@inproceedings{shukla-etal-2025-mitigate,
    title = "Mitigate One, Skew Another? Tackling Intersectional Biases in Text-to-Image Models",
    author = "Shukla, Pushkar  and
      Chinchure, Aditya  and
      Diana, Emily  and
      Tolbert, Alexander  and
      Hosanagar, Kartik  and
      Balasubramanian, Vineeth N.  and
      Sigal, Leonid  and
      Turk, Matthew A.",
    editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Peng, Violet",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025",
    month = nov,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Suzhou, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/author-page-yu-wang-polytechnic/2025.findings-emnlp.665/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.665",
    pages = "12453--12472",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-335-7",
    abstract = "The biases exhibited by text-to-image (TTI) models are often treated as independent, though in reality, they may be deeply interrelated. Addressing bias along one dimension{---}such as ethnicity or age{---}can inadvertently affect another, like gender, either mitigating or exacerbating existing disparities. Understanding these interdependencies is crucial for designing fairer generative models, yet measuring such effects quantitatively remains a challenge. To address this, we introduce BiasConnect, a novel tool for analyzing and quantifying bias interactions in TTI models. BiasConnect uses counterfactual interventions along different bias axes to reveal the underlying structure of these interactions and estimates the effect of mitigating one bias axis on another. These estimates show strong correlation (+0.65) with observed post-mitigation outcomes.Building on BiasConnect, we propose InterMit, an intersectional bias mitigation algorithm guided by user-defined target distributions and priority weights. InterMit achieves lower bias (0.33 vs. 0.52) with fewer mitigation steps (2.38 vs. 3.15 average steps), and yields superior image quality compared to traditional techniques. Although our implementation is training-free, InterMit is modular and can be integrated with many existing debiasing approaches for TTI models, making it a flexible and extensible solution."
}