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Richard von Krafft-Ebing
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Richard von Krafft-Ebing
Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing with his wife, Marie Luise
Born
14 August 1840 (1840-08-14)
Mannheim, Baden, Germany
Died
22 December 1902 (1902-12-23)
Graz, Austria
Nationality
Austro-German
Fields
Psychiatry
Alma mater
University of Heidelberg
Known for
Psychopathia Sexualis
Richard Freiherr[a] von Krafft-Ebing (full name Richard Fridolin Joseph Freiherr Krafft von Festenberg auf Frohnberg, genannt von Ebing[1]) (14 August 1840 C 22 December 1902) was an AustroCGerman psychiatrist who was born in Mannheim in Baden, Germany. He was the author of the seminal work Psychopathia Sexualis.
Krafft-Ebing studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg, where he specialized in psychiatry, and later practiced in psychiatric asylums.
After leaving his work in the asylums, he pursued a career in psychiatry, forensics, and hypnosis.
Contents
1 Principal work
2 Works
2.1 Translations
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Notes
7 Bibliography
8 External links
[edit] Principal work
Krafft-Ebing's principal work is Psychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie (Sexual Psychopathy: A Clinical-Forensic Study), which was first published in 1886 and expanded in subsequent editions. The last edition from the hand of the author (the twelfth) contained a total of 238 case histories of human sexual behaviour.
This book popularized the terms sadism (derived from the brutal sexual practices depicted in the novels of Marquis de Sade) and masochism (derived from the name of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch), although these terms apparently were in use prior to its publication.[2]
Psychopathia Sexualis is a forensic reference book for psychiatrists, physicians, and judges. Written in an academic style, its introduction noted that, to discourage lay readers, the author had deliberately chosen a scientific term for the title of the book and that he had written parts of it in Latin for the same purpose.
Psychopathia Sexualis was one of the first books about sexual practices that studied homosexuality. It proposed consideration of the mental state of sex criminals in legal judgements of their crimes. During its time, it became the leading medicoClegal textual authority on sexual pathology.
The first edition of Psychopathia Sexualis (1886) presented four categories of what Krafft-Ebing called "cerebral neuroses":
paradoxia  sexual desire at the wrong time of life
anesthesia  insufficient sexual desire
hyperesthesia  excessive sexual desire
paraesthesia  misdirected sexual desire (e.g., homosexuality, sexual fetishism, sadism, masochism, and pedophilia
The first edition of Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), by Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
Krafft-Ebing considered procreation the purpose of sexual desire and that any form of recreational sex was a perversion of the sex drive. Hence, he concluded that homosexuals suffered a degree of sexual perversion because homosexual practices could not result in procreation. In some cases, homosexual libido was classified as a moral vice induced by the early practice of masturbation.[3] Krafft-Ebing proposed a theory of homosexuality as biologically anomalous and originating in the embryonic and fetal stages of gestation, which evolved into a "sexual inversion" of the brain. In 1901, in an article in the Jahrbuch fr sexuelle Zwischenstufen (Yearbook of Sexual Intermediate Stages), he changed the biological term from anomaly to differentiation.
Krafft-Ebbing perceived women as sexually passive, and thus he recorded no sexual case studies of sadistic or fetishistic women.
Krafft-Ebings conclusions about homosexuality are now largely forgotten, partly because Sigmund Freuds theories were more interesting to physicians (who considered homosexuality to be a psychological problem) and partly because he incurred the enmity of the Austrian Catholic Church when he psychologically associated martyrdom (a desire for sanctity) with hysteria and masochism. Moreover, in a footnote added to the 1915 edition of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Sigmund Freud urged that homosexuals not be segregated from mainstream society.[4]
[edit] Works
Die Melancholie: Eine klinische Studie (1874) OCLC 180728044
Grundzge der Kriminalpsychologie fr Juristen (second edition, 1882) OCLC 27460358
Psychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie (first edition, 1886)
Die progressive allgemeine Paralyse (1894) OCLC 65980497
Nervosit?t und neurasthenische Zust?nde (1895) OCLC 9633149
[edit] Translations
Dr. Domino Falls translated and edited the case histories in Psychopathia Sexualis:The Case Histories (1997) ISBN 978-0-9820464-7-0.
Charles Gilbert Chaddock translated four of Krafft-Ebing's books into English:
An Experimental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism (New York and London, 1889)
Psychosis Menstrualis (1902)
Psychopathia Sexualis (twelfth edition, 1903)
Text Book of Insanity (1905)
[edit] See also
Paraphilia
Sadism and masochism as medical terms
Sexual fetishism
[edit] Notes
a Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name. The female forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
[edit] References
^ Bettelheim, Anton (1905). Biographisches Jahrbuch und Deutscher Nekrolog. vol. 7. G. Reimer. p. 503. http://books.google.com/books?id=0BENAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Krafft+von+Festenberg+auf+Frohnberg%22&dq=%22Krafft+von+Festenberg+auf+Frohnberg%22&hl=en&ei=Ct_XToDjNMy0hAe8r-m0Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg.
^ Cutler, Bert (2003), Partner selection, power dynamics, and sexual bargaining in self-defined BDSM couples, San Francisco: The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, p. 100, "When it comes to sexual matters, the academic community behind the medical and psychiatric professions has been remarkably naive. The denial started with crediting Krafft-Ebing for having coined the terms sadism and masochism, when in fact Krafft-Ebing acknowledged that the terms came from underground ads used by practitioners of his day to contact each other."
^ Psychopathia Sexualis, pp. 185C192.
^ Freud, 1915.
[edit] Notes
Johnson, J (1973), "Psychopathia Sexualis.", The Manchester medical gazette 53 (2): 32C4, 1973 Dec, PMID 4596802
Kupferschmidt, H (1987), "[Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Psychopathia sexualis". Pornography or professional literature?]", Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax. 76 (20): 563C9, 1987 May 12, PMID 3306869
Not Available, Not Available (2001), "[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1903); comments on the cover portrait]", Der Nervenarzt 72 (9): 742, 2001 Sep, doi:10.1007/s001150170056, PMID 11599501
Rosario, Vernon A (2002), "Science and sexual identity: an essay review.", Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 57 (1): 79C85, 2002 Jan, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.1.79, PMID 11892515
Hertoft, Preben (2002), "[Psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual dysfunctionor from sex therapy to marital therapy]", Ugeskr. Laeg. 164 (41): 4805C8, 2002 Oct 7, PMID 12407889
Kennedy, H (2001), "Research and commentaries on Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs.", Journal of homosexuality 42 (1): 165C78, doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_09, PMID 11991564
Sigusch, V (2004), "[Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902. In memory of the 100th anniversary of his death]", Der Nervenarzt 75 (1): 92C6, 2004 Jan, doi:10.1007/s00115-003-1512-7, PMID 14722666
[edit] Bibliography
Heinrich Ammerer: Am Anfang war die Perversion. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychiater und Pionier der modernen Sexualkunde. Styria premium 2011 in der Verlagsgruppe Styria GmbH & Co KG, Wien-Graz-Klagenfurt, ISBN 978-3-222-13321-3.
Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), reprinted by Bloat Books, 1999. ISBN 0-9650324-1-8
Oosterhuis, Harry. Stepchildren of Nature (2000), University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-63059-5
Mackenzie. Transgender Nation (1994), Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-596-6
J?rg Hutter. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, in Homosexualit?t. Handbuch der Theorie- und Forschungsgeschichte (Editor Rdiger Lautmann), Campus Verlag, Frankfurt and New York 1993. Pages 48C54. ISBN 3-593-34747-4
Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing, Eine Studienreise durch Sdeuropa 1869/70, Leykam Buchverlag, Graz (A) 2000, ISBN 3-7011-7426-1
Peter Weibel (ED.) Phantom of Desire, Visions of Masochism, Essays and Texts, Neue Galerie Graz am Landesmuseum Joanneum (English supplement), Graz (A) 2003, Pages 36C38. ISBN 3-936298-24-6
Savoia, Paolo. Sexual Science and Self-Narrative: epistemology and narrative technologies of the self between Krafft-Ebing and Freud, History of the Human Sciences, 23 (5), 2010
[edit] External links
Sexuality portal
Biography portal
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Germany portal
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Krafft-Ebing Psychopathia Sexualis
Psychopathia Sexualis, with especial reference to the antipathic sexual instinct, a medico-forensic study An early English translation available at archive.org.
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Krafft-Ebing, Richard von
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Date of birth
August 14, 1840
Place of birth
Mannheim, Baden, Germany
Date of death
December 22, 1902
Place of death
Graz, Austria
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