@inproceedings{al-ghanim-etal-2025-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Robustness and Accuracy of Text Watermarking Under Real-World Cross-Lingual Manipulations",
    author = "Al Ghanim, Mansour  and
      Xue, Jiaqi  and
      Hastuti, Rochana Prih  and
      Zheng, Mengxin  and
      Solihin, Yan  and
      Lou, Qian",
    editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Peng, Violet",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025",
    month = nov,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Suzhou, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/author-page-yu-wang-polytechnic/2025.findings-emnlp.390/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.390",
    pages = "7396--7416",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-335-7",
    abstract = "We present a study to benchmark representative watermarking methods in cross-lingual settings. The current literature mainly focuses on the evaluation of watermarking methods for the English language. However, the literature for evaluating watermarking in cross-lingual settings is scarce. This results in overlooking important adversary scenarios in which a cross-lingual adversary could be in, leading to a gray area of practicality over cross-lingual watermarking. In this paper, we evaluate four watermarking methods in four different and vocabulary rich languages. Our experiments investigate the quality of text under different watermarking procedure and the detectability of watermarks with practical translation attack scenarios. Specifically, we investigate practical scenarios that an adversary with cross-lingual knowledge could take, and evaluate whether current watermarking methods are suitable for such scenarios. Finally, from our findings, we draw key insights about watermarking in cross-lingual settings."
}