# Quine Relay

[![CI](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/actions?query=workflow%3ACI)

## What this is

[QR.rb](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/blob/master/QR.rb) is a Ruby program that generates
a Rust program that generates
a Scala program that generates
...(through 128 languages in total)...
a REXX program that generates
the original Ruby code again.

![Language Uroboros][langs]

[langs]: langs.png

(If you want to see the old 50-language version, see the [50](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/tree/50) branch.)

## Usage

### Ubuntu

If you are using Ubuntu 23.04 (Lunar Lobster), you can follow these steps.

#### 1. Install all the interpreters/compilers.

First, you need to type the following apt-get command to install them all.

    $ sudo apt-get install afnix algol68g aplus-fsf aspectj asymptote \
      ats2-lang bash bc bsdgames bsh clisp clojure cmake coffeescript \
      crystal dafny dc dhall elixir emacs-nox erlang f2c fish flex \
      fp-compiler fsharp g++ gambas3-gb-pcre gambas3-scripter gap gawk gcc \
      gdb gdc genius gforth gfortran ghc ghostscript gnat gnu-smalltalk \
      gnucobol4 gnuplot gobjc golang gpt groovy guile-3.0 gzip haxe icont \
      iconx intercal iverilog jasmin-sable jq kotlin ksh libevent-dev \
      libpolyml-dev lisaac livescript llvm lua5.3 m4 make maxima minizinc \
      mono-devel mono-mcs mono-vbnc nasm neko nickle nim node-typescript \
      nodejs ocaml octave openjdk-11-jdk pari-gp parser3-cgi perl php-cli \
      polyml python3 r-base rakudo ratfor rc regina-rexx ruby ruby-mustache \
      rustc scala scilab-cli sed slsh spin surgescript swi-prolog tcl tcsh \
      valac vim wabt xsltproc yabasic yorick zoem zsh

Then, build the bundled interpreters.

    $ sudo apt-get install cmake libpng-dev libgd-dev groff bison curl
    $ make -C vendor

#### 2. Run each program on each interpreter/compiler.

    $ ulimit -s unlimited
    $ ruby QR.rb > QR.rs
    $ rustc QR.rs && ./QR > QR.scala
    $ scalac QR.scala && scala QR > QR.scm
    $ guile QR.scm > QR.sci
    $ scilab-cli -nb -f QR.sci > QR.sed
    $ sed -E -f QR.sed QR.sed > QR.spl
    $ ./vendor/local/bin/spl2c < QR.spl > QR.spl.c && gcc -z muldefs -o QR -I ./vendor/local/include -L ./vendor/local/lib QR.spl.c -lspl -lm &&
      ./QR > QR.sl
    $ slsh QR.sl > QR.st
    $ gst QR.st > QR.sml
    $ polyc -o QR QR.sml && ./QR > QR.sq
    $ ruby vendor/subleq.rb QR.sq > QR.ss
    $ surgescript QR.ss > QR.tcl
    $ tclsh QR.tcl > QR.tcsh
    $ tcsh QR.tcsh > QR.t
    $ ruby vendor/thue.rb QR.t > QR.ts
    $ tsc --outFile QR.ts.js QR.ts && nodejs QR.ts.js > QR.unl
    $ ruby vendor/unlambda.rb QR.unl > QR.vala
    $ valac QR.vala && ./QR > QR.mid
    $ mono vendor/local/bin/Vlt.exe /s QR.mid && mono QR.exe > QR.v
    $ iverilog -o QR QR.v && ./QR -vcd-none > QR.vim
    $ vim -EsS QR.vim > QR.vb
    $ vbnc QR.vb && mono ./QR.exe > QR.wasm
    $ $(WASI_RUNTIME) QR.wasm > QR.wat
    $ wat2wasm QR.wat -o QR.wat.wasm && $(WASI_RUNTIME) QR.wat.wasm > QR.ws
    $ ruby vendor/whitespace.rb QR.ws > QR.xslt
    $ xsltproc QR.xslt > QR.yab
    $ yabasic QR.yab > QR.yorick
    $ yorick -batch QR.yorick > QR.azm
    $ zoem -i QR.azm > QR.zsh
    $ zsh QR.zsh > QR.+
    $ a+ QR.+ > qr.adb
    $ gnatmake qr.adb && ./qr > QR.als
    $ LANG=C LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/afnix axi QR.als > QR.aheui
    $ ruby vendor/aheui.rb QR.aheui > QR.a68
    $ a68g QR.a68 > QR.ante
    $ ruby vendor/ante.rb QR.ante > QR.aj
    $ ajc QR.aj && java QR > QR.asy
    $ asy QR.asy > QR.dats
    $ patscc -o QR QR.dats && ./QR > QR.awk
    $ awk -f QR.awk > QR.bash
    $ bash QR.bash > QR.bc
    $ BC_LINE_LENGTH=4000000 bc -q QR.bc > QR.bsh
    $ bsh QR.bsh > QR.bef
    $ cfunge QR.bef > QR.Blc
    $ ruby vendor/blc.rb < QR.Blc > QR.bf
    $ ruby vendor/bf.rb QR.bf > QR.c
    $ gcc -o QR QR.c && ./QR > QR.cpp
    $ g++ -o QR QR.cpp && ./QR > QR.cs
    $ mcs QR.cs && mono QR.exe > QR.chef
    $ PERL5LIB=vendor/local/lib/perl5 compilechef QR.chef QR.chef.pl &&
      perl QR.chef.pl > QR.clj
    $ clojure QR.clj > QR.cmake
    $ cmake -P QR.cmake > QR.cob
    $ cobc -O2 -x QR.cob && ./QR > QR.coffee
    $ coffee --nodejs --stack_size=100000 QR.coffee > QR.lisp
    $ clisp QR.lisp > QR.cr
    $ crystal QR.cr > QR.d
    $ gdc -o QR QR.d && ./QR > QR.dfy
    $ dafny QR.dfy && mono QR.exe > QR.dc
    $ dc QR.dc > QR.dhall || true
    $ dhall text --file QR.dhall > QR.exs
    $ elixir QR.exs > QR.el
    $ emacs -Q --script QR.el > QR.erl
    $ escript QR.erl > QR.fsx
    $ fsharpc QR.fsx -o QR.exe && mono QR.exe > QR.false
    $ ruby vendor/false.rb QR.false > QR.fl
    $ flex -o QR.fl.c QR.fl && gcc -o QR QR.fl.c && ./QR > QR.fish
    $ fish QR.fish > QR.fs
    $ gforth QR.fs > QR.f
    $ gfortran -o QR QR.f && ./QR > QR.f90
    $ gfortran -o QR QR.f90 && ./QR > QR.gbs
    $ gbs3 QR.gbs > QR.g
    $ gap -q QR.g > QR.gdb
    $ gdb -q -x QR.gdb > QR.gel
    $ genius QR.gel > QR.plt
    $ gnuplot QR.plt > QR.go
    $ go run QR.go > QR.gs
    $ ruby vendor/golfscript.rb QR.gs > QR.gpt
    $ mv QR.c QR.c.bak && gpt -t QR.c QR.gpt && gcc -o QR QR.c && ./QR > QR.grass &&
      mv QR.c.bak QR.c
    $ ruby vendor/grass.rb QR.grass > QR.groovy
    $ groovy QR.groovy > QR.gz
    $ gzip -cd QR.gz > QR.hs
    $ ghc QR.hs && ./QR > QR.hx
    $ haxe -main QR -neko QR.n && neko QR.n > QR.icn
    $ icont -s QR.icn && ./QR > QR.i
    $ ick -bfOc QR.i && gcc -static QR.c -I /usr/include/ick-* -o QR -lick &&
      ./QR > QR.j
    $ jasmin QR.j && java QR > QR.java
    $ javac QR.java && java QR > QR.js
    $ nodejs QR.js > QR.jq
    $ jq -r -n -f QR.jq > QR.jsfuck
    $ nodejs --stack_size=100000 QR.jsfuck > QR.kt
    $ kotlinc QR.kt -include-runtime -d QR.jar && kotlin QR.jar > QR.ksh
    $ ksh QR.ksh > QR.lazy
    $ lazyk QR.lazy > qr.li
    $ lisaac qr.li && ./qr > QR.ls
    $ lsc QR.ls > QR.ll
    $ llvm-as QR.ll && lli QR.bc > QR.lol
    $ lci QR.lol > QR.lua
    $ lua5.3 QR.lua > QR.m4
    $ m4 QR.m4 > QR.mk
    $ make -f QR.mk > QR.mac
    $ maxima -q --init-mac=QR.mac > QR.mzn
    $ minizinc --solver Gecode --soln-sep '' QR.mzn > QR.il
    $ ilasm QR.il && mono QR.exe > QR.mustache
    $ mustache QR.mustache QR.mustache > QR.asm
    $ nasm -felf QR.asm && ld -m elf_i386 -o QR QR.o && ./QR > QR.neko
    $ nekoc QR.neko && neko QR.n > QR.5c
    $ nickle QR.5c > QR.nim
    $ nim compile QR.nim && ./QR > QR.m
    $ gcc -o QR QR.m && ./QR > QR.ml
    $ ocaml QR.ml > QR.octave
    $ mv QR.m QR.m.bak && octave -qf QR.octave > QR.ook && mv QR.m.bak QR.m
    $ ruby vendor/ook-to-bf.rb QR.ook QR.ook.bf && ruby vendor/bf.rb QR.ook.bf > QR.gp
    $ gp -f -q QR.gp > QR.p
    $ parser3 QR.p > QR.pas
    $ fpc QR.pas && ./QR > QR.pl
    $ perl QR.pl > QR.pl6
    $ perl6 QR.pl6 > QR.php
    $ php QR.php > QR.png
    $ npiet QR.png > QR.ps
    $ gs -dNODISPLAY -q QR.ps > QR.ppt
    $ ppt -d < QR.ppt > QR.prolog
    $ swipl -q -t qr -f QR.prolog > QR.pr
    $ spin -T QR.pr > QR.py
    $ python3 QR.py > QR.R
    $ R --slave -f QR.R > QR.ratfor
    $ ratfor -o QR.ratfor.f QR.ratfor && gfortran -o QR QR.ratfor.f &&
      ./QR > QR.rc
    $ rc QR.rc > QR.rexx
    $ rexx ./QR.rexx > QR2.rb

You will see that `QR.rb` is the same as `QR2.rb`.

    $ diff QR.rb QR2.rb

Alternatively, just type `make`.

    $ make

Note: It may take a lot of memory to compile some files.

### Docker

Simply build the image and run a container as follows:

    $ docker build -t qr .
    $ docker run --privileged --rm -e CI=true qr

Note: You must run in privileged mode, otherwise the `maxima` command will fail.

If you want to check the generated files, you can mount the local directory in the Docker container (but still use the `vendor` directory of the container), as follows:

    $ docker run --privileged --rm -e CI=true -v $(pwd):/usr/local/share/quine-relay -v /usr/local/share/quine-relay/vendor qr

### Other platforms

You may find [instructions for other platforms in the wiki](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/wiki/Installation).

If you do not use these Linux distributions, please find your own way.
If you manage it, please let me know.  I wish you good luck.

## Interpreter/compiler versions tested

I used the following Ubuntu deb packages to test this program.

\#  |language                    |ubuntu package                    |version
----|----------------------------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------
1   |Ruby                        |ruby                              |1:3.1
2   |Rust                        |rustc                             |1.67.1+dfsg0ubuntu1-0ubuntu2
3   |Scala                       |scala                             |2.11.12-5
4   |Scheme                      |guile-3.0                         |3.0.8-2
5   |Scilab                      |scilab-cli                        |6.1.1+dfsg2-5
6   |sed                         |sed                               |4.9-1
7   |Shakespeare                 |*N/A*                             |-
8   |S-Lang                      |slsh                              |2.3.3-2
9   |Smalltalk                   |gnu-smalltalk                     |3.2.5-1.3ubuntu2
10  |Standard ML                 |polyml, libpolyml-dev             |5.7.1-5
11  |Subleq                      |*N/A*                             |-
12  |SurgeScript                 |surgescript                       |0.5.4.4-1.1
13  |Tcl                         |tcl                               |8.6.13
14  |tcsh                        |tcsh                              |6.24.07-1
15  |Thue                        |*N/A*                             |-
16  |TypeScript                  |node-typescript                   |4.8.4+ds1-2
17  |Unlambda                    |*N/A*                             |-
18  |Vala                        |valac                             |0.56.7-1
19  |Velato                      |*N/A*                             |-
20  |Verilog                     |iverilog                          |11.0-1.1
21  |Vimscript                   |vim                               |2:9.0.1000-4ubuntu3
22  |Visual Basic                |mono-vbnc                         |4.0.1-3
23  |WebAssembly (Binary format) |wabt                              |1.0.32-1
24  |WebAssembly (Text format)   |wabt                              |1.0.32-1
25  |Whitespace                  |*N/A*                             |-
26  |XSLT                        |xsltproc                          |1.1.35-1
27  |Yabasic                     |yabasic                           |1:2.90.3-1
28  |Yorick                      |yorick                            |2.2.04+dfsg1-12
29  |Zoem                        |zoem                              |21-341-1
30  |zsh                         |zsh                               |5.9-4
31  |A+                          |aplus-fsf                         |4.22.1-10.2
32  |Ada                         |gnat                              |12.2ubuntu1
33  |AFNIX                       |afnix                             |3.8.0-1
34  |Aheui                       |*N/A*                             |-
35  |ALGOL 68                    |algol68g                          |3.1.2-1
36  |Ante                        |*N/A*                             |-
37  |AspectJ                     |aspectj                           |1.9.5-1
38  |Asymptote                   |asymptote                         |2.85+ds-1
39  |ATS                         |ats2-lang                         |0.4.2-1.1
40  |Awk                         |gawk                              |1:5.2.1-2
41  |bash                        |bash                              |5.2.15-2ubuntu1
42  |bc                          |bc                                |1.07.1-3build1
43  |BeanShell                   |bsh                               |2.0b4-20
44  |Befunge                     |*N/A*                             |-
45  |BLC8                        |*N/A*                             |-
46  |Brainfuck                   |*N/A*                             |-
47  |C                           |gcc                               |4:12.2.0-3ubuntu1
48  |C++                         |g++                               |4:12.2.0-3ubuntu1
49  |C#                          |mono-mcs                          |6.8.0.105+dfsg-3.3
50  |Chef                        |*N/A*                             |-
51  |Clojure                     |clojure                           |1.11.1-2
52  |CMake                       |cmake                             |3.25.1-1ubuntu1
53  |Cobol                       |gnucobol4                         |4.0\~early\~20200606-6
54  |CoffeeScript                |coffeescript                      |2.7.0-4
55  |Common Lisp                 |clisp                             |1:2.49.20210628.gitde01f0f-3build1
56  |Crystal                     |crystal, libevent-dev             |1.6.0+dfsg-2
57  |D                           |gdc                               |4:12.2.0-3ubuntu1
58  |Dafny                       |dafny                             |2.3.0+dfsg-0.1
59  |dc                          |dc                                |1.07.1-3build1
60  |Dhall                       |dhall                             |1.40.2-2build1
61  |Elixir                      |elixir                            |1.14.0.dfsg-2
62  |Emacs Lisp                  |emacs-nox                         |1:28.2+1-13ubuntu3
63  |Erlang                      |erlang                            |1:25.2.3+dfsg-1
64  |F#                          |fsharp                            |4.0.0.4+dfsg2-2
65  |FALSE                       |*N/A*                             |-
66  |Flex                        |flex                              |2.6.4-8.1
67  |Fish                        |fish                              |3.6.0-3
68  |Forth                       |gforth                            |0.7.3+dfsg-9build4.1
69  |FORTRAN77                   |f2c                               |20200916-1
70  |Fortran90                   |gfortran                          |4:12.2.0-3ubuntu1
71  |Gambas script               |gambas3-scripter, gambas3-gb-pcre |3.18.0-4ubuntu1
72  |GAP                         |gap                               |4.12.1-2
73  |GDB                         |gdb                               |13.1-2ubuntu2
74  |GEL (Genius)                |genius                            |1.0.27-1
75  |Gnuplot                     |gnuplot                           |5.4.4+dfsg1-2build1
76  |Go                          |golang                            |2:1.20\~0ubuntu1
77  |GolfScript                  |*N/A*                             |-
78  |G-Portugol                  |gpt                               |1.1-7
79  |Grass                       |*N/A*                             |-
80  |Groovy                      |groovy                            |2.4.21-7
81  |Gzip                        |gzip                              |1.12-1ubuntu1
82  |Haskell                     |ghc                               |9.0.2-4ubuntu2
83  |Haxe                        |haxe                              |1:4.2.5-1build1
84  |Icon                        |icont, iconx                      |9.4.3-7ubuntu1
85  |INTERCAL                    |intercal                          |30:0.30-3
86  |Jasmin                      |jasmin-sable                      |2.5.0-2
87  |Java                        |openjdk-11-jdk                    |11.0.18+10-0ubuntu5
88  |JavaScript                  |nodejs                            |18.13.0+dfsg1-1ubuntu2
89  |Jq                          |jq                                |1.6-2.1ubuntu3
90  |JSFuck                      |nodejs                            |18.13.0+dfsg1-1ubuntu2
91  |Kotlin                      |kotlin                            |1.3.31+ds1-1build5
92  |ksh                         |ksh                               |20230128
93  |Lazy K                      |*N/A*                             |-
94  |Lisaac                      |lisaac                            |1:0.39\~rc1-3.1
95  |LiveScript                  |livescript                        |1.6.1+dfsg-3
96  |LLVM asm                    |llvm                              |1:15.0-56\~exp2
97  |LOLCODE                     |*N/A*                             |-
98  |Lua                         |lua5.3                            |5.3.6-2
99  |M4                          |m4                                |1.4.19-3
100 |Makefile                    |make                              |4.3-4.1build1
101 |Maxima                      |maxima                            |5.45.1-8
102 |MiniZinc                    |minizinc                          |2.6.4+dfsg1-1
103 |MSIL                        |mono-devel                        |6.8.0.105+dfsg-3.3
104 |Mustache                    |ruby-mustache                     |1.1.1-2
105 |NASM                        |nasm                              |2.16.01-1
106 |Neko                        |neko                              |2.3.0-1build3
107 |Nickle                      |nickle                            |2.91
108 |Nim                         |nim                               |1.6.10-2
109 |Objective-C                 |gobjc                             |4:12.2.0-3ubuntu1
110 |OCaml                       |ocaml                             |4.13.1-4ubuntu1
111 |Octave                      |octave                            |7.3.0-1build1
112 |Ook!                        |*N/A*                             |-
113 |PARI/GP                     |pari-gp                           |2.15.2-1
114 |Parser 3                    |parser3-cgi                       |3.4.6-3
115 |Pascal                      |fp-compiler                       |3.2.2+dfsg-18ubuntu1
116 |Perl 5                      |perl                              |5.36.0-7
117 |Perl 6                      |rakudo                            |2022.12-1
118 |PHP                         |php-cli                           |2:8.1+92ubuntu1
119 |Piet                        |*N/A*                             |-
120 |PostScript                  |ghostscript                       |10.0.0\~dfsg1-0ubuntu1.1
121 |PPT (Punched tape)          |bsdgames                          |2.17-29
122 |Prolog                      |swi-prolog                        |9.0.4+dfsg-1ubuntu2
123 |Promela (Spin)              |spin                              |6.5.2+dfsg-1
124 |Python                      |python3                           |3.11.2-1
125 |R                           |r-base                            |4.2.2.20221110-2build1
126 |Ratfor                      |ratfor                            |1.05-2
127 |rc                          |rc                                |1.7.4+97.gceb59bb-5
128 |REXX                        |regina-rexx                       |3.6-2.4

Note that some languages are not available in Ubuntu (marked as *N/A*).
This repository contains their implementations in `vendor/`.
See also `vendor/README` for detail.


## Frequently asked questions

### Q. Why?

A. [Take your pick](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/issues/11).

### Q. How?

A. Good news: I have published a book, ["The World of Obfuscated, Esoteric, Artistic Programming"](http://gihyo.jp/book/2015/978-4-7741-7643-7).
It explains how to write a quine, an ascii-art quine, and an uroboros quine like this quine-relay.
You can buy my book on [amazon.co.jp](http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4774176435).

(It also contains my almost all of my (about forty) works, including
[alphabet-only Ruby program](http://www.slideshare.net/mametter/ruby-esoteric-obfuscated-ruby-programming-5088683),
[radiation-hardened quine](https://github.com/mame/radiation-hardened-quine),
etc., and explains many techniques for writing such programs.)

Bad news: It is written in Japanese.
I hope you can translate it into English <strike>and help me earn royalties</strike>.

### Q. Language XXX is missing!

A. See [the language inclusion criteria][criteria] in detail.  (In short, please create a deb package and contribute it to Ubuntu.)

See also [:heart:][sponsors].

[criteria]: https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/wiki/Language-inclusion-criteria
[sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/mame


### Q. Does it really work?

A. [![CI](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/actions?query=workflow%2ACI)

### Q. How long did it take you?

A. [Are you trying to cross the world line?](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/issues/60)

### Q. The code does not fit in my screen!

A. [Here you go][thumbnail].

[thumbnail]: thumbnail.png

### Q. How was the code generated?

A.

    $ sudo apt-get install rake ruby-cairo ruby-rsvg2 ruby-gdk-pixbuf2 \
      optipng advancecomp ruby-chunky-png
    $ cd src
    $ rake2.0 clobber
    $ rake2.0

## License

The MIT License applies to all resources
*except* the files in the `vendor/` directory.

The files in the `vendor/` directory are from third-parties
and are distributed under different licenses.
See `vendor/README` in detail.

---

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 Yusuke Endoh (@mametter), @hirekoke

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
