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The Mountain
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For other articles titled "The Mountain", see The Mountain (disambiguation).
The Mountain (French: La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly. The term, which was first used during the session of the Legislative Assembly, did not come into general use until 1793.
At the opening of the National Convention the Montagnard group comprised men of very diverse shades of opinion, and such cohesion as it subsequently acquired was due rather to the opposition of its leaders to the Girondist leaders than to any fundamental agreement in philosophy among the Montagnards' own leaders. The chief point of distinction was that the Girondists were mainly theorists and thinkers, whereas the Mountain consisted almost entirely of uncompromising men of action. Additionally, Montagnards tended to be more vocal in defence of the lower classes and employed a more moralistic rhetoric than the Girondins.[1]
During their struggle with the Girondists, the Montagnards gained the upper hand in the Jacobin Club, and for a time "Jacobin" and "Montagnard" were synonymous terms. The Mountain was successively under the sway of such men as Marat, Danton, and Robespierre.
Dominating the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety, they imposed a policy of terror. The Mountain was then split into several distinct factions, those who favored an alliance with the people, and social measures C led by Georges-Jacques Danton C and the proponents of The Terror C led by Maximilien Robespierre. In addition, several members were close to the mountain of the Enrags led by Jacques Roux, or Hebertism led by Jacques Ren Hbert. The group was to become one of the prime movers in the eventual downfall of Robespierre in the events of 9 Thermidor. The group dissolved shortly after Robespierre's death (28 July 1794).
After the February Revolution of 1848, the Mountain was reconstituted as the left wing faction in the Constituent Assembly elected that year (see: The Mountain (1849)), and in the Legislative Assembly which followed the next year.
[edit] See also
Montagnard (Vietnam)
[edit] References
Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Mountain, The". Encyclop?dia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2010). A Short History of the French Revolution: Fifth Edition, p. 72. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River. ISBN 0205693571.
This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the French Wikipedia.
v  d  eFrench Revolution
Timeline  Pre-Revolution  Causes of the Revolution  National Constituent Assembly  Constitutional Monarchy  Convention  Directoire (Council of Five Hundred and Council of Ancients)  succeeded by Consulate
Significant civil and political events by year
1788
Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)  Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
1789
Reveillon riot (28 Apr 1789) Convocation of the Estates-General (5 May 1789)  National Assembly (17 Jun to 9 Jul 1790)  Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)  Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)  Great Fear (20 Jul to 5 Aug 1789)  Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 Aug 1789)  Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
1790
Abolition of the Parlements (3 Feb 1790)  Abolition of the Nobility (19 Jun 1790)  Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)  Abolition of the Parlements (12 Jul 1790)
1791
Flight to Varennes (20 and 21 Jun 1791)  Champ de Mars Massacre (17 Jul 1791)  Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)  The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)  Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 to Sep 1792)  Self-denying ordinance (30 Sep 1791)
1792
Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)  Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)  10th of August (10 Aug 1792)  September Massacres (Sep 1792)  National Convention (20 Sep 1792 to 26 Oct 1795)  First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)
1793
Louis Capet is guillotined (21 Jan 1793)  Revolutionary Tribunals (9 Mar 1793 to 31 May 1795)  Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 to 27 July 1794)  (Committee of Public Safety  Committee of General Security)  Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)  Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)  Leve en masse (23 Aug 1793)  Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)  Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)  Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794
Danton & Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)  Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)  Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)  White Terror (Fall 1794)  Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795
1795 Constitution (22 Aug 1795)  Conspiracy of the Equals (Nov 1795)  Directoire (1795-1799)
1797
Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)  Second Congress of Rastatt(Dec 1797)
1799
Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII (18 Jun 1799)  The coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)  Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)  Consulate
Revolutionary wars
1792
Battle of Valmy  Royalist Revolts (Chouannerie  Vende  Dauphin)  Battle of Verdun  Siege of Thionville  Siege of Lille  Siege of Mayence  Battle of Jemappes  Siege of Namur
1793
First Coalition  Siege of Toulon (18 Sep to 18 Dec 1793)  War in the Vende  Battle of Neerwinden)  Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)  Capture of San Pietro and Sant'Antioco (25 May 1793)  Battle of Kaiserslautern  Siege of Mainz  Battle of Wattignies  Battle of Hondshoote  Siege of Bellegarde  Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)  First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)  Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) Second Battle of Wissembourg (26 and 27 Dec 1793)
1794
Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)  Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr and 1 May 1794)  Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)  Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)  Chouannerie  Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)  Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
1795
Peace of Basel
1796
Battle of Lonato (3 and 4 Aug 1796)  Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)  Battle of Theiningen  Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)  Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)  Battle of Wrzburg (3 Sep 1796)  Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)  First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)  Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)  Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)  Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)  Battle of Calliano (6 and 7 Nov 1796)  Battle of the Bridge of Arcole (15 to 17 Nov 1796)  The Ireland Expedition (Dec 1796)
1797
Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)  Battle of Rivoli (14 and 15 Jan 1797)  Battle of the Bay of Cdiz (25 Jan 1797)  Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)  Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)  Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)
1798
French Invasion of Egypt (1798C1801)  Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May C 23 Sep 1798)  Quasi-War (1798 to 1800)  Peasants' War (12 Oct to 5 Dec 1798)
1799
Second Coalition (1798-1802)  Siege of Acre (20 Mar to 21 May 1799)  Battle of Ostrach (20 and 21 Mar 1799)  Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)  Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)  Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799)  First Battle of Zrich (4-7 Jun 1799)  Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799)  Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)  Second Battle of Zrich (25 and 26 Sep 1799)
1800
Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)  Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)  League of Armed Neutrality (1800-1802)
1801
Treaty of Lunville (9 Feb 1801)  Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)  Battle of Algeciras (8 Jul 1801)
1802
Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
Military leaders
French
army officers
Eustache Charles d'Aoust  Pierre Augereau  Alexandre de Beauharnais  Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte  Louis Alexandre Berthier  Jean-Baptiste Bessires  Guillaume Marie Anne Brune  Jean Fran?ois Carteaux  Jean ?tienne Championnet  Chapuis de Tourville  Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine  Louis-Nicolas Davout  Louis Charles Antoine Desaix  Jacques Fran?ois Dugommier  Charles Fran?ois Dumouriez  Pierre Marie Barthlemy Ferino  Louis-Charles de Flers  Paul Grenier  Emmanuel de Grouchy  Jacques Maurice Hatry  Lazare Hoche  Jean-Baptiste Jourdan  Fran?ois Christophe Kellermann  Jean-Baptiste Klber  Pierre Choderlos de Laclos  Jean Lannes  Charles Leclerc  Claude Lecourbe  Fran?ois Joseph Lefebvre  Jacques MacDonald  Jean-Antoine Marbot  Jean Baptiste de Marbot  Fran?ois-Sverin Marceau  Auguste de Marmont  Andr Massna  Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey  Jean Victor Marie Moreau  ?douard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier  Joachim Murat  Michel Ney  fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten  Nicolas Oudinot  Catherine-Dominique de Prignon  Charles Pichegru  Jzef Antoni Poniatowski  Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr  Barthlemy Louis Joseph Schrer  Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Srurier  Joseph Souham  Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult  Louis Gabriel Suchet  Belgrand de Vaubois  Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
French
naval officers
Charles-Alexandre Linois
Opposition
military figures
Ralph Abercromby (British)  Jzsef Alvinczi (Austrian)  Archduke Charles of Austria  Duke of Brunswick (Prussian)  Count of Clerfayt (Walloon fighting for Austria)  Luis Firmin de Carvajal (Spanish)  Karl Aloys zu Frstenberg (Russian)  Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (Prussian)  Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss in Austrian service) Count of Kalckreuth (Austrian)  Alexander Korsakov (Russian)  Pl Kray (Hungarian serving Austria)  Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French in the service of Austria)  Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon in the service of Austria)  Karl Mack von Leiberich (Austrian)  Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon fighting for Austria)  Antonio Ricardos (Spanish)  James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez (British admiral)  Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Austrian)  William V, Prince of Orange (Dutch)  Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth (British admiral)  Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich (Austrian)  Prince Heinrich XV Reuss of Plauen (Austrian)  Alexander Suvorov (Russian)  Johann Mszros von Szoboszl (Hungarian in Austrian service)  Karl Philipp Sebottendorf (Austrian)  Dagobert von Wurmser (Austrian)  Duke of York (British)
Other important figures and factions
Royals and
Royalists
Charles X of France  Louis XVI  Louis XVII  Louis XVIII  Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien  Louis Henri, Prince of Cond  Louis Joseph, Prince of Cond  Louis Philippe of France  Marie Antoinette  Madame de Lamballe  Madame du Barry  Louis de Breteuil  Lomnie de Brienne  Charles Alexandre de Calonne  Chateaubriand  Jean Chouan  Grace Elliott  Arnaud de Laporte  Jean-Sifrein Maury  Mirabeau  Jacques Necker
Feuillants
Antoine Barnave  Alexandre-Thodore-Victor, comte de Lameth  Charles Malo Fran?ois Lameth  Lafayette
Girondists
Jacques Pierre Brissot  ?tienne Clavire  Marquis de Condorcet  Charlotte Corday  Marie Jean Hrault  Roland de La Platire  Madame Roland  Jean Baptiste Treilhard  Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud  Bertrand Barre de Vieuzac  Jr?me Ption de Villeneuve
Montagnards
Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras  Georges Couthon  Georges Danton  Jacques Louis David  Camille Desmoulins  Roger Ducos  Jean Marie Collot d'Herbois  Jean-Paul Marat  Prieur de la C?te-d'Or  Prieur de la Marne  Maximilien Robespierre  Gilbert Romme  Jean Bon Saint-Andr  Louis de Saint-Just  Jean-Lambert Tallien  Bertrand Barre de Vieuzac
Hbertists
Jacques Hbert  Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne  Pierre Gaspard Chaumette  Jacques Roux
Bonapartists
Napolon Bonaparte  de Cambacrs  Jacques-Louis David  Jean Debry  Joseph Fesch  Charles Fran?ois Lebrun  Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
Others: Jean-Pierre-Andr Amar  Fran?ois-No?l Babeuf  Jean Sylvain Bailly  Fran?ois-Marie, marquis de Barthlemy  Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne  Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot  Andr Chnier  Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprmesnil  Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville  Olympe de Gouges  Father Henri Grgoire  Philippe-Fran?ois-Joseph Le Bas  Jacques-Donatien Le Ray  Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet  Guillaume-Chrtien de Malesherbes  Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville  Jean Joseph Mounier  Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours  Fran?ois de Neufch?teau  Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau  Pierre Louis Prieur  Jean-Fran?ois Rewbell  Louis Marie de La Rvellire-Lpeaux  Marquis de Sade  Antoine Christophe Saliceti  Emmanuel-Joseph Sieys  Madame de Sta?l  Talleyrand  Thrsa Tallien  Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target  Catherine Thot  Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier  Jean-Henri Voulland  Enrags
Influential thinkers
Les Lumires  Beaumarchais  Edmund Burke  Anacharsis Cloots  Charles-Augustin de Coulomb  Pierre Claude Fran?ois Daunou  Diderot  Benjamin Franklin  Thomas Jefferson  Antoine Lavoisier  Montesquieu  Thomas Paine  Jean-Jacques Rousseau  Voltaire
The Bonapartes
Josphine de Beauharnais  Joseph Bonaparte  Lucien Bonaparte  Napoleon Bonaparte
Cultural impact
La Marseillaise  Fabre d'?glantine  French Tricolour  Libert, galit, fraternit  Bastille Day  Panthon  French Republican Calendar  Cult of the Supreme Being  Cult of Reason  Sans-culottes  Metric system
Quatrevingt-treize  A Tale of Two Cities  The Scarlet Pimpernel  Scaramouche  La Rvolution fran?aise  Orphans of the Storm  Danton
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