Jacob Cheung
2025
EnDive: A Cross-Dialect Benchmark for Fairness and Performance in Large Language Models
Abhay Gupta
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Jacob Cheung
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Philip Meng
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Shayan Sayyed
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Kevin Zhu
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Austen Liao
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Sean O’Brien
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025
The diversity of human language, shaped by social, cultural, and regional influences, presents significant challenges for natural language processing (NLP) systems. Existing benchmarks often overlook intra-language variations, leaving speakers of non-standard dialects underserved. To address this gap, we introduce EnDive (English Diversity), a benchmark that evaluates seven state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) across tasks in language understanding, algorithmic reasoning, mathematics, and logic. Our framework translates Standard American English datasets into five underrepresented dialects using few-shot prompting with verified examples from native speakers, and compares these translations against rule-based methods via fluency assessments, preference tests, and semantic similarity metrics. Human evaluations confirm high translation quality, with average scores of at least 6.02/7 for faithfulness, fluency, and formality. By filtering out near-identical translations, we create a challenging dataset that reveals significant performance disparities—models consistently underperform on dialectal inputs compared to Standard American English (SAE). EnDive thus advances dialect-aware NLP by uncovering model biases and promoting more equitable language technologies.
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- Abhay Gupta 1
- Austen Liao 1
- Philip Meng 1
- Sean O’Brien 1
- Shayan Sayyed 1
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