@inproceedings{niehues-2012-continuous,
    title = "Continuous space language models using restricted Boltzmann machines",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers",
    month = dec # " 6-7",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Hong Kong, Table of contents",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2012.iwslt-papers.3",
    pages = "164--170",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach for continuous space language models in statistical machine translation by using Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs). The probability of an n-gram is calculated by the free energy of the RBM instead of a feedforward neural net. Therefore, the calculation is much faster and can be integrated into the translation process instead of using the language model only in a re-ranking step. Furthermore, it is straightforward to introduce additional word factors into the language model. We observed a faster convergence in training if we include automatically generated word classes as an additional word factor. We evaluated the RBM-based language model on the German to English and English to French translation task of TED lectures. Instead of replacing the conventional n-gram-based language model, we trained the RBM-based language model on the more important but smaller in-domain data and combined them in a log-linear way. With this approach we could show improvements of about half a BLEU point on the translation task.",
}