There are two main paradigms for Named Entity Recognition (NER): sequence labelling and span classification. Sequence labelling aims to assign a label to each word in an input text using, for example, BIO (Begin, Inside and Outside) tagging, while span classification involves enumerating all possible spans in a text and classifying them into their labels. In contrast to sequence labelling, unconstrained span-based methods tend to assign entity labels to overlapping spans, which is generally undesirable, especially for NER tasks without nested entities. Accordingly, we propose GNNer, a framework that uses Graph Neural Networks to enrich the span representation to reduce the number of overlapping spans during prediction. Our approach reduces the number of overlapping spans compared to strong baseline while maintaining competitive metric performance. Code is available at https://github.com/urchade/GNNer.

In this paper we present a parsing model for projective dependency trees which takes advantage of the existence of complementary dependency annotations which is the case in Arabic, with the availability of CATiB and UD treebanks. Our system performs syntactic parsing according to both annotation types jointly as a sequence of arc-creating operations, and partially created trees for one annotation are also available to the other as features for the score function. This method gives error reduction of 9.9% on CATiB and 6.1% on UD compared to a strong baseline, and ablation tests show that the main contribution of this reduction is given by sharing tree representation between tasks, and not simply sharing BiLSTM layers as is often performed in NLP multitask systems.

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à l’extraction d’entités médicales de type symptôme dans les textes biomédicaux. Cette tâche est peu explorée dans la littérature et il n’existe pas à notre connaissance de corpus annoté pour entraîner un modèle d’apprentissage. Nous proposons deux approches faiblement supervisées pour extraire ces entités. Une première est fondée sur la fouille de motifs et introduit une nouvelle contrainte de similarité sémantique. La seconde formule la tache comme une tache d’étiquetage de séquences en utilisant les CRF (champs conditionnels aléatoires). Nous décrivons les expérimentations menées qui montrent que les deux approches sont complémentaires en termes d’évaluation quantitative (rappel et précision). Nous montrons en outre que leur combinaison améliore sensiblement les résultats.

En classification de textes, la plupart des méthodes fondées sur des classifieurs statistiques utilisent des mots, ou des combinaisons de mots contigus, comme descripteurs. Si l’on veut prendre en compte plus d’informations le nombre de descripteurs non contigus augmente exponentiellement. Pour pallier à cette croissance, la fouille de motifs séquentiels permet d’extraire, de façon efficace, un nombre réduit de descripteurs qui sont à la fois fréquents et pertinents grâce à l’utilisation de contraintes. Dans ce papier, nous comparons l’utilisation de motifs fréquents sous contraintes et l’utilisation de motifs -libres, comme descripteurs. Nous montrons les avantages et inconvénients de chaque type de motif.

We present annotation guidelines and a web-based annotation framework developed as part of an effort to create a manually annotated Arabic corpus of errors and corrections for various text types. Such a corpus will be invaluable for developing Arabic error correction tools, both for training models and as a gold standard for evaluating error correction algorithms. We summarize the guidelines we created. We also describe issues encountered during the training of the annotators, as well as problems that are specific to the Arabic language that arose during the annotation process. Finally, we present the annotation tool that was developed as part of this project, the annotation pipeline, and the quality of the resulting annotations.

Dans les systèmes de traduction statistique à base de segments, le modèle de traduction est estimé à partir d’alignements mot-à-mot grâce à des heuristiques d’extraction et de valuation. Bien que ces alignements mot-à-mot soient construits par des modèles probabilistes, les processus d’extraction et de valuation utilisent ces modèles en faisant l’hypothèse que ces alignements sont déterministes. Dans cet article, nous proposons de lever cette hypothèse en considérant l’ensemble de la matrice d’alignement, d’une paire de phrases, chaque association étant valuée par sa probabilité. En comparaison avec les travaux antérieurs, nous montrons qu’en utilisant un modèle exponentiel pour estimer de manière discriminante ces probabilités, il est possible d’obtenir des améliorations significatives des performances de traduction. Ces améliorations sont mesurées à l’aide de la métrique BLEU sur la tâche de traduction de l’arabe vers l’anglais de l’évaluation NIST MT’09, en considérant deux types de conditions selon la taille du corpus de données parallèles utilisées.

We present a novel translation quality informed procedure for both extraction and scoring of phrase pairs in PBSMT systems. We reformulate the extraction problem in the supervised learning framework. Our goal is twofold. First, We attempt to take the translation quality into account; and second we incorporating arbitrary features in order to circumvent alignment errors. One-Class SVMs and the Mapping Convergence algorithm permit training a single-class classifier to discriminate between useful and useless phrase pairs. Such classifier can be learned from a training corpus that comprises only useful instances. The confidence score, produced by the classifier for each phrase pairs, is employed as a selection criteria. The smoothness of these scores allow a fine control over the size of the resulting translation model. Finally, confidence scores provide a new accuracy-based feature to score phrase pairs. Experimental evaluation of the method shows accurate assessments of phrase pairs quality even for regions in the space of possible phrase pairs that are ignored by other approaches. This enhanced evaluation of phrase pairs leads to improvements in the translation performance as measured by BLEU.

The quality of statistical machine translation systems depends on the quality of the word alignments that are computed during the translation model training phase. IBM alignment models, as implemented in the GIZA++ toolkit, constitute the de facto standard for performing these computations. The resulting alignments and translation models are however very noisy, and several authors have tried to improve them. In this work, we propose a simple and effective approach, which considers alignment as a series of independent binary classification problems in the alignment matrix. Through extensive feature engineering and the use of stacking techniques, we were able to obtain alignments much closer to manually defined references than those obtained by the IBM models. These alignments also yield better translation models, delivering improved performance in a large scale Arabic to English translation task.