in 2008"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Greece go into recession?",
       "id": "57320a23b9d445190005e75e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "budget deficit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Greek economy have the highest of at the end of 2009?",
       "id": "57320a23b9d445190005e75f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "15.7%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of GDP was the budget deficit of Greece in 2009?",
       "id": "57320a23b9d445190005e760"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "severe economic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of crisis resulted from the budget deficit and rising debt levels of Greece?",
       "id": "57320a23b9d445190005e761"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Greece was accused of trying to cover up the extent of its massive budget deficit in the wake of the global financial crisis. The allegation was prompted by the massive revision of the 2009 budget deficit forecast by the new PASOK government elected in October 2009, from \"6\u20138%\" (estimated by the previous New Democracy government) to 12.7% (later revised to 15.7%). However, the accuracy of the revised figures has also been questioned, and in February 2012 the Hellenic Parliament voted in favor of an official investigation following accusations by a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority that the deficit had been artificially inflated in order to justify harsher austerity measures.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "its massive budget deficit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Greece accused of covering up the extent of?",
       "id": "57320b1be17f3d140042260b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "massive revision"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What prompted the allegation of Greece's covering up its budget deficit? ",
       "id": "57320b1be17f3d140042260c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "February 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?",
       "id": "57320b1be17f3d140042260e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 463,
         "text": "Hellenic Parliament"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who voted in favor of an official investigation of the accusations?",
       "id": "57320b1be17f3d140042260d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 674,
         "text": "harsher austerity measures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been inflated to justify?",
       "id": "57320b1be17f3d140042260f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most of the differences in the revised budget deficit numbers were due to a temporary change of accounting practices by the new government, i.e., recording expenses when military material was ordered rather than received. However, it was the retroactive application of ESA95 methodology (applied since 2000) by Eurostat, that finally raised the reference year (1999) budget deficit to 3.38% of GDP, thus exceeding the 3% limit. This led to claims that Greece (similar claims have been made about other European countries like Italy) had not actually met all five accession criteria, and the common perception that Greece entered the Eurozone through \"falsified\" deficit numbers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "accounting practices"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the majority of the differences in the revised budget due to the temporary changing of?",
       "id": "57320c0ee17f3d1400422615"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "3.38% of GDP"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in raising the budget deficit to?",
       "id": "57320c0ee17f3d1400422617"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": ".38%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By how much did the budget deficit of Greece exceed the 3% limit in the reference year of 1999?",
       "id": "57320c0ee17f3d1400422618"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 526,
         "text": "Italy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other European country were claims similar to those levied against Greece made?",
       "id": "57320c0ee17f3d1400422619"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "when military material was ordered rather than received"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were expenses recorded by the new government?",
       "id": "57320c0ee17f3d1400422616"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 2005 OECD report for Greece, it was clearly stated that \"the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3% in 1999, the year of [Greece's] EMU membership qualification\". The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3% limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece's application, and thus the criteria had been met.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "OECD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who provided a report for Greece in 2005?",
       "id": "57320d07e17f3d140042261f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999?",
       "id": "57320d07e17f3d1400422620"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "1999"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the year of Greece's EMU membership qualification?",
       "id": "57320d07e17f3d1400422621"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 492,
         "text": "ESA79"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?",
       "id": "57320d07e17f3d1400422622"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "the prescribed 3% limit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?",
       "id": "57320d07e17f3d1400422623"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives\u2019 deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to \"hide\" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "controversy regarding usage of derivatives\u2019 deals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What error is sometimes made by tying Greece's Eurozone entry with?",
       "id": "57320deab9d445190005e79b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "U.S. Banks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What banks did Greece use derivatives' deals with?",
       "id": "57320deab9d445190005e79c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "artificially reduce their reported budget deficits"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks?",
       "id": "57320deab9d445190005e79d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 327,
         "text": "2.8 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Euros was Greece able to \"hide\" because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs?",
       "id": "57320deab9d445190005e79e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "affected deficit values after 2001"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why aren't the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece's Eurozone entry?",
       "id": "57320deab9d445190005e79f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to Der Spiegel, credits given to European governments were disguised as \"swaps\" and consequently did not get registered as debt because Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives. A German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that \"The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps,\" and \"In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.\" These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union and the monetary union guidelines. In May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6% which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with Iceland in first place at 15.7% and Great Britain third with 12.6%. Public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "swaps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were credits given to European governments disguised as?",
       "id": "57320eaee99e3014001e649e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "ignored statistics involving financial derivatives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why weren't swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time?",
       "id": "57320eaee99e3014001e649f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "Maastricht"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could be quite legally circumvented through swaps?",
       "id": "57320eaee99e3014001e64a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 680,
         "text": "Greek government deficit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was again revised in May of 2010?",
       "id": "57320eaee99e3014001e64a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 942,
         "text": "120%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Greece's public debt forecast to hit as high of a percentage of GDP of in 2010?",
       "id": "57320eaee99e3014001e64a2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt, as reflected by the rise of the country's borrowing rates (although their slow rise \u2013 the 10-year government bond yield only exceeded 7% in April 2010 \u2013 coinciding with a large number of negative articles, has led to arguments about the role of international news media in the evolution of the crisis). In order to avert a default (as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets), in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a \"rescue package\" which involved giving Greece an immediate \u20ac45 billion in bail-out loans, with more funds to follow, totaling \u20ac110 billion. In order to secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control. Their implementation will be monitored and evaluated by the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "rise of the country's borrowing rates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?",
       "id": "5732138be17f3d1400422674"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "sovereign debt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the international banks have doubts about Greece's ability to repay?",
       "id": "5732138be17f3d1400422673"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 643,
         "text": "\u20ac45 billion in bail-out loans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010?",
       "id": "5732138be17f3d1400422675"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 710,
         "text": "\u20ac110 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?",
       "id": "5732138be17f3d1400422676"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 902,
         "text": "the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?",
       "id": "5732138be17f3d1400422677"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Between 2005 and 2011, Greece has had the highest percentage increase in industrial output compared to 2005 levels out of all European Union members, with an increase of 6%. Eurostat statistics show that the industrial sector was hit by the Greek financial crisis throughout 2009 and 2010, with domestic output decreasing by 5.8% and industrial production in general by 13.4%. Currently, Greece is ranked third in the European Union in the production of marble (over 920,000 tons), after Italy and Spain.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "industrial output"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Greece have the highest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011?",
       "id": "57321440b9d445190005e7b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the increase of Greece's industrial output between 2005 and 2011?",
       "id": "57321440b9d445190005e7b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "13.4%."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the industrial production in Greece fall by due to the financial crisis?",
       "id": "57321440b9d445190005e7b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 405,
         "text": "third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble?",
       "id": "57321440b9d445190005e7b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "920,000 tons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many tons of marble does Greece produce?",
       "id": "57321440b9d445190005e7b9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Greece has the largest merchant navy in the world, accounting for more than 15% of the world's total deadweight tonnage (dwt) according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The Greek merchant navy's total dwt of nearly 245 million is comparable only to Japan's, which is ranked second with almost 224 million. Additionally, Greece represents 39.52% of all of the European Union's dwt. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "merchant navy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Greece have the largest of in the world?",
       "id": "573214b90fdd8d15006c6767"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "15%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Greece's navy accounts for more than what percentage of the world's total deadweight tonnage?",
       "id": "573214b90fdd8d15006c6768"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "245 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Greek merchant navy's total dwt?",
       "id": "573214b90fdd8d15006c6769"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 364,
         "text": "39.52%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the entire EU's dwt does Greece alone represent?",
       "id": "573214b90fdd8d15006c676a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "5,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many ships did Greece's navy have in the late 1970s?",
       "id": "573214b90fdd8d15006c676b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In terms of ship categories, Greek companies have 22.6% of the world's tankers and 16.1% of the world's bulk carriers (in dwt). An additional equivalent of 27.45% of the world's tanker dwt is on order, with another 12.7% of bulk carriers also on order. Shipping accounts for an estimated 6% of Greek GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit. Earnings from shipping amounted to \u20ac14.1 billion in 2011, while between 2000 and 2010 Greek shipping contributed a total of \u20ac140 billion (half of the country's public debt in 2009 and 3.5 times the receipts from the European Union in the period 2000\u20132013). The 2011 ECSA report showed that there are approximately 750 Greek shipping companies in operation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "22.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies own?",
       "id": "5732167eb9d445190005e7d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "16.1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the world's bulk carriers are Greece's?",
       "id": "5732167eb9d445190005e7d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Greece's GDP does shipping account for?",
       "id": "5732167eb9d445190005e7d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "\u20ac14.1 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did earnings from Greece's shipping amount to in 2011?",
       "id": "5732167eb9d445190005e7d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 722,
         "text": "750"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Greek shipping companies were in operation in 2011?",
       "id": "5732167eb9d445190005e7d5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "4th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, what is Greece's global rank?",
       "id": "5732172e0fdd8d15006c677b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "17,704.132 million $"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the worth Greece's shipping services in 2011?",
       "id": "5732172e0fdd8d15006c677c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "Denmark, Germany and South Korea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What three countries were ahead of Greece in 2011 with exports?",
       "id": "5732172e0fdd8d15006c677d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "7,076.605 million US$"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the shipping services imported by Greece in 2011 worth?",
       "id": "5732172e0fdd8d15006c677e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 560,
         "text": "10,712.342 million US$"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Greece's 2011 trade surplus?",
       "id": "5732172e0fdd8d15006c677f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Between 1949 and the 1980s, telephone communications in Greece were a state monopoly by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization, better known by its acronym, OTE. Despite the liberalization of telephone communications in the country in the 1980s, OTE still dominates the Greek market in its field and has emerged as one of the largest telecommunications companies in Southeast Europe. Since 2011, the company's major shareholder is Deutsche Telekom with a 40% stake, while the Greek state continues to own 10% of the company's shares. OTE owns several subsidiaries across the Balkans, including Cosmote, Greece's top mobile telecommunications provider, Cosmote Romania and Albanian Mobile Communications.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ran the phones in Greece between 1949 and the 1980s?",
       "id": "573217b2e99e3014001e64f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "OTE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization better known by the acronym of?",
       "id": "573217b2e99e3014001e64f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "1980s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece happen?",
       "id": "573217b2e99e3014001e64fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "Deutsche Telekom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What company has a 40% stake in OTE?",
       "id": "573217b2e99e3014001e64fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "10%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many shares of OTE does the Greek state own?",
       "id": "573217b2e99e3014001e64fc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Greece has tended to lag behind its European Union partners in terms of Internet use, with the gap closing rapidly in recent years. The percentage of households with access to the Internet more than doubled between 2006 and 2013, from 23% to 56% respectively (compared with an EU average of 49% and 79%). At the same time, there has been a massive increase in the proportion of households with a broadband connection, from 4% in 2006 to 55% in 2013 (compared with an EU average of 30% and 76%). However, Greece also has the EU's third highest percentage of people who have never used the Internet: 36% in 2013, down from 65% in 2006 (compared with an EU average of 21% and 42%).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "Internet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Greece lag behind other EU countries in terms of use?",
       "id": "57321849b9d445190005e7db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "more than doubled"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the percentage of households with access to the internet increase between 2006 and 2013?",
       "id": "57321849b9d445190005e7dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "36%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of people in Greece had never used the Internet as of 2013?",
       "id": "57321849b9d445190005e7df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "Greece"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has the EU's third highest percentage of people who've never used the Internet?",
       "id": "57321849b9d445190005e7de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 394,
         "text": "a broadband connection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the been a massive increase in the number of households with in Greece?",
       "id": "57321849b9d445190005e7dd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Greece attracts more than 16 million tourists each year, thus contributing 18.2% to the nation's GDP in 2008 according to an OECD report. The same survey showed that the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was $1,073, ranking Greece 10th in the world. The number of jobs directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector were 840,000 in 2008 and represented 19% of the country's total labor force. In 2009, Greece welcomed over 19.3 million tourists, a major increase from the 17.7 million tourists the country welcomed in 2008.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "more than 16 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many millions of tourists does Greece attract each year?",
       "id": "573218f9e99e3014001e6502"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "18.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of Greece's GDP is accounted for by tourism?",
       "id": "573218f9e99e3014001e6503"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "$1,073"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the 2008 OECD report show the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was?",
       "id": "573218f9e99e3014001e6504"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "840,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many jobs in 2008 in Greece were somehow related to the tourism industry?",
       "id": "573218f9e99e3014001e6505"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "over 19.3 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009?",
       "id": "573218f9e99e3014001e6506"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In recent years a number of well-known tourism-related organizations have placed Greek destinations in the top of their lists. In 2009 Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki, the country's second-largest city, the world's fifth best \"Ultimate Party Town\", alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai, while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure. The neighbouring island of Mykonos was ranked as the 5th best island Europe. Thessaloniki was the European Youth Capital in 2014.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "their lists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the top of?",
       "id": "573219f50fdd8d15006c67a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "Thessaloniki"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Greek city was rated the world's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009's Lonely Planet?",
       "id": "573219f50fdd8d15006c67a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "the country's second-largest city"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece?",
       "id": "573219f50fdd8d15006c67a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "best island in the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Travel+Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2011?",
       "id": "573219f50fdd8d15006c67a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "Mykonos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe?",
       "id": "573219f50fdd8d15006c67a9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Between 1975 and 2009, Olympic Airways (known after 2003 as Olympic Airlines) was the country\u2019s state-owned flag carrier, but financial problems led to its privatization and relaunch as Olympic Air in 2009. Both Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air have won awards for their services; in 2009 and 2011, Aegean Airlines was awarded the \"Best regional airline in Europe\" award by Skytrax, and also has two gold and one silver awards by the ERA, while Olympic Air holds one silver ERA award for \"Airline of the Year\" as well as a \"Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveller 2011 Readers Choice Awards: Top Domestic Airline\" award.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "Olympic Airlines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Olympic Airways known as after 2003?",
       "id": "57321b1ae17f3d1400422695"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "Olympic Air"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Olympic Airlines relaunched as in 2009?",
       "id": "57321b1ae17f3d1400422696"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "Aegean Airlines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What airlines was award the \"Best regional airline in Europe\" award by Skytrax?",
       "id": "57321b1ae17f3d1400422697"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "\"Airline of the Year\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Olympic Air hold a silver ERA award for?",
       "id": "57321b1ae17f3d1400422698"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 544,
         "text": "2011"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Olympic Air receive an award as Top Domestic Airline?",
       "id": "57321b1ae17f3d1400422699"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Greece's rail network is estimated to be at 2,548 km. Rail transport in Greece is operated by TrainOSE, a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organization (OSE). Most of the country's network is standard gauge (1,565 km), while the country also has 983 km of narrow gauge. A total of 764 km of rail are electrified. Greece has rail connections with Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. A total of three suburban railway systems (Proastiakos) are in operation (in Athens, Thessaloniki and Patras), while one metro system is operational in Athens with another under construction.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "2,548 km"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is Greek's rail network estimated to run?",
       "id": "57321bdce17f3d140042269f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "TrainOSE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who runs the rail transport in Greece?",
       "id": "57321bdce17f3d14004226a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "the Hellenic Railways Organization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is TrainOSE a subsidiary of?",
       "id": "57321bdce17f3d14004226a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "standard gauge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What gauge is most of Greece's railway?",
       "id": "57321bdce17f3d14004226a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "764"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many kilometers of Greece's railway is electrified?",
       "id": "57321bdce17f3d14004226a3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to Eurostat, Greece's largest port by tons of goods transported in 2010 is the port of Aghioi Theodoroi, with 17.38 million tons. The Port of Thessaloniki comes second with 15.8 million tons, followed by the Port of Piraeus, with 13.2 million tons, and the port of Eleusis, with 12.37 million tons. The total number of goods transported through Greece in 2010 amounted to 124.38 million tons, a considerable drop from the 164.3 million tons transported through the country in 2007. Since then, Piraeus has grown to become the Mediterranean's third-largest port thanks to heavy investment by Chinese logistics giant COSCO. In 2013, Piraeus was declared the fastest-growing port in the world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "Aghioi Theodoroi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Greece's largest port as measured by good transported in 2010?",
       "id": "57321c80b9d445190005e805"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "17.38"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many million of tons went through Aghioi Theodoroi in 2010?",
       "id": "57321c80b9d445190005e806"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "12.37 million tons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many million tons of goods did port Eleusis transport in 2010?",
       "id": "57321c80b9d445190005e807"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "164.3 million tons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many tons of goods were transported through Greece in 2007?",
       "id": "57321c80b9d445190005e808"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 666,
         "text": "fastest-growing port in the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the port of Piraeus declared to be in 2013?",
       "id": "57321c80b9d445190005e809"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2010 Piraeus handled 513,319 TEUs, followed by Thessaloniki, which handled 273,282 TEUs. In the same year, 83.9 million people passed through Greece's ports, 12.7 million through the port of Paloukia in Salamis, another 12.7 through the port of Perama, 9.5 million through Piraeus and 2.7 million through Igoumenitsa. In 2013, Piraeus handled a record 3.16 million TEUs, the third-largest figure in the Mediterranean, of which 2.52 million were transported through Pier II, owned by COSCO and 644,000 were transported through Pier I, owned by the Greek state.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "513,319"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2010?",
       "id": "57321d1eb9d445190005e819"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "273,282"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What amount of TEUs did Thessaloniki handle in 2010?",
       "id": "57321d1eb9d445190005e81a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "83.9 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many million of people passed through Greece's ports in 2010?",
       "id": "57321d1eb9d445190005e81b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "3.16 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What record amount of TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2013?",
       "id": "57321d1eb9d445190005e81c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "COSCO"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization owns Pier II in Piraeus? ",
       "id": "57321d1eb9d445190005e81d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Energy production in Greece is dominated by the Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym \u0394\u0395\u0397, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009. Another 12% comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20% from natural gas. Between 2009 and 2010, independent companies' energy production increased by 56%, from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "Public Power Corporation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who dominates energy production in Greece?",
       "id": "57321d900fdd8d15006c67b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "85.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?",
       "id": "57321d900fdd8d15006c67ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "lignite"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?",
       "id": "57321d900fdd8d15006c67bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "20%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?",
       "id": "57321d900fdd8d15006c67bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "56%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage did independent companies' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010?",
       "id": "57321d900fdd8d15006c67bd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2008 renewable energy accounted for 8% of the country's total energy consumption, a rise from the 7.2% it accounted for in 2006, but still below the EU average of 10% in 2008. 10% of the country's renewable energy comes from solar power, while most comes from biomass and waste recycling. In line with the European Commission's Directive on Renewable Energy, Greece aims to get 18% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. In 2013 and for several months, Greece produced more than 20% of its electricity from renewable energy sources and hydroelectric power plants. Greece currently does not have any nuclear power plants in operation, however in 2009 the Academy of Athens suggested that research in the possibility of Greek nuclear power plants begin.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Greece's energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2008?",
       "id": "57321ed80fdd8d15006c67cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 166,
         "text": "10%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was EU average amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008?",
       "id": "57321ed80fdd8d15006c67ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "biomass and waste recycling"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does most of Greece's renewable energy come from?",
       "id": "57321ed80fdd8d15006c67cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 381,
         "text": "18%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Greece's energy is targeted to be from renewable sources by 2020?",
       "id": "57321ed80fdd8d15006c67d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 664,
         "text": "Academy of Athens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who suggested research into the possibility of a Greek nuclear power plant should begin?",
       "id": "57321ed80fdd8d15006c67d1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In addition to the above, Greece is also to start oil and gas exploration in other locations in the Ionian Sea, as well as the Libyan Sea, within the Greek exclusive economic zone, south of Crete. The Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate Change announced that there was interest from various countries (including Norway and the United States) in exploration, and the first results regarding the amount of oil and gas in these locations were expected in the summer of 2012. In November 2012, a report published by Deutsche Bank estimated the value of natural gas reserves south of Crete at \u20ac427 billion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "oil and gas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Greece set to start exploring the Ionian Sea for?",
       "id": "57321f5de99e3014001e6526"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "Norway and the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What countries have expressed interest in Greece's oil and gas exploration?",
       "id": "57321f5de99e3014001e6527"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "summer of 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the first results of the energy explorations expected?",
       "id": "57321f5de99e3014001e6528"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 487,
         "text": "November 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Deutsche Bank publish a report on the findings of the value of the reserves south of Crete?",
       "id": "57321f5de99e3014001e6529"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "\u20ac427 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Deutsche Bank estimate the value of the reserves to be at?",
       "id": "57321f5de99e3014001e652a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Between 1832 and 2002 the currency of Greece was the drachma. After signing the Maastricht Treaty, Greece applied to join the eurozone. The two main convergence criteria were a maximum budget deficit of 3% of GDP and a declining public debt if it stood above 60% of GDP. Greece met the criteria as shown in its 1999 annual public account. On 1 January 2001, Greece joined the eurozone, with the adoption of the euro at the fixed exchange rate \u20af340.75 to \u20ac1. However, in 2001 the euro only existed electronically, so the physical exchange from drachma to euro only took place on 1 January 2002. This was followed by a ten-year period for eligible exchange of drachma to euro, which ended on 1 March 2012.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "drachma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the currency of Greece until 2002?",
       "id": "57321ff8e99e3014001e6530"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "Maastricht Treaty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Greece sign to apply to join the eurozone?",
       "id": "57321ff8e99e3014001e6531"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many convergence criteria were there in the treaty?",
       "id": "57321ff8e99e3014001e6532"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "January 2002"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro take place?",
       "id": "57321ff8e99e3014001e6533"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": "March 2012"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the ten-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end?",
       "id": "57321ff8e99e3014001e6534"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "IMF's forecast said that Greece's unemployment rate would hit the highest 14.8 percent in 2012 and decrease to 14.1 in 2014.  But in fact, the Greek economy suffered a prolonged high unemployemnt. The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009, and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013. In 2015, Greece's jobless rate is around 24 per cent. It is thought that Greece's potential output has been eroded by this prolonged massive unemployment due to the associated hysteresis effects.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "14.8 percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?",
       "id": "573223b4e99e3014001e6544"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "9 per cent and 11 per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?",
       "id": "573223b4e99e3014001e6545"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "28 per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?",
       "id": "573223b4e99e3014001e6546"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "24 per cent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?",
       "id": "573223b4e99e3014001e6547"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "prolonged massive unemployment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?",
       "id": "573223b4e99e3014001e6548"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?",
       "id": "5731f388b9d445190005e6dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??",
       "id": "5731f388b9d445190005e6de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "Dick Armey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?",
       "id": "5731f388b9d445190005e6df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "Dennis Hastert"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?",
       "id": "5731f388b9d445190005e6e0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who takes over as Speaker if the minority party gains control of the house?",
       "id": "5732003be99e3014001e6432"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 675,
         "text": "agreements on controversial issues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What meetings do Minority and Majority leaders usually meet to discuss?",
       "id": "5732003be99e3014001e6433"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Nancy Pelosi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is he current Minority leader?",
       "id": "5732003be99e3014001e6434"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "Minority Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If minority party takes control of congress, who is usually in link to become majority leader?",
       "id": "5732003be99e3014001e6435"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Are minority leaders usually experienced?",
       "id": "5732013eb9d445190005e709"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "108th Congress"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what congress did Nancy Pelosi bdcome minority leader?",
       "id": "5732013eb9d445190005e70a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "20 years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long had Richard Gephart served in house prior to being elected to minority leader?",
       "id": "5732013eb9d445190005e70b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 771,
         "text": "1981"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Robert Michel elected minority leader?",
       "id": "5732013eb9d445190005e70c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 902,
         "text": "1973"
        }
       ],
       "question": "John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year?",
       "id": "5732013eb9d445190005e70d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947\u201349 and 1953\u201355, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 786,
         "text": "Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have?",
       "id": "57320884b9d445190005e74e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "Hale Boggs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What republican majority leader died in a plane crash?",
       "id": "57320884b9d445190005e74b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 670,
         "text": "John Boehner"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker?",
       "id": "57320884b9d445190005e74c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1111,
         "text": "Dennis Hastert"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?",
       "id": "57320884b9d445190005e74d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006. In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "Speaker"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?",
       "id": "573209d50fdd8d15006c66f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "Majority Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?",
       "id": "573209d50fdd8d15006c66f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 566,
         "text": "Majority Leader Tom DeLay"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?",
       "id": "573209d50fdd8d15006c66f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 674,
         "text": "Minority Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?",
       "id": "573209d50fdd8d15006c66fa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. Outgoing Speaker Nancy Pelosi ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "minority party has one less leadership position"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House?",
       "id": "57320ad7e99e3014001e6468"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 640,
         "text": "Minority Leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress?",
       "id": "57320ad7e99e3014001e6469"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 530,
         "text": "Democrats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What party lost control of House in 2010 elections?",
       "id": "57320ad7e99e3014001e646a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "Rule XII, clause 6"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions?",
       "id": "57320bb80fdd8d15006c6713"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "minority leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar?",
       "id": "57320bb80fdd8d15006c6714"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 645,
         "text": "certain federal entities."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles?",
       "id": "57320bb80fdd8d15006c6715"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this \"job description\": \"He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "are not well-defined"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Are minority leadership roles specified closely?",
       "id": "57320eb5b9d445190005e7a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Representative Bertrand Snell"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?",
       "id": "57320eb5b9d445190005e7a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?",
       "id": "57320eb5b9d445190005e7a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "tradition and custom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What defines a large part of minority leader role?",
       "id": "57320eb5b9d445190005e7a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of \"opposition leader.\" Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first \"minority leader\" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "20th-century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the minority leader position created? ",
       "id": "57321018b9d445190005e7ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was minority leader position created?",
       "id": "57321018b9d445190005e7ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "James Madison"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning \"Minority Leader?\"",
       "id": "57321018b9d445190005e7af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 717,
         "text": "Alexander Hamilton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?",
       "id": "57321018b9d445190005e7b0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 \"to represent a party comprising a distinct minority\" and \"to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause.\" In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the early days who represented party leadership?",
       "id": "573212a80fdd8d15006c6757"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "(Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?",
       "id": "573212a80fdd8d15006c6758"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of  the house?",
       "id": "573212a80fdd8d15006c6759"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, \"seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855.\" With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of \"minority leader.\" The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not \"nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Internal party disunity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What made identifying House leadership difficult?",
       "id": "5732144fe99e3014001e64dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "at least twenty different candidates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?",
       "id": "5732144fe99e3014001e64dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "two of these seven Congresses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?",
       "id": "5732144fe99e3014001e64de"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 \"the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader.\" However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out \"choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.\" Keifer received \"the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously.\" Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. \"[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "arbitrarily handed out \"choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?",
       "id": "57321aceb9d445190005e7f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "Randall Ripley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?",
       "id": "57321aceb9d445190005e7f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 887,
         "text": "Thomas Reed,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?",
       "id": "57321aceb9d445190005e7f7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, \"there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873,\" indicating that the \"nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership.\" Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. \"It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance.\" This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "1871 and 1873"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?",
       "id": "57321d6de17f3d14004226a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 413,
         "text": "James Blaine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?",
       "id": "57321d6de17f3d14004226aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "James A. Garfield"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?",
       "id": "57321d6de17f3d14004226ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was \"marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress.\" Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "there is disagreement among historical analysts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?",
       "id": "57321f24e17f3d14004226af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "strong party organization and professional politicians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?",
       "id": "57321f24e17f3d14004226b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 528,
         "text": "establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were these conditions effective for in the house?",
       "id": "57321f24e17f3d14004226b1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann \"had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;\" also he was a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903\u20131911), and many Members \"suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker.\" More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 8,
         "text": "Democrats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?",
       "id": "573227fbe17f3d14004226c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 752,
         "text": "1994"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader?",
       "id": "573227fbe17f3d14004226cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "objecting to their private bills on the floor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were republicans upset with Mann?",
       "id": "573227fbe17f3d14004226ca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto \"leader of the opposition\", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?",
       "id": "573228afe99e3014001e656a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "more partisan nature of the House"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is the Senate or the House more partisan?",
       "id": "573228afe99e3014001e656b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?",
       "id": "573228afe99e3014001e656c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources\u2014beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative\u2014to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "minority leader is provided with extra staff resources\u2014beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?",
       "id": "573229aab9d445190005e87b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "personality and contextual factors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What influences role of minority leader?",
       "id": "573229aab9d445190005e879"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "House rule book."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?",
       "id": "573229aab9d445190005e87a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint?",
       "id": "57322dd1b9d445190005e89d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of?",
       "id": "57322dd1b9d445190005e89e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 757,
         "text": "majority party leaders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters?",
       "id": "57322dd1b9d445190005e89f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making \"recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees\" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "Policy Committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?",
       "id": "57322fcce17f3d14004226ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "Steering Committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?",
       "id": "57322fcce17f3d14004226ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?",
       "id": "57322fcce17f3d14004226ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "Democratic Leadership Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?",
       "id": "57322fcce17f3d14004226f0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "A party's floor leader"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?",
       "id": "573230f4e17f3d1400422709"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 679,
         "text": "contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?",
       "id": "573230f4e17f3d140042270b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?",
       "id": "573230f4e17f3d140042270a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish \"leadership PACs\" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. \"The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of,\" noted a Democratic lobbyist.\"No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?",
       "id": "57323214b9d445190005e8ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 702,
         "text": "travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?",
       "id": "57323214b9d445190005e8af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "Minority leaders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who establishes leadership PACs?",
       "id": "57323214b9d445190005e8ae"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and \"regular\" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "in consultation with other party colleagues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives?",
       "id": "57323937e99e3014001e65ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives?",
       "id": "57323937e99e3014001e65ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy?",
       "id": "57323937e99e3014001e65ae"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A look at one minority leadership strategy\u2014partisan opposition\u2014may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. \"We know how to delay,\" remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a \"do-nothing Congress\" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that \"going negative\" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the purpose of Obstruction?",
       "id": "57323be20fdd8d15006c6869"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can obstruction be employed?",
       "id": "57323be20fdd8d15006c686a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 800,
         "text": "\"going negative\" carries risks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is it safe to employ negative strategy?",
       "id": "57323be20fdd8d15006c686b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 865,
         "text": "if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may be a risk negative tactic?",
       "id": "57323be20fdd8d15006c686c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to \"keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?",
       "id": "57323f88e99e3014001e65c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?",
       "id": "57323f88e99e3014001e65c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "218"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?",
       "id": "57323f88e99e3014001e65c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "independents and swing voters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?",
       "id": "57323f88e99e3014001e65c9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues \"on message,\" they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or \"talking points\" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize \"town meetings\" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party \"retreats\" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create \"theme teams\" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "\"talking points\" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize \"town meetings\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?",
       "id": "573243720fdd8d15006c68a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "issues and assess the party's public image; they create \"theme teams\" to craft party messages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What items are discussed at party retreats?",
       "id": "573243720fdd8d15006c68a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 735,
         "text": "conduct surveys of party colleagues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?",
       "id": "573243720fdd8d15006c68a3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate\u2014and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country; and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared \"to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice,\" remarked Minority Leader Michel. In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "counterparts in the Senate\u2014and with the president if their party controls the White House"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference?",
       "id": "5732454e0fdd8d15006c68b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the overall party strategy for minority leader?",
       "id": "5732454e0fdd8d15006c68b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What speaking obligations does minority leader have?",
       "id": "5732454e0fdd8d15006c68b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 483,
         "text": "write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the purpose of minority leader writings?",
       "id": "5732454e0fdd8d15006c68b4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981\u20131995), he typically functioned as the \"point man\" for Republican presidents. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called \"Reagan Democrats\" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might \"abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's.\" Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from \"fast track\" trade authority to various budget issues.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?",
       "id": "57324734e99e3014001e662e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 583,
         "text": "point man\" for Republican presidents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?",
       "id": "57324734e99e3014001e662f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?",
       "id": "57324734e99e3014001e6630"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. \"As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives,\" said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI. Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house?",
       "id": "573248f40fdd8d15006c68ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "propose Republican alternatives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration?",
       "id": "573248f40fdd8d15006c6900"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 595,
         "text": "political protection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's?",
       "id": "573248f40fdd8d15006c6901"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "\"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate,\" he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "offer our program as a substitute"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What options do minority party have in amendment phase?",
       "id": "57324a7be17f3d14004227eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "motion to recommit and get a vote on that"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?",
       "id": "57324a7be17f3d14004227ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 429,
         "text": "say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?",
       "id": "57324a7be17f3d14004227ed"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Gephardt added that \"inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance\" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "appointment of task forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a good technique to foster party harmony?",
       "id": "57324c1bb9d445190005e9e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "partisan colleagues with conflicting views"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?",
       "id": "57324c1bb9d445190005e9e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?",
       "id": "57324c1bb9d445190005e9e7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Chief Deputy Whip"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the chief vote counter for party?",
       "id": "57324d51b9d445190005e9f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "Patrick McHenry."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?",
       "id": "57324d51b9d445190005e9f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 424,
         "text": "Senior Chief Deputy Whip"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?",
       "id": "57324d51b9d445190005e9f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long has democratic leader of whips held position?",
       "id": "57324d51b9d445190005e9f8"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Armenians",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "Nagorno-Karabakh Republic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia?",
       "id": "5731f53ce17f3d1400422581"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "around 5 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it?",
       "id": "5731f53ce17f3d1400422582"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do most emigrant Armenians live?",
       "id": "5731f53ce17f3d1400422583"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "the Armenian Genocide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did many Armenians leave Armenia?",
       "id": "5731f53ce17f3d1400422584"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina (    ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, \u0391\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \"Armenians\" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "around the 6th century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?",
       "id": "5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6693"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 577,
         "text": "476 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?",
       "id": "5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6694"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Hecataeus of Miletus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?",
       "id": "5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6695"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 586,
         "text": "Xenophon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?",
       "id": "5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6696"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 831,
         "text": "Persians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?",
       "id": "5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6697"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600\u20131200 BC). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria (1300s\u20131190 BC), the Nairi (1400\u20131000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (860\u2013590 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. Under Ashurbanipal (669\u2013627 BC), the Assyrian empire reached the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "Mount Ararat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mountain does Armenia surround?",
       "id": "5731f6af0fdd8d15006c669d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "the Bronze Age"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What era was the Hittite Empire in?",
       "id": "5731f6af0fdd8d15006c669e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "1600\u20131200 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?",
       "id": "5731f6af0fdd8d15006c669f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 356,
         "text": "1300s\u20131190 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Arme-Shupria rule?",
       "id": "5731f6af0fdd8d15006c66a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "1400\u20131000 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Nairi rule?",
       "id": "5731f6af0fdd8d15006c66a1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian (\"Helleno-Macedonian\") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-Greeks proceeded westwards along the southern coast of the Black Sea.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "Pontic Indo-European"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?",
       "id": "5731f6f8b9d445190005e6f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?",
       "id": "5731f6f8b9d445190005e6f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "Greek and Ancient Macedonian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?",
       "id": "5731f6f8b9d445190005e6ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95\u201365 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "in the late 6th century BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Armenia established?",
       "id": "57320a38e99e3014001e6460"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?",
       "id": "57320a38e99e3014001e6461"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 207,
         "text": "Orontid dynasty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which dynasty was Armenia established?",
       "id": "57320a38e99e3014001e6462"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "95\u201365 BC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Armenia at its largest?",
       "id": "57320a38e99e3014001e6463"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities). in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 301, partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems. In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land, but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and paganism in Armenia gradually declined. Later on, in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in 405 AD. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 AD to the rivalling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the regions in which Armenians lived.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion?",
       "id": "57320ae8e17f3d1400422601"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "Zoroastrianism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion was Armenian paganism influenced by?",
       "id": "57320ae8e17f3d1400422602"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "AD 301"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?",
       "id": "57320ae8e17f3d1400422603"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "in defiance of the Sassanids"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?",
       "id": "57320ae8e17f3d1400422604"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 705,
         "text": "Mesrop Mashtots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invented the Armenian alphabet?",
       "id": "57320ae8e17f3d1400422605"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. They settled in large numbers in Cilicia, an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia, which became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby Crusader States, but eventually succumbed to Mamluk invasions. In the next few centuries, Djenghis Khan, Timurids, and the tribal Turkic federations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu ruled over the Armenians.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "885 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?",
       "id": "573218f2e17f3d1400422685"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "Ashot I"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?",
       "id": "573218f2e17f3d1400422686"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "the Bagratid Dynasty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dynasty was Ashot I part of?",
       "id": "573218f2e17f3d1400422687"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "Seljuk Turks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded Armenia in 1064?",
       "id": "573218f2e17f3d1400422688"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 826,
         "text": "the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Turkic federations ruled Armenia?",
       "id": "573218f2e17f3d1400422689"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay. Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 872,
         "text": "1826"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Russo-Persian War begin?",
       "id": "57321a1ae99e3014001e6512"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 877,
         "text": "1828"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Russo-Persian War end?",
       "id": "57321a1ae99e3014001e6513"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 901,
         "text": "Treaty of Turkmenchay"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?",
       "id": "57321a1ae99e3014001e6514"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "mid 16th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Peace of Amasya?",
       "id": "57321a1ae99e3014001e6516"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "In the late 1820s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?",
       "id": "57321a1ae99e3014001e6515"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See Recognition of the Armenian Genocide)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Governments of Republic of Turkey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who says they didn't kill Armenians as genocide, just because they were 'in the way of the war'?",
       "id": "57322346b9d445190005e82d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "diplomatic conflict"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide?",
       "id": "57322346b9d445190005e82e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "the Ottoman Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened?",
       "id": "57322346b9d445190005e82f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "independent republic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Armenia's status from 1918 to 1920?",
       "id": "573223cce17f3d14004226b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "late 1920"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did communists take over Armenia?",
       "id": "573223cce17f3d14004226b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "the Red Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded Armenia in 1920?",
       "id": "573223cce17f3d14004226b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "the Transcaucasian SFSR"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the USSR did Armenia join?",
       "id": "573223cce17f3d14004226b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "1991"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Armenia leave the USSR?",
       "id": "573223cce17f3d14004226b9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0581\u056b), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "over four thousand years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long have Armenians lived in the highlands?",
       "id": "5732288cb9d445190005e85b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "Hayk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded the first Armenian nation?",
       "id": "5732288cb9d445190005e85c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "Bel of Babylon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Hayk defeat?",
       "id": "5732288cb9d445190005e85d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 463,
         "text": "those that are from Armenia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Hayastantsis mean?",
       "id": "5732288cb9d445190005e85f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 246,
         "text": "3.5 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many native Armenians are in Armenia today?",
       "id": "5732288cb9d445190005e85e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Armenian Quarter?",
       "id": "57323009e17f3d14004226f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "35"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?",
       "id": "57323009e17f3d14004226f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "1717"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?",
       "id": "57323009e17f3d14004226f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "Catholic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?",
       "id": "57323009e17f3d14004226f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "on an island near Venice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?",
       "id": "57323009e17f3d14004226f9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (\u054a\u0561\u0580\u057d\u056f\u0561\u0570\u0561\u0575), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (\u053c\u056b\u0562\u0561\u0576\u0561\u0576\u0561\u0570\u0561\u0575). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "Armenians who originate from Iran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Parskahay?",
       "id": "57323373b9d445190005e8b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 211,
         "text": "Armenians from Lebanon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Lipananahay?",
       "id": "57323373b9d445190005e8b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "Western"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?",
       "id": "57323373b9d445190005e8b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 405,
         "text": "considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?",
       "id": "57323373b9d445190005e8b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "Eastern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?",
       "id": "57323373b9d445190005e8b7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Armenia established a Church that still exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches, having become so in 451 AD as a result of its stance regarding the Council of Chalcedon. Today this church is known as the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. The original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin. However, the continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia, made the political power move to safer places. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority. Therefore, it eventually moved to Cilicia as the Holy See of Cilicia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "451 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Armenia's church become independent?",
       "id": "573234a9e17f3d1400422721"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "Armenian Apostolic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Armenia's church called?",
       "id": "573234a9e17f3d1400422722"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "Oriental Orthodox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of Catholicism is Armenia's church part of?",
       "id": "573234a9e17f3d1400422723"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 543,
         "text": "Echmiadzin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the Armenian Catholicosate located at first?",
       "id": "573234a9e17f3d1400422724"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 818,
         "text": "Cilicia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Armenian Catholicosate move to?",
       "id": "573234a9e17f3d1400422725"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Armenians collective has, at times, constituted a Christian \"island\" in a mostly Muslim region. There is, however, a minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as Hamshenis but many Armenians view them as a separate race, while the history of the Jews in Armenia dates back 2,000 years. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had close ties to European Crusader States. Later on, the deteriorating situation in the region led the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, the original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi, while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia. Therefore, since 1441, there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. The primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always been recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "Muslim"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion is dominant in the countries surrounding Armenia?",
       "id": "573237dcb9d445190005e8e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "ethnic Armenian Muslims"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Hamshenis?",
       "id": "573237dcb9d445190005e8e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 594,
         "text": "Kirakos Virapetsi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who became Catholicos in Etchmiadzin in 1441?",
       "id": "573237dcb9d445190005e8e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 619,
         "text": "Krikor Moussapegiants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who remained Catholicos of Cilicia?",
       "id": "573237dcb9d445190005e8e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 773,
         "text": "equal rights and privileges"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do the two Catholicosates compare?",
       "id": "573237dcb9d445190005e8e9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "Armenian Catholic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?",
       "id": "57323937e17f3d140042273f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "Armenian Evangelical Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?",
       "id": "57323937e17f3d1400422740"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "Armenian Apostolic Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?",
       "id": "57323937e17f3d1400422742"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "Armenian Brotherhood Church"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?",
       "id": "57323937e17f3d1400422741"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the \"father of Armenian history\", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "Mesrop Mashtots"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who came up with the Armenian alphabet?",
       "id": "57323993e99e3014001e65b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "400 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Armenian writing begin?",
       "id": "57323993e99e3014001e65b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "Moses of Chorene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the 'father of Armenian history'?",
       "id": "57323993e99e3014001e65b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "Moses of Chorene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'The History of Armenia'?",
       "id": "57323993e99e3014001e65b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 708,
         "text": "Romanticists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which European movement were the Revivalist authors similar to?",
       "id": "57323993e99e3014001e65b6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'sim\u00e9 style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "between the 4th and 7th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were early Armenian Christian churches built?",
       "id": "573242f1b9d445190005e93b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "4th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which century did Armenia become Christian?",
       "id": "573242f1b9d445190005e93c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "Hrip'sim\u00e9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?",
       "id": "573242f1b9d445190005e93d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "fifth century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?",
       "id": "573242f1b9d445190005e93e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 333,
         "text": "seventh century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?",
       "id": "573242f1b9d445190005e93f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time. Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at Lake Van and a new Cathedral on Akdamar Island to match. The Cathedral of Ani was also completed during this dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Haghpat and Haritchavank were built. This period was ended by the Seljuk invasion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 638,
         "text": "Seljuk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded Armenia in the 11th century?",
       "id": "573243d40fdd8d15006c68a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 572,
         "text": "Haghpat and Haritchavank"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Armenian monasteries were built in the 11th century?",
       "id": "573243d40fdd8d15006c68a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "From the 9th to 11th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was there an Armenian architecture revival?",
       "id": "573243d40fdd8d15006c68a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "Bagratid Dynasty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century?",
       "id": "573243d40fdd8d15006c68aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "Armenian Khachkars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries?",
       "id": "573243d40fdd8d15006c68ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan, who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. In football, their most successful team was Yerevan's FC Ararat, which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also gone to post victories against professional clubs like FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "1952"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Armenia begin winning Olympic medals?",
       "id": "573245c9e99e3014001e6614"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "Helsinki"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were the 1952 Olympics held?",
       "id": "573245c9e99e3014001e6615"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "Yerevan's FC Ararat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Armenian football team was the most successful?",
       "id": "573245c9e99e3014001e6616"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 234,
         "text": "Hrant Shahinyan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won Armenia's first Olympic medal?",
       "id": "573245c9e99e3014001e6618"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "FC Bayern Munich"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pro team has FC Ararat beaten?",
       "id": "573245c9e99e3014001e6617"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Armenian folk music"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of music does Sayat Nova play?",
       "id": "57324644e17f3d14004227b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What instruments are used in Armenian folk music?",
       "id": "57324644e17f3d14004227b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "the Armenian chant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?",
       "id": "57324644e17f3d14004227b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "inventor of the Armenian alphabet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants?",
       "id": "57324644e17f3d14004227b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 575,
         "text": "classical music composer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Aram Khatchaturian's career?",
       "id": "57324644e17f3d14004227b7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called \"kef\" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional \"kef\" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of \"kef music\" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. Ruben Hakobyan (Ruben Sasuntsi) is a well recognized Armenian ethnographic and patriotic folk singer who has achieved widespread national recognition due to his devotion to Armenian folk music and exceptional talent. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth.[citation needed] These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 711,
         "text": "the traditional \"kef\" style"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of music is Richard Hagopian famous for?",
       "id": "5732475e0fdd8d15006c68cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What instruments does 'kef' use?",
       "id": "5732475e0fdd8d15006c68ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1254,
         "text": "pop music combined with Armenian folk music"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of music does Sirusho perform?",
       "id": "5732475e0fdd8d15006c68cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1440,
         "text": "French-Armenian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nationality is Charles Aznavour?",
       "id": "5732475e0fdd8d15006c68d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1701,
         "text": "System of a Down"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What US heavy metal band is comprised of Armenians?",
       "id": "5732475e0fdd8d15006c68d1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242\u20131243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Carpet-weaving"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What job do many Armenian women traditionally do?",
       "id": "573247c80fdd8d15006c68d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "early 13th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?",
       "id": "573247c80fdd8d15006c68d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "the village of Banants (near Gandzak)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?",
       "id": "573247c80fdd8d15006c68d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "the Armenian word for carpet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is 'gorg'?",
       "id": "573247c80fdd8d15006c68da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "in a 1242\u20131243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the earliest known use of 'gorg'?",
       "id": "573247c80fdd8d15006c68db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that \"Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making.\" Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as artsvagorgs (eagle-carpets), vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and otsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, \"covered with vegatative ornaments\", and bears an artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Art historian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Hakobyan's career?",
       "id": "57324aeae17f3d14004227f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "dragons and eagles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets?",
       "id": "57324aeae17f3d14004227f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "eagle-carpets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are artsvagorgs?",
       "id": "57324aeae17f3d14004227f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "dragon-carpets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are vishapagorgs?",
       "id": "57324aeae17f3d14004227f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "serpent-carpets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are otsagorgs?",
       "id": "57324aeae17f3d14004227f5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Armenians enjoy many different native and foreign foods. Arguably the favorite food is khorovats an Armenian-styled barbecue. Lavash is a very popular Armenian flat bread, and Armenian paklava is a popular dessert made from filo dough. Other famous Armenian foods include the kabob (a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables), various dolmas (minced lamb, or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape leaves, cabbage leaves, or stuffed into hollowed vegetables), and pilaf, a rice dish. Also, ghapama, a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish, and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture. Fruits play a large part in the Armenian diet. Apricots (Prunus armeniaca, also known as Armenian Plum) have been grown in Armenia for centuries and have a reputation for having an especially good flavor. Peaches are popular as well, as are grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons. Preserves are made from many fruits, including cornelian cherries, young walnuts, sea buckthorn, mulberries, sour cherries, and many others.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "an Armenian-styled barbecue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is khorovats?",
       "id": "57324b39b9d445190005e9d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "Armenian flat bread"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is lavash?",
       "id": "57324b39b9d445190005e9d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "a popular dessert made from filo dough"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is paklava?",
       "id": "57324b39b9d445190005e9d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a kabob?",
       "id": "57324b39b9d445190005e9d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is ghapama?",
       "id": "57324b39b9d445190005e9d5"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Jehovah%27s_Witnesses",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance figures of more than 15 million, and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other translations. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "millenarian restorationist Christian denomination"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the Jehovah Witnesses?",
       "id": "57323b8ae17f3d1400422751"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "mainstream Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?",
       "id": "57323b8ae17f3d1400422752"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "more than 8.2 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?",
       "id": "57323b8ae17f3d1400422753"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?",
       "id": "57323b8ae17f3d1400422754"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 457,
         "text": "Brooklyn, New York"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the group elders located?",
       "id": "57323b8ae17f3d1400422755"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as \"the truth\" and consider themselves to be \"in the truth\". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "their door-to-door preaching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?",
       "id": "57323c07e17f3d140042275b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "military service and blood transfusions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?",
       "id": "57323c07e17f3d140042275c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "proper worship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?",
       "id": "57323c07e17f3d140042275d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 328,
         "text": "they consider to be unscriptural doctrines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?",
       "id": "57323c07e17f3d140042275e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "they consider to have pagan origins"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?",
       "id": "57323c07e17f3d140042275f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a \"harvest,\" that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the \"harvest of the Gospel age,\" and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called \"the Gentile Times,\" at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in \"the last days,\" and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1870"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?",
       "id": "57323ca3b9d445190005e903"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Russell and others form their group?",
       "id": "57323ca3b9d445190005e904"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "to study the Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the purpose of Russell's group?",
       "id": "57323ca3b9d445190005e905"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 783,
         "text": "the Gentile Times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?",
       "id": "57323ca3b9d445190005e907"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "Three Worlds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?",
       "id": "57323ca3b9d445190005e906"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred \"pilgrims,\" or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "From 1879"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?",
       "id": "57323d61e17f3d140042276d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "Thirty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many congregations were founded?",
       "id": "57323d61e17f3d140042276e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "self-administrative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?",
       "id": "57323d61e17f3d1400422770"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "during 1879 and 1880"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?",
       "id": "57323d61e17f3d140042276f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "William Henry Conley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?",
       "id": "57323d61e17f3d1400422771"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel. He identified the religious movement as \"Bible Students,\" and more formally as the International Bible Students Association. By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their \"pastor.\" Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "1909"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?",
       "id": "57323dbf0fdd8d15006c6871"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "printing and corporate offices with a house of worship"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Russell combine at the headquarters?",
       "id": "57323dbf0fdd8d15006c6872"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "Bethel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?",
       "id": "57323dbf0fdd8d15006c6873"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "October 31, 1916"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Russell die?",
       "id": "57323dbf0fdd8d15006c6875"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "about 50,000 people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?",
       "id": "57323dbf0fdd8d15006c6874"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "Joseph Franklin Rutherford"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?",
       "id": "57323e44e17f3d1400422781"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "June 1917,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?",
       "id": "57323e44e17f3d1400422783"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "legal representative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?",
       "id": "57323e44e17f3d1400422782"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 720,
         "text": "Catholic and Protestant clergy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? ",
       "id": "57323e44e17f3d1400422784"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 854,
         "text": "sedition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?",
       "id": "57323e44e17f3d1400422785"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters. At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year Kingdom. Disappointed by the changes, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, most of which still exist. By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as two-thirds by the end of the 1920s.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "Cedar Point, Ohio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?",
       "id": "57323ec2b9d445190005e90f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "a director"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?",
       "id": "57323ec2b9d445190005e90d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "house-to-house preaching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?",
       "id": "57323ec2b9d445190005e910"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "preaching activity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?",
       "id": "57323ec2b9d445190005e90e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "twenty-five years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?",
       "id": "57323ec2b9d445190005e911"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name\u2014Jehovah's witnesses\u2014based on Isaiah 43:10: \"Ye are my witnesses, saith Jehovah, and my servant whom I have chosen\"\u2014which was adopted by resolution. The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society, as well as symbolize the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh evangelizing methods. In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938, introduced what he called a \"theocratic\" (literally, God-ruled) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "July 26, 1931"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society?",
       "id": "57323f34b9d445190005e917"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Isaiah 43:10"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What biblical passage was the name Jehovah's witnesses based on?",
       "id": "57323f34b9d445190005e918"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "locally elected elders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932?",
       "id": "57323f34b9d445190005e919"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "the Brooklyn headquarters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from?",
       "id": "57323f34b9d445190005e91a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1932, it was taught that the \"little flock\" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 \"anointed\" who would be resurrected\u2014or transferred at death\u2014to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the \"great multitude,\" would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parous\u00eda), his enthronement as king, and the start of the \"last days\" were each moved to 1914.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "1932"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?",
       "id": "57323fc4e99e3014001e65ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "144,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the number of the little flock set at?",
       "id": "57323fc4e99e3014001e65cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 341,
         "text": "a paradise restored on earth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where would the great multitude live?",
       "id": "57323fc4e99e3014001e65d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "great multitude"
        }
       ],
       "question": "All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?",
       "id": "57323fc4e99e3014001e65d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "1914"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?",
       "id": "57323fc4e99e3014001e65d2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world. Knorr's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of congregational judicial procedures to enforce a strict moral code.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Nathan Knorr"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942?",
       "id": "573240390fdd8d15006c6883"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "a new translation of the Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Knorr commission?",
       "id": "573240390fdd8d15006c6884"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "in 1961"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?",
       "id": "573240390fdd8d15006c6885"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "explicit instructions guiding Witnesses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Knorr's presidency marked by the increasing use of?",
       "id": "573240390fdd8d15006c6886"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 610,
         "text": "a strict moral code"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?",
       "id": "573240390fdd8d15006c6887"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975 or shortly thereafter. The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974. By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong. Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end, but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "Christ's thousand-year reign"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?",
       "id": "573240afe99e3014001e65d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "more than 297,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many baptisms were there in 1974?",
       "id": "573240afe99e3014001e65d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "two million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many active members were there in 1975?",
       "id": "573240afe99e3014001e65da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 379,
         "text": "after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?",
       "id": "573240afe99e3014001e65db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "its responsibility in building up hope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?",
       "id": "573240afe99e3014001e65dc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977\u20131992) and Milton Henschel (1992\u20132000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the \"generation\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "president"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?",
       "id": "57324509e17f3d14004227ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?",
       "id": "57324509e17f3d14004227a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "1977"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Knorr die? ",
       "id": "57324509e17f3d14004227ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "traveling overseers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?",
       "id": "57324509e17f3d14004227aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 662,
         "text": "Don A. Adams"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has been president of the Society since 2000?",
       "id": "57324509e17f3d14004227ad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a \"theocratic organization\", reflecting their belief that it is God's \"visible organization\" on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body\u2014an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,[note 1] all of whom profess to be of the \"anointed\" class with a hope of heavenly life\u2014based in the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters. There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and \"spokesman\" for God's \"faithful and discreet slave class\" (approximately 10,000 self-professed \"anointed\" Jehovah's Witnesses). At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the \"faithful and discreet slave\" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only. The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities. It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Traveling overseers appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and while branch offices may appoint regional committees for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "hierarchically"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?",
       "id": "57324577b9d445190005e967"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "God's \"visible organization\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?",
       "id": "57324577b9d445190005e968"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "male"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?",
       "id": "57324577b9d445190005e969"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members does the Governing Body consist of?",
       "id": "57324577b9d445190005e96a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 922,
         "text": "several committees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does the Governing Body direct?",
       "id": "57324577b9d445190005e96b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating \"judicial committees\" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases involving sexual misconduct or doctrinal breaches. New elders are appointed by a traveling overseer after recommendation by the existing body of elders. Ministerial servants\u2014appointed in a similar manner to elders\u2014fulfill clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings. Witnesses do not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division, though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege such as confession of sins.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "a body of appointed unpaid male elders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does each congregation have?",
       "id": "573245eeb9d445190005e971"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "Elders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose responsibility is it to conduct meetings and decide action for cases involving sexual misconduct?",
       "id": "573245eeb9d445190005e972"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "a traveling overseer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who appoints new elders?",
       "id": "573245eeb9d445190005e973"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 695,
         "text": "a formal clergy-laity division"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the title of elder not signify?",
       "id": "573245eeb9d445190005e974"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 785,
         "text": "confession of sins"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ecclesiastical privilege may elders employ?",
       "id": "573245eeb9d445190005e975"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism, and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid. Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them \"as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization,\" though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not \"to a man, work or organization.\" Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to \"his organization,\"[note 2] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Baptism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "57324681e99e3014001e6624"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "previous baptisms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?",
       "id": "57324681e99e3014001e6625"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?",
       "id": "57324681e99e3014001e6626"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "organization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?",
       "id": "57324681e99e3014001e6627"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 699,
         "text": "favor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?",
       "id": "57324681e99e3014001e6628"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive \"statement of faith\", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or \"new light\" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern \"deep truths\", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide \"divine guidance\" through its teachings described as \"based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "first-century Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?",
       "id": "573247070fdd8d15006c68c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "the Governing Body"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses? ",
       "id": "573247070fdd8d15006c68c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 382,
         "text": "through publications published by the Watch Tower Society"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?",
       "id": "573247070fdd8d15006c68c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "gradually"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does God reveal his will and purpose?",
       "id": "573247070fdd8d15006c68c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1088,
         "text": "divine guidance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?",
       "id": "573247070fdd8d15006c68c7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God. Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable and interpret much of it literally, but accept parts of it as symbolic. They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs, although sociologist Andrew Holden's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible. Regular personal Bible reading is frequently recommended; Witnesses are discouraged from formulating doctrines and \"private ideas\" reached through Bible research independent of Watch Tower Society publications, and are cautioned against reading other religious literature. Adherents are told to have \"complete confidence\" in the leadership, avoid skepticism about what is taught in the Watch Tower Society's literature, and \"not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding.\" The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The entire Protestant canon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God?",
       "id": "57324797e17f3d14004227cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "accurate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be?",
       "id": "57324797e17f3d14004227d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "the Governing Body"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible?",
       "id": "57324797e17f3d14004227d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 789,
         "text": "other religious literature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading?",
       "id": "57324797e17f3d14004227d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1123,
         "text": "criticize or contribute"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings?",
       "id": "57324797e17f3d14004227d3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's \"only-begotten Son\". Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity. They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross. They believe that references in the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus. Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom. His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "Jesus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?",
       "id": "5732480e0fdd8d15006c68e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "the sins of humanity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?",
       "id": "5732480e0fdd8d15006c68e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "a single upright post"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?",
       "id": "5732480e0fdd8d15006c68e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "intercessor and high priest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?",
       "id": "5732480e0fdd8d15006c68e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 702,
         "text": "1 Timothy 2:5"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?",
       "id": "5732480e0fdd8d15006c68e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Witnesses believe that a \"little flock\" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of \"other sheep\" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1\u20135 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge. During Christ's millennial reign, most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "a \"little flock\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven?",
       "id": "573248e50fdd8d15006c68f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "a cleansed earth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where will God resurrected the \"other sheep\" after Armageddon?",
       "id": "573248e50fdd8d15006c68f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "144,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1-5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number?",
       "id": "573248e50fdd8d15006c68f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon?",
       "id": "573248e50fdd8d15006c68f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "their final test at the end of the millennium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What will people need to study for during Christ's millennial reign?",
       "id": "573248e50fdd8d15006c68f9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 \"spirit-anointed\" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a \"new covenant\". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "a literal government in heaven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?",
       "id": "5732499de99e3014001e6648"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "144,000 \"spirit-anointed\" Christians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?",
       "id": "5732499de99e3014001e6649"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "accomplish his original purpose for the earth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?",
       "id": "5732499de99e3014001e664a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "a paradise without sickness or death"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What will the Earth be transformed into?",
       "id": "5732499de99e3014001e664b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "1914"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?",
       "id": "5732499de99e3014001e664c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or \"system of things\", entered the \"last days\" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with \"Babylon the Great\", or the \"harlot\", of Revelation 17, and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations, which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17. This development will mark the beginning of the \"great tribulation\". Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's \"sheep\", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden. After Armageddon, most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during \"judgment day\" lasting for one thousand years. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. Those who fail will be destroyed, along with Satan and his demons. The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "1914"
        }
       ],
       "question": "One of Jehovah Witnesses' central teachings is that the world entered into its last days at what year?",
       "id": "57324a340fdd8d15006c690f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "false"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses consider all other present day religions to be?",
       "id": "57324a340fdd8d15006c6910"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "the United Nations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do Jehovah Witnesses think is out to destroy them?",
       "id": "57324a340fdd8d15006c6911"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "Satan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who needs to attack Jehovah Witnesses for God to begin the war of Armageddon?",
       "id": "57324a340fdd8d15006c6912"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1527,
         "text": "a fully tested, glorified human race"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What will be the end result of God's kingdom?",
       "id": "57324a340fdd8d15006c6913"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in \"woe\" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of \"signs\". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia\u2014usually translated as \"coming\" when referring to Christ\u2014as \"presence\". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the \"second coming\" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 563,
         "text": "when he comes to bring a final judgment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When will Jesus' presence end?",
       "id": "57324b00e99e3014001e6656"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "ousted from heaven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule?",
       "id": "57324b00e99e3014001e6653"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "invisibly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules?",
       "id": "57324b00e99e3014001e6654"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "\"coming\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ?",
       "id": "57324b00e99e3014001e6655"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "October 1914"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God's kingdom?",
       "id": "57324b00e99e3014001e6652"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose \"territory\" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as \"meetings\" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide. Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for \"family worship\". Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs (hymns) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a \"circuit\" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day \"regional convention\", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the \"Lord's Evening Meal\", or \"Memorial of Christ's Death\" on the date of the Jewish Passover.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 779,
         "text": "three times each week"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?",
       "id": "57324bd1b9d445190005e9de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 953,
         "text": "songs (hymns) and brief prayers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?",
       "id": "57324bd1b9d445190005e9df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "\"territory\" they usually reside"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?",
       "id": "57324bd1b9d445190005e9dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "meetings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?",
       "id": "57324bd1b9d445190005e9dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "Kingdom Halls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?",
       "id": "57324bd1b9d445190005e9db"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house, distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages. The objective is to start a regular \"Bible study\" with any person who is not already a member, with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members. Witnesses are taught they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching. They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly \"Field Service Report\". Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed \"irregular\" and may be counseled by elders; those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed \"inactive\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "their efforts to spread their beliefs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders?",
       "id": "57324c9fe99e3014001e6670"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "700"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in?",
       "id": "57324c9fe99e3014001e6671"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "start a regular \"Bible study\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses' door to door ministry?",
       "id": "57324c9fe99e3014001e6672"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "show no interest in becoming members"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students?",
       "id": "57324c9fe99e3014001e6673"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 806,
         "text": "irregular"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as?",
       "id": "57324c9fe99e3014001e6674"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as \"a scriptural divorce\". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms \"absolute endangerment of spirituality\" are considered grounds for legal separation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 11,
         "text": "discouraged"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Jehovah Witnesses' view of divorce?",
       "id": "57324d2ae99e3014001e6684"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "adultery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an acceptable grounds for divorce for a Jehovah Witness?",
       "id": "57324d2ae99e3014001e6685"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "adulterous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce wasn't adultery?",
       "id": "57324d2ae99e3014001e6686"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "legal separation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality?",
       "id": "57324d2ae99e3014001e6687"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders. When a baptized member is accused of committing a serious sin\u2014usually cases of sexual misconduct or charges of apostasy for disputing Jehovah's Witness doctrines\u2014a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt, provide help and possibly administer discipline. Disfellowshipping, a form of shunning, is the strongest form of discipline, administered to an offender deemed unrepentant. Contact with disfellowshipped individuals is limited to direct family members living in the same home, and with congregation elders who may invite disfellowshipped persons to apply for reinstatement; formal business dealings may continue if contractually or financially obliged. Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps the congregation free from immoral influence and that \"losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to Jehovah.\" The practice of shunning may also serve to deter other members from dissident behavior. Members who disassociate (formally resign) are described in Watch Tower Society literature as wicked and are also shunned. Expelled individuals may eventually be reinstated to the congregation if deemed repentant by elders in the congregation in which the disfellowshipping was enforced. Reproof is a lesser form of discipline given formally by a judicial committee to a baptized Witness who is considered repentant of serious sin; the reproved person temporarily loses conspicuous privileges of service, but suffers no restriction of social or spiritual fellowship. Marking, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin.[note 4]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "congregation elders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who administers formal discipline?",
       "id": "57324dcce17f3d1400422819"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "a judicial committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is formed when a baptized member is accused of doing something serious enough for Jehovah Witnesses to take notice?",
       "id": "57324dcce17f3d140042281a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "Disfellowshipping"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the strongest form of discipline the Jehovah Witnesses' judicial committee can render?",
       "id": "57324dcce17f3d140042281b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1242,
         "text": "wicked"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses describe anyone who formally resign from the church as?",
       "id": "57324dcce17f3d140042281d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 825,
         "text": "keeps the congregation free from immoral influence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals does?",
       "id": "57324dcce17f3d140042281c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain \"separate from the world.\" The Witnesses' literature defines the \"world\" as \"the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants\" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with \"worldly\" people presents a \"danger\" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "can only be one truth from God"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?",
       "id": "57324e7a0fdd8d15006c694b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "\"separate from the world.\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?",
       "id": "57324e7a0fdd8d15006c694d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "represents true Christianity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?",
       "id": "57324e7a0fdd8d15006c694c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 686,
         "text": "danger"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?",
       "id": "57324e7a0fdd8d15006c694f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "\"the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Jehovah Witnesses define the \"world\" to mean?",
       "id": "57324e7a0fdd8d15006c694e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 135,
         "text": "Christ"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?",
       "id": "57324f0de99e3014001e6696"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "neutral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?",
       "id": "57324f0de99e3014001e6697"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "voting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?",
       "id": "57324f0de99e3014001e6698"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 596,
         "text": "they consider to honor people other than Jesus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?",
       "id": "57324f0de99e3014001e6699"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 813,
         "text": "Satan's control over the world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?",
       "id": "57324f0de99e3014001e669a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services, and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment. They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs. Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties. Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "associated with the military"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in?",
       "id": "57324fb3e17f3d140042283f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "their arrest and imprisonment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may a Jehovah Witnesses' refusal to serve in the natural military service result in, in some countries?",
       "id": "57324fb3e17f3d1400422840"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "a worldwide brotherhood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses see themselves as, which transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties?",
       "id": "57324fb3e17f3d1400422841"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "Sociologist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What profession is Ronald Lawson?",
       "id": "57324fb3e17f3d1400422842"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "intellectual and organizational isolation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Lawson suggest has contributed to the consistency of the sense of urgency in Jehovah Witnesses' apocalyptic message?",
       "id": "57324fb3e17f3d1400422843"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures. Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion. Members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in \"a life-or-death situation\". Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "Acts 15:28, 29"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?",
       "id": "5732503ee17f3d1400422849"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 177,
         "text": "willing acceptance of a blood transfusion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?",
       "id": "5732503ee17f3d140042284a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "non-blood alternatives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?",
       "id": "5732503ee17f3d140042284b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 522,
         "text": "information"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?",
       "id": "5732503ee17f3d140042284c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion. The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept. Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "blood plasma fractions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion? ",
       "id": "573251740fdd8d15006c6985"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "major blood components"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents are provided by the Watch Tower Society to prohibit?",
       "id": "573251740fdd8d15006c6986"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can Jehovah's Witnesses' members specify on the canned legal forms from the WTS?",
       "id": "573251740fdd8d15006c6987"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 400,
         "text": "Hospital Liaison Committees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cooperative arrangement did Jehovah's Witnesses establish?",
       "id": "573251740fdd8d15006c6988"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "individual Jehovah's Witnesses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Hospital Liaison Committees serve to bridge between hospitals, medical professionals and who?",
       "id": "573251740fdd8d15006c6989"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As of August 2015, Jehovah's Witnesses report an average of 8.2 million publishers\u2014the term they use for members actively involved in preaching\u2014in 118,016 congregations. In 2015, these reports indicated over 1.93 billion hours spent in preaching and \"Bible study\" activity. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 8.2 million. In the same year, they conducted \"Bible studies\" with over 9.7 million individuals, including those conducted by Witness parents with their children. Jehovah's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth rate to be 1.5% per year.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "publishers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What term do Jehovah's Witnesses use for members actively involved in preaching?",
       "id": "573254560fdd8d15006c69bd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "8.2 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many publishers did the Jehovah's Witnesses have as of August 2015?",
       "id": "573254560fdd8d15006c69be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "118,016"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many congregations did the Jehovah's Witnesses have in 2015?",
       "id": "573254560fdd8d15006c69bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "1.93 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Over how many hours had Jehovah's Witnesses spent preaching and in \"Bible study\" activity in 2015?",
       "id": "573254560fdd8d15006c69c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 593,
         "text": "1.5% per year"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah's Witnesses their worldwide growth rate to be?",
       "id": "573254560fdd8d15006c69c1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "those who submit reports for their personal ministry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?",
       "id": "573254dab9d445190005ea43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "active"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?",
       "id": "573254dab9d445190005ea44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "low"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?",
       "id": "573254dab9d445190005ea45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 542,
         "text": "37%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "573254dab9d445190005ea46"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members. Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Sociologist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the profession of James A. Beckford?",
       "id": "57325556e99e3014001e66ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "1975"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "57325556e99e3014001e66cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "Totalizing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?",
       "id": "57325556e99e3014001e66d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 748,
         "text": "absolutism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?",
       "id": "57325556e99e3014001e66d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1081,
         "text": "world indifference"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?",
       "id": "57325556e99e3014001e66d2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "high school graduation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?",
       "id": "57325603b9d445190005ea55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "reading"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?",
       "id": "57325603b9d445190005ea56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance? ",
       "id": "57325603b9d445190005ea57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 698,
         "text": "politics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?",
       "id": "57325603b9d445190005ea58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 664,
         "text": "a graduate degree"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?",
       "id": "57325603b9d445190005ea59"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. In the former Soviet Union, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Political and religious animosity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "573256c6e17f3d14004228b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?",
       "id": "573256c6e17f3d14004228b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "10,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?",
       "id": "573256c6e17f3d14004228b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "purple triangles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?",
       "id": "573256c6e17f3d14004228b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 988,
         "text": "China, Vietnam and some Islamic states"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "573256c6e17f3d14004228b9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Authors including William Whalen, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religions by Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses. Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God. Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should \"never seek a controversy\" nor resist arrest, but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching, and to prefer jail rather than pay fines.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "authorities and other religions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were Jehovah's Witnesses accused of intentionally provoking in the 1930s and 1940s?",
       "id": "57325817b9d445190005ea67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "Whalen, Harrison and Schnell"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What authors have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for the purpose of publicity?",
       "id": "57325817b9d445190005ea68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 594,
         "text": "evidence of the truth of their struggle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Rutherford hope to convince members about the persecution from the outside world?",
       "id": "57325817b9d445190005ea69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 738,
         "text": "controversy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah's Witnesses they should never seek?",
       "id": "57325817b9d445190005ea6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 895,
         "text": "jail"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What should a Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to paying fines?",
       "id": "57325817b9d445190005ea6b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the United States, their persistent legal challenges prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties. Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse. Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Jehovah's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in, in the United States?",
       "id": "573258d2e17f3d14004228d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "federal and state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is religious conduct protected from the interference of?",
       "id": "573258d2e17f3d14004228d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "patriotic rituals and military service"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What right to abstain from do Jehovah's Witnesses exercise?",
       "id": "573258d2e17f3d14004228d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "medical treatment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do patients have the right to refuse?",
       "id": "573258d2e17f3d14004228d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "Canada"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.?",
       "id": "573258d2e17f3d14004228d5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the religion's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of \"God's organization\". It also warns members to \"avoid independent thinking\", claiming such thinking \"was introduced by Satan the Devil\" and would \"cause division\". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as \"apostates\" who are \"mentally diseased\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "the Governing Body"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "573259a4e99e3014001e66ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "dissent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the Jehovah's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of?",
       "id": "573259a4e99e3014001e66ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "expelled and shunned"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happens to members who disagree with the religion's teachings?",
       "id": "573259a4e99e3014001e66ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "part of \"God's organization\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted?",
       "id": "573259a4e99e3014001e66ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "Satan the Devil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do Jehovah's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking?",
       "id": "573259a4e99e3014001e66f0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four, and Alan Rogerson describes the religion's leadership as totalitarian. Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the religion's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives. Critics also accuse the religion's leaders of exercising \"intellectual dominance\" over Witnesses, controlling information and creating \"mental isolation\", which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do former Jehovah's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to?",
       "id": "57325b9fe99e3014001e670a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "Alan Rogerson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who describes the Jehovah's Witnesses' leadership as being totalitarian? ",
       "id": "57325b9fe99e3014001e670b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 228,
         "text": "disparaging individual decision-making"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience?",
       "id": "57325b9fe99e3014001e670c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "\"intellectual dominance\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do critics of the Jehovah's Witnesses accuse the religion's leaders of exercising over members?",
       "id": "57325b9fe99e3014001e670d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 654,
         "text": "mind control"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of?",
       "id": "57325b9fe99e3014001e670e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are \"not always very democratic\" and that members \"are expected to conform to rather strict standards,\" but adds that \"enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group\", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as \"part of the power structure rather than subject to it.\" Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors \"are seldom allowed a dignified exit\", and describes the administration as autocratic.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Sociologist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?",
       "id": "57325c2fe99e3014001e6714"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "\"not always very democratic\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "57325c2fe99e3014001e6715"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "\"part of the power structure rather than subject to it.\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?",
       "id": "57325c2fe99e3014001e6716"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 510,
         "text": "informed choice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?",
       "id": "57325c2fe99e3014001e6717"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "dignified exit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?",
       "id": "57325c2fe99e3014001e6718"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On the other hand, in his study on nine of \"the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world\", Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn, Professor of Religious Studies at the Northern Arizona University, wrote: \u201cThe NW [New World Translation] emerges as the most accurate of the translations compared.\u201d Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators, BeDuhn stated: \u201cMost of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers.\u201d He added however that the insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament \"violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of?",
       "id": "57325e6d0fdd8d15006c6a41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "religious bias"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of?",
       "id": "57325e6d0fdd8d15006c6a42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "greater accuracy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?",
       "id": "57325e6d0fdd8d15006c6a43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "literal, conservative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation?",
       "id": "57325e6d0fdd8d15006c6a44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 702,
         "text": "Jehovah"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions?",
       "id": "57325e6d0fdd8d15006c6a45"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.[note 5] Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible. Failed predictions have led to the alteration or abandonment of some doctrines. Some failed predictions had been presented as \"beyond doubt\" or \"approved by God\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used?",
       "id": "57326236e17f3d140042291f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "world events"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have various Jehovah's Witnesses' publications made predictions about?",
       "id": "57326236e17f3d1400422922"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 133,
         "text": "to declare his will"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does God use Jehovah's Witnesses for?",
       "id": "57326236e17f3d1400422920"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "advance knowledge about Armageddon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?",
       "id": "57326236e17f3d1400422921"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 636,
         "text": "\"beyond doubt\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah's Witnesses been presented as?",
       "id": "57326236e17f3d1400422923"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were \"the words of Jehovah.\" George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions. Chryssides further states, \"it is therefore simplistic and na\u00efve to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do.\" However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, \"Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "biblical chronology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of?",
       "id": "57326324e17f3d1400422934"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "that it is a false prophet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What accusations does the Watch Tower Society reject?",
       "id": "57326324e17f3d1400422933"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 840,
         "text": "the end of time"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have Jehovah's Witnesses maintained we are living on the precipice of since their formation?",
       "id": "57326324e17f3d1400422937"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 752,
         "text": "around 140 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago was the foundation of the Jehovah's Witnesses movement?",
       "id": "57326324e17f3d1400422936"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 677,
         "text": "sociologist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What profession does Andrew Holden smugly self-identify as?",
       "id": "57326324e17f3d1400422935"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its \"two witness rule\" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sexual abuse to be substantiated by secondary evidence if the accused person denies any wrongdoing. In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that \"the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands\". A former member of the church\u2019s headquarters staff, Barbara Anderson, says the policy effectively requires that there be another witness to an act of molestation, \"which is an impossibility\". Anderson says the policies \"protect pedophiles rather than protect the children.\" Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children, adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "sexual abuse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?",
       "id": "57326423e99e3014001e6762"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 541,
         "text": "Jehovah's"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?",
       "id": "57326423e99e3014001e6763"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 787,
         "text": "pedophiles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?",
       "id": "57326423e99e3014001e6764"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 822,
         "text": "children"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?",
       "id": "57326423e99e3014001e6765"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1050,
         "text": "children from parents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?",
       "id": "57326423e99e3014001e6766"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The religion's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized. The Watch Tower Society's policy is that elders inform authorities when required by law to do so, but otherwise leave that action up to the victim and his or her family. The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, \"not one was reported by the church to secular authorities.\" William Bowen, a former Jehovah's Witness elder who established the Silentlambs organization to assist sex abuse victims within the religion, has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities, and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its \"crime-free\" reputation. In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court, reportedly paying as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "abuse allegations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized? ",
       "id": "57326693b9d445190005eae5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "not one"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?",
       "id": "57326693b9d445190005eae6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 881,
         "text": "to protect its \"crime-free\" reputation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?",
       "id": "57326693b9d445190005eae7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1032,
         "text": "negligent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?",
       "id": "57326693b9d445190005eae8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1213,
         "text": "as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?",
       "id": "57326693b9d445190005eae9"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Dwight_D._Eisenhower",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Dwight David \"Ike\" Eisenhower (/\u02c8a\u026az\u0259n\u02ccha\u028a.\u0259r/ EYE-z\u0259n-HOW-\u0259r; October 14, 1890 \u2013 March 28, 1969) was an American politician and general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942\u201343 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944\u201345 from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "Ike"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's nickname?",
       "id": "573241140fdd8d15006c688d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "David"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the middle name of Dwight Eisenhower?",
       "id": "573241140fdd8d15006c688e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "1953"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower's presidency begin?",
       "id": "573241140fdd8d15006c688f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the Second World War, what was the highest position (not rank) Eisenhower achieved?",
       "id": "573241140fdd8d15006c6890"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "Operation Torch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the North African invasion Eisenhower oversaw?",
       "id": "573241140fdd8d15006c6891"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower's main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. In the first year of his presidency, he threatened the use of nuclear weapons in an effort to conclude the Korean War; his New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for conventional military forces. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala. Eisenhower refused to give major aid to help France in Vietnam. He gave strong financial support to the new nation of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, which obliged the U.S. to militarily support the pro-Western Republic of China in Taiwan and continue the isolation of the People's Republic of China.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "keep pressure on the Soviet Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with reducing the federal deficit, what was Eisenhower's main policy priority as president?",
       "id": "57324172b9d445190005e927"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "nuclear weapons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower threaten to use to end the Korean War?",
       "id": "57324172b9d445190005e928"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "Iran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Guatemala, what country's government did Eisenhower order overthrown?",
       "id": "57324172b9d445190005e929"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country did Eisenhower neglect to assist in their military action in Vietnam?",
       "id": "57324172b9d445190005e92a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "1955"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the Formosa Resolution passed?",
       "id": "57324172b9d445190005e92b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt, and forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. In 1958, Eisenhower sent 15,000 U.S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the pro-Western government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. In his January 17, 1961 farewell address to the nation, Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, and coined the term \"military\u2013industrial complex\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "British and French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Israel, what countries' armies invaded Egypt in 1956?",
       "id": "573241c2b9d445190005e933"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "1957"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the Soviets launch humanity's first artificial satellite?",
       "id": "573241c2b9d445190005e931"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "NASA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization did Eisenhower support after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite?",
       "id": "573241c2b9d445190005e932"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 656,
         "text": "January 17, 1961"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date did Eisenhower deliver his presidential farewell address?",
       "id": "573241c2b9d445190005e935"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 436,
         "text": "Lebanon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Eisenhower send 15,000 military personnel in 1958?",
       "id": "573241c2b9d445190005e934"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege. He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. He was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He also launched the Interstate Highway System, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act, and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "McCarthyism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?",
       "id": "573242c2e99e3014001e65e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "executive privilege"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy?",
       "id": "573242c2e99e3014001e65e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "Nixon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who served as Eisenhower's vice president?",
       "id": "573242c2e99e3014001e65e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 261,
         "text": "moderate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of conservative was Eisenhower?",
       "id": "573242c2e99e3014001e65e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does DARPA stand for?",
       "id": "573242c2e99e3014001e65e6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "His parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David. His mother, previously a member (with David) of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the International Bible Students Association, later known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students. His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was \"rather wicked,\" but she did not overrule him. While speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was \"one of the most deeply religious men I know\" though unattached to any \"sect or organization\". He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What book did Eisenhower's parents read every day?",
       "id": "57324359b9d445190005e945"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "River Brethren"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Mennonite sect did Eisenhower's mother initially belong to?",
       "id": "57324359b9d445190005e946"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for the International Bible Students Association?",
       "id": "57324359b9d445190005e947"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 582,
         "text": "West Point"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What university did Eisenhower attend?",
       "id": "57324359b9d445190005e948"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 863,
         "text": "Presbyterian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?",
       "id": "57324359b9d445190005e949"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909. As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and miraculously recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year. He and brother Edgar both wanted to attend college, though they lacked the funds. They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked to earn the tuitions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "1909"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower graduate from high school?",
       "id": "573243d0e99e3014001e65ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "Abilene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What high school did Eisenhower go to?",
       "id": "573243d0e99e3014001e65ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 389,
         "text": "Edgar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Eisenhower's brother?",
       "id": "573243d0e99e3014001e65ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "freshman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year of high school did Eisenhower suffer a groin infection?",
       "id": "573243d0e99e3014001e65ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "freshman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What high school year did Eisenhower have to repeat?",
       "id": "573243d0e99e3014001e65f0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend \"Swede\" Hazlet was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight to apply to the school, since no tuition was required. Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy. He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "night supervisor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's job title during the first year his brother went to college?",
       "id": "5732442ab9d445190005e954"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Belle Springs Creamery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Eisenhower work during his brother's first year of college?",
       "id": "5732442ab9d445190005e953"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 429,
         "text": "Joseph L. Bristow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Eisenhower's senator?",
       "id": "5732442ab9d445190005e955"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "beyond the age limit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why couldn't Eisenhower attend Annapolis?",
       "id": "5732442ab9d445190005e956"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 622,
         "text": "1911"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower matriculate to West Point?",
       "id": "5732442ab9d445190005e957"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Eisenhowers had two sons. Doud Dwight \"Icky\" Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three; Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death. Their second son, John Eisenhower (1922\u20132013), was born in Denver Colorado. John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. Coincidentally, John graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944. He married Barbara Jean Thompson on June 10, 1947. John and Barbara had four children: David, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean. David, after whom Camp David is named, married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968. John died on December 21, 2013.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "Icky"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Doud Eisenhower's nickname?",
       "id": "57324479e99e3014001e65f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "scarlet fever"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What killed Icky Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57324479e99e3014001e65f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "Denver"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what city was John Eisenhower born?",
       "id": "57324479e99e3014001e65f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "brigadier general"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was John Eisenhower's final rank in the military?",
       "id": "57324479e99e3014001e65f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 694,
         "text": "Nixon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "David Eisenhower married the child of what US President?",
       "id": "57324479e99e3014001e65fa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948. He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow on the ground. He had a small, basic golf facility installed at Camp David, and became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman Clifford Roberts, inviting Roberts to stay at the White House on several occasions. Roberts, an investment broker, also handled the Eisenhower family's investments. Roberts also advised Eisenhower on tax aspects of publishing his memoirs, which proved financially lucrative.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "golf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sport did Eisenhower notably enjoy?",
       "id": "573244c1e17f3d140042279f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "black"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color were Eisenhower's winter golf balls?",
       "id": "573244c1e17f3d14004227a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "Clifford Roberts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Chairman of Augusta National and friend to Eisenhower?",
       "id": "573244c1e17f3d14004227a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 568,
         "text": "investment broker"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Clifford Roberts by profession?",
       "id": "573244c1e17f3d14004227a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "1948"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower join Augusta National?",
       "id": "573244c1e17f3d14004227a3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby. While at Columbia University, Eisenhower began the art after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life to relax, mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their grandchildren, General Montgomery, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. Wendy Beckett stated that Eisenhower's work, \"simple and earnest, rather cause us to wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president\". A conservative in both art and politics, he in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as \"a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie, loaded with paint, has been driven over it.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "oil painting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite hobby other than golfing?",
       "id": "5732452ee99e3014001e6600"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "Tin Lizzie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to?",
       "id": "5732452ee99e3014001e6603"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "landscapes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eisenhower?",
       "id": "5732452ee99e3014001e6602"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "Thomas E. Stephens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who notably painted a picture of Mamie Eisenhower?",
       "id": "5732452ee99e3014001e6601"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "Wendy Beckett"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who called Eisenhower's art \"simple and earnest\"?",
       "id": "5732452ee99e3014001e6604"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his \"favorite indoor sport,\" in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation, and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him. A classmate reported that after learning to play contract bridge at West Point, Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Angels in the Outfield"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite film?",
       "id": "57324575e99e3014001e660a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Zane Grey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?",
       "id": "57324575e99e3014001e660b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Western"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What genre did Zane Grey write in?",
       "id": "57324575e99e3014001e660c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "Abilene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Eisenhower learn to play poker?",
       "id": "57324575e99e3014001e660d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "contract bridge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At West Point, what game did Eisenhower play six nights a week for five months?",
       "id": "57324575e99e3014001e660e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the new tank corps, where he was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt \u2013 his first command \u2013 at the site of \"Pickett's Charge\" on the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Civil War battleground. Though Eisenhower and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills, as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "Ft. Leavenworth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War?",
       "id": "573245e60fdd8d15006c68b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 220,
         "text": "65th Engineers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?",
       "id": "573245e60fdd8d15006c68ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "Lieutenant Colonel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what rank was Eisenhower brevetted after being transferred to the tank corps?",
       "id": "573245e60fdd8d15006c68bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 503,
         "text": "Pickett's Charge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What famous military event occurred at the site of Camp Colt?",
       "id": "573245e60fdd8d15006c68bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "Maryland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what state was Camp Meade located?",
       "id": "573245e60fdd8d15006c68bd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Once again his spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed, just a week before departure. Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[citation needed] In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the first great war (led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp, completely equipped, for thousands of troops, and developing a full combat training schedule.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "week"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?",
       "id": "57324630e99e3014001e661e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 304,
         "text": "Distinguished Service Medal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?",
       "id": "57324630e99e3014001e661f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 462,
         "text": "Montgomery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience?",
       "id": "57324630e99e3014001e6620"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "He assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Brett, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with court martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "tanks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?",
       "id": "573246afb9d445190005e985"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "1922"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?",
       "id": "573246afb9d445190005e986"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "Sereno E. Brett"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?",
       "id": "573246afb9d445190005e987"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 556,
         "text": "supportive role for the infantry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the traditional doctrine on the use of tanks?",
       "id": "573246afb9d445190005e988"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 716,
         "text": "he relented"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened when Eisenhower was threatened with a court martial for his support for offensive tank tactics?",
       "id": "573246afb9d445190005e989"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals \u2013 Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that \"Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew.\" Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, \"[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met.\" On Conner's recommendation, in 1925\u201326 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "executive officer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?",
       "id": "57324714b9d445190005e98f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "Panama Canal Zone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?",
       "id": "57324714b9d445190005e990"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "On War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?",
       "id": "57324714b9d445190005e991"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 653,
         "text": "1925\u201326"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?",
       "id": "57324714b9d445190005e992"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 779,
         "text": "245"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people were in Eisenhower's class at the Command and General Staff College?",
       "id": "57324714b9d445190005e993"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe. He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to February 1933. Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "Pershing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?",
       "id": "57324760e17f3d14004227c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "Agriculture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?",
       "id": "57324760e17f3d14004227c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "1928"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower graduate from the Army War College?",
       "id": "57324760e17f3d14004227c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 615,
         "text": "Assistant Secretary of War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the office held by George Mosely?",
       "id": "57324760e17f3d14004227c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "Major"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's rank in 1933?",
       "id": "57324760e17f3d14004227c9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "Great Depression"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event made war planning difficult in this period?",
       "id": "573247b6b9d445190005e999"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "Army Chief of Staff"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?",
       "id": "573247b6b9d445190005e99a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 247,
         "text": "Bonus March"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower?",
       "id": "573247b6b9d445190005e99b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "veterans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of?",
       "id": "573247b6b9d445190005e99c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and General Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur, and that a positive relationship endured. While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937 and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis. Also around this time, he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named Quezon City, but he declined the offer.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "lieutenant colonel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?",
       "id": "5732481fb9d445190005e9a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 783,
         "text": "Manuel L. Quezon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?",
       "id": "5732481fb9d445190005e9a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 905,
         "text": "Quezon City"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939?",
       "id": "5732481fb9d445190005e9a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "pilot's"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939?",
       "id": "5732481fb9d445190005e9a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 925,
         "text": "declined"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief?",
       "id": "5732481fb9d445190005e9a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. After successfully participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers, he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command above a battalion and was far from being considered by many as a potential commander of major operations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "15th Infantry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States?",
       "id": "5732488d0fdd8d15006c68eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "Fort Lewis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based?",
       "id": "5732488d0fdd8d15006c68ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "Kenyon Joyce"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the spring of 1941, who commanded IX Corps?",
       "id": "5732488d0fdd8d15006c68ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "San Antonio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what city was the 3rd Army based in June of 1941?",
       "id": "5732488d0fdd8d15006c68ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "Louisiana Maneuvers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event contributed to Eisenhower receiving a promotion to brigadier general?",
       "id": "5732488d0fdd8d15006c68ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division (WPD), General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Next, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division (which replaced WPD) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "General Staff in"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked?",
       "id": "57324911b9d445190005e9ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 330,
         "text": "Leonard T. Gerow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57324911b9d445190005e9ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "Operations Division"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What body replaced the War Plans Division?",
       "id": "57324911b9d445190005e9ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "Assistant Chief of Staff"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's title in the Operations Division?",
       "id": "57324911b9d445190005e9ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 548,
         "text": "George C. Marshall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Chief of Staff who promoted Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57324911b9d445190005e9af"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an \"uneasy feeling\" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on Coombe, Kingston upon Thames, and replaced Chaney. He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "Henry H. Arnold"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?",
       "id": "57324966b9d445190005e9b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "London"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?",
       "id": "57324966b9d445190005e9b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "Commanding General, European Theater of Operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23, 1942?",
       "id": "57324966b9d445190005e9b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "James E. Chaney"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who commanded the English theater in May 1942?",
       "id": "57324966b9d445190005e9b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 558,
         "text": "lieutenant general"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7, 1942?",
       "id": "57324966b9d445190005e9b9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In November 1942, he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters (A(E)FHQ). The word \"expeditionary\" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned underground within the Rock of Gibraltar. Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942?",
       "id": "573249b1b9d445190005e9bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "Operation Torch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the code name of the North African campaign?",
       "id": "573249b1b9d445190005e9c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "Rock of Gibraltar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what location was the North African campaign planned?",
       "id": "573249b1b9d445190005e9c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "200"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years before Eisenhower's command had a non-Briton commanded Gibraltar?",
       "id": "573249b1b9d445190005e9c2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a \"preposterous situation\" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to Fran\u00e7ois Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were \"thunderstruck\" by this from a political standpoint, though none of them had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle. Eisenhower did not take action to prevent the arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of Darlan acting without authority from either Vichy or the Allies, considering it a criminal rather than a military matter. Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief, and who had refused to postpone the execution.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "Tunisia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57324a59e17f3d14004227e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Darlan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?",
       "id": "57324a59e17f3d14004227e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 759,
         "text": "Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who killed Fran\u00e7ois Darlan?",
       "id": "57324a59e17f3d14004227e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1072,
         "text": "Henri Giraud"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?",
       "id": "57324a59e17f3d14004227e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 744,
         "text": "December 24"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what day did Darlan die?",
       "id": "57324a59e17f3d14004227e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding U.S. II Corps. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "Generalfeldmarschall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Rommel's rank?",
       "id": "57324af4b9d445190005e9c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "Lloyd Fredendall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57324af4b9d445190005e9c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "Bernard Montgomery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?",
       "id": "57324af4b9d445190005e9c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "February 1943"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army?",
       "id": "57324af4b9d445190005e9ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 856,
         "text": "NATOUSA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA?",
       "id": "57324af4b9d445190005e9cb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the highly successful invasion of Sicily. Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians, the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country \u2013 making the job more difficult, by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1; nevertheless, the invasion of Italy was highly successful.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "Sicily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?",
       "id": "57324b3be99e3014001e665c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "Operation Avalanche"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?",
       "id": "57324b3be99e3014001e665d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "2 to 1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied divisions in Italy?",
       "id": "57324b3be99e3014001e665e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 544,
         "text": "19"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many divisions did the Germans add to Italy?",
       "id": "57324b3be99e3014001e665f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "Mussolini"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Until he was deposed, who was the leader of Italy?",
       "id": "57324b3be99e3014001e6660"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower \u2013 not Marshall \u2013 would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "Marshall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?",
       "id": "57324b820fdd8d15006c692d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did SHAEF stand for?",
       "id": "57324b820fdd8d15006c692e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Roosevelt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?",
       "id": "57324b820fdd8d15006c692f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "Operation Overlord"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?",
       "id": "57324b820fdd8d15006c6930"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "June 1944"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Operation Overlord take place?",
       "id": "57324b820fdd8d15006c6931"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans\u2014a beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with De Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Overlord. Admiral Ernest J. King fought with Eisenhower over King's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific. He also insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, as he did. Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans, and Eisenhower prevailed. He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "Ernest J. King"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft?",
       "id": "57324c04e17f3d1400422805"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 997,
         "text": "civilian casualties"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?",
       "id": "57324c04e17f3d1400422806"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1285,
         "text": "slapped a subordinate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him?",
       "id": "57324c04e17f3d1400422807"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "covert and sabotage operations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France?",
       "id": "57324c04e17f3d1400422808"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1018,
         "text": "de Gaulle"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the leader of French forces in this period?",
       "id": "57324c04e17f3d1400422809"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. A month later, the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many prematurely considered that victory in Europe would come by summer's end\u2014however the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year. From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps. He was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced on an individual level by the troops under his command and their families. This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion. Eisenhower's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed. It has been called one of the great speeches of history:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "June 6, 1944"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Normandy invasion occur?",
       "id": "57324c70e17f3d140042280f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "month"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?",
       "id": "57324c70e17f3d1400422810"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "May 8, 1945"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the war in Europe end?",
       "id": "57324c70e17f3d1400422811"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 799,
         "text": "every"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many divisions involved in the Allied invasion of Europe did Eisenhower visit?",
       "id": "57324c70e17f3d1400422812"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 934,
         "text": "if the invasion failed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After what possible event would the speech called one of the greatest in history have been delivered?",
       "id": "57324c70e17f3d1400422813"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical, though sometimes ineffective, latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully, albeit belatedly, opened in late 1944, and victory became a more distinct probability.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "21st Army Group"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What unit did Montgomery command?",
       "id": "57324d11b9d445190005e9eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "Bradley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?",
       "id": "57324d11b9d445190005e9ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "south"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?",
       "id": "57324d11b9d445190005e9ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "Devers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?",
       "id": "57324d11b9d445190005e9ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 798,
         "text": "Antwerp"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What supply port was opened late in 1944?",
       "id": "57324d11b9d445190005e9ef"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Field Marshal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?",
       "id": "57324d56b9d445190005e9fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "December 20, 1944"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?",
       "id": "57324d56b9d445190005e9fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 549,
         "text": "Churchill"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Montgomery, with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy?",
       "id": "57324d56b9d445190005e9ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 683,
         "text": "Zhukov"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57324d56b9d445190005ea00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "General"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rank was held by de Gaulle?",
       "id": "57324d56b9d445190005ea01"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets and the western front with the Allies. The British wanted Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down, but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "December 1944"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?",
       "id": "57324da80fdd8d15006c6941"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "Berlin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What German city did the British wish to conquer?",
       "id": "57324da80fdd8d15006c6942"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 817,
         "text": "Stalin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the division of Germany?",
       "id": "57324da80fdd8d15006c6943"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 856,
         "text": "Soviet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nation's military conquered Berlin?",
       "id": "57324da80fdd8d15006c6944"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 964,
         "text": "May 7, 1945"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany?",
       "id": "57324da80fdd8d15006c6945"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence of the atrocities in them for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?",
       "id": "57324e38e17f3d1400422823"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 131,
         "text": "IG Farben Building"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?",
       "id": "57324e38e17f3d1400422824"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "Frankfurt am Main"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?",
       "id": "57324e38e17f3d1400422825"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "Britain, France and the Soviet Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?",
       "id": "57324e38e17f3d1400422826"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": "Geneva Convention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?",
       "id": "57324e38e17f3d1400422827"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, \"First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon.\" Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Boles\u0142aw Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East\u2013West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "Marshall"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57324e9fe99e3014001e668c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "millions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?",
       "id": "57324e9fe99e3014001e668d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "Truman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?",
       "id": "57324e9fe99e3014001e668e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 644,
         "text": "opposed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?",
       "id": "57324e9fe99e3014001e668f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 984,
         "text": "Warsaw"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?",
       "id": "57324e9fe99e3014001e6690"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that \"figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office\". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job \"from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe\", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "June 1943"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?",
       "id": "57324f330fdd8d15006c6955"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "Grand High Supreme King of the Universe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?",
       "id": "57324f330fdd8d15006c6956"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 554,
         "text": "Army Chief of Staff"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics?",
       "id": "57324f330fdd8d15006c6957"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 846,
         "text": "MacArthur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948?",
       "id": "57324f330fdd8d15006c6958"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 663,
         "text": "Potsdam Conference"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president?",
       "id": "57324f330fdd8d15006c6959"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was \"not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office\"; \"life-long professional soldiers\", he wrote, \"in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office\". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner, would presumably serve two terms, and Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would then be too old.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "New Hampshire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?",
       "id": "57324f98e17f3d1400422837"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 814,
         "text": "66"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?",
       "id": "57324f98e17f3d1400422838"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 840,
         "text": "too old"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?",
       "id": "57324f98e17f3d1400422839"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 699,
         "text": "Thomas E. Dewey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?",
       "id": "57324f98e17f3d140042283a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "President of Columbia University"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?",
       "id": "57324fe9e99e3014001e66aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "New York City"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Columbia University located?",
       "id": "57324fe9e99e3014001e66ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 216,
         "text": "Crusade in Europe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?",
       "id": "57324fe9e99e3014001e66ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Ivy League"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?",
       "id": "57324fe9e99e3014001e66ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "Department of the Treasury"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?",
       "id": "57324fe9e99e3014001e66ae"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's \"vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature\". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as \"the political education of General Eisenhower\", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. \"Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings,\" one Aid to Europe member claimed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "Council on Foreign Relations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?",
       "id": "5732549b0fdd8d15006c69c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "biographer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?",
       "id": "5732549b0fdd8d15006c69c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "professional"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?",
       "id": "5732549b0fdd8d15006c69c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 804,
         "text": "economic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?",
       "id": "5732549b0fdd8d15006c69ca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "Secretary of Defense"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What position was held by James Forrestal?",
       "id": "573254ece99e3014001e66c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What position did Eisenhower informally hold?",
       "id": "573254ece99e3014001e66c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 384,
         "text": "Augusta National Golf Club"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?",
       "id": "573254ece99e3014001e66c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 660,
         "text": "Columbia Associates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?",
       "id": "573254ece99e3014001e66c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "July 1949"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?",
       "id": "573254ece99e3014001e66c8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "American Assembly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?",
       "id": "5732553d0fdd8d15006c69cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "Leonard McCollum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?",
       "id": "5732553d0fdd8d15006c69d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 234,
         "text": "liberal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?",
       "id": "5732553d0fdd8d15006c69d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "New Jersey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?",
       "id": "5732553d0fdd8d15006c69d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 524,
         "text": "Texas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did H.J. Porter hale?",
       "id": "5732553d0fdd8d15006c69d3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "December 1950"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?",
       "id": "573255b8e17f3d14004228a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?",
       "id": "573255b8e17f3d14004228a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "May 31, 1952"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?",
       "id": "573255b8e17f3d14004228a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "President of the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?",
       "id": "573255b8e17f3d14004228a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "January 20, 1953"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?",
       "id": "573255b8e17f3d14004228a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "President Truman, symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat. It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans. A \"Draft Eisenhower\" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the populace for him to be their President. Henry Cabot Lodge, who served as his campaign manager, and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, \"I Like Ike\". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at Yalta and against Truman's policies in Korea and China\u2014matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard M. Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist presence as well as some youth to counter Ike's more advanced age.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "Truman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57325614e17f3d14004228ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "Democratic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?",
       "id": "57325614e17f3d14004228ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 482,
         "text": "Robert A. Taft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?",
       "id": "57325614e17f3d14004228ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "Senator"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Taft's political office?",
       "id": "57325614e17f3d14004228ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 736,
         "text": "Henry Cabot Lodge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?",
       "id": "57325614e17f3d14004228af"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed \"K1C2\", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "South"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?",
       "id": "57325772b9d445190005ea5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "corruption"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?",
       "id": "57325772b9d445190005ea60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "K1C2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?",
       "id": "57325772b9d445190005ea61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "peaceful means"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?",
       "id": "57325772b9d445190005ea62"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 429,
         "text": "Wisconsin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?",
       "id": "573257fb0fdd8d15006c69f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 515,
         "text": "Korea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?",
       "id": "573257fb0fdd8d15006c69f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "a secret trust"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?",
       "id": "573257fb0fdd8d15006c69f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 634,
         "text": "NATO"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?",
       "id": "573257fb0fdd8d15006c69f8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century was Eisenhower born?",
       "id": "57325981e99e3014001e66e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "James Buchanan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57325981e99e3014001e66e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 443,
         "text": "did not have prior elected office"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?",
       "id": "57325981e99e3014001e66e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "never"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?",
       "id": "57325981e99e3014001e66e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "64"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Truman in 1948?",
       "id": "57325981e99e3014001e66e2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, \"Eight millionaires and a plumber.\" The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "Joseph M. Dodge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Eisenhower's budget director?",
       "id": "57325fade17f3d14004228fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "Herbert Brownell"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?",
       "id": "57325fade17f3d14004228fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "Oveta Culp Hobby"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?",
       "id": "57325fade17f3d14004228f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "John Foster Dulles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?",
       "id": "57325fade17f3d14004228fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 630,
         "text": "Eight millionaires and a plumber"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?",
       "id": "57325fade17f3d14004228fd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "Korean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?",
       "id": "57326001e99e3014001e673c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "pre-inaugural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?",
       "id": "57326001e99e3014001e673d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "Russia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?",
       "id": "57326001e99e3014001e673e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 527,
         "text": "foreign"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?",
       "id": "57326001e99e3014001e673f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described \"progressive conservative,\" he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "progressive conservative"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Eisenhower describe his political views?",
       "id": "57326051e17f3d1400422903"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 400,
         "text": "ten million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57326051e17f3d1400422906"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "Social Security"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?",
       "id": "57326051e17f3d1400422904"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "Department of Health, Education and Welfare"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?",
       "id": "57326051e17f3d1400422905"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 436,
         "text": "integration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?",
       "id": "57326051e17f3d1400422907"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: \"I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "right"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?",
       "id": "573260b5e17f3d140042290d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "1954"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?",
       "id": "573260b5e17f3d140042290e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "moderate, progressive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?",
       "id": "573260b5e17f3d1400422910"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "Republicans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?",
       "id": "573260b5e17f3d140042290f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "one"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?",
       "id": "573260fde17f3d1400422915"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "1955"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?",
       "id": "573260fde17f3d1400422916"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "February 1956"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?",
       "id": "573260fde17f3d1400422917"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 652,
         "text": "Robert B. Anderson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?",
       "id": "573260fde17f3d1400422918"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 806,
         "text": "Adlai Stevenson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?",
       "id": "573260fde17f3d1400422919"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?",
       "id": "57326547e99e3014001e6776"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "autobahn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?",
       "id": "57326547e99e3014001e6777"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 891,
         "text": "June 1956"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?",
       "id": "57326547e99e3014001e6778"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 694,
         "text": "economic growth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?",
       "id": "57326547e99e3014001e6779"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 770,
         "text": "issuance of bonds to finance the project"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?",
       "id": "57326547e99e3014001e677a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "Yalta"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?",
       "id": "5732677be99e3014001e6780"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?",
       "id": "5732677be99e3014001e6781"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "Joseph Stalin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What world leader died in March of 1953?",
       "id": "5732677be99e3014001e6782"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "Chance for Peace"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?",
       "id": "5732677be99e3014001e6783"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 527,
         "text": "Stephen Ambrose"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?",
       "id": "5732677be99e3014001e6784"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the \"New Look\", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 266,
         "text": "conventional forces"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?",
       "id": "573267bee17f3d140042294d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "New Look"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?",
       "id": "573267bee17f3d140042294e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "1953"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?",
       "id": "573267bee17f3d140042294f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 364,
         "text": "Project Solarium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?",
       "id": "573267bee17f3d1400422950"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called \"Open Skies\" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?",
       "id": "5732696fe17f3d140042295f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 257,
         "text": "London"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?",
       "id": "5732696fe17f3d1400422960"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "Eisenhower"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?",
       "id": "5732696fe17f3d1400422961"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "Austria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?",
       "id": "5732696fe17f3d1400422962"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 682,
         "text": "Open Skies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?",
       "id": "5732696fe17f3d1400422963"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying \"Long faces don't win wars\". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "Mexico"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?",
       "id": "57326b2be99e3014001e678a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "Southeast Asia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?",
       "id": "57326b2be99e3014001e678b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1954"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?",
       "id": "57326b2be99e3014001e678c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 749,
         "text": "West Germany"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?",
       "id": "57326b2be99e3014001e678d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 192,
         "text": "Vietnam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?",
       "id": "57326b2be99e3014001e678e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "Dulles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the director of the CIA?",
       "id": "57326ccc0fdd8d15006c6ac7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "Operation Ajax"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?",
       "id": "57326ccc0fdd8d15006c6ac8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 248,
         "text": "Pbsuccess"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?",
       "id": "57326ccc0fdd8d15006c6ac9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "Lockheed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What company made the U-2?",
       "id": "57326ccc0fdd8d15006c6aca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 626,
         "text": "John F. Kennedy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?",
       "id": "57326ccc0fdd8d15006c6acb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "Lockheed C-121 Constellation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?",
       "id": "57326d6ce99e3014001e67ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Eastern Airlines Flight 8610"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?",
       "id": "57326d6ce99e3014001e67ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "Air Force One"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?",
       "id": "57326d6ce99e3014001e67ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "Columbine II"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57326d6ce99e3014001e67af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "1953"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?",
       "id": "57326d6ce99e3014001e67b0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Soviet launch of Sputnik"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?",
       "id": "57327187b9d445190005eb21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "illegal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?",
       "id": "57327187b9d445190005eb23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "Project Genetrix"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?",
       "id": "57327187b9d445190005eb22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "NASA"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57327187b9d445190005eb24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 640,
         "text": "American scientists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?",
       "id": "57327187b9d445190005eb25"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "Kaesong sanctuary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?",
       "id": "573271ece17f3d140042297f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "use nuclear force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?",
       "id": "573271ece17f3d1400422980"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 312,
         "text": "National Security Council"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?",
       "id": "573271ece17f3d1400422981"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "death of Stalin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event led to decreased Russian support for China?",
       "id": "573271ece17f3d1400422982"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "Strategic Air Command"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was SAC an abbreviation of?",
       "id": "573271ece17f3d1400422983"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "1950"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?",
       "id": "57327238e99e3014001e67b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "July"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?",
       "id": "57327238e99e3014001e67b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "Syngman Rhee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?",
       "id": "57327238e99e3014001e67b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "Secretary Dulles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What American official notably opposed the armistice?",
       "id": "57327238e99e3014001e67b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "Ambrose"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?",
       "id": "57327238e99e3014001e67ba"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?",
       "id": "5732728be17f3d1400422989"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "Suez Crisis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?",
       "id": "5732728be17f3d140042298a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?",
       "id": "5732728be17f3d140042298b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "Soviet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded Hungary in 1956?",
       "id": "5732728be17f3d140042298c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "1965"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?",
       "id": "5732728be17f3d140042298d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. \"Iron Mike\" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that \"this war would absorb our troops by divisions.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "First Indochina War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What war was being fought by France in 1953?",
       "id": "573272fab9d445190005eb2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "Iron Mike"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?",
       "id": "573272fab9d445190005eb2c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "Matthew Ridgway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?",
       "id": "573272fab9d445190005eb2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?",
       "id": "573272fab9d445190005eb2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "massive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?",
       "id": "573272fab9d445190005eb2f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet \u2013 allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "non-combat personnel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?",
       "id": "57327363b9d445190005eb35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "napalm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?",
       "id": "57327363b9d445190005eb36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 437,
         "text": "May 1954"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?",
       "id": "57327363b9d445190005eb37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?",
       "id": "57327363b9d445190005eb38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "allied participation and congressional approval"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?",
       "id": "57327363b9d445190005eb39"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is SEATO?",
       "id": "573273bfe17f3d1400422993"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "New Zealand and Australia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?",
       "id": "573273bfe17f3d1400422994"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "defense of Vietnam against communism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the purpose of SEATO?",
       "id": "573273bfe17f3d1400422995"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 364,
         "text": "Communists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group did France split Vietnam with?",
       "id": "573273bfe17f3d1400422996"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "Chinese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?",
       "id": "573273bfe17f3d1400422997"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to \"Free Vietnam\" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "Free Vietnam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was South Vietnam called in 1955?",
       "id": "573274070fdd8d15006c6ae5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "J. Lawton Collins"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?",
       "id": "573274070fdd8d15006c6ae6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "February 1955"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?",
       "id": "573274070fdd8d15006c6ae8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "Ngo Dinh Diem"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?",
       "id": "573274070fdd8d15006c6ae7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "Republic of Vietnam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?",
       "id": "573274070fdd8d15006c6ae9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of \"uprisings\" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "ten"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?",
       "id": "573274500fdd8d15006c6af0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 416,
         "text": "New York City"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?",
       "id": "573274500fdd8d15006c6af1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 106,
         "text": "900"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?",
       "id": "573274500fdd8d15006c6aef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "John Foster Dulles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Secretary of State in 1957?",
       "id": "573274500fdd8d15006c6af2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "there were no better alternatives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?",
       "id": "573274500fdd8d15006c6af3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East\u2013West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had \"gone missing\" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that \"the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "May 1, 1960"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?",
       "id": "57327493e99e3014001e67c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "East\u2013West summit conference"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?",
       "id": "57327493e99e3014001e67c2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "Captain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?",
       "id": "57327493e99e3014001e67c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "Paris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?",
       "id": "57327493e99e3014001e67c3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a \"spy-plane\" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a \"weather research aircraft\" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed \"difficulties with his oxygen equipment\" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 288,
         "text": "weather research aircraft"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?",
       "id": "57327cb4e99e3014001e67e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 457,
         "text": "Turkey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?",
       "id": "57327cb4e99e3014001e67e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "oxygen equipment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to the cover story, what did the \"weather research\" pilot have trouble with?",
       "id": "57327cb4e99e3014001e67e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "trial"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?",
       "id": "57327cb4e99e3014001e67e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "spy-plane"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?",
       "id": "57327cb4e99e3014001e67e8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that \"stupid U-2 business\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "Nikita Khrushchev"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?",
       "id": "57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 224,
         "text": "apologize"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?",
       "id": "57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "Berlin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?",
       "id": "57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 540,
         "text": "stupid U-2 business"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?",
       "id": "57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "1960"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?",
       "id": "57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b15"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying \"I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces\". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating \"Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 16,
         "text": "Truman"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?",
       "id": "57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "1948"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?",
       "id": "57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "February 1953"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?",
       "id": "57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "military spending"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?",
       "id": "57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "District of Columbia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?",
       "id": "57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "school children"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?",
       "id": "57327dd5b3a91d1900202da9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1957"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?",
       "id": "57327dd5b3a91d1900202daa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "1960"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?",
       "id": "57327dd5b3a91d1900202dab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "Civil Rights Commission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?",
       "id": "57327dd5b3a91d1900202dac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 341,
         "text": "Justice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?",
       "id": "57327dd5b3a91d1900202dad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing \"The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "Arkansas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?",
       "id": "57327e2db3a91d1900202db3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "101st Airborne Division"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?",
       "id": "57327e2db3a91d1900202db4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "Arkansas National Guard"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?",
       "id": "57327e2db3a91d1900202db5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "Orval Faubus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?",
       "id": "57327e2db3a91d1900202db6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 382,
         "text": "nine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?",
       "id": "57327e2db3a91d1900202db7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "1953"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?",
       "id": "57327e83b3a91d1900202dbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 659,
         "text": "he refused"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?",
       "id": "57327e83b3a91d1900202dbe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "facilitate relations with Congress"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?",
       "id": "57327e83b3a91d1900202dbf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "Atomic Energy Commission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?",
       "id": "57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "H-bombs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the AEC working on at this time?",
       "id": "57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "J. Robert Oppenheimer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?",
       "id": "57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 449,
         "text": "removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?",
       "id": "57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: \"It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed.\" This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "issue subpoenas to White House personnel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?",
       "id": "57327f4a06a3a419008aca93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 631,
         "text": "executive privilege"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?",
       "id": "57327f4a06a3a419008aca94"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "Executive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?",
       "id": "57327f4a06a3a419008aca95"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower \"never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Democrats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won a Senate majority in 1954?",
       "id": "57327f92b3a91d1900202dcb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "Sam Rayburn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?",
       "id": "57327f92b3a91d1900202dcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?",
       "id": "57327f92b3a91d1900202dcd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "Texas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?",
       "id": "57327f92b3a91d1900202dce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "Joe Martin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?",
       "id": "57327f92b3a91d1900202dcf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, \"often the reverse of what he has desired\" because Members of Congress, \"resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "worked too much through subordinates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?",
       "id": "57328011b3a91d1900202dd5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "reverse of what he has desired"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?",
       "id": "57328011b3a91d1900202dd6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 408,
         "text": "Republicans of consequence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?",
       "id": "57328011b3a91d1900202dd7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren \"represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court\". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "Republicans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?",
       "id": "5732806657eb1f1400fd2d40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "Democrat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What party did Brennan belong to?",
       "id": "5732806657eb1f1400fd2d41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "Warren"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?",
       "id": "5732806657eb1f1400fd2d42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 641,
         "text": "liberal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?",
       "id": "5732806657eb1f1400fd2d43"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "law-and-order conservatives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?",
       "id": "5732806657eb1f1400fd2d44"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he \"gave [himself] an order\" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack that required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the President. He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress. Instead of eliminating him as a candidate for a second term as President, his physician recommended a second term as essential to his recovery.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "West Point"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?",
       "id": "573280c306a3a419008aca99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "two or three packs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?",
       "id": "573280c306a3a419008aca9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "March 1949"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?",
       "id": "573280c306a3a419008aca9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "Columbia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?",
       "id": "573280c306a3a419008aca9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 577,
         "text": "Paul Dudley White"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?",
       "id": "573280c306a3a419008aca9d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower \"drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "left ventricular aneurysm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?",
       "id": "5732812c06a3a419008acaa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "cabinet meeting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?",
       "id": "5732812c06a3a419008acaa4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "right hand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?",
       "id": "5732812c06a3a419008acaa5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Crohn's disease?",
       "id": "5732812c06a3a419008acaa6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "bowel obstruction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?",
       "id": "5732812c06a3a419008acaa7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "heart attack"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?",
       "id": "57328196b3a91d1900202ddb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 341,
         "text": "cholecystitis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?",
       "id": "57328196b3a91d1900202ddc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "gallbladder"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?",
       "id": "57328196b3a91d1900202ddd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "1969"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower die?",
       "id": "57328196b3a91d1900202dde"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 700,
         "text": "seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?",
       "id": "57328196b3a91d1900202ddf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, \"I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy.\" He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, \"If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember.\" Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "Richard Nixon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?",
       "id": "573281eab9988014000c7640"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "John F. Kennedy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?",
       "id": "573281eab9988014000c7641"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 719,
         "text": "70"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Eisenhower in 1960?",
       "id": "573281eab9988014000c7642"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 776,
         "text": "Kennedy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?",
       "id": "573281eab9988014000c7643"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 639,
         "text": "Kennedy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won the US presidential election of 1960?",
       "id": "573281eab9988014000c7644"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: \"We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ...\" and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that \"we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military\u2013industrial complex.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "January 17, 1961"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?",
       "id": "5732824557eb1f1400fd2d54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "military\u2013industrial"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?",
       "id": "5732824557eb1f1400fd2d55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "Cold"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?",
       "id": "5732824557eb1f1400fd2d56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "atheistic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?",
       "id": "5732824557eb1f1400fd2d58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "Oval Office"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?",
       "id": "5732824557eb1f1400fd2d57"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. In retirement, the former president did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. However, his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as \"a dime-store New Dealer\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "Gettysburg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?",
       "id": "5732833db9988014000c7652"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "Dauphin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?",
       "id": "5732833db9988014000c7653"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "National Park Service"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?",
       "id": "5732833db9988014000c7654"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 652,
         "text": "dime-store New Dealer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?",
       "id": "5732833db9988014000c7656"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "Barry Goldwater"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?",
       "id": "5732833db9988014000c7655"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "78"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How old was Eisenhower when he died?",
       "id": "57328397b9988014000c765c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "Walter Reed Army Medical Center"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what facility did Eisenhower die?",
       "id": "57328397b9988014000c765d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "congestive heart failure"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's cause of death?",
       "id": "57328397b9988014000c765e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "March 28, 1969"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Eisenhower's date of death?",
       "id": "57328397b9988014000c765f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 497,
         "text": "Episcopal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?",
       "id": "57328397b9988014000c7660"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "April 2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?",
       "id": "573283e5b3a91d1900202ded"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "$80"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?",
       "id": "573283e5b3a91d1900202def"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "Eisenhower Presidential Library"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what location was Eisenhower buried?",
       "id": "573283e5b3a91d1900202dee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "green"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?",
       "id": "573283e5b3a91d1900202df0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 778,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Mamie Eisenhower die?",
       "id": "573283e5b3a91d1900202df1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "golf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?",
       "id": "5732845206a3a419008acabd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 700,
         "text": "McCarthyism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?",
       "id": "5732845206a3a419008acabe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "Little Rock"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Central High school located?",
       "id": "5732845206a3a419008acabf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "vigorous young successor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?",
       "id": "5732845206a3a419008acac0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 580,
         "text": "Soviet Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?",
       "id": "5732845206a3a419008acac1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or \"gatekeeper\", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff \u2013 an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "United States Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?",
       "id": "573284b6b3a91d1900202dff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "Lyndon Johnson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?",
       "id": "573284b6b3a91d1900202e00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "Jimmy Carter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?",
       "id": "573284b6b3a91d1900202e01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "President's Private Secretary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?",
       "id": "573284b6b3a91d1900202e02"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text \"with appreciation\" or \"with personal and official gratitude\" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials \"D.D.E.\" or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "9,858"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many appreciation medals were minted?",
       "id": "5732850d57eb1f1400fd2d5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "Philadelphia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what city were the appreciation medals minted?",
       "id": "5732850d57eb1f1400fd2d5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "September 1958 through October 1960"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what period were the appreciation medals minted?",
       "id": "5732850d57eb1f1400fd2d60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "D.D.E."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were Eisenhower's initials?",
       "id": "5732850d57eb1f1400fd2d61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 587,
         "text": "1,451"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?",
       "id": "5732850d57eb1f1400fd2d62"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading \"Eisenhower Interstate System\" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?",
       "id": "573285f357eb1f1400fd2d70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "Austria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?",
       "id": "573285f357eb1f1400fd2d71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 599,
         "text": "Interstate 290"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?",
       "id": "573285f357eb1f1400fd2d73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were \"Eisenhower Interstate System\" signs first posted along highways?",
       "id": "573285f357eb1f1400fd2d72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "Chicago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What major city is Interstate 290 close to?",
       "id": "573285f357eb1f1400fd2d74"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A loblolly pine, known as the \"Eisenhower Pine\", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "17th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?",
       "id": "5732868bb3a91d1900202e0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "192"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?",
       "id": "5732868bb3a91d1900202e10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 279,
         "text": "cut down"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?",
       "id": "5732868bb3a91d1900202e11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "ice storm"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?",
       "id": "5732868bb3a91d1900202e12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "1956"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?",
       "id": "5732868bb3a91d1900202e13"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "The_Bronx",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "The Bronx /\u02c8br\u0252\u014bks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many boroughs are in NYC?",
       "id": "57324f18b9d445190005ea1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "northernmost"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?",
       "id": "57324f18b9d445190005ea1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "1,438,159"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Bronx's population?",
       "id": "57324f18b9d445190005ea1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 461,
         "text": "42 square miles (109 km2)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is the Bronx?",
       "id": "57324f18b9d445190005ea1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is unique about the Bronx's location?",
       "id": "57324f18b9d445190005ea1f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "Jonas Bronck"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Bronx named for?",
       "id": "57324f89e99e3014001e66a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Bronck do?",
       "id": "57324f89e99e3014001e66a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "1639"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Bronck settle in the New York area?",
       "id": "57324f89e99e3014001e66a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "Lenape"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What native tribe lived in the New York area?",
       "id": "57324f89e99e3014001e66a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 594,
         "text": "Latin music and hip hop"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of music the Bronx famous for?",
       "id": "57324f89e99e3014001e66a4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How poor is part of the Bronx?",
       "id": "57324ffa0fdd8d15006c695f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?",
       "id": "57324ffa0fdd8d15006c6960"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "the late 1960s and the 1970s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?",
       "id": "57324ffa0fdd8d15006c6961"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 485,
         "text": "arson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?",
       "id": "57324ffa0fdd8d15006c6962"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Jonas Bronck (c.\u20091600\u201343) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Sm\u00e5land, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "1600"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Jonas Bronck born?",
       "id": "573250460fdd8d15006c6971"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "spring of 1639"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Bronck reach the New York area?",
       "id": "573250460fdd8d15006c6973"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "Sm\u00e5land, Sweden"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Bronck emigrate from?",
       "id": "573250460fdd8d15006c6972"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 266,
         "text": "the Dutch West India Company"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What entity did Bronck get his land from?",
       "id": "573250460fdd8d15006c6974"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "500 acres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much land did Bronck eventually own?",
       "id": "573250460fdd8d15006c6975"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "The County of Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Bronx's county name?",
       "id": "573250c3b9d445190005ea2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "Borough of the Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Bronx's borough name?",
       "id": "573250c3b9d445190005ea30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "1874"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Bronx created?",
       "id": "573250c3b9d445190005ea31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 579,
         "text": "1898"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Bronx added to?",
       "id": "573250c3b9d445190005ea33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "Westchester"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What county was the Bronx split off from?",
       "id": "573250c3b9d445190005ea32"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a \"free bridge\" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 429,
         "text": "1759"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?",
       "id": "57325124e17f3d140042285b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "tolls were resented"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?",
       "id": "57325124e17f3d140042285c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "between New England and New York"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?",
       "id": "57325124e17f3d140042285d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "1693"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Kingsbridge built?",
       "id": "57325124e17f3d140042285e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "Frederick Philipse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who owned Kingsbridge?",
       "id": "57325124e17f3d140042285f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "12"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many counties did New York originally have?",
       "id": "5732516be17f3d1400422865"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?",
       "id": "5732516be17f3d1400422866"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "1846"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was West Farms created?",
       "id": "5732516be17f3d1400422867"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 371,
         "text": "1855"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Morrisania created?",
       "id": "5732516be17f3d1400422868"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "1873"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the town of Kingsbridge created?",
       "id": "5732516be17f3d1400422869"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "1873"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?",
       "id": "573251c0b9d445190005ea39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "1873"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did New York City annex West Farms?",
       "id": "573251c0b9d445190005ea3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "1873"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did New York City annex Morrisania?",
       "id": "573251c0b9d445190005ea3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "1895"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did New York City annex part of Pelham?",
       "id": "573251c0b9d445190005ea3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 235,
         "text": "1895"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?",
       "id": "573251c0b9d445190005ea3d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900\u201329, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950\u201385 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "1900\u201329"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Bronx's boom period?",
       "id": "5732521e0fdd8d15006c698f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "200,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1900?",
       "id": "5732521e0fdd8d15006c6990"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "1.3 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1929?",
       "id": "5732521e0fdd8d15006c6991"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "1950\u201385"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Bronx's income declined?",
       "id": "5732521e0fdd8d15006c6992"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "starting in the late 1980s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Bronx's economy regrow?",
       "id": "5732521e0fdd8d15006c6993"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "592,185"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?",
       "id": "573252870fdd8d15006c6999"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "54,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?",
       "id": "573252870fdd8d15006c699a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "Extensions of the New York City Subway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What led to the Bronx's population growth?",
       "id": "573252870fdd8d15006c699b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?",
       "id": "573252870fdd8d15006c699c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "43.9%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?",
       "id": "573252870fdd8d15006c699d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx \u2014 a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a \"planned shrinkage\" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is redlining?",
       "id": "573252e1e99e3014001e66be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "rent control laws"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?",
       "id": "573252e1e99e3014001e66bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "fire-fighting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?",
       "id": "573252e1e99e3014001e66c0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "arson"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?",
       "id": "573253330fdd8d15006c69a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?",
       "id": "573253330fdd8d15006c69a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 528,
         "text": "South Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?",
       "id": "573253330fdd8d15006c69a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's \"Ten-Year Housing Plan\" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "\"Ten-Year Housing Plan\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?",
       "id": "573253910fdd8d15006c69a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 338,
         "text": "about 1,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?",
       "id": "573253910fdd8d15006c69aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who built the Nehemiah Homes?",
       "id": "573253910fdd8d15006c69ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "Nos Quedamos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who led the Melrose Commons project?",
       "id": "573253910fdd8d15006c69ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 710,
         "text": "149"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?",
       "id": "573253910fdd8d15006c69ad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that \"construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings.\" The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "All America City"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?",
       "id": "573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "the National Civic League"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?",
       "id": "573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?",
       "id": "573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "33,687"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?",
       "id": "573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 572,
         "text": "$4.8 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?",
       "id": "573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350\u2013500 million.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "Kingsbridge National Ice Center"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?",
       "id": "5732547be17f3d140042287a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "Kingsbridge Armory"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the largest armory in the world?",
       "id": "5732547be17f3d1400422879"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "the Mott Haven waterfront"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?",
       "id": "5732547be17f3d140042287b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 569,
         "text": "US$350\u2013500 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?",
       "id": "5732547be17f3d140042287d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "2,000,000 square feet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?",
       "id": "5732547be17f3d140042287c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?",
       "id": "573254c7e17f3d1400422883"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "Bergen County"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What county is Tenafly in?",
       "id": "573254c7e17f3d1400422884"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "New Jersey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What state is Alpine in?",
       "id": "573254c7e17f3d1400422885"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "Manhattan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?",
       "id": "573254c7e17f3d1400422886"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 301,
         "text": "Queens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?",
       "id": "573254c7e17f3d1400422887"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or \"necks\" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Bronx's highest point?",
       "id": "5732554de17f3d1400422897"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "southeastern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?",
       "id": "5732554de17f3d1400422898"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 341,
         "text": "Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the Bronx's four low peninsulas?",
       "id": "5732554de17f3d1400422899"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 457,
         "text": "Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Rodman's Neck between?",
       "id": "5732554de17f3d140042289a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 551,
         "text": "75 square miles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is the Bronx's shoreline?",
       "id": "5732554de17f3d140042289b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City\u2014Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach\u2014and the fourth largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers. Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins\u2014known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts\u2014overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States. Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack. Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool. The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1240,
         "text": "1888"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did NYC buy land for its parks?",
       "id": "573255bce99e3014001e66d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1118,
         "text": "28"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many types of trees are in Crotona Park?",
       "id": "573255bce99e3014001e66d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1094,
         "text": "3.3-acre"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is Crotona Park's lake?",
       "id": "573255bce99e3014001e66da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 991,
         "text": "in the 1890s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built?",
       "id": "573255bce99e3014001e66db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the NY Botanical Gardens preserve?",
       "id": "573255bce99e3014001e66dc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "Castle Hill Point"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Screvin's Neck also called?",
       "id": "573256250fdd8d15006c69d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "East River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas?",
       "id": "573256250fdd8d15006c69da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "Pelham Bay Park"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is NYC's largest park?",
       "id": "573256250fdd8d15006c69db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "along the Westchester-Bronx border"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Pelham Bay Park?",
       "id": "573256250fdd8d15006c69dc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston. It includes New York City's fourth largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "western"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What parts of the Bronx have more hills?",
       "id": "573256660fdd8d15006c69e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "Riverdale and Fieldston."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What parts of West Bronx are more affluent?",
       "id": "573256660fdd8d15006c69e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "Van Cortlandt Park"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is NYC's 4th-largest park?",
       "id": "573256660fdd8d15006c69e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 406,
         "text": "along the Westchester-Bronx border"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Van Cortlandt Park?",
       "id": "573256660fdd8d15006c69e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 463,
         "text": "a wide boulevard"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Grand Concourse?",
       "id": "573256660fdd8d15006c69e5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why has the supposed size of the 'South Bronx' grown?",
       "id": "5732584f0fdd8d15006c69fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "by the 2000s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bronx area?",
       "id": "5732584f0fdd8d15006c69fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 264,
         "text": "The Bronx River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which river is the eastern edge of the South Bronx?",
       "id": "5732584f0fdd8d15006c69ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 556,
         "text": "Yankee Stadium"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which stadium is in the South Bronx?",
       "id": "5732584f0fdd8d15006c6a00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 611,
         "text": "east to west"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which direction does the Cross Bronx Expressway run through the South Bronx?",
       "id": "5732584f0fdd8d15006c6a01"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub\u2013Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called \"the Broadway of the Bronx\", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial \"bow-tie\" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "The Hub"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?",
       "id": "573258c4b9d445190005ea7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "The Hub\u2013Third Avenue Business Improvement District"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?",
       "id": "573258c4b9d445190005ea7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which streets demarcate The Hub BID?",
       "id": "573258c4b9d445190005ea7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "\"the Broadway of the Bronx\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is The Hub's nickname?",
       "id": "573258c4b9d445190005ea7e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 677,
         "text": "bow-tie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What shape is The Hub?",
       "id": "573258c4b9d445190005ea7f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED \"Silver\" designation in its design.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "17 acres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?",
       "id": "5732593fb9d445190005ea85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "$500 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?",
       "id": "5732593fb9d445190005ea86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many floors does the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage have?",
       "id": "5732593fb9d445190005ea87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "2,600"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cars can the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage hold?",
       "id": "5732593fb9d445190005ea88"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "northernmost part of upper Manhattan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of Manhattan are the West Bronx's streets similar to?",
       "id": "573259a00fdd8d15006c6a07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "132nd"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx?",
       "id": "573259a00fdd8d15006c6a08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 488,
         "text": "the Northside"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Bronx called in the mid-19th century?",
       "id": "573259a00fdd8d15006c6a09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "the mid-19th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Bronx added to NYC?",
       "id": "573259a00fdd8d15006c6a0a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). The U.S. Census considers the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 89.7 percent chance that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different race or ethnicity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "53.5%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's population is Hispanic?",
       "id": "57325a420fdd8d15006c6a0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 174,
         "text": "10.9%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic White?",
       "id": "57325a420fdd8d15006c6a11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "30.1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Black?",
       "id": "57325a420fdd8d15006c6a10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "3.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Asian?",
       "id": "57325a420fdd8d15006c6a12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "1.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic multiracial?",
       "id": "57325a420fdd8d15006c6a13"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English. A Garifuna-speaking community from Honduras and Guatemala also makes the Bronx its home.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "46.29%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx speaks Spanish at home?",
       "id": "57325a8ce99e3014001e66f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 97,
         "text": "44.02%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx speaks English at home?",
       "id": "57325a8ce99e3014001e66f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "2.48%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx speaks African languages at home?",
       "id": "57325a8ce99e3014001e66f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "0.91%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx speaks French at home?",
       "id": "57325a8ce99e3014001e66f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "0.50%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx speaks Chinese at home?",
       "id": "57325a8ce99e3014001e66fa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980. Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. 320,640 whites called the Bronx home, of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites. The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. German Americans and Polish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "22.9%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009?",
       "id": "57325b14e17f3d14004228db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "12.1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 1980?",
       "id": "57325b14e17f3d14004228dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 258,
         "text": "34.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 2009?",
       "id": "57325b14e17f3d14004228dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "320,640"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many white people live in the Bronx?",
       "id": "57325b14e17f3d14004228de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 413,
         "text": "168,570"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many non-Hispanic white people live in the Bronx?",
       "id": "57325b14e17f3d14004228df"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough, of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as \"Sub-Saharan African\" in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "35.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (including Hispanic)?",
       "id": "57325b800fdd8d15006c6a23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "30.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?",
       "id": "57325b800fdd8d15006c6a24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "Over 61,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Bronx residents called themselves \"Sub-Saharan African\" in 2009?",
       "id": "57325b800fdd8d15006c6a25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "4.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of Bronx residents called themselves \"Sub-Saharan African\" in 2009?",
       "id": "57325b800fdd8d15006c6a26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "430,600"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people in the Bronx are black (not including Hispanic)?",
       "id": "57325b800fdd8d15006c6a27"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "52.0%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx is Hispanic and Latino Americans?",
       "id": "57325bc30fdd8d15006c6a2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "23.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx is Puerto Rican?",
       "id": "57325bc30fdd8d15006c6a2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 202,
         "text": "5.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx is Mexican?",
       "id": "57325bc30fdd8d15006c6a2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "0.7%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx is Cuban?",
       "id": "57325bc30fdd8d15006c6a30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 691,
         "text": "3.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx is Asian?",
       "id": "57325bc30fdd8d15006c6a31"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "over 41,800"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many multiracial people live in the Bronx?",
       "id": "57325c10b9d445190005ea97"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "0.5%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and African American heritage?",
       "id": "57325c10b9d445190005ea99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "3.0%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx is multiracial?",
       "id": "57325c10b9d445190005ea98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 471,
         "text": "0.1%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage?",
       "id": "57325c10b9d445190005ea9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "0.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage?",
       "id": "57325c10b9d445190005ea9a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 \"one man, one vote\" decision.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 689,
         "text": "1964"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?",
       "id": "57325cf7e17f3d14004228ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 613,
         "text": "Fourteenth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?",
       "id": "57325cf7e17f3d14004228f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "1898"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were Borough Presidents created?",
       "id": "57325cf7e17f3d14004228f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "1989"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?",
       "id": "57325cf7e17f3d14004228f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?",
       "id": "57325cf7e17f3d14004228f3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carri\u00f3n Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rub\u00e9n D\u00edaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the \"Bronx Unity\" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the \"People First\" line, became Borough President on May 1.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "March 1, 2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?",
       "id": "57325d630fdd8d15006c6a37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "2001"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?",
       "id": "57325d630fdd8d15006c6a38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?",
       "id": "57325d630fdd8d15006c6a39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Rub\u00e9n D\u00edaz, Jr."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who succeeded Carrion Jr.?",
       "id": "57325d630fdd8d15006c6a3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "April 21, 2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Diaz Jr. elected?",
       "id": "57325d630fdd8d15006c6a3b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "61.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?",
       "id": "57325d96b9d445190005eab3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "37.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?",
       "id": "57325d96b9d445190005eab4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "54.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?",
       "id": "57325d96b9d445190005eab5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "8.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get?",
       "id": "57325d96b9d445190005eab7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "20.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get?",
       "id": "57325d96b9d445190005eab6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2-1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2-1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidate Allan Benson's 7.3%.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "Al Smith"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928?",
       "id": "57325f03b9d445190005eabd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "42.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Hughes get?",
       "id": "57325f03b9d445190005eabe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 602,
         "text": "42.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Wilson get?",
       "id": "57325f03b9d445190005eabf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 724,
         "text": "7.3%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Benson get?",
       "id": "57325f03b9d445190005eac0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "55%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1948 did Truman get?",
       "id": "57325f03b9d445190005eac1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30-32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22-23% as a Republican). The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005. The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit city-wide by 23.2% to 21.7%.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "Fiorello La Guardia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the only Republican Mayor candidate to win the Bronx since 1914?",
       "id": "57325f78e99e3014001e6732"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 431,
         "text": "Rudolph Giuliani"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 1997?",
       "id": "57325f78e99e3014001e6733"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "Michael Bloomberg"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 2005?",
       "id": "57325f78e99e3014001e6734"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "Socialist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What party was Hillquit?",
       "id": "57325f78e99e3014001e6735"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 571,
         "text": "over 31%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the Bronx vote did Hillquit get in 1917?",
       "id": "57325f78e99e3014001e6736"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools). There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from \u00e9lite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "nearly 280,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000?",
       "id": "573260120fdd8d15006c6a55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "333,100"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000?",
       "id": "573260120fdd8d15006c6a56"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 521,
         "text": "the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which religious organizations run private schools in the Bronx?",
       "id": "573260120fdd8d15006c6a57"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "The New York City Department of Education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which entity runs the Bronx's public noncharter schools?",
       "id": "573260120fdd8d15006c6a58"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Educational attainment: In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were [NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and [US] 80.4% & 24.4%.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "62.3%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?",
       "id": "573262770fdd8d15006c6a6f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "14.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a university degree, as of 2000?",
       "id": "573262770fdd8d15006c6a70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 326,
         "text": "68.8%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Brooklyn population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?",
       "id": "573262770fdd8d15006c6a71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "82.6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Staten Island population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?",
       "id": "573262770fdd8d15006c6a72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "49.4%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of the Manhattan population has a university degree, as of 2000?",
       "id": "573262770fdd8d15006c6a73"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 708,
         "text": "Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?",
       "id": "57326341e99e3014001e674e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "The Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?",
       "id": "57326341e99e3014001e6750"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "The Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the High School for Violin and Dance?",
       "id": "57326341e99e3014001e674f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "The Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the School for Excellence?",
       "id": "57326341e99e3014001e6751"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "The Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the DeWitt Clinton High School?",
       "id": "57326341e99e3014001e6752"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools, also replacing them with smaller schools.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "1990s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools?",
       "id": "573263c6e17f3d1400422947"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 281,
         "text": "John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Bronx schools have been closed or made smaller?",
       "id": "573263c6e17f3d1400422948"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "large middle schools"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of schools is NYC now working on shrinking?",
       "id": "573263c6e17f3d1400422949"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, \"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale\". Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue \"an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway\" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?",
       "id": "5732643e0fdd8d15006c6a79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "\"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What PBS documentary covered the Bronx's music history?",
       "id": "5732643e0fdd8d15006c6a7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 319,
         "text": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did DJ Kool Herc hold parties?",
       "id": "5732643e0fdd8d15006c6a7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "City Lore"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who produced 'From Mambo To Hip Hop'?",
       "id": "5732643e0fdd8d15006c6a7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is 1520 Sedgwick?",
       "id": "5732643e0fdd8d15006c6a7d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking (\"rapping\") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as \"The Boogie Down Bronx\", or just \"The Boogie Down\". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 449,
         "text": "Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the Herculoids?",
       "id": "573266f8b9d445190005eaef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 526,
         "text": "The Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is 'The Boogie Down'?",
       "id": "573266f8b9d445190005eaf0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 795,
         "text": "the Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Big Pun from?",
       "id": "573266f8b9d445190005eaf1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 267,
         "text": "funk, disco and soul"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of music did hip hop emerge from?",
       "id": "573266f8b9d445190005eaf2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 648,
         "text": "KRS-One"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who started BDP?",
       "id": "573266f8b9d445190005eaf3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "1923"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the first Yankee Stadium open?",
       "id": "5732674b0fdd8d15006c6a97"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 115,
         "text": "on 161st Street and River Avenue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the first Yankee Stadium?",
       "id": "5732674b0fdd8d15006c6a98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "27"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many times have the Yankees won the World Series?",
       "id": "5732674b0fdd8d15006c6a99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which historic great players have played at Yankee Stadium?",
       "id": "5732674b0fdd8d15006c6a9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "Major League Baseball"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What league are the NY Yankees in?",
       "id": "5732674b0fdd8d15006c6a9b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "Latin America and Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are many of the Bronx's playwrights from?",
       "id": "5732698fb9d445190005eaf9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "130"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many seats does the Pregones' new theater have?",
       "id": "5732698fb9d445190005eafa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "Latin American work"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Pregones specialize in?",
       "id": "5732698fb9d445190005eafb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Pregones' new theater open?",
       "id": "5732698fb9d445190005eafc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Pregones' new theater?",
       "id": "5732698fb9d445190005eafd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 56,
         "text": "20th century and contemporary art"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on?",
       "id": "573269d2b9d445190005eb04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "11,000 square feet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts' galleries?",
       "id": "573269d2b9d445190005eb05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "1971"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Bronx Museum of the Arts open?",
       "id": "573269d2b9d445190005eb03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 277,
         "text": "more than 800"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts' permanent collection?",
       "id": "573269d2b9d445190005eb06"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 546,
         "text": "Arquitectonica"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the Bronx Museum of the Arts' 2006 expansion?",
       "id": "573269d2b9d445190005eb07"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute, in the form of the Heinrich Heine Memorial, better known as the Lorelei Fountain from one of Heine's best-known works (1838). After Heine's German birthplace of D\u00fcsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet (1797\u20131856), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 180,
         "text": "1838"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Lorelei Fountain written about?",
       "id": "57326a2be17f3d1400422969"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "D\u00fcsseldorf"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Heinrich Heine born?",
       "id": "57326a2be17f3d140042296a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 340,
         "text": "1797"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Heine born?",
       "id": "57326a2be17f3d140042296b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "1856"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Heine die?",
       "id": "57326a2be17f3d140042296c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "German-American"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ethnicity is Carl Schurz?",
       "id": "57326a2be17f3d140042296d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1899, the memorial, by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter (1846\u20131917), finally came to rest, although subject to repeated vandalism, in the Bronx, at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park near today's Yankee Stadium. (In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.) In 2007, Christopher Gray of The New York Times described it as \"a writhing composition in white Tyrolean marble depicting Lorelei, the mythical German figure, surrounded by mermaids, dolphins and seashells.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "1917"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Herter die?",
       "id": "57326a760fdd8d15006c6aa1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "1846"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Herter born?",
       "id": "57326a760fdd8d15006c6aa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "sculptor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Herter's career?",
       "id": "57326a760fdd8d15006c6aa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Herter's Heine memorial placed in 1899?",
       "id": "57326a760fdd8d15006c6aa4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "161st Street and the Concourse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Herter's Heine memorial moved in 1999?",
       "id": "57326a760fdd8d15006c6aa5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as \"Scullers' Row\" due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "C. B. J. Snyder"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?",
       "id": "57326ae20fdd8d15006c6aab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "Fort Schuyler"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the NY Maritime College?",
       "id": "57326ae20fdd8d15006c6aad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "a former public school"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building originally?",
       "id": "57326ae20fdd8d15006c6aac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "the Harlem River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is 'Scullers' Row'?",
       "id": "57326ae20fdd8d15006c6aae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 658,
         "text": "Bronx River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens?",
       "id": "57326ae20fdd8d15006c6aaf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press  (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "national issues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Inner City Press now focus on?",
       "id": "57326b24b9d445190005eb0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "Bernard Stein"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?",
       "id": "57326b24b9d445190005eb0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Stein win a Pulitzer?",
       "id": "57326b24b9d445190005eb10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 572,
         "text": "1998"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Stein win a Pulitzer?",
       "id": "57326b24b9d445190005eb0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "the Bronx High School of Science"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Stein graduate from?",
       "id": "57326b24b9d445190005eb11"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "News 12 The Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What channel in the Bronx does Cablevision run?",
       "id": "57326b79e17f3d1400422974"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "Bronx Community College"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the official city TV station broadcast from?",
       "id": "57326b79e17f3d1400422973"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "Herbert H. Lehman College"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Bronx's only 4-year CUNY college?",
       "id": "57326b79e17f3d1400422975"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "1946"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'From This Day Forward' released?",
       "id": "57326bf10fdd8d15006c6ab5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "Highbridge"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was 'From This Day Forward' set?",
       "id": "57326bf10fdd8d15006c6ab6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "1956"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Catered Affair' released?",
       "id": "57326bf10fdd8d15006c6ab7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "working class Bronx life"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did 'The Catered Affair' explore?",
       "id": "57326bf10fdd8d15006c6ab8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 501,
         "text": "an Italian-American Bronx community"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was 'Summer of Sam' about?",
       "id": "57326bf10fdd8d15006c6ab9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that \"The Bronx is burning\": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, \"There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning\". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline. A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in production in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "the South Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx?",
       "id": "57326c5ae99e3014001e6794"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "1974"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the phrase \"The Bronx is burning\" first widespread?",
       "id": "57326c5ae99e3014001e6795"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "BBC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made a documentary called \"The Bronx is burning\"?",
       "id": "57326c5ae99e3014001e6796"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "New York Times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who published an editorial called \"The Bronx is burning\"?",
       "id": "57326c5ae99e3014001e6797"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 879,
         "text": "Edwin Pagan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'?",
       "id": "57326c5ae99e3014001e6798"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont \"Little Italy\" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and \"Gunhill\" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Warriors' movie released?",
       "id": "57326c89e99e3014001e67a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "1974"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Wanderers' published?",
       "id": "57326c89e99e3014001e679e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?",
       "id": "57326c89e99e3014001e67a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?",
       "id": "57326c89e99e3014001e679f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "1974"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Wanderers' published?",
       "id": "57326c8b0fdd8d15006c6abf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?",
       "id": "57326c8b0fdd8d15006c6ac0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Warriors' movie released?",
       "id": "57326c8b0fdd8d15006c6ac1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?",
       "id": "57326c8b0fdd8d15006c6ac2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The 1981 film Fort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed \"Fort Apache\". Also from 1981 is the horror film Wolfen making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series Mystery Science Theatre 3000. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, \"Leave the Bronx!\" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in Queens, substituting as the Bronx. Rumble in the Bronx was a 1995 Jackie Chan kung-fu film, another which popularised the Bronx to international audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "1981"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'Fort Apache' released?",
       "id": "57326cc2e17f3d1400422979"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'Fuga dal Bronx' released?",
       "id": "57326cc2e17f3d140042297a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "Italian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What origin was 'Escape 2000'?",
       "id": "57326cc2e17f3d140042297b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998\u20132004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "1989"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'True Love' released?",
       "id": "57326cefe99e3014001e67a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "comedy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What genre was 'True Love'?",
       "id": "57326cefe99e3014001e67a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who starred in 'True Love'?",
       "id": "57326cefe99e3014001e67a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and \"A Kind of Alaska\", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter, were also based on Sacks' book.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "1990"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did \"Awakenings\" come out?",
       "id": "57326d2f0fdd8d15006c6ad1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "Oliver Sacks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?",
       "id": "57326d2f0fdd8d15006c6ad2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 91,
         "text": "neurologist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Sacks' career?",
       "id": "57326d2f0fdd8d15006c6ad3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 561,
         "text": "1985"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'A Kind of Alaska' performed?",
       "id": "57326d2f0fdd8d15006c6ad4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 574,
         "text": "Harold Pinter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'A Kind of Alaska'?",
       "id": "57326d2f0fdd8d15006c6ad5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. Kate Simon's Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near Arthur Avenue and Tremont Avenue. In Jacob M. Appel's short story, \"The Grand Concourse\" (2007), a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in Avery Corman's book The Old Neighborhood (1980), an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and the Grand Concourse), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "1948"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' published?",
       "id": "57326d86b9d445190005eb17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 180,
         "text": "about half"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' is set in the Bronx?",
       "id": "57326d86b9d445190005eb18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Herman Wouk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder'?",
       "id": "57326d86b9d445190005eb19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 504,
         "text": "2007"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'The Grand Concourse' published?",
       "id": "57326d86b9d445190005eb1a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "Jacob M. Appel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'The Grand Concourse'?",
       "id": "57326d86b9d445190005eb1b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, the New York Times reported that \"the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments.\" In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is \"Reverend Bacon\") asserts that \"twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 13,
         "text": "Tom Wolfe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?",
       "id": "57326dbc0fdd8d15006c6adb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "1987"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?",
       "id": "57326dbc0fdd8d15006c6adc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "Sherman McCoy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?",
       "id": "57326dbc0fdd8d15006c6add"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "white"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What race was Sherman McCoy?",
       "id": "57326dbc0fdd8d15006c6ade"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did McCoy get lost?",
       "id": "57326dbc0fdd8d15006c6adf"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Humanism",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "human beings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?",
       "id": "57327732b9d445190005eb3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "freedom and progress"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a common tenant of humanism?",
       "id": "57327732b9d445190005eb40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "intellectual movements"
        }
       ],
       "question": " What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? ",
       "id": "57327732b9d445190005eb42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "secularism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?",
       "id": "57327732b9d445190005eb41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 672,
         "text": "science"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?",
       "id": "57327732b9d445190005eb43"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy \u2013 or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call \"humane\" or \"polite\" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia. Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance, and, in fifteenth-century Italy, teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric were called and called themselves \"humanists\". Modern scholars, however, point out that Cicero (106 \u2013 43 BCE), who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas, in fact frequently used the word in both senses, as did his near contemporaries. For Cicero, a lawyer, what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech, which, allied to reason, could (and should) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law. Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative, humanism, which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to scholarship.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "philanthropy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was humanism once considered the same as?",
       "id": "57327819e99e3014001e67ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "Gellius"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?",
       "id": "57327819e99e3014001e67cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 410,
         "text": "Italian Renaissance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which period did Gellius gain fame?",
       "id": "57327819e99e3014001e67cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "Cicero"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?",
       "id": "57327819e99e3014001e67cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 858,
         "text": "speech"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals?",
       "id": "57327819e99e3014001e67ce"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "supernatural"
        }
       ],
       "question": " At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?",
       "id": "573278c8e99e3014001e67d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "supernatural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?",
       "id": "573278c8e99e3014001e67d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 556,
         "text": "18th-century Enlightenment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?",
       "id": "573278c8e99e3014001e67d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 225,
         "text": "Religious Humanism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?",
       "id": "573278c8e99e3014001e67d7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word \"humanism\" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1808"
        }
       ],
       "question": " In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?",
       "id": "5732793be99e3014001e67dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 42,
         "text": "Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?",
       "id": "5732793be99e3014001e67dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "Georg Voigt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?",
       "id": "5732793be99e3014001e67de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 590,
         "text": "Italy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?",
       "id": "5732793be99e3014001e67df"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of \"The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'humanism', for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing\". The latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries saw the creation of numerous grass-roots \"philanthropic\" and benevolent societies dedicated to human betterment and the spreading of knowledge (some Christian, some not). After the French Revolution, the idea that human virtue could be created by human reason alone independently from traditional religious institutions, attributed by opponents of the Revolution to Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau, was violently attacked by influential religious and political conservatives, such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre, as a deification or idolatry of humanity. Humanism began to acquire a negative sense. The Oxford English Dictionary records the use of the word \"humanism\" by an English clergyman in 1812 to indicate those who believe in the \"mere humanity\" (as opposed to the divine nature) of Christ, i.e., Unitarians and Deists. In this polarised atmosphere, in which established ecclesiastical bodies tended to circle the wagons and reflexively oppose political and social reforms like extending the franchise, universal schooling, and the like, liberal reformers and radicals embraced the idea of Humanism as an alternative religion of humanity. The anarchist Proudhon (best known for declaring that \"property is theft\") used the word \"humanism\" to describe a \"culte, d\u00e9ification de l\u2019humanit\u00e9\" (\"worship, deification of humanity\") and Ernest Renan in L\u2019avenir de la science: pens\u00e9es de 1848 (\"The Future of Knowledge: Thoughts on 1848\") (1848\u201349), states: \"It is my deep conviction that pure humanism will be the religion of the future, that is, the cult of all that pertains to humanity\u2014all of life, sanctified and raised to the level of a moral value.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "French Enlightenment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated?",
       "id": "57327a00e17f3d140042299d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1019,
         "text": "idolatry of humanity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time?",
       "id": "57327a00e17f3d140042299e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1531,
         "text": "liberal reformers and radicals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics?",
       "id": "57327a00e17f3d140042299f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1822,
         "text": "Ernest Renan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who felt that humanism would surely be a major \"religion\" today?",
       "id": "57327a00e17f3d14004229a0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "At about the same time, the word \"humanism\" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms: philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "centred on humankind"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?",
       "id": "57327a72e17f3d14004229a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 205,
         "text": "Karl Marx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?",
       "id": "57327a72e17f3d14004229a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 517,
         "text": "Greek philosophers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?",
       "id": "57327a72e17f3d14004229a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 617,
         "text": "linguistic and cultural disciplines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the learned believers place their focus?",
       "id": "57327a72e17f3d14004229a8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE \u2013 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "Gathas of Zarathustra"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?",
       "id": "57327ad70fdd8d15006c6af9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "1,000 BCE \u2013 600 BCE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was this writing penned?",
       "id": "57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "afterlife"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was this writing penned?",
       "id": "57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 846,
         "text": "Voltaire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?",
       "id": "57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: \"Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all).\" Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translation):[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "Yellow Emperor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?",
       "id": "57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "Duke of Zhou"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?",
       "id": "57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b02"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "Book of History"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?",
       "id": "57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "Wu of Zhou"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?",
       "id": "57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b04"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics, e.g., as recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Ji Liang says, \"People is the zhu (master, lord, dominance, owner or origin) of gods. So, to sage kings, people first, gods second\"; Neishi Guo says, \"Gods, clever, righteous and wholehearted, comply with human.\" Taoist and Confucian secularism contain elements of moral thought devoid of religious authority or deism however they only partly resembled our modern concept of secularism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "6th century BCE"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?",
       "id": "57327c59b9d445190005eb49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "Silver Rule of Confucianism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?",
       "id": "57327c59b9d445190005eb4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "Ji Liang"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?",
       "id": "57327c59b9d445190005eb4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "Zuo Zhuan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where could you read this information?",
       "id": "57327c59b9d445190005eb4c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xenophanes refused to recognise the gods of his time and reserved the divine for the principle of unity in the universe. These Ionian Greeks were the first thinkers to assert that nature is available to be studied separately from the supernatural realm. Anaxagoras brought philosophy and the spirit of rational inquiry from Ionia to Athens. Pericles, the leader of Athens during the period of its greatest glory was an admirer of Anaxagoras. Other influential pre-Socratics or rational philosophers include Protagoras (like Anaxagoras a friend of Pericles), known for his famous dictum \"man is the measure of all things\" and Democritus, who proposed that matter was composed of atoms. Little of the written work of these early philosophers survives and they are known mainly from fragments and quotations in other writers, principally Plato and Aristotle. The historian Thucydides, noted for his scientific and rational approach to history, is also much admired by later humanists. In the 3rd century BCE, Epicurus became known for his concise phrasing of the problem of evil, lack of belief in the afterlife, and human-centred approaches to achieving eudaimonia. He was also the first Greek philosopher to admit women to his school as a rule.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "Thales of Miletus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?",
       "id": "57327d020fdd8d15006c6b09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "Athens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did this type of thinking next travel to?",
       "id": "57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 943,
         "text": "Democritus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms?",
       "id": "57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1324,
         "text": "Epicurus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females?",
       "id": "57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827\u201391) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was \"the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness\". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "Middle Ages and the Early Modern period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?",
       "id": "57327da60fdd8d15006c6b25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "Petrarch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?",
       "id": "57327da60fdd8d15006c6b26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 578,
         "text": "Cicero"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?",
       "id": "57327da60fdd8d15006c6b28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "age of Darkness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?",
       "id": "57327da60fdd8d15006c6b27"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With this end in view, Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought. One humanist, the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho (1355\u20131452), based in Mystras, Greece (but in contact with humanists in Florence, Venice, and Rome) taught a Christianised version of pagan polytheism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 232,
         "text": "the Jewish Kabbalah"
        }
       ],
       "question": " What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?",
       "id": "57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "Renaissance Church authorities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?",
       "id": "57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 285,
         "text": "era of universal agreement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?",
       "id": "57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 587,
         "text": "Florence, Venice, and Rome"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?",
       "id": "57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d33"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors. In 1439, while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States) the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis, now called philology, to prove that the Donation of Constantine, which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome, was an 8th-century forgery. For the next 70 years, however, neither Valla nor any of his contemporaries thought to apply the techniques of philology to other controversial manuscripts in this way. Instead, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453, which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy, humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism, hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches, and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world. The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts, not only of Plato and Aristotle, but also of the Christian Gospels, previously unavailable in the Latin West.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "Latin literary texts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?",
       "id": "57327ed206a3a419008aca89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 322,
         "text": "Patristic literature"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?",
       "id": "57327ed206a3a419008aca8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "philology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?",
       "id": "57327ed206a3a419008aca8b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 912,
         "text": "Byzantine Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?",
       "id": "57327ed206a3a419008aca8c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1262,
         "text": "Greek manuscripts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?",
       "id": "57327ed206a3a419008aca8d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter. Erasmus, along with the French humanist Jacques Lef\u00e8vre d'\u00c9taples, began issuing new translations, laying the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Henceforth Renaissance humanism, particularly in the German North, became concerned with religion, while Italian and French humanism concentrated increasingly on scholarship and philology addressed to a narrow audience of specialists, studiously avoiding topics that might offend despotic rulers or which might be seen as corrosive of faith. After the Reformation, critical examination of the Bible did not resume until the advent of the so-called Higher criticism of the 19th-century German T\u00fcbingen school.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 6,
         "text": "1517"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?",
       "id": "57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "Erasmus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?",
       "id": "57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "Lef\u00e8vre d'\u00c9taples"
        }
       ],
       "question": " Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who?",
       "id": "57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 919,
         "text": "the Bible"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century?",
       "id": "57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "P. Terentius Afer"
        }
       ],
       "question": " What author had a great impact in Rome?",
       "id": "5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "Terence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?",
       "id": "5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "the Greeks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did this school of thought emerge?",
       "id": "5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 538,
         "text": "Seneca"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later",
       "id": "5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 208,
         "text": "universalism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the main belief Terence offered",
       "id": "5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls \"a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity\", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "A. C. Crombie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?",
       "id": "573281b0b3a91d1900202de6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "technical writings"
        }
       ],
       "question": " Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?",
       "id": "573281b0b3a91d1900202de5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 478,
         "text": "Renaissance humanists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? ",
       "id": "573281b0b3a91d1900202de7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 647,
         "text": "16th century,"
        }
       ],
       "question": " When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?",
       "id": "573281b0b3a91d1900202de8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci \u2013 partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist \u2013 advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493\u20131540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities, helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism. Thus, the stage was set for the adoption of an approach to natural philosophy, based on empirical observations and experimentation of the physical universe, making possible the advent of the age of scientific inquiry that followed the Renaissance.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Leonardo da Vinci"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?",
       "id": "573282b9b9988014000c764a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "Juan Luis Vives"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?",
       "id": "573282b9b9988014000c764b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 373,
         "text": "universities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did this initiate?",
       "id": "573282b9b9988014000c764c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "Aristotelian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?",
       "id": "573282b9b9988014000c764d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word \"secular\" carried no connotations of disbelief \u2013 that would come later, in the nineteenth century. In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery. Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own (although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life). He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue, inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer. By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base, however, the methods of the humanists, combined with their eloquence, would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Early humanists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?",
       "id": "5732836406a3a419008acaad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "secular"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?",
       "id": "5732836406a3a419008acaae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 336,
         "text": "Renaissance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?",
       "id": "5732836406a3a419008acaaf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "Gherardo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?",
       "id": "5732836406a3a419008acab0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles \u2013 a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to \"vivre pour altrui\" (\"live for others\", from which comes the word \"altruism\"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "Harriet Martineau"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?",
       "id": "5732840c06a3a419008acab5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 265,
         "text": "atheistic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?",
       "id": "5732840c06a3a419008acab6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 693,
         "text": "religion of humanity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings?",
       "id": "5732840c06a3a419008acab7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 840,
         "text": "altruism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?",
       "id": "5732840c06a3a419008acab8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work \"humanism\" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann. Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published Humanism: A New Religion. Throughout the 1930s, Potter was an advocate of such liberal causes as, women\u2019s rights, access to birth control, \"civil divorce laws\", and an end to capital punishment.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "F.C.S. Schiller"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?",
       "id": "573284c406a3a419008acac7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "1929"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the first public group for Humanist founded?",
       "id": "573284c406a3a419008acac8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "Charles Francis Potter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created this group?",
       "id": "573284c406a3a419008acac9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 393,
         "text": "1930"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism?",
       "id": "573284c406a3a419008acaca"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 316,
         "text": "Abraham Maslow"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?",
       "id": "573284fdb3a91d1900202e07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "psychological perspective"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is human phycology?",
       "id": "573284fdb3a91d1900202e08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "20th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?",
       "id": "573284fdb3a91d1900202e09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "psychoanalysis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "They introduced it in response to what?",
       "id": "573284fdb3a91d1900202e0a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. Potter's book and the Manifesto became the cornerstones of modern humanism, the latter declaring a new religion by saying, \"any religion that can hope to be a synthesising and dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To establish such a religion is a major necessity of the present.\" It then presented 15 theses of humanism as foundational principles for this new religion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "Western Unitarian Conference"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What groups thoughts did he seek to include?",
       "id": "5732856957eb1f1400fd2d69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Raymond B. Bragg,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist?",
       "id": "5732856957eb1f1400fd2d68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 669,
         "text": "15"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented>",
       "id": "5732856957eb1f1400fd2d6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 314,
         "text": "Humanist Manifesto"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others?",
       "id": "5732856957eb1f1400fd2d6a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti \u2013 \"humanists\". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. There were important centres of humanism at Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "cultural and educational reform"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>",
       "id": "5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "late fifteenth century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?",
       "id": "5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 708,
         "text": "Naples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was one main concentration of Humanism?",
       "id": "5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "umanisti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy?",
       "id": "5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. As a program to revive the cultural \u2013 and particularly the literary \u2013 legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity, Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few isolated geniuses like Rabelais or Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "narrow pedantry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?",
       "id": "573286cbb3a91d1900202e19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "women"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?",
       "id": "573286cbb3a91d1900202e1a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 422,
         "text": "humanities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?",
       "id": "573286cbb3a91d1900202e1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "pervasive cultural mode"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars?",
       "id": "573286cbb3a91d1900202e1c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole. The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: \"The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "capacity of people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?",
       "id": "57328740b3a91d1900202e21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "human flourishing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?",
       "id": "57328740b3a91d1900202e22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 370,
         "text": "making life better"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is human flourishing?",
       "id": "57328740b3a91d1900202e23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "purely good"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What doesnt conetemporary humanism  believe about human nature?",
       "id": "57328740b3a91d1900202e24"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of \"humanism\" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history. The Cult of Reason (French: Culte de la Raison) was a religion based on deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques H\u00e9bert, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and their supporters. In 1793 during the French Revolution, the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was turned into a \"Temple to Reason\" and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. In the 1850s, Auguste Comte, the Father of Sociology, founded Positivism, a \"religion of humanity\". One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organisations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organised, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts. The Ethical Culture movement was founded in 1876. The movement's founder, Felix Adler, a former member of the Free Religious Association, conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "religious rituals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?",
       "id": "573287a106a3a419008acacf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 272,
         "text": "19th and early 20th centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism?",
       "id": "573287a106a3a419008acad0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 510,
         "text": "Jacques H\u00e9bert"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism?",
       "id": "573287a106a3a419008acad1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 576,
         "text": "1793"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism?",
       "id": "573287a106a3a419008acad2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental \"slop\" (Hulme)[citation needed] or \"an old bitch gone in the teeth\" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian society such as (they believed) existed in the Middle Ages. Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human. \"Humanism fabricates the human as much as it fabricates the nonhuman animal\", suggests Timothy Laurie, turning the human into what he calls \"a placeholder for a range of attributes that have been considered most virtuous among humans (e.g. rationality, altruism), rather than most commonplace (e.g. hunger, anger)\". Nevertheless, philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently \"secretes a humanist rhetoric\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "Ezra Pound"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?",
       "id": "57328842b9988014000c7666"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "sentimental"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?",
       "id": "57328842b9988014000c7667"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 805,
         "text": "Timothy Laurie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?",
       "id": "57328842b9988014000c7668"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1060,
         "text": "Kate Soper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?",
       "id": "57328842b9988014000c7669"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics \"humanist anti-humanists\". Critics of antihumanism, most notably J\u00fcrgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German \"race\" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists. Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial; Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century \"it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them\". For \"it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason\". Yet, he continues, \"it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organise and campaign in defence of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "1997"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the book humanism published?",
       "id": "5732889806a3a419008acae1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 795,
         "text": "20th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century was the horrific wars?",
       "id": "5732889806a3a419008acae2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1232,
         "text": "humanism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?",
       "id": "5732889806a3a419008acae3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "Tony Davies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the book humanism?",
       "id": "5732889806a3a419008acae4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning \"I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me\", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein \u2013 as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling \u2013 but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1035,
         "text": "Seneca"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?",
       "id": "5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "ancient manuscripts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?",
       "id": "5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a58"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 617,
         "text": "Saint Augustine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?",
       "id": "5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "Church fathers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?",
       "id": "5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a59"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as \"the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation\": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. \"The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est (\"The human being is a god to humanity\" or \"god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself\"), Feuerbach had written.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "The Age of Reason"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?",
       "id": "5732a574cc179a14009dabcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "18th-century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which century was the first writing from?",
       "id": "5732a574cc179a14009dabcd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 898,
         "text": "Feuerbach"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?",
       "id": "5732a574cc179a14009dabce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "German"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the origin of the second writing?",
       "id": "5732a574cc179a14009dabcf"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Geological_history_of_Earth",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "molten"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The initial state of earth was what?",
       "id": "5732884d06a3a419008acad7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "a solid crust"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?",
       "id": "5732884d06a3a419008acad8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "about 10% of the Earth's mass"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?",
       "id": "5732884d06a3a419008acad9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 563,
         "text": "Outgassing and volcanic activity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?",
       "id": "5732884d06a3a419008acada"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 688,
         "text": "comets"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?",
       "id": "5732884d06a3a419008acadb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "molten"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?",
       "id": "5732897457eb1f1400fd2d88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "water began accumulating"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?",
       "id": "5732897457eb1f1400fd2d89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 276,
         "text": "Mars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What size of object may have created the moon?",
       "id": "5732897457eb1f1400fd2d8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 632,
         "text": "Condensing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?",
       "id": "5732897457eb1f1400fd2d8b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 32,
         "text": "4,000 to 2,500 million years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what time period was the Archean era?",
       "id": "57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 23,
         "text": "Archean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?",
       "id": "57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "crustal material"
        }
       ],
       "question": "It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?",
       "id": "57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "cratonisation and continent formation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?",
       "id": "57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 639,
         "text": "erosion and subsequent tectonic events"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?",
       "id": "57328a3b57eb1f1400fd2d94"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin. In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "metamorphized deep-water sediments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?",
       "id": "57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "Greenstone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?",
       "id": "57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "volcanic island arcs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?",
       "id": "57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 401,
         "text": "deep-sea sediments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?",
       "id": "57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 532,
         "text": "sutured protocontinents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a greenstone belt?",
       "id": "57328ad357eb1f1400fd2d9e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600\u2013540 Ma.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "2,500 to 541 million years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?",
       "id": "57328b7c06a3a419008acae9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "Archean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What era came before the Proterozoic era?",
       "id": "57328b7c06a3a419008acaea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "shallow epicontinental seas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?",
       "id": "57328b7c06a3a419008acaeb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 442,
         "text": "rapid continental accretion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?",
       "id": "57328b7c06a3a419008acaec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 624,
         "text": "Rodinia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?",
       "id": "57328b7c06a3a419008acaed"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early Paleozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "541 to 252 million years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what period was the Paleozoic era?",
       "id": "57328bf706a3a419008acaf3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "six"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?",
       "id": "57328bf706a3a419008acaf4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "geologic periods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Permian is an example of what?",
       "id": "57328bf706a3a419008acaf5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?",
       "id": "57328bf706a3a419008acaf6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 566,
         "text": "Pangaea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?",
       "id": "57328bf706a3a419008acaf7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 \u00b1 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may have been anomalously high. Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia. Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole. Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere, and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean, Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "541.0 \u00b1 1.0 Ma."
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?",
       "id": "57328cb6b9988014000c766e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "Pannotia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?",
       "id": "57328cb6b9988014000c766f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "Gondwana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?",
       "id": "57328cb6b9988014000c7670"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 515,
         "text": "Panthalassa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?",
       "id": "57328cb6b9988014000c7671"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 385,
         "text": "independent continents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?",
       "id": "57328cb6b9988014000c7672"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 \u00b1 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move toward Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them. Also, Avalonia broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia. The Rheic Ocean was formed as a result of this. By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely glaciated.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "485.4 \u00b1 1.9 Ma."
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?",
       "id": "57328db8b9988014000c7678"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?",
       "id": "57328db8b9988014000c7679"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "Gondwana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician?",
       "id": "57328db8b9988014000c767a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 600,
         "text": "Iapetus Ocean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician?",
       "id": "57328db8b9988014000c767b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 644,
         "text": "Avalonia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia?",
       "id": "57328db8b9988014000c767c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years. The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it. Evidence of these ice caps have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 150,
         "text": "stable greenhouse conditions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?",
       "id": "57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "the Hirnantian faunal stage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?",
       "id": "57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "brachiopods"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?",
       "id": "57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "0.5 to 1.5 million years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?",
       "id": "57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 613,
         "text": "ice caps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?",
       "id": "57328e9957eb1f1400fd2da8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 \u00b1 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice caps and glaciers contributed to a rise in sea levels, recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments, forming an unconformity. Other cratons and continent fragments drifted together near the equator, starting the formation of a second supercontinent known as Euramerica. The vast ocean of Panthalassa covered most of the northern hemisphere. Other minor oceans include Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, Rheic Ocean, a seaway of Iapetus Ocean (now in between Avalonia and Laurentia), and newly formed Ural Ocean.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "443.8 \u00b1 1.5 Ma."
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?",
       "id": "57328f64b9988014000c7682"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "less extensive"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?",
       "id": "57328f64b9988014000c7683"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "a rise in sea levels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?",
       "id": "57328f64b9988014000c7684"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 619,
         "text": "Euramerica"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?",
       "id": "57328f64b9988014000c7685"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 649,
         "text": "Panthalassa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?",
       "id": "57328f64b9988014000c7686"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions. Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the \"universal ocean\") covered the rest of the planet. Other minor oceans were Paleo-Tethys, Proto-Tethys, Rheic Ocean and Ural Ocean (which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "419 to 359 Ma."
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what time period was the Devonian era?",
       "id": "573295af0d034c1900ab002b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Euramerica (or Laurussia)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?",
       "id": "573295af0d034c1900ab002c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "Old Red Sandstone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?",
       "id": "573295af0d034c1900ab002d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 956,
         "text": "Panthalassa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?",
       "id": "573295af0d034c1900ab002f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "the northern Appalachian Mountains"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?",
       "id": "573295af0d034c1900ab002e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "A global drop"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?",
       "id": "573296cbb4fa5219003da0da"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "Carboniferous"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which period were epicontinental seas created?",
       "id": "573296cbb4fa5219003da0db"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 448,
         "text": "lush coal swamps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?",
       "id": "573296cbb4fa5219003da0dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 575,
         "text": "a major marine extinction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?",
       "id": "573296cbb4fa5219003da0dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 737,
         "text": "Mississippian Period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?",
       "id": "573296cbb4fa5219003da0de"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe, and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains. In the same time frame, much of present eastern Eurasian plate welded itself to Europe along the line of the Ural mountains. There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed the Rheic Ocean (closed by the assembly of South and North America), the small, shallow Ural Ocean (which was closed by the collision of Baltica, and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains) and Proto-Tethys Ocean.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "mountain building"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?",
       "id": "5732978b0342181400a20289"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "Laurussia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?",
       "id": "5732978b0342181400a2028a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "the Alleghenian orogeny"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?",
       "id": "5732978b0342181400a2028b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "the Ouachita Mountains"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?",
       "id": "5732978b0342181400a2028c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 665,
         "text": "the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?",
       "id": "5732978b0342181400a2028d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold (\"continental climate\") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "Pangaea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?",
       "id": "57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "Panthalassa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?",
       "id": "57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "Paleo-Tethys Ocean"
        }
       ],
       "question": "There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?",
       "id": "57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 395,
         "text": "Cimmeria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?",
       "id": "57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a1f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "the Mesozoic Era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?",
       "id": "57329c6ed6dcfa19001e8a20"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa (\"all the sea\"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic\u2014especially late in the period\u2014but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea\u2014which separated New Jersey from Morocco\u2014are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Because of the limited shoreline of one super-continental mass, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare; despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "Panthalassa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ocean name is translated to mean \"all the sea?\"",
       "id": "57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a30"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "subduction of oceanic plates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?",
       "id": "57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a31"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 260,
         "text": "Pangaea was rifting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?",
       "id": "57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a32"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Newark Supergroup"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?",
       "id": "57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a33"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1003,
         "text": "terrestrial vertebrates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?",
       "id": "57329d46d6dcfa19001e8a34"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 \u00b1 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerst\u00e4tten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "201.3 \u00b1 0.2 to 145.0 Ma."
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what years was the Jurassic period?",
       "id": "5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "Pangaea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?",
       "id": "5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?",
       "id": "5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "Cretaceous Period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?",
       "id": "5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 969,
         "text": "lagerst\u00e4tten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?",
       "id": "5732a0bad6dcfa19001e8a3e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, Gondwana itself broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Pangaea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The current continents were formerly known as what continent?",
       "id": "5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a44"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "Sevier and Laramide"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?",
       "id": "5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a45"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "Gondwana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "South America was formerly which continent?",
       "id": "5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a46"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 778,
         "text": "raising eustatic sea levels"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?",
       "id": "5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "Gondwana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?",
       "id": "5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a48"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. Mid-ocean ridge activity\u2014or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges\u2014enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe and China. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "one-third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?",
       "id": "5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a4e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "Phanerozoic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?",
       "id": "5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a4f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 473,
         "text": "Phanerozoic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?",
       "id": "5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 863,
         "text": "North America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?",
       "id": "5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1104,
         "text": "India"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where are the Deccan Traps?",
       "id": "5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a52"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent, which collided with the Asian plate. This impact gave rise to the Himalayas. The Tethys Sea, which had separated the northern continents from Africa and India, began to close up, forming the Mediterranean sea.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "66 million years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?",
       "id": "5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?",
       "id": "5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Cenozoic Era"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geologic period are we in currently?",
       "id": "5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "Mesozoic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape?",
       "id": "5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "the Himalayas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range?",
       "id": "5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate. The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in the American west, which ended in the succeeding epoch. South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas (they joined during the Neogene); the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwana continued to split apart, with Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia pulling away from each other. Africa was heading north toward Europe, slowly closing the Tethys Ocean, and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and the formation of the Himalayas.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many continents did Laurasia break into?",
       "id": "5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff871"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "North America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?",
       "id": "5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff872"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "the Rocky Mountains"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?",
       "id": "5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff873"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 663,
         "text": "Neogene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which period did North and South america join?",
       "id": "5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff874"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 903,
         "text": "Tethys"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?",
       "id": "5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff875"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what years did the Eocene period take place?",
       "id": "5732a702328d981900601fdf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "Antarctica"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?",
       "id": "5732a702328d981900601fe0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 405,
         "text": "around 45 Ma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?",
       "id": "5732a702328d981900601fe1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 755,
         "text": "40 million years"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?",
       "id": "5732a702328d981900601fe2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 318,
         "text": "keeping global temperatures high"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?",
       "id": "5732a702328d981900601fe3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "Eocene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?",
       "id": "5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Tethys Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?",
       "id": "5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "Tethys Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?",
       "id": "5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "huge lakes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?",
       "id": "5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 690,
         "text": "the Himalayan orogeny"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?",
       "id": "5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "ice cap"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?",
       "id": "5732a8a6328d981900601fe9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "the Alps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?",
       "id": "5732a8a6328d981900601fea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 405,
         "text": "Oligocene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?",
       "id": "5732a8a6328d981900601feb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "Antarctica"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?",
       "id": "5732a8a6328d981900601fec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 631,
         "text": "the Antarctic Circumpolar Current"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?",
       "id": "5732a8a6328d981900601fed"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "the Andes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?",
       "id": "5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "Asia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?",
       "id": "5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 382,
         "text": "The Tethys Seaway"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?",
       "id": "5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "19 and 12 Ma"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?",
       "id": "5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 717,
         "text": "Messinian salinity crisis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?",
       "id": "5732ac1fcc179a14009dabea"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000\u2013100,000 years.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "the Isthmus of Panama"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the link between North and South America called?",
       "id": "5732ae23cc179a14009dabfa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "Pliocene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which period did North and South America become linked?",
       "id": "5732ae23cc179a14009dabfb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 435,
         "text": "Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?",
       "id": "5732ae23cc179a14009dabfd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 682,
         "text": "the Quaternary Period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What period came after the Pliocene?",
       "id": "5732ae23cc179a14009dabfe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "marsupial faunas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?",
       "id": "5732ae23cc179a14009dabfc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "about 10,000 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long ago did the last glacial period end?",
       "id": "5732aeedcc179a14009dac04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "Holocene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?",
       "id": "5732aeedcc179a14009dac06"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 124,
         "text": "35 metres (115 ft)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?",
       "id": "5732aeedcc179a14009dac05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "Pleistocene"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?",
       "id": "5732aeedcc179a14009dac07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1287,
         "text": "Tyrrell Sea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?",
       "id": "5732aeedcc179a14009dac08"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Police",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the state want a police force to do?",
       "id": "5732977f0342181400a20283"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "military units charged with civil policing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are gendarmerie?",
       "id": "5732977f0342181400a20284"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are police usually separate from?",
       "id": "5732977f0342181400a20285"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "through taxes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are police usually paid?",
       "id": "573297e560535514009162f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "late 18th and early 19th centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were police used to protect the class system?",
       "id": "573297e560535514009162fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "public sector"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of service are police?",
       "id": "573297e560535514009162f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "corruption"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What problem do many police forces have?",
       "id": "573297e560535514009162fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "through taxes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are police usually paid?",
       "id": "573297e90d034c1900ab0035"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "public sector"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of service are police?",
       "id": "573297e90d034c1900ab0036"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "late 18th and early 19th centuries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were police used to protect the class system?",
       "id": "573297e90d034c1900ab0037"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "corruption"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What problem do many police forces have?",
       "id": "573297e90d034c1900ab0038"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by \"prefects\" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their \"prefecture\", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were \"subprefects\" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the \"prefecture system\" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Chu and Jin"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?",
       "id": "57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a12"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 145,
         "text": "Spring"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What period was the Chu kingdom in?",
       "id": "57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a13"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 156,
         "text": "Autumn"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What period was the Jin kingdom in?",
       "id": "57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a14"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 796,
         "text": "Korea and Japan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?",
       "id": "57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a15"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "prefects"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did ancient China call its police?",
       "id": "57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a16"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "War of the Castilian Succession"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What war ended in 1479?",
       "id": "57329aaa328d981900601fcb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "Ferdinand and Isabella"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who formed Spain's first national police force?",
       "id": "57329aaa328d981900601fcc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "Santa Hermandad"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?",
       "id": "57329aaa328d981900601fcd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "Holy Brotherhood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Santa Hermandad mean?",
       "id": "57329aaa328d981900601fce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 525,
         "text": "1835"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Spain suppress local police units?",
       "id": "57329aaa328d981900601fcf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Conn\u00e9tablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515\u20131547), the Mar\u00e9chauss\u00e9e was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Mar\u00e9chauss\u00e9e, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "The Marshal of France and the Constable of France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?",
       "id": "57329bc4328d981900601fd5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "Great Officers of the Crown of France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?",
       "id": "57329bc4328d981900601fd6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "the Marshalcy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Marshal's force called?",
       "id": "57329bc4328d981900601fd7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "the Constabulary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Constable's force called, in English?",
       "id": "57329bc4328d981900601fd8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "Conn\u00e9tablie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Constable's force called, in French?",
       "id": "57329bc4328d981900601fd9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "The Marshal of France and the Constable of France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?",
       "id": "57329bc4cc179a14009dab68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "Great Officers of the Crown of France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?",
       "id": "57329bc4cc179a14009dab69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "the Marshalcy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Marshal's force called?",
       "id": "57329bc4cc179a14009dab6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "the Constabulary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Constable's force called, in English?",
       "id": "57329bc4cc179a14009dab6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "Conn\u00e9tablie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Constable's force called, in French?",
       "id": "57329bc4cc179a14009dab6c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de police (\"lieutenant general of police\"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as \"ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties\".",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "1667"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Paris get a police force?",
       "id": "57329c241d5d2e14009ff867"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "King Louis XIV"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who created Paris's police force?",
       "id": "57329c241d5d2e14009ff868"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 121,
         "text": "Paris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the largest European city in 1667?",
       "id": "57329c241d5d2e14009ff869"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "lieutenant general of police"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?",
       "id": "57329c241d5d2e14009ff86a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "lieutenant g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de police"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?",
       "id": "57329c241d5d2e14009ff86b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Paris's first head of police?",
       "id": "57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "44"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many commissioners worked under Reynie?",
       "id": "57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a27"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "16"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many policing districts was Paris divided into?",
       "id": "57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "October 1699"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?",
       "id": "57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a29"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 141,
         "text": "1709"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?",
       "id": "57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a2a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The word \"police\" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were \"disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression\" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word \"police\" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "in the 18th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?",
       "id": "57329fe2cc179a14009dab86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "Britannica 1911"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?",
       "id": "57329fe2cc179a14009dab88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "English"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?",
       "id": "57329fe2cc179a14009dab87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 526,
         "text": "1798"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the Marine Police created in the UK?",
       "id": "57329fe2cc179a14009dab89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?",
       "id": "57329fe2cc179a14009dab8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of \u00a3500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was \"perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution.\" Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached \"the greatest degree of perfection\" in his estimation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "Patrick Colquhoun"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?",
       "id": "5732a05ccc179a14009dab90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "docks"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?",
       "id": "5732a05ccc179a14009dab92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1797"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?",
       "id": "5732a05ccc179a14009dab91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 240,
         "text": "\u00a3500,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?",
       "id": "5732a05ccc179a14009dab93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 729,
         "text": "\"the greatest degree of perfection\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Colquhoun praise the French police?",
       "id": "5732a05ccc179a14009dab94"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With the initial investment of \u00a34,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and \"on the game.\" The force was a success after its first year, and his men had \"established their worth by saving \u00a3122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives.\" Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "50"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?",
       "id": "5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "33,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?",
       "id": "5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 194,
         "text": "11,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?",
       "id": "5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "28 July 180"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Thames River Police made a public service?",
       "id": "5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 338,
         "text": "\u00a3122,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?",
       "id": "5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem \u2013 using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit \u2013 allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's \"new\" police three decades later.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "stipendiary system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?",
       "id": "5732a13acc179a14009daba5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "Henry and John Fielding"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who started the Bow Street detectives?",
       "id": "5732a13acc179a14009daba4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 595,
         "text": "Robert Peel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?",
       "id": "5732a13acc179a14009daba7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?",
       "id": "5732a13acc179a14009daba6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "full-time"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?",
       "id": "5732a13acc179a14009daba8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "Glasgow Police Act"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which law established Glasgow's police?",
       "id": "5732a188cc179a14009dabae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 161,
         "text": "1800"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Glasgow's police force established?",
       "id": "5732a188cc179a14009dabaf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "Irish Constabulary Act"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which law established Ireland's police?",
       "id": "5732a188cc179a14009dabb0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 312,
         "text": "1822"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Ireland's police force established?",
       "id": "5732a188cc179a14009dabb1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "Royal Irish Constabulary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Ireland's police force called?",
       "id": "5732a188cc179a14009dabb2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Peel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the 'father of modern policing'?",
       "id": "5732a37ecc179a14009dabb8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 117,
         "text": "Jeremy Bentham"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose philosophy influenced Peel?",
       "id": "5732a37ecc179a14009dabb9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "neutral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What political position did Bentham think police should have?",
       "id": "5732a37ecc179a14009dabba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "as an official paid profession"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Peel standardize police?",
       "id": "5732a37ecc179a14009dabbb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 444,
         "text": "in a civilian fashion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Peel organize police?",
       "id": "5732a37ecc179a14009dabbc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "1829"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?",
       "id": "5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "the judicial system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?",
       "id": "5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "France"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?",
       "id": "5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "the authority of the monarch"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of the government did French police work under?",
       "id": "5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. King Jo\u00e3o VI established the \"Intend\u00eancia Geral de Pol\u00edcia\" (General Police Intendancy) for investigations. He also created a Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local \"military police\", with order maintenance tasks. The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "1566"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Rio get its first police investigator?",
       "id": "5732a92f328d981900601ff3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?",
       "id": "5732a92f328d981900601ff4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 169,
         "text": "July 9, 1775"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?",
       "id": "5732a92f328d981900601ff5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "Brazil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?",
       "id": "5732a92f328d981900601ff6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who invaded Portugal in 1808?",
       "id": "5732a92f328d981900601ff7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873. The merger of these two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous Royal Canadian Mounted Police.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "1729"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Canada get its first police?",
       "id": "5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a60"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "Royal Newfoundland Constabulary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Canada's first police force?",
       "id": "5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a61"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "1834"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Toronto police created?",
       "id": "5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a62"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 178,
         "text": "1838"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Montreal police created?",
       "id": "5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 449,
         "text": "1873"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When were the first Mounties created?",
       "id": "5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a64"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 132,
         "text": "poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the Old West's local police options?",
       "id": "5732aa731d5d2e14009ff88f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 84,
         "text": "The Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?",
       "id": "5732aa731d5d2e14009ff890"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?",
       "id": "5732aa731d5d2e14009ff892"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 284,
         "text": "Pinkerton National Detective Agency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?",
       "id": "5732aa731d5d2e14009ff891"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Trait\u00e9 de la Police (\"Treatise on the Police\"), first published in 1705. The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) first theorized by Philipp von H\u00f6rnigk a 17th-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police. Foucault cites Magdalene Humpert author of Bibliographie der Kameralwissenschaften (1937) in which the author makes note of a substantial bibliography was produced of over 4000 pieces of the practice of Polizeiwissenschaft however, this maybe a mistranslation of Foucault's own work the actual source of Magdalene Humpert states over 14,000 items were produced from the 16th century dates ranging from 1520-1850.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "German and French"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept?",
       "id": "5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "1705"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?",
       "id": "5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "Trait\u00e9 de la Police"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French?",
       "id": "5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "Nicolas Delamare"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?",
       "id": "5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 479,
         "text": "Political economist and civil servant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was von Hornigk's career?",
       "id": "5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty (\"procuring abundance\"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'\u00e9tat and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to mercantilist theory, was to be the main strength of the state. Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns, urban planning (which was important because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of prices.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "mercantilist theory"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?",
       "id": "5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a76"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 127,
         "text": "procuring abundance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?",
       "id": "5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a75"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "Foucault"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft?",
       "id": "5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a74"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 638,
         "text": "because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?",
       "id": "5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a77"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, \"Preventive police\" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that \"A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation.\" In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - \"crime doesn't pay\". In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the \"object\" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the \"principal object,\" which was the \"prevention of crime.\" Later historians would attribute the perception of England's \"appearance of orderliness and love of public order\" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Edwin Chadwick"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote 'Preventive Police'?",
       "id": "5732afaccc179a14009dac0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "1829"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was 'Preventive Police' published?",
       "id": "5732afaccc179a14009dac0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "London Review"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was 'Preventive Police' published?",
       "id": "5732afaccc179a14009dac10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "prevention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Chadwick say police should be focused on?",
       "id": "5732afaccc179a14009dac11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "a deterrent of punishment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the alternative to prevention?",
       "id": "5732afaccc179a14009dac12"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time, after which officers must transfer out or return to patrol duties.[citation needed] This is done in part based upon the perception that the most important and essential police work is accomplished on patrol in which officers become acquainted with their beats, prevent crime by their presence, respond to crimes in progress, manage crises, and practice their skills.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "patrol duties"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically?",
       "id": "5732b0c9cc179a14009dac18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 519,
         "text": "on patrol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do some think the most important police work happens?",
       "id": "5732b0c9cc179a14009dac19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 583,
         "text": "prevent crime by their presence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do patrol officers affect crime?",
       "id": "5732b0c9cc179a14009dac1a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for policing that, in some sense, transcend national borders. This includes a variety of practices, but international police cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received the most scholarly attention.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Nadelmann write about global policing?",
       "id": "5732b2a0328d981900602011"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 250,
         "text": "1995"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Sheptycki write about global policing?",
       "id": "5732b2a0328d981900602012"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?",
       "id": "5732b2a0328d981900602013"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. A notable example of this was the occasional surveillance by Prussian police of Karl Marx during the years he remained resident in London. The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of Interpol before the Second World War. There are also many interesting examples of cross-border policing under private auspices and by municipal police forces that date back to the 19th century (Nadelmann, 1993). It has been established that modern policing has transgressed national boundaries from time to time almost from its inception. It is also generally agreed that in the post\u2013Cold War era this type of practice became more significant and frequent (Sheptycki, 2000).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "2002"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?",
       "id": "5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 270,
         "text": "anarchist agitators and other political radicals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?",
       "id": "5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 381,
         "text": "Prussian"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which police force monitored Karl Marx?",
       "id": "5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 671,
         "text": "Interpol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What international police agency was created before WW2?",
       "id": "5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1050,
         "text": "post\u2013Cold War"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what era did cross-border policing increase?",
       "id": "5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a8a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work. The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned. By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty, which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe (Joubert and Bevers, 1996).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 198,
         "text": "the English Channel region"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation?",
       "id": "5732b7fbcc179a14009dac28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "2002"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation?",
       "id": "5732b7fbcc179a14009dac29"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 542,
         "text": "1968"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing?",
       "id": "5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 680,
         "text": "1992"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Schengen Treaty signed?",
       "id": "5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 733,
         "text": "formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing?",
       "id": "5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature (Alain, 2001). Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to \"compose the panic scenes of the security-control society\". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "outside of Europe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?",
       "id": "5732b8ac328d98190060202b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "Alain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?",
       "id": "5732b8ac328d98190060202c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 383,
         "text": "Intelligence-led"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of policing has become common practice?",
       "id": "5732b8ac328d98190060202d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 810,
         "text": "make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?",
       "id": "5732b8ac328d98190060202e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1069,
         "text": "the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What paradox did Sheptycki point out?",
       "id": "5732b8ac328d98190060202f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith and Sheptycki, 2007) With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions (Hills, 2009).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "in United Nations peacekeeping"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where has transnational policing become more important?",
       "id": "5732baf1328d981900602035"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 423,
         "text": "Goldsmith and Sheptycki"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?",
       "id": "5732baf1328d981900602037"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "weak, failed or failing states"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of countries get assistance with policing?",
       "id": "5732baf1328d981900602036"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?",
       "id": "5732baf1328d981900602039"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 564,
         "text": "there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What concern did Hills raise about police models?",
       "id": "5732baf1328d981900602038"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007 (Lloyd, et al. 2007) Interpol had the lowest scores in its category (IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of 22% on overall accountability capabilities (p. 19). As this report points out, and the existing academic literature on transnational policing seems to confirm, this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 347,
         "text": "Lloyd, et al."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007?",
       "id": "5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 614,
         "text": "this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is transnational policing so unaccountable?",
       "id": "5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a93"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 454,
         "text": "22%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How accountable is Interpol?",
       "id": "5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a92"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "Interpol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the least-accountable IGO?",
       "id": "5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a91"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as \"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to restrain suspects. The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life, although some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. A \"shoot-to-kill\" policy was recently introduced in South Africa, which allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians. With the country having one of the highest rates of violent crime, president Jacob Zuma states that South Africa needs to handle crime differently from other countries.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "\"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?",
       "id": "5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 170,
         "text": "batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are common less-lethal weapons?",
       "id": "5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "The use of firearms or deadly force"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is supposed to be the last resort for police?",
       "id": "5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is South Africa's \"shoot-to-kill\" policy?",
       "id": "5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 490,
         "text": "Brazil"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?",
       "id": "5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include flashlights/torches, whistles, police notebooks and \"ticket books\" or citations.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 43,
         "text": "radio"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do modern police often communicate?",
       "id": "5732befb1d5d2e14009ff897"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "carried both on the person and installed in vehicles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where do police have radios?",
       "id": "5732befb1d5d2e14009ff898"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 129,
         "text": "to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do police use radios?",
       "id": "5732befb1d5d2e14009ff899"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 332,
         "text": "criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?",
       "id": "5732befb1d5d2e14009ff89a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 426,
         "text": "updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?",
       "id": "5732befb1d5d2e14009ff89b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for officers to catch speeders and traffic violators. This practice is controversial, with for example, New York State banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 27,
         "text": "primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do police often use unmarked cars?",
       "id": "5732bf5c328d98190060203f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "for traffic law enforcement"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What use of unmarked cars is controversial?",
       "id": "5732bf5c328d981900602040"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 480,
         "text": "it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?",
       "id": "5732bf5c328d981900602042"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "1996"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?",
       "id": "5732bf5c328d981900602041"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some areas because they allow for more open interaction with the public. In addition, their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "they allow for more open interaction with the public"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol?",
       "id": "5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do bicycles help catch some suspects?",
       "id": "5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Motorcycles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do police use to control motorcyclist events?",
       "id": "5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with felonies and other serious crime, rather than broader focus on crime prevention.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "August Vollmer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was O.W. Wilson a student of?",
       "id": "5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "August Vollmer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who introduced education requirements for US police?",
       "id": "5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 361,
         "text": "to reduce their vulnerability to corruption"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?",
       "id": "5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Wilson reduce police corruption?",
       "id": "5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 547,
         "text": "an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Wilson recruit more qualified police?",
       "id": "5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that \"The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Miranda provide?",
       "id": "5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "self-incrimination"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the 5th Amendment protect against?",
       "id": "5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "Fifth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which amendment prevents self-incrimination?",
       "id": "5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aaa"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search \" [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of weapons\" (U.S. Supreme Court). Before Terry, every police encounter constituted an arrest, giving the police officer the full range of search authority. Search authority during a Terry stop (investigatory stop) is limited to weapons only.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "1968"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Terry v. Ohio case?",
       "id": "5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "investigatory stop and arrest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into?",
       "id": "5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aaf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an investigatory stop's search limited to?",
       "id": "5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8ab0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE in England and Wales) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "constables"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the legal status of UK police officers?",
       "id": "5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "authorize a search of a suspect's house"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do?",
       "id": "5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 489,
         "text": "authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do?",
       "id": "5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "arrest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's?",
       "id": "5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ae"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be impeded. This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 86,
         "text": "To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders?",
       "id": "5732c66fcc179a14009dac50"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 360,
         "text": "the realization of the private right"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could be impeded without police interference?",
       "id": "5732c66fcc179a14009dac51"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen?",
       "id": "5732c66fcc179a14009dac52"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Punjab,_Pakistan",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628, panj-\u0101b, \"five waters\":  listen (help\u00b7info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its provincial capital and largest city is Lahore. Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast and Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. In Pakistan it is bordered by Sindh to the south, Balochist\u0101n and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and Islamabad and Azad Kashmir to the north.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "five waters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Punjab mean?",
       "id": "5733f55e4776f419006615ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many provinces does Pakistan have?",
       "id": "5733f55e4776f419006615ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f55e4776f419006615ad"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "91.379.615"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Punjab's population?",
       "id": "5733f55e4776f419006615ae"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "Lahore"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Punjab's biggest city?",
       "id": "5733f55e4776f419006615af"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Punjab's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. There are several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, and Margalla Hills, Salt Range, and Pothohar Plateau in the north. Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab; wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Since independence, Punjab has become the seat of political and economic power; it remains the most industrialised province of Pakistan. It counts for 39.2% of large scale manufacturing and 70% of small scale manufacturing in the country. Its capital Lahore is a major regional cultural, historical, and economic centre.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "the alluvial plain of the Indus River"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What plain is Punjab in?",
       "id": "5733f6a24776f419006615cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 120,
         "text": "the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the Indus River's tributaries?",
       "id": "5733f6a24776f419006615d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 604,
         "text": "39.2%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f6a24776f419006615d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 643,
         "text": "70%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Pakistan's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f6a24776f419006615d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "wheat and cotton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What crops does Punjab grow?",
       "id": "5733f6a24776f419006615d3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province in terms of land area at 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi), after Balochistan, and is located at the north western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, India) to the northeast, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "second largest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is Punjab compared to the other three provinces?",
       "id": "5733f8154776f419006615ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "Balochistan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Pakistan's largest province?",
       "id": "5733f8154776f419006615ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "79,284"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many square miles is Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f8154776f419006615ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "Punjab and Rajasthan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Indian states are on the east side of Punjab, Pakistan?",
       "id": "5733f8154776f419006615f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 391,
         "text": "Sindh"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Pakistani province is south of Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f8154776f419006615f1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for Punjab.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 461,
         "text": "Punjab"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces?",
       "id": "5733f899d058e614000b66c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "Islamabad"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Pakistan's capital?",
       "id": "5733f899d058e614000b66c6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many rivers are in Punjab, Pakistan?",
       "id": "5733f899d058e614000b66c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "Sutlej"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the easternmost river in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f899d058e614000b66c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 412,
         "text": "Nearly 60%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Pakistan's population lives in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f899d058e614000b66c9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 10,
         "text": "48"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many departments does the Punjab administration have?",
       "id": "5733f93e4776f41900661601"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who heads each government department?",
       "id": "5733f93e4776f41900661602"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "the Chief Minister"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do the Provincial Ministers report to?",
       "id": "5733f93e4776f41900661603"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "the Chief Secretary of Punjab"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who do the Provincial Secretaries report to?",
       "id": "5733f93e4776f41900661604"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 321,
         "text": "usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What rank is the Chief Secretary?",
       "id": "5733f93e4776f41900661605"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago. The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilisation. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the length of the Indus River. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, and Hindu Shahi. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the Gurjara-Pratihara empire. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "Panchanada"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Punjab formerly known as?",
       "id": "5733f9ac4776f4190066160b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "the Indus Valley Civilization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What ancient civilization lived in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f9ac4776f4190066160c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "more than 4000 years ago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization?",
       "id": "5733f9ac4776f4190066160d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "Harrapa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the major Indus city in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733f9ac4776f4190066160e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 557,
         "text": "the Lahore-Multan railroad"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of?",
       "id": "5733f9ac4776f4190066160f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,[citation needed] Takshashila University. One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has invaded Punjab?",
       "id": "5733fbd54776f41900661641"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 226,
         "text": "son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who founded Taxila?",
       "id": "5733fbd54776f41900661642"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 359,
         "text": "Takshashila University"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is said to be the world's oldest university?",
       "id": "5733fbd54776f41900661643"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "great Vedic thinker and politician"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Chanakya?",
       "id": "5733fbd54776f41900661645"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 529,
         "text": "the Maurya Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What empire was Taxila a center of learning of?",
       "id": "5733fbd54776f41900661644"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.[citation needed] Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day Mong) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days?",
       "id": "5733fc754776f4190066164b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "northeasterly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab?",
       "id": "5733fc754776f4190066164d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "riches in gold, gems and pearls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What wealth did Alexander hope to find?",
       "id": "5733fc754776f4190066164c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 589,
         "text": "mountaineers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the Aspii?",
       "id": "5733fc754776f4190066164e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1033,
         "text": "the people of Multan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the Cathians?",
       "id": "5733fc754776f4190066164f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1048,
         "text": "Muslim"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion did Punjab become?",
       "id": "5733fcd74776f4190066165f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1091,
         "text": "dargahs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733fcd74776f41900661660"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "Muhammad bin Qasim"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who led the Umayyad army?",
       "id": "5733fcd74776f41900661661"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "Sindh and Southern Punjab"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the Umayyads conquer?",
       "id": "5733fcd74776f41900661662"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 210,
         "text": "Raja Dahir"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Umayyads defeat?",
       "id": "5733fcd74776f41900661663"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, was driven out of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Raghunath Rao?",
       "id": "5733fd5d4776f41900661669"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "Lahore and Attock"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Rao conquer in 1758?",
       "id": "5733fd5d4776f4190066166a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "1761"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Third Battle of Panipat?",
       "id": "5733fd5d4776f4190066166b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "Maratha"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?",
       "id": "5733fd5d4776f4190066166c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 436,
         "text": "Ahmad Shah Abdali"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?",
       "id": "5733fd5d4776f4190066166d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "mid-fifteenth century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Sikhism begin?",
       "id": "5733fee24776f4190066167d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Mughal empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?",
       "id": "5733fee24776f4190066167e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1083,
         "text": "December 1826"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?",
       "id": "5733fee24776f4190066167f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1246,
         "text": "1831"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?",
       "id": "5733fee24776f41900661680"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1329,
         "text": "the professional Sikh Army"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won at Balakot?",
       "id": "5733fee24776f41900661681"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "summer of 1839"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Ranjit Singh die?",
       "id": "5733ff844776f41900661687"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "political chaos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Ranjit Singh's death cause?",
       "id": "5733ff844776f41900661688"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "1849"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was part of Punjab annexed into British India?",
       "id": "5733ff844776f41900661689"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "1849"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War?",
       "id": "5733ff844776f4190066168a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 472,
         "text": "the Sikh Empire"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the last territory added to British India?",
       "id": "5733ff844776f4190066168b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 87,
         "text": "1965 and 1971"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab?",
       "id": "5733ffe3d058e614000b6755"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "Pakistan's nuclear program"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Kahuta an important location for?",
       "id": "5733ffe3d058e614000b6756"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 242,
         "text": "Sargodha and Rawalpindi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does Punjab have major military bases?",
       "id": "5733ffe3d058e614000b6757"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "2004"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks?",
       "id": "5733ffe3d058e614000b6758"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "Sikh pilgrims"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who visits Nankana Sahib?",
       "id": "5733ffe3d058e614000b6759"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 \u00b0C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 \u00b0C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 \u00b0C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "by May"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?",
       "id": "57340043d058e614000b6769"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 78,
         "text": "since the early 1970s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?",
       "id": "57340043d058e614000b676a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 398,
         "text": "51 \u00b0C"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?",
       "id": "57340043d058e614000b676b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "54 \u00b0C"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the record heat spike in Multan?",
       "id": "57340043d058e614000b676c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 515,
         "text": "June 1993"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the record heat spike in Multan?",
       "id": "57340043d058e614000b676d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "Punjabi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Punjab's major language?",
       "id": "5734009a4776f41900661691"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 80,
         "text": "in a Shahmukhi script"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is Punjabi written?",
       "id": "5734009a4776f41900661692"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 119,
         "text": "Punjabis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan?",
       "id": "5734009a4776f41900661693"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "89%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively?",
       "id": "5734009a4776f41900661694"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 827,
         "text": "south Punjab"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Saraiki usually spoken?",
       "id": "5734009a4776f41900661695"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Shahbaz Sharif, who became the Chief Minister of Punjab as being restored after Governor's rule starting from 25 February 2009 to 30 March 2009. Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 194,
         "text": "the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who elects the Chief Minister?",
       "id": "573401004776f4190066169b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 455,
         "text": "2009"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Sharif become CM?",
       "id": "573401004776f4190066169c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 519,
         "text": "11 May 2013"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Sharif re-elected CM?",
       "id": "573401004776f4190066169d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 585,
         "text": "unicameral"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly?",
       "id": "573401004776f4190066169e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 810,
         "text": "371"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly?",
       "id": "573401004776f4190066169f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002\u201303 to 2007\u201308, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year. and during 2008\u201309 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "quadrupled"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972?",
       "id": "573401aa4776f419006616af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "54.7%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000?",
       "id": "573401aa4776f419006616b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "59%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010?",
       "id": "573401aa4776f419006616b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What manpower does Punjab provide?",
       "id": "573401aa4776f419006616b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 885,
         "text": "6%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09?",
       "id": "573401aa4776f419006616b3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "coastline"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geographic feature does Punjab not have?",
       "id": "573402074776f419006616b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "surgical instruments"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What medical product does Punjab manufacture?",
       "id": "573402084776f419006616ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "bicycles and rickshaws"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?",
       "id": "573402084776f419006616bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 400,
         "text": "90%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?",
       "id": "573402084776f419006616bc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "69%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?",
       "id": "573402084776f419006616bd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "tropical wet and dry"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of climate does Punjab have?",
       "id": "5734025ad058e614000b678d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "the British"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who built Punjab's irrigation system?",
       "id": "5734025ad058e614000b678e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "Wheat and cotton"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Punjab's largest crops?",
       "id": "5734025ad058e614000b678f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Punjab's secondary crops?",
       "id": "5734025ad058e614000b6790"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 461,
         "text": "the Hindu calendar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What calendar do Punjab's farmers use?",
       "id": "5734025ad058e614000b6791"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "As of June 2012[update], Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, load shedding was depriving the cities of electricity 20\u201322 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard. Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco, Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "electricity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012?",
       "id": "573402bf4776f419006616d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "20\u201322 hours a day"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long were cities without electricity in June 2012?",
       "id": "573402bf4776f419006616d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where were there riots in June 2012?",
       "id": "573402bf4776f419006616d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "Fesco, Gepco and Mepco"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters?",
       "id": "573402bf4776f419006616d8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?",
       "id": "57340342d058e614000b67a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "1320 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Rukn-e-Alam die?",
       "id": "57340342d058e614000b67aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "1150 AD"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Gardezi die?",
       "id": "57340342d058e614000b67ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 440,
         "text": "sixteenth century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Ahangar's tomb built?",
       "id": "57340342d058e614000b67ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 533,
         "text": "blue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?",
       "id": "57340342d058e614000b67ad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are urs?",
       "id": "573403a24776f419006616ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "the death anniversary of the saint"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When are urs held?",
       "id": "573403a24776f419006616f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "folk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What genre of music is played at urs?",
       "id": "573403a24776f419006616f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "Lahore"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Buksh's shrine?",
       "id": "573403a24776f419006616f2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 643,
         "text": "Multan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is Zakria's shrine?",
       "id": "573403a24776f419006616f3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "The national horse and cattle show"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Punjab's biggest festival?",
       "id": "5734044cd058e614000b67bd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "Lahore"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the national horse and cattle show held?",
       "id": "5734044cd058e614000b67be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happens at the national horse and cattle show?",
       "id": "5734044cd058e614000b67bf"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Jahangir's Tomb"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What famous tomb is in Lahore?",
       "id": "57340526d058e614000b67d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 507,
         "text": "Nankana Sahib"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was Nanak born?",
       "id": "57340526d058e614000b67d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 486,
         "text": "Guru Nanak"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the first Sikh Guru?",
       "id": "57340526d058e614000b67d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 571,
         "text": "Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What famous hill stations are in Punjab?",
       "id": "57340526d058e614000b67d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "Badshahi Mosque"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What famous mosque is in Punjab?",
       "id": "57340526d058e614000b67d7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are some well-known Punjab poets?",
       "id": "573405aa4776f41900661717"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "folk singers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?",
       "id": "573405aa4776f41900661718"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "Malika-i-Mauseequi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the 'Queen of Music'?",
       "id": "573405aa4776f41900661719"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 700,
         "text": "from 1930 until 1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?",
       "id": "573405aa4776f4190066171a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "Ghazals and folk songs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?",
       "id": "57340645d058e614000b67f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?",
       "id": "57340645d058e614000b67f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who sings about the joy of living?",
       "id": "57340645d058e614000b67f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 417,
         "text": "Love"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Heer Ranjha sing about?",
       "id": "57340645d058e614000b67fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "Ghazals and folk songs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?",
       "id": "57340645d058e614000b67fb"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Infection",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": " Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "relatively few"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?",
       "id": "57341ab74776f4190066187b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 108,
         "text": "Infectious disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?",
       "id": "57341ab74776f4190066187c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "ability of that pathogen to damage the host"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?",
       "id": "57341ab74776f4190066187d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "cause damage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can a host's immune system do to a host?",
       "id": "57341ab74776f4190066187e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "host defenses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?",
       "id": "57341ab74776f4190066187f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "One way of proving that a given disease is \"infectious\", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "satisfy Koch's postulates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?",
       "id": "57341bef4776f41900661897"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "patients and not in healthy controls"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?",
       "id": "57341bef4776f41900661898"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "patients who contract the agent also develop the disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Koch's second postulate?",
       "id": "57341bef4776f41900661899"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?",
       "id": "57341bef4776f4190066189a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 658,
         "text": "Treponema pallidum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? ",
       "id": "57341bef4776f4190066189b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as \"contagious\", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word \"contagious\" and \"contagious disease\" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? ",
       "id": "57341c75d058e614000b695a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 204,
         "text": "infectious disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a contagious disease a subset of?",
       "id": "57341c75d058e614000b695b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "especially infective or easily transmitted"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?",
       "id": "57341c75d058e614000b695c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "medical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?",
       "id": "57341c75d058e614000b695d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 581,
         "text": "specialized connotation of the word \"contagious\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is not always respected in popular use?",
       "id": "57341c75d058e614000b695e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a suppressed immune system are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections. Entrance to the host at host-pathogen interface, generally occurs through the mucosa in orifices like the oral cavity, nose, eyes, genitalia, anus, or the microbe can enter through open wounds. While a few organisms can grow at the initial site of entry, many migrate and cause systemic infection in different organs. Some pathogens grow within the host cells (intracellular) whereas others grow freely in bodily fluids.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies."
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does infection begin?",
       "id": "57341d3f4776f419006618a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "humans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group is not easily infected?",
       "id": "57341d3f4776f419006618aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 174,
         "text": "weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?",
       "id": "57341d3f4776f419006618ab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "Individuals who have a suppressed immune system"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?",
       "id": "57341d3f4776f419006618ac"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 762,
         "text": "intracellular"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?",
       "id": "57341d3f4776f419006618ad"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host. An example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species, which colonizes the mammalian colon, and an example of the latter is various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin. Neither of these colonizations are considered infections. The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic given specific conditions, and even the most virulent organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection. Some colonizing bacteria, such as Corynebacteria sp. and viridans streptococci, prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria and thus have a symbiotic relationship with the host, preventing infection and speeding wound healing.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does wound colonization refer to?",
       "id": "57341dc0d058e614000b696a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "replicating"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?",
       "id": "57341dc0d058e614000b696b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "extrinsic organisms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?",
       "id": "57341dc0d058e614000b696c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 648,
         "text": "only a matter of circumstance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?",
       "id": "57341dc0d058e614000b696e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "anaerobic bacteria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What species colonizes the mammalian colon?",
       "id": "57341dc0d058e614000b696d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's \"Rational Clinical Examination Series\" quantified the importance of increased pain as an indicator of infection. The review showed that the most useful finding is an increase in the level of pain [likelihood ratio (LR) range, 11-20] makes infection much more likely, but the absence of pain (negative likelihood ratio range, 0.64-0.88) does not rule out infection (summary LR 0.64-0.88).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected?",
       "id": "57341e404776f419006618c3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "symptoms and signs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice?",
       "id": "57341e404776f419006618c4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "infection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is increased pain an indicator of?",
       "id": "57341e404776f419006618c5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 593,
         "text": "absence of pain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does not rule out infection?",
       "id": "57341e404776f419006618c6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis. Not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts. For example, less than 5% of individuals infected with polio develop disease. On the other hand, some infectious agents are highly virulent. The prion causing mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease invariably kills all animals and people that are infected.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 103,
         "text": "damage"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host?",
       "id": "57341fdd4776f419006618d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "toxins"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of?",
       "id": "57341fdd4776f419006618d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 273,
         "text": "paralyzes muscles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?",
       "id": "57341fdd4776f419006618d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "staphylococcus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?",
       "id": "57341fdd4776f419006618d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "less than 5%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease?",
       "id": "57341fdd4776f419006618d7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can maintain a persistent infection by infecting different cells of the body. Some viruses once acquired never leave the body. A typical example is the herpes virus, which tends to hide in nerves and become reactivated when specific circumstances arise.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do persistent infections occur?",
       "id": "5734203ed058e614000b6982"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "the infectious organism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?",
       "id": "5734203ed058e614000b6983"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 346,
         "text": "by infecting different cells of the body"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can some viruses main a persistent infection?",
       "id": "5734203ed058e614000b6984"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 388,
         "text": "Some viruses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What never leave the body when acquired?",
       "id": "5734203ed058e614000b6985"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "in nerves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the herpes virus hide?",
       "id": "5734203ed058e614000b6986"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent. Conclusions about the cause of the disease are based upon the likelihood that a patient came in contact with a particular agent, the presence of a microbe in a community, and other epidemiological considerations. Given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified. The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost, as often there is no specific treatment, the cause is obvious, or the outcome of an infection is benign.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "an infectious agent either directly or indirectly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? ",
       "id": "573420d9d058e614000b6996"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "clinical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?",
       "id": "573420d9d058e614000b6997"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "without knowledge of the specific causative agent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are minor infectious diseases treated?",
       "id": "573420d9d058e614000b6998"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 592,
         "text": "all known infectious agents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can be identified given sufficient effort?",
       "id": "573420d9d058e614000b6999"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 703,
         "text": "greatly outweighed by the cost"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent?",
       "id": "573420d9d058e614000b699a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens, and by directly identifying an organism by its genotype. Other techniques (such as X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR) are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent. The images are useful in detection of, for example, a bone abscess or a spongiform encephalopathy produced by a prion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 59,
         "text": "by medical history and physical examination"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?",
       "id": "573421ecd058e614000b69b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "detailed identification"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?",
       "id": "573421ecd058e614000b69b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "microscopic features"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?",
       "id": "573421ecd058e614000b69b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "its genotype"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can organisms be directly identified by?",
       "id": "573421ecd058e614000b69b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 451,
         "text": "X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities?",
       "id": "573421ecd058e614000b69b6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bacteria are easily grown on nutrient agar, a form of solid medium that supplies carbohydrates and proteins necessary for growth of a bacterium, along with copious amounts of water. A single bacterium will grow into a visible mound on the surface of the plate called a colony, which may be separated from other colonies or melded together into a \"lawn\". The size, color, shape and form of a colony is characteristic of the bacterial species, its specific genetic makeup (its strain), and the environment that supports its growth. Other ingredients are often added to the plate to aid in identification. Plates may contain substances that permit the growth of some bacteria and not others, or that change color in response to certain bacteria and not others. Bacteriological plates such as these are commonly used in the clinical identification of infectious bacterium. Microbial culture may also be used in the identification of viruses: the medium in this case being cells grown in culture that the virus can infect, and then alter or kill. In the case of viral identification, a region of dead cells results from viral growth, and is called a \"plaque\". Eukaryotic parasites may also be grown in culture as a means of identifying a particular agent.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Microbiological"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?",
       "id": "573422a84776f4190066191d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "growth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?",
       "id": "573422a84776f4190066191e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "nutrient agar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on?",
       "id": "573422a84776f4190066191f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 583,
         "text": "a colony"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate?",
       "id": "573422a84776f41900661920"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1459,
         "text": "a \"plaque\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called?",
       "id": "573422a84776f41900661921"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified using alternatives to growth in culture or animals. Some viruses may be grown in embryonated eggs. Another useful identification method is Xenodiagnosis, or the use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent. Chagas disease is the most significant example, because it is difficult to directly demonstrate the presence of the causative agent, Trypanosoma cruzi in a patient, which therefore makes it difficult to definitively make a diagnosis. In this case, xenodiagnosis involves the use of the vector of the Chagas agent T. cruzi, an uninfected triatomine bug, which takes a blood meal from a person suspected of having been infected. The bug is later inspected for growth of T. cruzi within its gut.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 53,
         "text": "some microbes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are live animals required by?",
       "id": "573423284776f4190066192d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 181,
         "text": "animals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in?",
       "id": "573423284776f4190066192e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "embryonated"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?",
       "id": "573423284776f4190066192f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Xenodiagnosis?",
       "id": "573423284776f41900661930"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 651,
         "text": "the causative agent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?",
       "id": "573423294776f41900661931"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 30,
         "text": "diagnosis of infectious disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is microscopy used for?",
       "id": "573423bed058e614000b69d0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "microscopic examination"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?",
       "id": "573423bed058e614000b69d1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 452,
         "text": "light microscope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?",
       "id": "573423bed058e614000b69d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 636,
         "text": "when used in combination with antibody based techniques."
        }
       ],
       "question": "When is microscopy exquisitely specific?",
       "id": "573423bed058e614000b69d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 812,
         "text": "bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? ",
       "id": "573423bed058e614000b69d4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "a number of basic dyes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do almost all cells readily stain with?",
       "id": "57342435d058e614000b69e4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "electrostatic attraction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do cells easily stain with dyes?",
       "id": "57342435d058e614000b69e5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "negatively charged"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?",
       "id": "57342435d058e614000b69e6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "a dye"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Geimsa stain?",
       "id": "57342435d058e614000b69e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 684,
         "text": "Two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?",
       "id": "57342435d058e614000b69e8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 17,
         "text": "enzymes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?",
       "id": "5734257c4776f41900661961"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 163,
         "text": "RNA replicases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?",
       "id": "5734257c4776f41900661962"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 352,
         "text": "red blood cells"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?",
       "id": "5734257c4776f41900661963"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 139,
         "text": "humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?",
       "id": "5734257c4776f41900661964"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, \"Strep throat\" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the \"strep test\", they can be inexpensive.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Serological"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?",
       "id": "57342628d058e614000b6a0c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "bind specifically to an antigen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?",
       "id": "57342628d058e614000b6a0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?",
       "id": "57342628d058e614000b6a0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "a chain of events"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways?",
       "id": "57342628d058e614000b6a0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 558,
         "text": "S. pyogenes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the causative agent of \"strep throat\"?",
       "id": "57342628d058e614000b6a10"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody \u2013 antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Complex serological techniques"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are immunoassays?",
       "id": "57342720d058e614000b6a26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "electro - magnetic or particle radiation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of signal do immunoassays produce?",
       "id": "57342720d058e614000b6a27"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 287,
         "text": "unknowns can be compared to that of standards"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What allows quantitation of the target antigen?",
       "id": "57342720d058e614000b6a28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins?",
       "id": "57342720d058e614000b6a29"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "polymerase chain reaction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the acronym PCR expand to?",
       "id": "573427ac4776f419006619a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "PCR"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?",
       "id": "573427ac4776f419006619a6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?",
       "id": "573427ac4776f419006619a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "grow within the human body"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?",
       "id": "573427ac4776f419006619a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 698,
         "text": "infectious agents"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are primers derived from the genomes of?",
       "id": "573427ac4776f419006619a9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 24,
         "text": "ability to detect any infectious agent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? ",
       "id": "5734284ad058e614000b6a48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 203,
         "text": "cost and application"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?",
       "id": "5734284ad058e614000b6a49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "clostridial diseases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?",
       "id": "5734284ad058e614000b6a4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 563,
         "text": "significant proliferation of the infectious agent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?",
       "id": "5734284ad058e614000b6a4b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "AZT"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is used in the treatment of AIDS?",
       "id": "57342ac5d058e614000b6a88"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "monitoring the composition of patient blood samples"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How was the course of AIDS followed?",
       "id": "57342ac5d058e614000b6a89"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 782,
         "text": "resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?",
       "id": "57342ac5d058e614000b6a8a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1081,
         "text": "geographical origins of the virus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?",
       "id": "57342ac5d058e614000b6a8b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1308,
         "text": "Molecular diagnostics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?",
       "id": "57342ac5d058e614000b6a8c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 85,
         "text": "infections from being passed from one person to another"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?",
       "id": "57342b4c4776f419006619e7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 142,
         "text": "Frequent hand washing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?",
       "id": "57342b4c4776f419006619e8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 266,
         "text": "prevention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?",
       "id": "57342b4c4776f419006619e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 266,
         "text": "prevention"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is it important to cook foods well?",
       "id": "57342b4c4776f419006619ea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 433,
         "text": "avoiding"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?",
       "id": "57342b4c4776f419006619eb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?",
       "id": "57342c544776f419006619f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 218,
         "text": "virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?",
       "id": "57342c544776f419006619fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "Ebola"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?",
       "id": "57342c544776f419006619fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 683,
         "text": "victims experience only internal hemorrhaging"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?",
       "id": "57342c544776f419006619fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1169,
         "text": "travel long distances"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do?",
       "id": "57342c544776f419006619fd"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method.  Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "transmission rate of infectious diseases"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?",
       "id": "57342d2b4776f41900661a0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "extensive interactions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?",
       "id": "57342d2b4776f41900661a0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 683,
         "text": "focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?",
       "id": "57342d2b4776f41900661a0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 757,
         "text": "needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?",
       "id": "57342d2b4776f41900661a10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1074,
         "text": "2001"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?",
       "id": "57342d2b4776f41900661a11"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "immunity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is resistance to infection known technically as?",
       "id": "57342dcc4776f41900661a21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "following a disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When may immunity be acquired?",
       "id": "57342dcc4776f41900661a22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 300,
         "text": "primary pathogens"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?",
       "id": "57342dcc4776f41900661a23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "a measure of protection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?",
       "id": "57342dcc4776f41900661a24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 25,
         "text": "immunity"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?",
       "id": "57342dcc4776f41900661a25"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "genetic variants"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?",
       "id": "57342eb44776f41900661a2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the brand name Pegasys for?",
       "id": "57342eb44776f41900661a2c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "sustained virological response"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?",
       "id": "57342eb44776f41900661a2d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "anti-infective"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?",
       "id": "57342f81d058e614000b6ab8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "Several"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?",
       "id": "57342f81d058e614000b6ab9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "severity and the type of infection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?",
       "id": "57342f81d058e614000b6aba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 524,
         "text": "with intravenous antibiotics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?",
       "id": "57342f81d058e614000b6abb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 724,
         "text": "slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do antibiotics work?",
       "id": "57342f81d058e614000b6abc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the top three killer diseases?",
       "id": "57342fe6d058e614000b6ac2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 182,
         "text": "fourfold"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?",
       "id": "57342fe6d058e614000b6ac3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are some popular childhood diseases?",
       "id": "57342fe6d058e614000b6ac4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "Children"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?",
       "id": "57342fe6d058e614000b6ac5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "lower respiratory infections"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?",
       "id": "57342fe6d058e614000b6ac6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an \"uncomplicated\" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 68,
         "text": "field of Infectious Disease"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?",
       "id": "57343074d058e614000b6acc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 164,
         "text": "Epidemiology"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?",
       "id": "57343074d058e614000b6acd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?",
       "id": "57343074d058e614000b6ace"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "lung physician"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?",
       "id": "57343074d058e614000b6acf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "infectious diseases specialist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?",
       "id": "57343074d058e614000b6ad0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 55,
         "text": "pathogen load in an area and human behavior"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have a number of studies found a correlation between?",
       "id": "573431514776f41900661a3b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is higher pathogen load associated with?",
       "id": "573431514776f41900661a3c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 286,
         "text": "pathogen transmission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does avoidance of other groups reduce?",
       "id": "573431514776f41900661a3d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 420,
         "text": "Higher pathogen load"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?",
       "id": "573431514776f41900661a3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1495,
         "text": "high pathogen load preventing economic development."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?",
       "id": "573431514776f41900661a3f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "paleopathologists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?",
       "id": "57343210d058e614000b6ae0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do paleopathologists study?",
       "id": "57343210d058e614000b6ae1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 168,
         "text": "Signs of infection"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?",
       "id": "57343210d058e614000b6ae2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?",
       "id": "57343210d058e614000b6ae3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 955,
         "text": "being bitten during a fight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did tyrannosaurs become infected?",
       "id": "57343210d058e614000b6ae4"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Hunting",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal?",
       "id": "573443cb879d6814001ca423"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "food"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?",
       "id": "573443cb879d6814001ca424"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "poaching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?",
       "id": "573443cb879d6814001ca425"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 362,
         "text": "illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is poaching?",
       "id": "573443cb879d6814001ca426"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "prey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the species which is hunted referred to as?",
       "id": "573443cb879d6814001ca427"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?",
       "id": "5735ab1adc94161900571efd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "2010s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?",
       "id": "5735ab1adc94161900571efe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 339,
         "text": "poaching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what?",
       "id": "5735ab1adc94161900571eff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 469,
         "text": "game or prey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hunted species are usually referred to as what?",
       "id": "5735ab1adc94161900571f00"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "mammals and birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animals are usually hunted?",
       "id": "5735ab1adc94161900571f01"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is it called to kill or trap an animal?",
       "id": "5735d85d012e2f140011a0b5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "mammals and birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What species are usually hunted?",
       "id": "5735d85d012e2f140011a0b6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 185,
         "text": "food, recreation, to remove predators"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why do humans hunt?",
       "id": "5735d85d012e2f140011a0b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 295,
         "text": "2010s"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?",
       "id": "5735d85d012e2f140011a0b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 469,
         "text": "game or prey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Species hunted are referred to as what? ",
       "id": "5735d85d012e2f140011a0b9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought. However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 128,
         "text": "holocene megafauna"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of?",
       "id": "5734449aacc1501500babd47"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "Younger Dryas impact event"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with?",
       "id": "5734449aacc1501500babd48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 503,
         "text": "extinction of the Australian megafauna"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia?",
       "id": "5734449aacc1501500babd49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 562,
         "text": "prior to human occupation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was Australian's megafauna widespread?",
       "id": "5734449aacc1501500babd4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna?",
       "id": "5735d9b66c16ec1900b9285d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "smaller herbivores"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What replaced the holocene megafauna?",
       "id": "5735d9b66c16ec1900b9285e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "Younger Dryas impact event"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction? ",
       "id": "5735d9b66c16ec1900b9285f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "humans"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna?",
       "id": "5735d9b66c16ec1900b92860"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 41,
         "text": "were hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is undisputed about early humans?",
       "id": "57344599acc1501500babd63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "earlier Australopithecines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?",
       "id": "57344599acc1501500babd64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?",
       "id": "57344599acc1501500babd65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 493,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What became a theme of stories and myths?",
       "id": "57344599acc1501500babd66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "dance and animal sacrifice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hunting allowed what type of rituals?",
       "id": "57344599acc1501500babd67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "humans were hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is undisputed about earlier humans?",
       "id": "5735e8236c16ec1900b92882"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 519,
         "text": "stories and myths"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did hunting become a theme of?",
       "id": "5735e8246c16ec1900b92883"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "hunting hypothesis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis? ",
       "id": "5735e8246c16ec1900b92884"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Ach\u00e9), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hunter-gathering"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery?",
       "id": "5734465d879d6814001ca463"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "some tribal societies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline?",
       "id": "5734465d879d6814001ca464"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 271,
         "text": "paleolithic hunting-gathering"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?",
       "id": "5734465d879d6814001ca465"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 625,
         "text": "the Hadza of Tanzania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?",
       "id": "5734465d879d6814001ca466"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "European Age of Discovery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when?",
       "id": "5735e8736c16ec1900b92888"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain?",
       "id": "5735e8736c16ec1900b92889"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 629,
         "text": "Hadza of Tanzania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?",
       "id": "5735e8736c16ec1900b9288a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Archaeologist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Louis Binford's profession?",
       "id": "5734477e879d6814001ca46b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 48,
         "text": "that early hominids and early humans were hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What idea did Binford take issue with?",
       "id": "5734477e879d6814001ca46c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 233,
         "text": "scavengers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters?",
       "id": "5734477e879d6814001ca46d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 368,
         "text": "idea of confrontational scavenging"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What idea did Blumenschine propose?",
       "id": "5734477e879d6814001ca46e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "challenging and scaring off"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill?",
       "id": "5734477e879d6814001ca46f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 14,
         "text": "Louis Binford"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters?",
       "id": "5735e8d3012e2f140011a0d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals?",
       "id": "5735e8d3012e2f140011a0d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "confrontational scavenging"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Robert Blumenschine propose?",
       "id": "5735e8d3012e2f140011a0d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 294,
         "text": "archaeologists and paleoanthropologists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom?",
       "id": "5735e8d3012e2f140011a0d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 419,
         "text": "challenging and scaring off"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators?",
       "id": "5735e8d3012e2f140011a0d6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was a significant contributor to the human food supply?",
       "id": "573447e4879d6814001ca475"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 231,
         "text": "protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the supplementary meat from hunting include?",
       "id": "573447e5879d6814001ca476"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "clothing"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the leather from hunting used for?",
       "id": "573447e5879d6814001ca477"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "hunting weapons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what?",
       "id": "573447e5879d6814001ca478"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "marginal climates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is hunting still vital?",
       "id": "573447e5879d6814001ca479"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "human food supply"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hunt was a significant contributor to what?",
       "id": "5735ec17012e2f140011a0dc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "marginal climates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is hunting still vital?",
       "id": "5735ec17012e2f140011a0dd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?",
       "id": "5735ec17012e2f140011a0de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 665,
         "text": "make kayaks, clothing, and footwear"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?",
       "id": "5735ec17012e2f140011a0df"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot. The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity, the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple. Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs?",
       "id": "57344892879d6814001ca47f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "big game"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are the kings portrayed as hunting?",
       "id": "57344892879d6814001ca480"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 252,
         "text": "by deities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented?",
       "id": "57344892879d6814001ca481"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 494,
         "text": "hunting restrictions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of?",
       "id": "57344892879d6814001ca482"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 641,
         "text": "disrespect of prey"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against?",
       "id": "57344892879d6814001ca483"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "lions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot?",
       "id": "5735f37c6c16ec1900b9288e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 374,
         "text": "Taboos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is often related to hunting?",
       "id": "5735f37c6c16ec1900b9288f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "cultural and psychological"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Deities represent what importance?",
       "id": "5735f37c6c16ec1900b92890"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting?",
       "id": "5735f37c6c16ec1900b92891"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they \"hunt the King's deer\". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "the upper class"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?",
       "id": "573449b1acc1501500babd99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "food and furs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?",
       "id": "573449b1acc1501500babd9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "Robin Hood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?",
       "id": "573449b1acc1501500babd9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "they \"hunt the King's deer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?",
       "id": "573449b1acc1501500babd9c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "the upper class"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?",
       "id": "573449b1879d6814001ca491"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "democratically in hunting for all"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?",
       "id": "573449b1acc1501500babd9d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "food and furs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?",
       "id": "573449b1879d6814001ca492"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "Robin Hood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?",
       "id": "573449b1879d6814001ca493"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "they \"hunt the King's deer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?",
       "id": "573449b1879d6814001ca494"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 535,
         "text": "democratically in hunting for all"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?",
       "id": "573449b1879d6814001ca495"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "upper class"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?",
       "id": "5735f68a012e2f140011a0fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 167,
         "text": "food and furs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the game in feudal territory was used as?",
       "id": "5735f68a012e2f140011a0fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "professional huntsmen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?",
       "id": "5735f68a012e2f140011a0fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 369,
         "text": "Robin Hood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The importance of can be seen in what legends?",
       "id": "5735f68a012e2f140011a0ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 565,
         "text": "all"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?",
       "id": "5735f68a012e2f140011a100"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as \"the deer hunter\" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "acceptable"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being?",
       "id": "57344a29879d6814001ca4a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 206,
         "text": "Mrigavyadha"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is one of the names of the god Shiva?",
       "id": "57344a29879d6814001ca4a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 239,
         "text": "\"the deer hunter\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the translation of Mrigavyadha?",
       "id": "57344a29879d6814001ca4a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "animal instincts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Shiva destroy in human beings?",
       "id": "57344a29879d6814001ca4a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 615,
         "text": "hunt in the dark"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What talent does Dasharatha have?",
       "id": "57344a29879d6814001ca4a5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hindu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation?",
       "id": "5735f8bc012e2f140011a106"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Godly figures have engaged in what activity?",
       "id": "5735f8bc012e2f140011a107"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 244,
         "text": "deer hunter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Mrigavyadha means what?",
       "id": "5735f8bc012e2f140011a108"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "human beings"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who?",
       "id": "5735f8bc012e2f140011a109"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1089,
         "text": "died"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?",
       "id": "5735f8bc012e2f140011a10a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, \"We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons.\" The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): \"We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics.\" The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: \"Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking\" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "Roman Catholic Church clerics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times?",
       "id": "57344adb879d6814001ca4b7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "Corpus Juris Canonici"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who forbid to all servants of God hunting?",
       "id": "57344adb879d6814001ca4b8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "Pope Innocent III"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under?",
       "id": "57344adb879d6814001ca4b9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 604,
         "text": "not all hunting is illicit"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply?",
       "id": "57344adb879d6814001ca4ba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": "clamorosa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of hunting is unlawful?",
       "id": "57344adb879d6814001ca4bb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "Roman Catholic Church clerics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time?",
       "id": "5735fcb96c16ec1900b928c7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "Corpus Juris Canonici"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons?",
       "id": "5735fcb96c16ec1900b928c8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 342,
         "text": "Pope Innocent III"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran?",
       "id": "5735fcb96c16ec1900b928c9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "mildly"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded?",
       "id": "5735fcb96c16ec1900b928ca"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 449,
         "text": "Council of Trent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who stated quiet hunting is allowed?",
       "id": "5735fcb96c16ec1900b928cb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Li\u00e8ge, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo di\u0153ces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "between lawful and unlawful hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?",
       "id": "57344c34acc1501500babdc1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "all hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?",
       "id": "57344c34acc1501500babdc2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 221,
         "text": "Milan, Avignon, Li\u00e8ge, Cologne, and elsewhere"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?",
       "id": "57344c34acc1501500babdc3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "not too severe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?",
       "id": "57344c34acc1501500babdc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "bishop"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?",
       "id": "5735ffae012e2f140011a115"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 268,
         "text": "Benedict XIV"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?",
       "id": "5735ffae012e2f140011a116"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "prohibit all hunting to the clerics"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?",
       "id": "5735ffae012e2f140011a117"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "strong hunting culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does New Zealand have?",
       "id": "57344cb3879d6814001ca4cb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "bats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand?",
       "id": "57344cb3879d6814001ca4cc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 215,
         "text": "to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies?",
       "id": "57344cb3879d6814001ca4cd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 381,
         "text": "no natural predators"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand?",
       "id": "57344cb3879d6814001ca4ce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "pests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do government agencies view the animals as?",
       "id": "57344cb3879d6814001ca4cf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "New Zealand"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country has a strong hunting culture?",
       "id": "5735ffb96c16ec1900b928de"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 118,
         "text": "bats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand?",
       "id": "5735ffb96c16ec1900b928df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "islands"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is New Zealand made up of?",
       "id": "5735ffb96c16ec1900b928e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "acclimatisation societies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Game animals were introduced here by whom?",
       "id": "5735ffb96c16ec1900b928e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 403,
         "text": "their population exploded"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced?",
       "id": "5735ffb96c16ec1900b928e2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 81,
         "text": "regal sport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was hunting regarded as in British India?",
       "id": "57344d20acc1501500babdd1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "big-game hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Indian word \"shikaris\" mean in English?",
       "id": "57344d20acc1501500babdd2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "shikaris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did British officers maintain whole corps of?",
       "id": "57344d20acc1501500babdd3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting?",
       "id": "57344d20acc1501500babdd4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 566,
         "text": "an elephant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?",
       "id": "57344d20acc1501500babdd5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "British India"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport?",
       "id": "573606536c16ec1900b9290c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "Bengal tigers"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is hunted from the back of an elephant?",
       "id": "573606536c16ec1900b9290d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 213,
         "text": "shikaris"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did British officers maintain?",
       "id": "573606536c16ec1900b9290e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "master of the hunt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who were the shikaris headed by?",
       "id": "573606536c16ec1900b9290f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited?",
       "id": "573606536c16ec1900b92910"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Regional social"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting?",
       "id": "57344da9acc1501500babde5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "Bishnoi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species?",
       "id": "57344da9acc1501500babde6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 195,
         "text": "Wildlife Protection Act of 1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What bans the killing of all wild animals in India?",
       "id": "57344da9acc1501500babde7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 274,
         "text": "the Chief Wildlife Warden"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned?",
       "id": "57344da9acc1501500babde8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 563,
         "text": "government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?",
       "id": "57344da9acc1501500babde9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 92,
         "text": "Bishnoi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species?",
       "id": "573605696c16ec1900b928f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 187,
         "text": "India's Wildlife Protection Act"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What bans the killing of all wild animals?",
       "id": "573605696c16ec1900b928f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 222,
         "text": "1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year was this protection act put into place?",
       "id": "573605696c16ec1900b928fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "Chief Wildlife Warden"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals?",
       "id": "573605696c16ec1900b928fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 555,
         "text": "becomes government property"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happens to the body of the wild animal killed?",
       "id": "573605696c16ec1900b928fc"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, \"hunting\" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called \"hunting\" is called \"shooting\" (birds) or \"stalking\" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 8,
         "text": "fox hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?",
       "id": "57344f09879d6814001ca4d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 20,
         "text": "on horseback with hounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do the English hunt foxes?",
       "id": "57344f09879d6814001ca4d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 245,
         "text": "birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In England, what is hunted when \"shooting\" is called for?",
       "id": "57344f09879d6814001ca4d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 298,
         "text": "form of vermin control to protect livestock"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were foxes originally hunted?",
       "id": "57344f09879d6814001ca4d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 989,
         "text": "on foot without hounds, using stealth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?",
       "id": "57344f09879d6814001ca4d9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 8,
         "text": "fox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?",
       "id": "5736056e012e2f140011a13e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 101,
         "text": "United Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?",
       "id": "5736056e012e2f140011a13f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 343,
         "text": "fox hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Victorian times a popular social activity was?",
       "id": "5736056e012e2f140011a140"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 948,
         "text": "Deer stalking"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is carried out on foot without hounds?",
       "id": "5736056e012e2f140011a141"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 652,
         "text": "to pursue"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hounds were used for what purpose?",
       "id": "5736056e012e2f140011a142"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game\u2014around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, \"beaters\" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called \"drives\". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 98,
         "text": "game"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does shooting in Britain require little questing for?",
       "id": "57344f89879d6814001ca4df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "thirty-five million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK?",
       "id": "57344f89879d6814001ca4e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 230,
         "text": "elaborate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of affairs can shoots be?",
       "id": "57344f89879d6814001ca4e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 343,
         "text": "\"beaters\""
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out?",
       "id": "57344f89879d6814001ca4e2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 477,
         "text": "open season for grouse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK?",
       "id": "57344f89879d6814001ca4e3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "thirty-five million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year?",
       "id": "573605726c16ec1900b92902"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "beaters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out?",
       "id": "573605726c16ec1900b92903"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 520,
         "text": "12 August"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does open season for grouse begin in the UK?",
       "id": "573605726c16ec1900b92904"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 627,
         "text": "Game Act 1831"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the UK definition of game is governed by?",
       "id": "573605726c16ec1900b92905"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 305,
         "text": "help load shotguns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are assistants used?",
       "id": "573605726c16ec1900b92906"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 34,
         "text": "state"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What law primarily regulates hunting?",
       "id": "57344fec879d6814001ca4e9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "environmental"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species?",
       "id": "57344fec879d6814001ca4ea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 175,
         "text": "Regulations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What varies widely from state to state?",
       "id": "57344fec879d6814001ca4eb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 363,
         "text": "protected species and unprotected species"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some states make a distinction between?",
       "id": "57344fec879d6814001ca4ec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "a hunting license"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do hunters of protected species require in all states?",
       "id": "57344fec879d6814001ca4ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "by state law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is hunting regulated?",
       "id": "573610de6c16ec1900b92952"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "United States environmental law"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law?",
       "id": "573610de6c16ec1900b92953"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "Hunters of protected species"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What hunters require a hunting license in all states?",
       "id": "573610de6c16ec1900b92954"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 572,
         "text": "hunting safety course"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?",
       "id": "573610de6c16ec1900b92955"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hunting big game typically requires a \"tag\" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area, or wildlife management unit. Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "a \"tag\" for each animal harvested"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is required when hunting big game?",
       "id": "57345070879d6814001ca4f3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "the hunting license"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Tags are purchased in addition to what?",
       "id": "57345070879d6814001ca4f4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "number of tags issued"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is typically limited to an individual?",
       "id": "57345070879d6814001ca4f5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 320,
         "text": "Tags"
        }
       ],
       "question": "A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to?",
       "id": "57345070879d6814001ca4f6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "duck"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl?",
       "id": "57345070879d6814001ca4f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "tag"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When hunting big game what is typically required?",
       "id": "573610e1012e2f140011a17f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "Tags"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number?",
       "id": "573610e1012e2f140011a180"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 308,
         "text": "by lottery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game?",
       "id": "573610e1012e2f140011a181"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 439,
         "text": "duck stamp"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl?",
       "id": "573610e1012e2f140011a182"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "Fish and Wildlife Service"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?",
       "id": "573610e1012e2f140011a183"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 47,
         "text": "game category, area within the state, and time period"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is gun usage typically regulated?",
       "id": "573450ed879d6814001ca4fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 102,
         "text": "Regulations for big-game hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms?",
       "id": "573450ed879d6814001ca4fe"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "safety reasons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is the use of rifles often banned?",
       "id": "573450ed879d6814001ca4ff"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 397,
         "text": "environmental concerns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition?",
       "id": "573450ed879d6814001ca500"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 515,
         "text": "limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established?",
       "id": "573450ed879d6814001ca501"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "safety reasons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why are the use of rifles banned?",
       "id": "573610e56c16ec1900b9295a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 44,
         "text": "by game category"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is gun useage regulated?",
       "id": "573610e56c16ec1900b9295b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 151,
         "text": "minimum caliber"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is specified in big-game hunting?",
       "id": "573610e56c16ec1900b9295c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting, although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six percent of Americans hunted. Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average. Overall, in the 1996\u20132006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "any particular class or culture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with?",
       "id": "57345181879d6814001ca507"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "seventy-eight percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006?",
       "id": "57345181879d6814001ca508"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "just six percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?",
       "id": "57345181879d6814001ca509"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "twelve percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Midwesterners hunted?",
       "id": "57345181879d6814001ca50a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 753,
         "text": "ten percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006?",
       "id": "57345181879d6814001ca50b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "seventy-eight percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Americans support legal hunting?",
       "id": "573610e9012e2f140011a189"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 256,
         "text": "six percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?",
       "id": "573610e9012e2f140011a18a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 358,
         "text": "five percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "South Easterners hunted at what rate?",
       "id": "573610e9012e2f140011a18b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "twelve percent"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Midwesterners hunted at what rate?",
       "id": "573610e9012e2f140011a18c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 677,
         "text": "1996\u20132006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What years did hunting decline?",
       "id": "573610e9012e2f140011a18d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "19th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When do hunting regulations date from in the US?",
       "id": "57345209879d6814001ca511"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "conservationists and sportsmen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some modern hunters see themselves as?",
       "id": "57345209879d6814001ca512"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "Local hunting clubs and national organizations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport?",
       "id": "57345209879d6814001ca513"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "a specific hunting interest"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?",
       "id": "57345209879d6814001ca514"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "lobbying"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level?",
       "id": "57345209879d6814001ca515"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "conservationists and sportsmen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do modern hunters see themselves as?",
       "id": "5736175f012e2f140011a19d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "Local hunting clubs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who provides hunter education?",
       "id": "5736175f012e2f140011a19e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 534,
         "text": "lobbying the federal government and state government"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do hunting groups also participate in?",
       "id": "5736175f012e2f140011a19f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century is U.S. regulations dates from?",
       "id": "5736175f012e2f140011a1a0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old, has raised over $700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting. States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals, as designated by law. A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, including species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "$200 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year?",
       "id": "573452bb879d6814001ca51b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 351,
         "text": "over $700 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934?",
       "id": "573452bb879d6814001ca51c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "5,200,000 acres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase?",
       "id": "573452bb879d6814001ca51d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 644,
         "text": "management of game animals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with?",
       "id": "573452bb879d6814001ca51e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 759,
         "text": "to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens?",
       "id": "573452bb879d6814001ca51f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 83,
         "text": "state agencies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to?",
       "id": "57361c88012e2f140011a1a7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "wildlife management programs"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the taxes support?",
       "id": "57361c88012e2f140011a1a8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 356,
         "text": "$700 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised?",
       "id": "57361c88012e2f140011a1a9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 396,
         "text": "5,200,000 acres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase?",
       "id": "57361c88012e2f140011a1aa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 802,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?",
       "id": "57361c88012e2f140011a1ab"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?",
       "id": "57345360879d6814001ca525"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 176,
         "text": "selective control of pests"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does varmint hunting achieve? ",
       "id": "57345360879d6814001ca526"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 323,
         "text": "crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets."
        }
       ],
       "question": "What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?",
       "id": "57345360879d6814001ca527"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 756,
         "text": "Louisiana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?",
       "id": "57345360879d6814001ca528"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 873,
         "text": "initiated a bounty program"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?",
       "id": "57345360879d6814001ca529"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Varmint hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals.",
       "id": "57361c8b6c16ec1900b92965"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 729,
         "text": "wolves"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?",
       "id": "57361c8b6c16ec1900b92966"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 798,
         "text": "nutria"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?",
       "id": "57361c8b6c16ec1900b92967"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 885,
         "text": "bounty program"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?",
       "id": "57361c8b6c16ec1900b92968"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, \"The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was internet hunting introduced?",
       "id": "573453f4879d6814001ca52f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "using remotely controlled guns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt?",
       "id": "573453f4879d6814001ca530"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 158,
         "text": "hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting?",
       "id": "573453f4879d6814001ca531"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 183,
         "text": "principles of fair chase"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?",
       "id": "573453f4879d6814001ca532"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 376,
         "text": "an important element of hunting tradition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is?",
       "id": "573453f4879d6814001ca533"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 5,
         "text": "Internet hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What allows people to hunt over the internet?",
       "id": "57361c8f012e2f140011a1b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "2005"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was this type of hunting introduced?",
       "id": "57361c8f012e2f140011a1b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is this type of hunting done?",
       "id": "57361c8f012e2f140011a1b3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 197,
         "text": "fair chase"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate?",
       "id": "57361c8f012e2f140011a1b4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "National Rifle Association (NRA)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who spoke on this violation?",
       "id": "57361c8f012e2f140011a1b5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "There is a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game in Trinidad and Tobago. Hunting is carried out with firearms, and aided by the use of hounds, with the illegal use of trap guns, trap cages and snare nets. With approximately 12,000 sport hunters applying for hunting licences in recent years (in a very small country of about the size of the state of Delaware at about 5128 square kilometers and 1.3 million inhabitants), there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable. In addition there are at present no bag limits and the open season is comparatively very long (5 months - October to February inclusive). As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. Added to that, there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game (sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies) and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high. As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species (red-rumped agouti, lowland paca, nine-banded armadillo, collared peccary, and red brocket deer) are thought to be quite low (although scientifically conducted population studies are only just recently being conducted as of 2013). It appears that the red brocket deer population has been extirpated on Tobago as a result of over-hunting. Various herons, ducks, doves, the green iguana, the gold tegu, the spectacled caiman and the common opossum are also commonly hunted and poached. There is also some poaching of 'fully protected species', including red howler monkeys and capuchin monkeys, southern tamanduas, Brazilian porcupines, yellow-footed tortoises, Trinidad piping guans and even one of the national birds, the scarlet ibis. Legal hunters pay very small fees to obtain hunting licences and undergo no official basic conservation biology or hunting-ethics training. There is presumed to be relatively very little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for either sport or commercial profit). The local wildlife management authority is under-staffed and under-funded, and as such very little in the way of enforcement is done to uphold existing wildlife management laws, with hunting occurring both in and out of season, and even in wildlife sanctuaries. There is some indication that the government is beginning to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well drafted legislation being brought before Parliament in 2015. It remains to be seen if the drafted legislation will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and future governments, and if the general populace will move towards a greater awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and change the culture of wanton consumption to one of sustainable management.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "12,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years?",
       "id": "57345f9c879d6814001ca57c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 82,
         "text": "Trinidad and Tobago"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game?",
       "id": "57345f9c879d6814001ca57b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 784,
         "text": "poached wild game"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for?",
       "id": "57345f9c879d6814001ca57d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 707,
         "text": "high"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is hunting pressure from?",
       "id": "57345f9c879d6814001ca57e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 36,
         "text": "hunting of small to medium-sized wild game"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have?",
       "id": "57363183012e2f140011a1fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 165,
         "text": "hounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal aids in the hunting?",
       "id": "57363183012e2f140011a1fc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1287,
         "text": "red brocket deer"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What population has extirpated?",
       "id": "57363183012e2f140011a1fd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1790,
         "text": "very small fees"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license?",
       "id": "57363183012e2f140011a1fe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species.[citation needed] In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates[who?] assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert[who?] that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "managing populations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does hunting give resource managers an important tool?",
       "id": "57346018879d6814001ca583"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "combination habitat and food availability,"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by?",
       "id": "57346018879d6814001ca584"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 956,
         "text": "same end"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve?",
       "id": "57346018879d6814001ca585"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 66,
         "text": "managing populations"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is hunting an important tool for resource managers?",
       "id": "57350e4dacc1501500bac3d2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 148,
         "text": "threaten the well-being of other species"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat?",
       "id": "57350e4dacc1501500bac3d3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 552,
         "text": "by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How can hunting actually increase the population of predators?",
       "id": "57350e4dacc1501500bac3d4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 832,
         "text": "mortality"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced?",
       "id": "57350e4dacc1501500bac3d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 912,
         "text": "(re)introducing predators"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting?",
       "id": "57350e4dacc1501500bac3d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an important tool in managing populations?",
       "id": "5736327a6c16ec1900b9298b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "combination habitat and food availability"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is carrying capacity determined by?",
       "id": "5736327a6c16ec1900b9298c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 526,
         "text": "predators"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What can it increase the population of?",
       "id": "5736327a6c16ec1900b9298d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was\u2014and still is\u2014frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "trophy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for?",
       "id": "5734606cacc1501500babe49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 172,
         "text": "sign of prowess"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the head of an animal displayed as?",
       "id": "5734606cacc1501500babe4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "s typically discarded"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What happened to the rest of the animal?",
       "id": "5734606cacc1501500babe4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "such waste"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did some churches disapprove of?",
       "id": "5734606cacc1501500babe4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "Nordic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What countries frowned upon this hunting?",
       "id": "5734606cacc1501500babe4d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 93,
         "text": "a trophy"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century?",
       "id": "5735106dacc1501500bac3ed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 111,
         "text": "the head or pelt of an animal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess?",
       "id": "5735106dacc1501500bac3ee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "Nordic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times?",
       "id": "5735106dacc1501500bac3ef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "food supplies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement? ",
       "id": "5735106dacc1501500bac3f0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 620,
         "text": "Africa, India and other places"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?",
       "id": "5735106dacc1501500bac3f1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 7,
         "text": "19th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What century was game hunted as a trophy?",
       "id": "5736327e012e2f140011a203"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 290,
         "text": "Nordic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon?",
       "id": "5736327e012e2f140011a204"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "food supplies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did North America primarily hunt for?",
       "id": "5736327e012e2f140011a205"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 531,
         "text": "safari method"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sport of hunting is in Africa?",
       "id": "5736327e012e2f140011a206"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of \"major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism.\" However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is \"minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 130,
         "text": "Africa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?",
       "id": "573460e1acc1501500babe53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 173,
         "text": "conservation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does hunting create economic incentives for?",
       "id": "573460e2acc1501500babe54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "expenditures"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?",
       "id": "573460e2acc1501500babe55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 2,
         "text": "scientific"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?",
       "id": "5735137e879d6814001cab03"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 140,
         "text": "creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?",
       "id": "5735137e879d6814001cab04"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "photographic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?",
       "id": "5735137e879d6814001cab05"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "less than 3%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?",
       "id": "5735137e879d6814001cab06"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "minimal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?",
       "id": "5735137e879d6814001cab07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 72,
         "text": "trophy hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is of major importance in Africa?",
       "id": "573632816c16ec1900b92991"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 149,
         "text": "economic incentives for conservation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does trophy hunting create in Africa?",
       "id": "573632816c16ec1900b92992"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "less than 3%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?",
       "id": "573632816c16ec1900b92993"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do a variety of industries benefit from?",
       "id": "57346156acc1501500babe59"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "Tanzania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist?",
       "id": "57346156acc1501500babe5a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "tented camps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the average safari hunter stay in?",
       "id": "57346156acc1501500babe5b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 464,
         "text": "anti-poaching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities? ",
       "id": "57346156acc1501500babe5c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from?",
       "id": "57351496879d6814001cab0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "Tanzania"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does?",
       "id": "57351496879d6814001cab0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "luxury"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek?",
       "id": "57351496879d6814001cab0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 307,
         "text": "in tented camps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night?",
       "id": "57351496879d6814001cab10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "remote areas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist?",
       "id": "57351496879d6814001cab11"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 143,
         "text": "fifty to one hundred times"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist?",
       "id": "57363285012e2f140011a20b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 243,
         "text": "luxury accommodation"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the photo tourist seek?",
       "id": "57363285012e2f140011a20c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "tented camps"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does a safari hunter usually stay?",
       "id": "57363285012e2f140011a20d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 324,
         "text": "Safari hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities?",
       "id": "57363285012e2f140011a20e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[citation needed] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 51,
         "text": "the United States"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Hunting has significant financial impact in what country?",
       "id": "57351665acc1501500bac3f7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 114,
         "text": "equipment or speciality tourism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting?",
       "id": "57351665acc1501500bac3f8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 196,
         "text": "assist hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "\"There's an app for that!\",  what have been different technologies been created to do?",
       "id": "57351665acc1501500bac3f9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "economic, social, and cultural"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from?",
       "id": "57351665acc1501500bac3fa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 416,
         "text": "over $20.5 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001?",
       "id": "57351665acc1501500bac3fb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "significant financial impact"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.?",
       "id": "573632886c16ec1900b92997"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 152,
         "text": "different technologies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters?",
       "id": "573632886c16ec1900b92998"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "iPhone applications"
        }
       ],
       "question": "One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is?",
       "id": "573632886c16ec1900b92999"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 416,
         "text": "over $20.5 billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much did hunters spend in 2001?",
       "id": "573632886c16ec1900b9299a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 566,
         "text": "preservation of wildlife habitat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?",
       "id": "573632886c16ec1900b9299b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 73,
         "text": "the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?",
       "id": "57351714879d6814001cab17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "extinction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?",
       "id": "57351714879d6814001cab18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 400,
         "text": "primarily for commercial sale or sport."
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why have poachers killed endangered animals?",
       "id": "57351714879d6814001cab19"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 475,
         "text": "to endangerment or extinction"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?",
       "id": "57351714879d6814001cab1a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "contributed heavily"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?",
       "id": "57351714879d6814001cab1b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 9,
         "text": "excessive hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What contributes to endangerment?",
       "id": "5736328c012e2f140011a213"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 77,
         "text": "endangerment"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What have poachers contributed to hunting?",
       "id": "5736328c012e2f140011a214"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "On 16 March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System.[citation needed] In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 18,
         "text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?",
       "id": "573517e0879d6814001cab21"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 3,
         "text": "16 March 1934"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?",
       "id": "573517e0879d6814001cab22"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 110,
         "text": "an annual stamp purchase"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do?",
       "id": "573517e0879d6814001cab23"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 447,
         "text": "the purchase or lease of wetland habitat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to?",
       "id": "573517e0879d6814001cab24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "one third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds?",
       "id": "573517e0879d6814001cab25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 61,
         "text": "Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What act was signed in 1934?",
       "id": "5736328f6c16ec1900b929a1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What President signed this act?",
       "id": "5736328f6c16ec1900b929a2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 113,
         "text": "annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the requirement of the act?",
       "id": "5736328f6c16ec1900b929a3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "wildlife artwork"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the stamps depict?",
       "id": "5736328f6c16ec1900b929a4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "one third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.",
       "id": "5736328f6c16ec1900b929a5"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "$670 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934?",
       "id": "5735190cacc1501500bac401"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "5,200,000 acres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934?",
       "id": "5735190cacc1501500bac402"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 191,
         "text": "hunt migratory birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do?",
       "id": "5735190cacc1501500bac403"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?",
       "id": "5735190cacc1501500bac404"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 623,
         "text": "Migratory Bird Conservation Commission"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps?",
       "id": "5735190cacc1501500bac405"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 58,
         "text": "$670 million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?",
       "id": "57363293012e2f140011a217"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "5,200,000 acres"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase?",
       "id": "57363293012e2f140011a218"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 180,
         "text": "license to hunt migratory birds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the Duck Stamps serve as?",
       "id": "57363293012e2f140011a219"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 459,
         "text": "eighty-seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percent of sales are contributed by hunters?",
       "id": "57363293012e2f140011a21a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 623,
         "text": "Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who manages distribution of funds?",
       "id": "57363293012e2f140011a21b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from \u201cextinct in the wild\u201d to \u201cvulnerable\u201d due to conservation efforts like captive breeding",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "The Arabian oryx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?",
       "id": "573519d9879d6814001cab2b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 116,
         "text": "the species' striking appearance"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?",
       "id": "573519d9879d6814001cab2c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?",
       "id": "573519d9879d6814001cab2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 348,
         "text": "use of automobiles and high-powered rifles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?",
       "id": "573519d9879d6814001cab2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 607,
         "text": "Arabian oryx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from \"extinct in the wild\" to \"vulnerable\"?",
       "id": "573519d9879d6814001cab2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Arabian oryx"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is a species of large antelope?",
       "id": "5736342b506b47140023658c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 62,
         "text": "much of the desert areas of the Middle East"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the large antelope species once inhabit?",
       "id": "5736342b506b47140023658d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "automobiles and high-powered rifles"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.",
       "id": "5736342b506b47140023658e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 502,
         "text": "1972"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?",
       "id": "5736342b506b47140023658f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 712,
         "text": "conservation efforts"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?",
       "id": "5736342b506b471400236590"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 22,
         "text": "a large bovid"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of creature is the American bison?",
       "id": "57351a8aacc1501500bac40b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "western North America"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?",
       "id": "57351a8aacc1501500bac40c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "rot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?",
       "id": "57351a8aacc1501500bac40d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 366,
         "text": "several million"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?",
       "id": "57351a8aacc1501500bac40e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "near-threatened"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the current status of bison?",
       "id": "57351a8aacc1501500bac40f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "market hunters"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did large herds of bison attract?",
       "id": "5736357e506b471400236596"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "western"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What part of North America did the bison live?",
       "id": "5736357e506b471400236597"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 227,
         "text": "for their hides"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why were the bison killed?",
       "id": "5736357e506b471400236598"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 249,
         "text": "leaving the rest to rot"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?",
       "id": "5736357e506b471400236599"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 516,
         "text": "near-threatened"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do bison still remain?",
       "id": "5736357e506b47140023659a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that \"the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves.\"",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 79,
         "text": "a precipitous wildlife decline"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?",
       "id": "57351b51acc1501500bac415"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "antelope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?",
       "id": "57351b51acc1501500bac416"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "hippopotamus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?",
       "id": "57351b51acc1501500bac417"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "poaching, drought and habitat loss"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?",
       "id": "57351b51acc1501500bac418"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 458,
         "text": "Uganda"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?",
       "id": "57351b51acc1501500bac419"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 50,
         "text": "ban trophy hunting"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Botswana was resently forced to do?",
       "id": "573636bf9c79961900ff7e06"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 126,
         "text": "antelope"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal declined across Botswana?",
       "id": "573636bf9c79961900ff7e07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 251,
         "text": "hippopotamus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?",
       "id": "573636bf9c79961900ff7e08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "elephant"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?",
       "id": "573636bf9c79961900ff7e09"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "poaching"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? ",
       "id": "573636bf9c79961900ff7e0a"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Kathmandu",
   "paragraphs": [
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu(/\u02cck\u0251\u02d0tm\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8du\u02d0/; Nepali pronunciation: [k\u0251\u0288\u02b0m\u0251\u0273\u0256u]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as \"KTM\" or the \"tri-city\". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 105,
         "text": "Nepal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What country is Kathmandu the capital of?",
       "id": "57359bbcdc94161900571ee9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 332,
         "text": "Sub-Metropolitan City"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?",
       "id": "57359bbcdc94161900571eea"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 615,
         "text": "tri-city"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with \"KTM,\" what is another nickname of Kathmandu?",
       "id": "57359bbcdc94161900571eeb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 704,
         "text": "975,453"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?",
       "id": "57359bbcdc94161900571eec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 725,
         "text": "49.45"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?",
       "id": "57359bbcdc94161900571eed"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 45,
         "text": "2000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how long has Kathmandu existed?",
       "id": "57359c16e853931400426a34"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "inscriptions"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?",
       "id": "57359c16e853931400426a35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 241,
         "text": "Hinduism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Kathmandu's majority religion?",
       "id": "57359c16e853931400426a36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "Nepali"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do most Kathmandu residents speak?",
       "id": "57359c16e853931400426a37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 434,
         "text": "English"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?",
       "id": "57359c16e853931400426a38"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (\u0915\u093e\u0937\u094d\u0920) means \"wood\" and Mandap (/\u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u092a) means \"covered shelter\". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "wood"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does \u0915\u093e\u0937\u094d\u0920 mean in English?",
       "id": "57359c97e853931400426a3e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 155,
         "text": "covered shelter"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the English translation of Mandap?",
       "id": "57359c97e853931400426a3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 200,
         "text": "Maru Satal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?",
       "id": "57359c97e853931400426a40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 255,
         "text": "King Laxmi Narsingh Malla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?",
       "id": "57359c97e853931400426a41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 520,
         "text": "25 April 2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?",
       "id": "57359c97e853931400426a42"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means \"great city\". The city is called \"Kasthamandap\" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (\u0915\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0930). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. \"Kanti\" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and \"pur\" means place.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 95,
         "text": "Kasthamandap Mahanagar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?",
       "id": "57359cf7e853931400426a48"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 357,
         "text": "Kantipur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How does \u0915\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0930 transliterate into English?",
       "id": "57359cf7e853931400426a49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 484,
         "text": "Lakshmi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is also called Kanti?",
       "id": "57359cf7e853931400426a4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "pur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How do you say place in Sanskrit?",
       "id": "57359cf7e853931400426a4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 153,
         "text": "great city"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the English translation of Mahanagar?",
       "id": "57359cf7e853931400426a4c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names \"Nagdaha\" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. ",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "lake"
        }
       ],
       "question": "According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?",
       "id": "57359d61e853931400426a52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "snakes"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?",
       "id": "57359d61e853931400426a53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "Bodhisatwa Manjusri"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the founder of Manjupattan?",
       "id": "57359d61e853931400426a54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "demon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of creature was Banasur?",
       "id": "57359d61e853931400426a55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 509,
         "text": "Krishna"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was Banasur's murderer?",
       "id": "57359d61e853931400426a56"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 301,
         "text": "Yalamber"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?",
       "id": "57359ddbe853931400426a5c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "northern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?",
       "id": "57359ddbe853931400426a5d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 422,
         "text": "Sino-Tibetan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?",
       "id": "57359ddbe853931400426a5e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 539,
         "text": "southern half"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?",
       "id": "57359ddbe853931400426a5f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 646,
         "text": "Buddhist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?",
       "id": "57359ddbe853931400426a60"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Licchavis"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?",
       "id": "57359e82e853931400426a66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 283,
         "text": "Koliyas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?",
       "id": "57359e82e853931400426a67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 464,
         "text": "Newar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?",
       "id": "57359e82e853931400426a68"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 184,
         "text": "Virudhaka"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who killed the Shakyas?",
       "id": "57359e82e853931400426a69"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 626,
         "text": "Dakshin Koligram"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?",
       "id": "57359e82e853931400426a6a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people\u2014the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley\u2014became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songts\u00e4n Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 64,
         "text": "Dakshin Koligram"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?",
       "id": "57359eeae853931400426a70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "Gunakamadeva"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?",
       "id": "57359eeae853931400426a71"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "Manjushri"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?",
       "id": "57359eeae853931400426a72"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 217,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?",
       "id": "57359eeae853931400426a73"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 399,
         "text": "India and Tibet"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?",
       "id": "57359eeae853931400426a74"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "Malla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?",
       "id": "57359f64e853931400426a7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "Turk Muslims"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?",
       "id": "57359f64e853931400426a7b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 375,
         "text": "third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?",
       "id": "57359f64e853931400426a7c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 550,
         "text": "Kailashkut Bhawan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?",
       "id": "57359f64e853931400426a7d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "Abhaya Malla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?",
       "id": "57359f64e853931400426a7e"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 67,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?",
       "id": "57359fece853931400426a84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?",
       "id": "57359fece853931400426a85"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 684,
         "text": "India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?",
       "id": "57359fece853931400426a86"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 924,
         "text": "Haramekhala"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?",
       "id": "57359fece853931400426a87"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1047,
         "text": "1381"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When does Amarkosh date to?",
       "id": "57359fece853931400426a88"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Gorkha Kingdom"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735a06de853931400426a8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "Kirtipur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?",
       "id": "5735a06de853931400426a8f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 474,
         "text": "nine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?",
       "id": "5735a06de853931400426a90"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 648,
         "text": "Great Britain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?",
       "id": "5735a06de853931400426a91"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 764,
         "text": "nine"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?",
       "id": "5735a06de853931400426a92"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 90,
         "text": "Bagmati"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What river is south of Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735a122e853931400426a98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 28,
         "text": "northwestern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735a122e853931400426a99"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 190,
         "text": "4,600"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735a122e853931400426a9a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 137,
         "text": "19.56"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?",
       "id": "5735a122e853931400426a9b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 303,
         "text": "south"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?",
       "id": "5735a122e853931400426a9c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500\u20133,000 metres (4,900\u20139,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 26,
         "text": "eight"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735a69ce853931400426aa2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 432,
         "text": "Nagarjuna hill"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?",
       "id": "5735a69ce853931400426aa3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 306,
         "text": "4,900\u20139,800"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows?",
       "id": "5735a69ce853931400426aa4"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 122,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?",
       "id": "5735a721e853931400426aa8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 441,
         "text": "municipalities"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?",
       "id": "5735a721e853931400426aa9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 496,
         "text": "1"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?",
       "id": "5735a721e853931400426aaa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 692,
         "text": "20,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?",
       "id": "5735a721e853931400426aab"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 428,
         "text": "villages"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another term for VDCs?",
       "id": "5735a721e853931400426aac"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200\u20132,300 metres (3,900\u20137,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100\u20133,300 metres (6,900\u201310,800 ft). Under K\u00f6ppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28\u201330 \u00b0C (82\u201386 \u00b0F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 \u00b0C (50.2 \u00b0F).",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 749,
         "text": "50.2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?",
       "id": "5735a9fbe853931400426ab2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 438,
         "text": "humid subtropical climate"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735a9fbe853931400426ab3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 465,
         "text": "Cwa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the K\u00f6ppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?",
       "id": "5735a9fbe853931400426ab4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 311,
         "text": "2,100\u20133,300"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?",
       "id": "5735a9fbe853931400426ab5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?",
       "id": "5735a9fbe853931400426ab6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 \u00b0C (34 \u00b0F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to \u22124 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F), and the lowest temperature was recorded on January 10, 2013, at \u22129.2 \u00b0C (15.4 \u00b0F). Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August), and decreases substantially (100 to 200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%. The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, \"Weather Meteorology\" for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above. The decade of 2000-2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.[citation needed] For example, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totalling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. In contrast, 2001 recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 60,
         "text": "cool"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning?",
       "id": "5735aaaedc94161900571ef3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "65"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months?",
       "id": "5735aaaedc94161900571ef4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 329,
         "text": "January 10"
        }
       ],
       "question": "On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735aaaedc94161900571ef5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "June to August"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal?",
       "id": "5735aaaedc94161900571ef6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1278,
         "text": "2003"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735aaaedc94161900571ef7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is located in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading center over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia. Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 673,
         "text": "Buddhism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?",
       "id": "5735ac11dc94161900571f07"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 313,
         "text": "India and China"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade?",
       "id": "5735ac11dc94161900571f08"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 259,
         "text": "agriculture"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy?",
       "id": "5735ac11dc94161900571f09"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.[which?] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products. Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%). Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 70,
         "text": "one third"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?",
       "id": "5735ac9bdc94161900571f0d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 179,
         "text": "$2200"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?",
       "id": "5735ac9bdc94161900571f0e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 104,
         "text": "6.5billion"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the GDP of Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735ac9bdc94161900571f0f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 337,
         "text": "21"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?",
       "id": "5735ac9bdc94161900571f10"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 589,
         "text": "9%"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?",
       "id": "5735ac9bdc94161900571f11"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 88,
         "text": "1950"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?",
       "id": "5735ad64e853931400426abc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 291,
         "text": "Raxaul"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?",
       "id": "5735ad64e853931400426abd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "1956"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin?",
       "id": "5735ad64e853931400426abe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 12,
         "text": "tourism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most significant industry in Nepal?",
       "id": "5735adcde853931400426ac2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 225,
         "text": "Hindu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735adcde853931400426ac3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 392,
         "text": "6,179"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?",
       "id": "5735adcde853931400426ac4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "end of the Maoist insurgency"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?",
       "id": "5735adcde853931400426ac5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 838,
         "text": "Himalayas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?",
       "id": "5735adcde853931400426ac6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary \"traveller's ghetto\", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 21,
         "text": "Thamel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?",
       "id": "5735ae59dc94161900571f1c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 223,
         "text": "Jhamsikhel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?",
       "id": "5735ae59dc94161900571f1d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 263,
         "text": "Jhochhen Tol"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the traditional name for Freak Street?",
       "id": "5735ae59dc94161900571f1e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 367,
         "text": "hippies"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?",
       "id": "5735ae59dc94161900571f1f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 418,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?",
       "id": "5735b062dc94161900571f24"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 570,
         "text": "three-star"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?",
       "id": "5735b062dc94161900571f25"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 679,
         "text": "five-star"
        }
       ],
       "question": "De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?",
       "id": "5735b062dc94161900571f26"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 706,
         "text": "casinos"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?",
       "id": "5735b062dc94161900571f27"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 39,
         "text": "five"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?",
       "id": "5735b0dedc94161900571f2c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 112,
         "text": "City Core"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?",
       "id": "5735b0dedc94161900571f2d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 147,
         "text": "civic administration"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?",
       "id": "5735b0dedc94161900571f2e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 335,
         "text": "20"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?",
       "id": "5735b0dedc94161900571f2f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 1081,
         "text": "4"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?",
       "id": "5735b0dedc94161900571f30"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport. In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service. The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 31,
         "text": "Barun Yantra Karyalaya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Kathmandu's fire department called?",
       "id": "5735b2a8dc94161900571f36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 96,
         "text": "1937"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?",
       "id": "5735b2a8dc94161900571f37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 299,
         "text": "1944"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?",
       "id": "5735b2a8dc94161900571f38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 499,
         "text": "seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735b2a8dc94161900571f39"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 751,
         "text": "raising public awareness about fire and improving safety"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the mission of FAN?",
       "id": "5735b2a8dc94161900571f3a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 186,
         "text": "427,045"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?",
       "id": "5735b876dc94161900571f4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 280,
         "text": "1,319,597"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?",
       "id": "5735b876dc94161900571f4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 501,
         "text": "85"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?",
       "id": "5735b876dc94161900571f4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "20,300"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?",
       "id": "5735b876dc94161900571f4d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) . Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have come to represent a substantial proportion of the city's population. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa, while English is understood by many, particularly in the service industry. The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 136,
         "text": "18.5"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris?",
       "id": "5735b8cde853931400426ae3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 99,
         "text": "Khas Brahmins"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735b8cde853931400426ae4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 512,
         "text": "Hinduism and Buddhism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are Kathmandu's primary religions?",
       "id": "5735b8cde853931400426ae5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 470,
         "text": "service"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers?",
       "id": "5735b8cde853931400426ae6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 400,
         "text": "Nepal Bhasa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Nepali, what is Kathmandu's main language?",
       "id": "5735b8cde853931400426ae7"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares (466.9 acres), with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares (591.4 acres). The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 848,
         "text": "Hindu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion does Changunarayan belong to?",
       "id": "5735ba07dc94161900571f52"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 911,
         "text": "stupas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?",
       "id": "5735ba07dc94161900571f53"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 613,
         "text": "466.9"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones?",
       "id": "5735ba07dc94161900571f54"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 661,
         "text": "239.34"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone?",
       "id": "5735ba07dc94161900571f55"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 468,
         "text": "2006"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status?",
       "id": "5735ba07dc94161900571f56"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a \"place of palaces\". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 146,
         "text": "Kirtipur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved?",
       "id": "5735ba6ee853931400426aed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 331,
         "text": "Licchavi"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?",
       "id": "5735ba6ee853931400426aee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 365,
         "text": "50"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?",
       "id": "5735ba6ee853931400426aef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 610,
         "text": "April 2015"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?",
       "id": "5735ba6ee853931400426af0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 254,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735ba6ee853931400426af1"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 421,
         "text": "Taleju"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Durga called in Nepali?",
       "id": "5735bb2adc94161900571f65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "until she menstruates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju?",
       "id": "5735bb2adc94161900571f66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 675,
         "text": "Matina Shakya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008?",
       "id": "5735bb2adc94161900571f67"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 737,
         "text": "Maoist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy?",
       "id": "5735bb2adc94161900571f68"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.[citation needed]",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "5th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the Pashupatinath Temple built?",
       "id": "5735bb89e853931400426af7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 49,
         "text": "Hindu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve?",
       "id": "5735bb89e853931400426af8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 75,
         "text": "Lord Shiva"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for Pashupati?",
       "id": "5735bb89e853931400426af9"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 278,
         "text": "Lord Pashupatinath"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Prior to the secularization of Nepal, who was the country's national god?",
       "id": "5735bb89e853931400426afa"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 386,
         "text": "Mughal invaders"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century?",
       "id": "5735bb89e853931400426afb"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla. This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 35,
         "text": "Hindus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers?",
       "id": "5735bca5dc94161900571f77"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 266,
         "text": "South"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate?",
       "id": "5735bca5dc94161900571f78"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 296,
         "text": "Malla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to?",
       "id": "5735bca5dc94161900571f79"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 387,
         "text": "Adi Shankaracharya"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple?",
       "id": "5735bca5dc94161900571f7a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 450,
         "text": "Unified India"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another term for Bharatam?",
       "id": "5735bca5dc94161900571f7b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Boudhanath, (also written Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Kh\u0101sa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with Swayambhu. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Kh\u0101sti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhn\u0101th by speakers of Nepali. Located about 11 km (7 mi) from the center and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal. Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "Buddhist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what religion is Boudhanath holy?",
       "id": "5735bd01dc94161900571f81"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "Kh\u0101sti"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the Newars call Boudhanath?",
       "id": "5735bd01dc94161900571f82"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 238,
         "text": "Bauddha or Bodhn\u0101th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Boudhanath called in Nepali?",
       "id": "5735bd01dc94161900571f83"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 302,
         "text": "7"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles?",
       "id": "5735bd01dc94161900571f84"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "1979"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site?",
       "id": "5735bd01dc94161900571f85"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "Dhyani Buddha Amitabha"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is pictured on the stupa's base?",
       "id": "5735be65e853931400426b15"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 309,
         "text": "smallpox"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Ajima the deity of?",
       "id": "5735be65e853931400426b16"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 719,
         "text": "monasteries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are gompas?",
       "id": "5735be65e853931400426b17"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 354,
         "text": "Tibetan Buddhist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa?",
       "id": "5735be65e853931400426b18"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 193,
         "text": "om mani padme hum"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels?",
       "id": "5735be65e853931400426b19"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 52,
         "text": "northwestern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located?",
       "id": "5735bed6dc94161900571f8b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 15,
         "text": "Buddhist"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What faith does Swayambhu belong to?",
       "id": "5735bed6dc94161900571f8c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 212,
         "text": "Hindus"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu?",
       "id": "5735bed6dc94161900571f8d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "four"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look?",
       "id": "5735bed6dc94161900571f8e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 588,
         "text": "gajur"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?",
       "id": "5735bed6dc94161900571f8f"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu valley is described as \"an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures\", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 109,
         "text": "stone"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance?",
       "id": "5735bf26e853931400426b28"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 344,
         "text": "icons"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley?",
       "id": "5735bf26e853931400426b29"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 527,
         "text": "1950"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world?",
       "id": "5735bf26e853931400426b2a"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "Mother Goddesses"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga?",
       "id": "5735bf8cdc94161900571f95"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 237,
         "text": "wealth"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of?",
       "id": "5735bf8cdc94161900571f96"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 380,
         "text": "Ashoka"
        }
       ],
       "question": "By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ?",
       "id": "5735bf8cdc94161900571f97"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 598,
         "text": "900"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Licchavi period end?",
       "id": "5735bf8cdc94161900571f98"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 573,
         "text": "classical"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for the Licchavi period?",
       "id": "5735bf8cdc94161900571f99"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artifacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archeological exportation.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "Natural History Museum of Nepal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with the National Museum of Nepal, what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735c028e853931400426b35"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 658,
         "text": "5th century"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums?",
       "id": "5735c028e853931400426b36"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 214,
         "text": "Hinduism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Buddhism, what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal?",
       "id": "5735c028e853931400426b37"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 353,
         "text": "Monument Zones"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO?",
       "id": "5735c028e853931400426b38"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 334,
         "text": "seven"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Monument Zones are present in the Kathmandu valley?",
       "id": "5735c028e853931400426b39"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning \"the stone house of arms and ammunition\". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th\u201319th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 38,
         "text": "western"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum?",
       "id": "5735c081e853931400426b3f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 74,
         "text": "Swayambhunath"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What stupa is close to the National Museum?",
       "id": "5735c081e853931400426b40"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 188,
         "text": "Bhimsen Thapa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who built the building that contains the National Museum?",
       "id": "5735c081e853931400426b41"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 382,
         "text": "1928"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When was the National Museum founded?",
       "id": "5735c081e853931400426b42"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 505,
         "text": "the stone house of arms and ammunition"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?",
       "id": "5735c081e853931400426b43"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906\u20131955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king Mahendra of Nepal (1920\u20131972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, Birendra of Nepal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 76,
         "text": "1955"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Tribhuvan die?",
       "id": "5735c0d8e853931400426b49"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 345,
         "text": "1920"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the birth year of King Mahendra?",
       "id": "5735c0d8e853931400426b4a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 656,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace?",
       "id": "5735c0d8e853931400426b4b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 803,
         "text": "Birendra"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who was the penultimate king of Nepal?",
       "id": "5735c0d8e853931400426b4c"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 608,
         "text": "medieval"
        }
       ],
       "question": "During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed?",
       "id": "5735c0d8e853931400426b4d"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. \"Narayanhity\" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning \"water spout\" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers (30 hectares (74 acres)) and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 65,
         "text": "north-central"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located?",
       "id": "5735c1dedc94161900571fba"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 415,
         "text": "1970"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was Narayanhity constructed?",
       "id": "5735c1dedc94161900571fbb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 511,
         "text": "Birenda Bir Bikram Shah"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity?",
       "id": "5735c1dedc94161900571fbc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 696,
         "text": "74"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace?",
       "id": "5735c1dedc94161900571fbd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 162,
         "text": "Vishnu"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What god is Narayana?",
       "id": "5735c1dedc94161900571fbe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley. It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the Museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley ) in 1970 and constructed in 1971. Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares. The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa, which itself can be seen from the Museum tower.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 33,
         "text": "modern history of the Kathmandu Valley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to?",
       "id": "5735c26adc94161900571fc4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 457,
         "text": "Carl Pruscha"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum?",
       "id": "5735c26adc94161900571fc5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 539,
         "text": "1971"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year was the Taragaon Museum built?",
       "id": "5735c26adc94161900571fc6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 812,
         "text": "Boudhnath"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum?",
       "id": "5735c26adc94161900571fc7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 606,
         "text": "hostel"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum?",
       "id": "5735c26adc94161900571fc8"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for. Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 292,
         "text": "modern"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art?",
       "id": "5735c2e7dc94161900571fce"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "two"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into?",
       "id": "5735c2e7dc94161900571fcf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 519,
         "text": "Thangkas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings?",
       "id": "5735c2e7dc94161900571fd0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 846,
         "text": "Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?",
       "id": "5735c2e7dc94161900571fd1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 467,
         "text": "Paubhas"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do the Nepalese call Thangkas?",
       "id": "5735c2e7dc94161900571fd2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, located in a three storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery is also located in Kathmandu, near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg, Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, located in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 57,
         "text": "Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery?",
       "id": "5735c37cdc94161900571fe2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 445,
         "text": "medieval"
        }
       ],
       "question": "The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period?",
       "id": "5735c37cdc94161900571fe3"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 520,
         "text": "J"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace?",
       "id": "5735c37cdc94161900571fe4"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 723,
         "text": "Babar Mahal"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found?",
       "id": "5735c37cdc94161900571fe5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 4,
         "text": "Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In which of Nepal's art galleries can one take an art class?",
       "id": "5735c37cdc94161900571fe6"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books. English, Nepali, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Nepal Bhasa books are found here. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, located in the Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. It covers a wide range of subjects including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of Tantra, which is believed to be over 1,000 years old. The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 107,
         "text": "70,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many volumes are contained in Nepal's National Library?",
       "id": "5735c3d0dc94161900571fec"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 159,
         "text": "Nepal Bhasa"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali and English, the National Library contains books in what language?",
       "id": "5735c3d0dc94161900571fed"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 402,
         "text": "Ministry of Education"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library?",
       "id": "5735c3d0dc94161900571fee"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 460,
         "text": "45,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain?",
       "id": "5735c3d0dc94161900571fef"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 514,
         "text": "Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who did the Kaiser Library's books previously belong to?",
       "id": "5735c3d0dc94161900571ff0"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theaters. The city contains several theaters, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world. A mini theater is also located at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 125,
         "text": "Kanti Path"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735c421dc94161900571ffb"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "1982"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group?",
       "id": "5735c421dc94161900571ffc"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 310,
         "text": "Kathmandu International Theater Festival"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre?",
       "id": "5735c421dc94161900571ffd"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 481,
         "text": "Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square?",
       "id": "5735c421dc94161900571ffe"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran while Hindus eat all varieties except Cow's meat as the consider Cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 189,
         "text": "beef"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735c47ae853931400426b63"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 262,
         "text": "water buffalo"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What animal does buff come from?",
       "id": "5735c47ae853931400426b64"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 372,
         "text": "Newars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What people are particularly known for eating buff?",
       "id": "5735c47ae853931400426b65"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 518,
         "text": "Kirat"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What cuisine notably makes use of pork?",
       "id": "5735c47ae853931400426b66"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 870,
         "text": "Momo or Chowmein"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast?",
       "id": "5735c47ae853931400426b67"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 19,
         "text": "one"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955?",
       "id": "5735c50be853931400426b6d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 718,
         "text": "Pizza Hut and KFC"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735c50be853931400426b6e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 513,
         "text": "fried"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How is the egg in American chop suey prepared?",
       "id": "5735c50be853931400426b6f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 269,
         "text": "expatriates"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants?",
       "id": "5735c50be853931400426b70"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 144,
         "text": "Tibetan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants?",
       "id": "5735c50be853931400426b71"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy. Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and rakshi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 37,
         "text": "tea"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu, coffee or tea?",
       "id": "5735c7d26c16ec1900b927af"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 100,
         "text": "extremely weak"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735c7d26c16ec1900b927b0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 411,
         "text": "rice"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is used to make thwon?",
       "id": "5735c7d26c16ec1900b927b1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 491,
         "text": "alcohol serving eateries"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are bhattis?",
       "id": "5735c7d26c16ec1900b927b2"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 546,
         "text": "millet or barley"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba?",
       "id": "5735c7d26c16ec1900b927b3"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 63,
         "text": "Malla"
        }
       ],
       "question": "To what era do a majority of Kathmandu's festivals date back to?",
       "id": "5735c8876c16ec1900b927be"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 138,
         "text": "Newars"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Before the modern era, who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals?",
       "id": "5735c8876c16ec1900b927bf"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 404,
         "text": "west"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from?",
       "id": "5735c8876c16ec1900b927c0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 567,
         "text": "horse"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does Ghode mean?",
       "id": "5735c8876c16ec1900b927c1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 453,
         "text": "north"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In relation to Kathmandu, where do the Tibetans hale?",
       "id": "5735c8876c16ec1900b927c2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 94,
         "text": "Buddhists"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In addition to Hindus, who regards the Bagmati River as sacred?",
       "id": "5735c92f012e2f140011a044"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 236,
         "text": "cremated"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is done with Hindus after they die?",
       "id": "5735c92f012e2f140011a045"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 275,
         "text": "buried"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death?",
       "id": "5735c92f012e2f140011a046"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 456,
         "text": "first son"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner?",
       "id": "5735c92f012e2f140011a047"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 378,
         "text": "three"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Before Hindus are cremated, how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati?",
       "id": "5735c92f012e2f140011a048"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245 - 1306 AD) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Bahis) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 29,
         "text": "7th"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what century was Bhrikuti said to live?",
       "id": "5735c9dd6c16ec1900b927d5"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 69,
         "text": "1306"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did Araniko die?",
       "id": "5735c9dd6c16ec1900b927d6"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 157,
         "text": "Buddhism"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What religion did Araniko help to evangelize?",
       "id": "5735c9dd6c16ec1900b927d7"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 201,
         "text": "108"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735c9dd6c16ec1900b927d8"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 409,
         "text": "fifty"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists?",
       "id": "5735c9dd6c16ec1900b927d9"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 40,
         "text": "animistic"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum?",
       "id": "5735ca406c16ec1900b927df"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 89,
         "text": "Kirat people"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith?",
       "id": "5735ca406c16ec1900b927e0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 293,
         "text": "Kirats"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times?",
       "id": "5735ca406c16ec1900b927e1"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 171,
         "text": "worship of Ajima"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is another name for ancestor worship?",
       "id": "5735ca406c16ec1900b927e2"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office located in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.[citation needed] It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 209,
         "text": "Gyaneshwar"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found?",
       "id": "5735cc33012e2f140011a068"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 355,
         "text": "300"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i?",
       "id": "5735cc33012e2f140011a069"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 427,
         "text": "Shantinagar, Baneshwor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal?",
       "id": "5735cc33012e2f140011a06a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 633,
         "text": "4.2"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam?",
       "id": "5735cc33012e2f140011a06b"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 728,
         "text": "170"
        }
       ],
       "question": "About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735cc33012e2f140011a06c"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also located in or around Kathmandu.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 46,
         "text": "Tribhuwan"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college?",
       "id": "5735d0026c16ec1900b92815"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 123,
         "text": "Maharajgunj"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found?",
       "id": "5735d0026c16ec1900b92816"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 219,
         "text": "1978"
        }
       ],
       "question": "When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine?",
       "id": "5735d0026c16ec1900b92817"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 425,
         "text": "Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What does KUSMS stand for?",
       "id": "5735d0026c16ec1900b92818"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 377,
         "text": "National Academy of Medical Sciences"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS?",
       "id": "5735d0026c16ec1900b92819"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Football and Cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city. The sport is governed by the All Nepal Football Association (ANFA) from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium used mostly for football matches and cultural events, located in the neighborhood of Tripureshwor. It is the largest stadium in Nepal with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, built in 1956. Martyr's Memorial League is also held in this ground every year. The stadium was renovated with Chinese help before the 8th South Asian Games were held in Kathmandu and had floodlights installed. Kathmandu is home to the oldest football clubs of Nepal such as RCT, Sankata and NRT. Other prominent clubs include MMC, Machhindra FC, Tribhuwan Army Club (TAC) and MPC.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Football"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Along with cricket, what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth?",
       "id": "5735d07d012e2f140011a087"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 160,
         "text": "All Nepal Football Association"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What body oversees soccer in Nepal?",
       "id": "5735d07d012e2f140011a088"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 498,
         "text": "25,000"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?",
       "id": "5735d07d012e2f140011a089"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 430,
         "text": "Tripureshwor"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located?",
       "id": "5735d07d012e2f140011a08a"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 628,
         "text": "Chinese"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?",
       "id": "5735d07d012e2f140011a08b"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be (17,182 km (10,676 mi)), as of 2003\u201304. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism. In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south, Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north. The BP Highway, connecting Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal is under construction.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 54,
         "text": "17,182"
        }
       ],
       "question": "As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal?",
       "id": "5735d0f46c16ec1900b92823"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 289,
         "text": "hilly terrain"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft?",
       "id": "5735d0f46c16ec1900b92824"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 500,
         "text": "BP"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built?",
       "id": "5735d0f46c16ec1900b92825"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 457,
         "text": "west"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel?",
       "id": "5735d0f46c16ec1900b92826"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 466,
         "text": "Araniko"
        }
       ],
       "question": "If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu, what highway would be used?",
       "id": "5735d0f46c16ec1900b92827"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the Tribhuvan International Airport, located about six kilometers (6 km (3.7 mi)) from the city centre. Operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal it has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, about 22 international airlines connect Nepal to other destinations in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to cities such as Istanbul, Delhi, Kolkata, Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Dhaka, Islamabad, Paro, Lhasa, Chengdu, and Guangzhou. A recent extension to the international terminal has made the distance to the airplanes shorter and in October 2009 it became possible to fly directly to Kathmandu from Amsterdam with Arkefly. Since 2013, Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul to Kathmandu. Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, including Agni Air, Buddha Air, Cosmic Air, Nepal Airlines and Yeti Airlines, to other major towns across Nepal.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 71,
         "text": "Tribhuvan International Airport"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is Nepal's primary airport for international travel?",
       "id": "5735d1a86c16ec1900b92831"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 134,
         "text": "6"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Starting in the center of Kathmandu, how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport?",
       "id": "5735d1a86c16ec1900b92832"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 297,
         "text": "22"
        }
       ],
       "question": "How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights?",
       "id": "5735d1a86c16ec1900b92833"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 698,
         "text": "Amsterdam"
        }
       ],
       "question": "From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to Kathmandu?",
       "id": "5735d1a86c16ec1900b92834"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 734,
         "text": "Turkish Airlines"
        }
       ],
       "question": "Who operates flights between Kathmandu and Istanbul?",
       "id": "5735d1a86c16ec1900b92835"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "context": "Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC). KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene, Oregon, United States. This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities: Motsumoto City of Japan, Rochester of the USA, Yangon (formerly Rangoon) of Myanmar, Xi'an of the People's Republic of China, Minsk of Belarus, and Pyongyang of the Democratic Republic of Korea. KMC's constant endeavor is to enhance its interaction with SAARC countries, other International agencies and many other major cities of the world to achieve better urban management and developmental programs for Kathmandu.",
     "qas": [
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 229,
         "text": "Oregon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship?",
       "id": "5735d259012e2f140011a09d"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 414,
         "text": "Rangoon"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What was Yangon previously known as?",
       "id": "5735d259012e2f140011a09e"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 476,
         "text": "Minsk"
        }
       ],
       "question": "With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship?",
       "id": "5735d259012e2f140011a09f"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 199,
         "text": "1975"
        }
       ],
       "question": "In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship?",
       "id": "5735d259012e2f140011a0a0"
      },
      {
       "answers": [
        {
         "answer_start": 0,
         "text": "Kathmandu Metropolitan City"
        }
       ],
       "question": "What is KMC an initialism of?",
       "id": "5735d259012e2f140011a0a1"
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "version": "experiment"
}