@inproceedings{fastowski-etal-2025-confidence,
    title = "From Confidence to Collapse in {LLM} Factual Robustness",
    author = "Fastowski, Alina  and
      Prenkaj, Bardh  and
      Kasneci, Gjergji",
    editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Peng, Violet",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025",
    month = nov,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Suzhou, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/author-page-yu-wang-polytechnic/2025.findings-emnlp.460/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.460",
    pages = "8650--8667",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-335-7",
    abstract = "Ensuring the robustness of factual knowledge in LLMs is critical for reliable applications in tasks such as question answering and reasoning. However, existing evaluation methods predominantly focus on performance-based metrics, often investigating from the perspective of prompt perturbations, which captures only the externally triggered side of knowledge robustness. To bridge this gap, we introduce a principled approach to measure factual robustness from the perspective of the generation process by analyzing token distribution entropy in combination with temperature scaling sensitivity. These two factors build the Factual Robustness Score (FRS), a novel metric which quantifies the stability of a fact against perturbations in decoding conditions, given its initial uncertainty. To validate our approach, we conduct extensive experiments on 5 LLMs across 3 closed-book QA datasets (SQuAD, TriviaQA, and HotpotQA). We show that factual robustness varies significantly {--} smaller models report an FRS of 0.76, larger ones 0.93 {--} with accuracy degrading by {\textasciitilde}60{\%} under increased uncertainty. These insights demonstrate how entropy and temperature scaling impact factual accuracy, and lay a foundation for developing more robust knowledge retention and retrieval in future models. We release our code at https://github.com/afastowski/frs."
}