
@article{gonzalez-bailon_dynamics_2011,
	title = {The {Dynamics} of {Protest} {Recruitment} through an {Online} {Network}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.5595},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00197},
	abstract = {The recent wave of mobilizations in the Arab world and across Western countries has generated much discussion on how digital media is connected to the diffusion of protests. We examine that connection using data from the surge of mobilizations that took place in Spain in May 2011. We study recruitment patterns in the Twitter network and find evidence of social influence and complex contagion. We identify the network position of early participants (i.e. the leaders of the recruitment process) and of the users who acted as seeds of message cascades (i.e. the spreaders of information). We find that early participants cannot be characterized by a typical topological position but spreaders tend to me more central to the network. These findings shed light on the connection between online networks, social contagion, and collective dynamics, and offer an empirical test to the recruitment mechanisms theorized in formal models of collective action.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-02-07},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Gonzalez-Bailon, Sandra and Borge-Holthoefer, Javier and Rivero, Alejandro and Moreno, Yamir},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	note = {arXiv:1111.5595 [physics]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Physics - Physics and Society},
	pages = {197},
}

@book{edwards_language_2009,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Language and {Identity}: {An} introduction},
	copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms},
	isbn = {978-0-521-87381-9 978-0-521-69602-9 978-0-511-80984-2},
	shorttitle = {Language and {Identity}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511809842/type/book},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511809842},
	abstract = {The language we use forms an important part of our sense of who we are – of our identity. This book outlines the relationship between our identity as members of groups – ethnic, national, religious and gender – and the language varieties important to each group. What is a language? What is a dialect? Are there such things as language 'rights'?  Must every national group have its own unique language? How have languages, large and small, been used to spread religious ideas? Why have particular religious and linguistic 'markers' been so central, singly or in combination, to the ways in which we think about ourselves and others? Using a rich variety of examples, the book highlights the linkages among languages, dialects and identities, with special attention given to religious, ethnic and national allegiances.},
	urldate = {2026-02-06},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Edwards, John},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
}

@article{eleta_multilingual_2014,
	title = {Multilingual use of {Twitter}: {Social} networks at the language frontier},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {07475632},
	shorttitle = {Multilingual use of {Twitter}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563214002830},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.005},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-02-06},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	author = {Eleta, Irene and Golbeck, Jennifer},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {424--432},
}

@inproceedings{hale_global_2014,
	address = {Toronto Ontario Canada},
	title = {Global connectivity and multilinguals in the {Twitter} network},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2556288.2557203},
	doi = {10.1145/2556288.2557203},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-02-06},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Hale, Scott A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {833--842},
}

@article{gupta_emoji_2023,
	title = {Emoji, {Text}, and {Sentiment} {Polarity} {Detection} {Using} {Natural} {Language} {Processing}},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2078-2489},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/4/222},
	doi = {10.3390/info14040222},
	abstract = {Virtual users generate a gigantic volume of unbalanced sentiments over various online crowd-sourcing platforms which consist of text, emojis, or a combination of both. Its accurate analysis brings profits to various industries and their services. The state-of-art detects sentiment polarity using common sense with text only. The research work proposes an emoji-based framework for cognitive–conceptual–affective computing of sentiment polarity based on the linguistic patterns of text and emojis. The proposed emoji and text-based parser articulates sentiments with proposed linguistic features along with a combination of different emojis to generate the part of speech into n-gram patterns. In this paper, the sentiments of 650 world-famous personages consisting of 1,68,548 tweets have been downloaded from across the world. The results illustrate that the proposed natural language processing framework shows that the existence of emojis in sentiments many times seems to change the overall polarity of the sentiment. By extension, the CLDR name of the emoji is utilized to evaluate the accurate polarity of emoji patterns, and a dictionary of sentiments is adopted for evaluating the polarity of text. Eventually, the performances of three ML classifiers (SVM, DT, and Naïve Bayes) are evaluated for proposed distinctive linguistic features. The robust experiments indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the SVM classifier as compared to other ML classifiers. The proposed polarity detection generator has achieved an exceptional perspective of sentiments presented in the sentence by employing the flow of concept established, based on linguistic features, polarity inversion, coordination, and discourse patterns, surpassing the performance of extant state-of-the-art approaches.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Information},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	author = {Gupta, Shelley and Singh, Archana and Kumar, Vivek},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {ML classifiers, emojis, pattern, polarity inversion, sentiment polarity},
	pages = {222},
}

@incollection{cambria_affective_2017,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Affective {Computing} and {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-55394-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55394-8_1},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-55394-8_1},
	abstract = {Understanding emotions is one of the most important aspects of personal development and growth and, as such, it is a key tile for the emulation of human intelligence. Besides being a important for the advancement of AI, emotion processing is also important for the closely related task of polarity detection. The opportunity automatically to capture the sentiments of the general public about social events, political movements, marketing campaigns, and product preferences, in fact, has raised increasing interest both in the scientific community, for the exciting open challenges, and in the business world, for the remarkable fallouts in marketing and financial market prediction. This has led to the emerging fields of affective computing and sentiment analysis, which leverage on human-computer interaction, information retrieval, and multimodal signal processing for distilling people’s sentiments from the ever-growing amount of online social data.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	booktitle = {A {Practical} {Guide} to {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Cambria, Erik and Das, Dipankar and Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji and Feraco, Antonio},
	editor = {Cambria, Erik and Das, Dipankar and Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji and Feraco, Antonio},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Affective computing, Five eras of the Web, Hybrid approaches, Jumping NLP curves, Sentiment analysis},
	pages = {1--10},
}

@article{lin_advancing_2023,
	title = {Advancing {Naturalistic} {Affective} {Science} with {Deep} {Learning}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2662-205X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-023-00215-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s42761-023-00215-z},
	abstract = {People express their own emotions and perceive others’ emotions via a variety of channels, including facial movements, body gestures, vocal prosody, and language. Studying these channels of affective behavior offers insight into both the experience and perception of emotion. Prior research has predominantly focused on studying individual channels of affective behavior in isolation using tightly controlled, non-naturalistic experiments. This approach limits our understanding of emotion in more naturalistic contexts where different channels of information tend to interact. Traditional methods struggle to address this limitation: manually annotating behavior is time-consuming, making it infeasible to do at large scale; manually selecting and manipulating stimuli based on hypotheses may neglect unanticipated features, potentially generating biased conclusions; and common linear modeling approaches cannot fully capture the complex, nonlinear, and interactive nature of real-life affective processes. In this methodology review, we describe how deep learning can be applied to address these challenges to advance a more naturalistic affective science. First, we describe current practices in affective research and explain why existing methods face challenges in revealing a more naturalistic understanding of emotion. Second, we introduce deep learning approaches and explain how they can be applied to tackle three main challenges: quantifying naturalistic behaviors, selecting and manipulating naturalistic stimuli, and modeling naturalistic affective processes. Finally, we describe the limitations of these deep learning methods, and how these limitations might be avoided or mitigated. By detailing the promise and the peril of deep learning, this review aims to pave the way for a more naturalistic affective science.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Affective Science},
	author = {Lin, Chujun and Bulls, Landry S. and Tepfer, Lindsey J. and Vyas, Amisha D. and Thornton, Mark A.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Affective science, Cognitive modeling, Deep learning, Generalizability, Person perception},
	pages = {550--562},
}

@article{teney_what_2024,
	title = {What polarizes citizens? {An} explorative analysis of 817 attitudinal items from a non-random online panel in {Germany}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {What polarizes citizens?},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0302446},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0302446},
	abstract = {Various studies point to the lack of evidence of distributive opinion polarization in Europe. As most studies analyse the same item batteries from international social surveys, this lack of polarization might be due to an item’s issue (e.g., the nature or substance of an item) or item formulation characteristics used to measure polarization. Based on a unique sample of 817 political attitudinal items asked in 2022 by respondents of a non-random online panel in Germany, we empirically assess the item characteristics most likely to lead to distributive opinion polarization–measured with the Van der Eijk agreement index. Our results show that only 20\% of the items in our sample have some–at most moderate–level of opinion polarization. Moreover, an item’s salience in the news media before the survey data collection, whether an item measures attitudes toward individual financial and non-financial costs, and the implicit level of knowledge required to answer an item (level of technicality) are significantly associated with higher opinion polarization. By contrast, items measuring a cultural issue (such as issues on gender, LGTBQI+, and ethnic minorities) and items with a high level of abstraction are significantly associated with a lower level of polarization. Our study highlights the importance of reflecting on the potential influence of an item’s issue and item formulation characteristics on the empirical assessment of distributive opinion polarization.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	author = {Teney, Céline and Pietrantuono, Giuseppe and Wolfram, Tobias},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Culture, Europe, Finance, Psychological attitudes, Sexual and gender issues, Social sciences, Sociology, Surveys},
	pages = {e0302446},
}

@phdthesis{tilburg_university_who_2024,
	address = {Tilburg, the Netherlands},
	type = {Doctoral},
	title = {"{Who} are those people?": causes and consequences of polarization in the schooled society},
	isbn = {978-94-037-5409-3},
	shorttitle = {"{Who} are those people?},
	url = {https://tiu.trialanderror.org/projects/18ccb9e5-e4ff-4414-b2bc-48e8e6c960de},
	doi = {10.56675/tsb.27333853},
	abstract = {Polarization panic is omnipresent in the public as well as scientific debate in Europe. However, much is unclear about what kind of polarization is taking place, who is polarizing and why, and what the consequences of polarization are. Guided by theories regarding modernization, the schooled society, social identification, cleavage formation, a cultural backlash, and agonistic pluralism, I aim to clarify the "what", "who", "why", and "whatever" of polarization in Europe. I do so by investigating different forms of polarization between educational groups (Part I), between social identity groups and birth cohorts (Part II), and by disentangling the relationship between polarization and democracy (Part III). Grounded in six empirical chapters based on qualitative and quantitative methods, I conclude that polarization is perceived rather than actually occurring. These false perceptions are driven by a search for social recognition in an ever more individualistic society, resulting in identification with narrow social groups. Educational level is one example of such a social identity, as the schooled society has made knowledge and cognitive skills primary sources of social (mis)recognition. Stereotypical ideas about cognitive and moral superiority are strengthened by politics and social media, distorting the image we have of ourselves and others. This false polarization increases the risk of actual polarization becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy, which will strengthen distinctions between social identities in turn. Although polarization can be good for democracy, the lack of shared identity is affecting the democratic values of younger generations and conflict can erode the system when becoming too moralized. Therefore, the question "who are those people?" turns out to be a cause as well as a consequence of polarization in Europe, but it may also form the key to a solution.},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	school = {Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences},
	author = {{Tilburg University} and Quita, Muis},
	year = {2024},
}

@book{mau_triggerpoints_2026,
	address = {S.l.},
	title = {{TRIGGERPOINTS}: agreement and division in contemporary society},
	isbn = {978-1-5292-5403-7},
	shorttitle = {{TRIGGERPOINTS}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {BRISTOL UNIVERSITY PRESS},
	author = {MAU, THOMAS WESTHEUSER, LINUS, STEFFEN LUX},
	year = {2026},
	note = {OCLC: 1534694627},
}

@misc{steffen_mau_trigger_nodate,
	title = {Trigger {Points}},
	url = {https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/triggerpoints},
	abstract = {Trigger Points - Inequality and Political Polarization in Contemporary Society; Available open access digitally under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. Is society really polarized? This book explores key conflicts—on migration, climate, diversity, and justice—and reveals that most people hold ambivalent views, not extreme ones. It uncovers how certain trigger points spark tension and how inequality shapes today’s political divides.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Bristol University Press},
	publisher = {Bristol University Press},
	author = {Steffen Mau, Thomas Lux},
}

@article{milli_engagement_2025,
	title = {Engagement, user satisfaction, and the amplification of divisive content on social media},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2752-6542},
	doi = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf062},
	abstract = {Social media ranking algorithms typically optimize for users' revealed preferences, i.e. user engagement such as clicks, shares, and likes. Many have hypothesized that by focusing on users' revealed preferences, these algorithms may exacerbate human behavioral biases. In a preregistered algorithmic audit, we found that, relative to a reverse-chronological baseline, Twitter's engagement-based ranking algorithm amplifies emotionally charged, out-group hostile content that users say makes them feel worse about their political out-group. Furthermore, we find that users do not prefer the political tweets selected by the algorithm, suggesting that the engagement-based algorithm underperforms in satisfying users' stated preferences. Finally, we explore the implications of an alternative approach that ranks content based on users' stated preferences and find a reduction in angry, partisan, and out-group hostile content, but also a potential reinforcement of proattitudinal content. Overall, our findings suggest that greater integration of stated preferences into social media ranking algorithms could promote better online discourse, though potential trade-offs also warrant further investigation.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {PNAS nexus},
	author = {Milli, Smitha and Carroll, Micah and Wang, Yike and Pandey, Sashrika and Zhao, Sebastian and Dragan, Anca D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {algorithmic audit, ranking algorithms, social media, stated preferences, user engagement},
	pages = {pgaf062},
}

@article{metzler_social_2024,
	title = {Social {Drivers} and {Algorithmic} {Mechanisms} on {Digital} {Media}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1745-6924},
	doi = {10.1177/17456916231185057},
	abstract = {On digital media, algorithms that process data and recommend content have become ubiquitous. Their fast and barely regulated adoption has raised concerns about their role in well-being both at the individual and collective levels. Algorithmic mechanisms on digital media are powered by social drivers, creating a feedback loop that complicates research to disentangle the role of algorithms and already existing social phenomena. Our brief overview of the current evidence on how algorithms affect well-being, misinformation, and polarization suggests that the role of algorithms in these phenomena is far from straightforward and that substantial further empirical research is needed. Existing evidence suggests that algorithms mostly reinforce existing social drivers, a finding that stresses the importance of reflecting on algorithms in the larger societal context that encompasses individualism, populist politics, and climate change. We present concrete ideas and research questions to improve algorithms on digital platforms and to investigate their role in current problems and potential solutions. Finally, we discuss how the current shift from social media to more algorithmically curated media brings both risks and opportunities if algorithms are designed for individual and societal flourishing rather than short-term profit.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science},
	author = {Metzler, Hannah and Garcia, David},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Communication, Humans, Social Media, algorithms, digital media, polarization, well-being},
	pages = {735--748},
}

@article{mcloughlin_misinformation_2024,
	title = {Misinformation exploits outrage to spread online},
	volume = {386},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.adl2829},
	abstract = {We tested a hypothesis that misinformation exploits outrage to spread online, examining generalizability across multiple platforms, time periods, and classifications of misinformation. Outrage is highly engaging and need not be accurate to achieve its communicative goals, making it an attractive signal to embed in misinformation. In eight studies that used US data from Facebook (1,063,298 links) and Twitter (44,529 tweets, 24,007 users) and two behavioral experiments (1475 participants), we show that (i) misinformation sources evoke more outrage than do trustworthy sources; (ii) outrage facilitates the sharing of misinformation at least as strongly as sharing of trustworthy news; and (iii) users are more willing to share outrage-evoking misinformation without reading it first. Consequently, outrage-evoking misinformation may be difficult to mitigate with interventions that assume users want to share accurate information.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6725},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {McLoughlin, Killian L. and Brady, William J. and Goolsbee, Aden and Kaiser, Ben and Klonick, Kate and Crockett, M. J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Communication, Humans, Information Dissemination, Social Media, Trust},
	pages = {991--996},
}

@article{angelini_social_2024,
	title = {Social media features, perceived group norms, and adolescents’ active social media use matter for perceived friendship quality},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1222907/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1222907},
	abstract = {Developmental researchers are becoming increasingly interested in the role of social media in adolescents’ experiences with their peers; however, to date, few studies have investigated the association between youngsters’ interactions with friends online and the perceived quality of their friendship relationships. Thus, the current study aims to test the associations between three social media features, as perceived by adolescents, (i.e., availability, quantifiability, visualness) and the quality of adolescents’ friendships (in terms of perceived validation, intimacy, companionship), considering participants’ frequency of active social media use (i.e., self-oriented and other-oriented social media use), and the role of perceived group norms about social media use. Moreover, we tested potential differences across gender groups. Participants were 751 adolescents (Mage=16.2, SD = 1.5). A SEM analysis showed that, among the perceived social media features, availability was positively associated with perceived friendship quality–both directly and indirectly. Furthermore, friends who participated more in other-oriented social media use reported being more satisfied with their friendship relationships and the results showed that peer influence processes were also active on social media. Taken together, these results emphasize the study of social media as a social context for a better understanding of contemporary peer experiences during adolescence. Specifically, novel behaviors (e.g., liking or commenting on posts or content of peers), which characterize interactions between friends, may support relational functioning and well-being purposes in both the offline and online context.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	publisher = {Frontiers},
	author = {Angelini, Federica and Gini, Gianluca and Marino, Claudia and Van Den Eijnden, Regina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Active social media use, Friendship quality, Perceived norms, Social media features, adolescence},
}

@article{dyk_post-truth_2022,
	title = {Post-{Truth}, the {Future} of {Democracy} and the {Public} {Sphere}},
	volume = {39},
	doi = {10.1177/02632764221103514},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Theory, Culture and Society},
	author = {Dyk, Silke van},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {37--50},
}

@article{lewandowsky_beyond_2017,
	title = {Beyond {Misinformation}: {Understanding} and {Coping} with the “{Post}-{Truth}” {Era}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2211-3681},
	shorttitle = {Beyond {Misinformation}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211368117300700},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008},
	abstract = {The terms “post-truth” and “fake news” have become increasingly prevalent in public discourse over the last year. This article explores the growing abundance of misinformation, how it influences people, and how to counter it. We examine the ways in which misinformation can have an adverse impact on society. We summarize how people respond to corrections of misinformation, and what kinds of corrections are most effective. We argue that to be effective, scientific research into misinformation must be considered within a larger political, technological, and societal context. The post-truth world emerged as a result of societal mega-trends such as a decline in social capital, growing economic inequality, increased polarization, declining trust in science, and an increasingly fractionated media landscape. We suggest that responses to this malaise must involve technological solutions incorporating psychological principles, an interdisciplinary approach that we describe as “technocognition.” We outline a number of recommendations to counter misinformation in a post-truth world.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition},
	author = {Lewandowsky, Stephan and Ecker, Ullrich K. H. and Cook, John},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Demagoguery, Fake news, Misinformation, Post-truth politics},
	pages = {353--369},
}

@article{hyman_jr_misinformation_2017,
	address = {Netherlands},
	title = {Misinformation and worldviews in the post-truth information age: {Commentary} on {Lewandowsky}, {Ecker}, and {Cook}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2211-369X},
	shorttitle = {Misinformation and worldviews in the post-truth information age},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.009},
	abstract = {Comments on an article by Stephan Lewandowsky, Ullrich K.H. Ecker \& John Cook (see record 2017-57700-001). Based on combating misinformation, Lewandowsky et al. made narrow recommendations for future cognitive research, including the generalization of inoculation techniques, the long-term effects of information discernment programs, the optimum novelty of alternative information, the effect of truthfulness indicators, and the impact of misinformation on the general idea of truth. To a certain extent, Lewandowsky et al. acknowledged that the issues involved in misinformation in the post-truth era concern world views. They stated that a variety of factors “have created an alternative epistemology that does not conform to conventional standards of evidentiary support”. Unfortunately, while Lewandowsky et al. acknowledged that world views matter, they argued against addressing worldviews. They stated that for corrections to be effective “they must not directly challenge people’s worldview”. Their argument was partially based on backfire effects such that people reaffirm their belief systems in the face of contrary evidence. Additionally, Lewandowsky et al. were concerned with the ethical implications that come with trying to modify individuals’ world views. Therefore, Lewandowsky et al. argued that “worldview ought to be decoupled from the propensity to accept misinformation and resist its correction”. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science},
	author = {Hyman Jr., Ira E. and Jalbert, Madeline C.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Coping Behavior, Information, Misinformation, Politics, Public Opinion, Social Capital, Society, Truth},
	pages = {377--381},
}

@article{harsin_toxic_2020,
	title = {Toxic {White} masculinity, post-truth politics and the {COVID}-19 infodemic},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1367-5494},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420944934},
	doi = {10.1177/1367549420944934},
	abstract = {This article demonstrates and critiques the coronavirus’ cultural agency, which thanks to this human assistance, worked in synergy with its biological form. Looking at the virus as an ‘infodemic’ and a set of transnational political events, it argues that a conjuncturally specific form of toxic, especially white, masculinity is key to understanding the virus’s entwinement with contemporary post-truth or ‘emo-truth’ politics. A conjunctural focus reveals why a certain form of aggressive (masculine and white), ruggedly individualist truth-telling, its false statements, its historical causes, and mortal effects could become so spectacularly impactful at a particular point in time, in particular places.},
	language = {EN},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {Harsin, Jayson},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1060--1068},
}

@article{wagner_affective_2021,
	title = {Affective polarization in multiparty systems},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0261-3794},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379420300822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102199},
	abstract = {Affective polarization captures the extent to which citizens feel sympathy towards partisan in-groups and antagonism towards partisan out-groups. This is comparatively easy to assess in two-party systems, but capturing the pattern of affect towards multiple parties is more complex in multiparty systems. This article first discusses these challenges and then presents different ways of measuring individual-level affective polarization using like-dislike scores, a widespread measure of party sympathy. Using data for 51 countries and 166 elections from five modules of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, I then show that affective polarization adds to existing concepts as a way of understanding political participation and democratic orientations. Studying affective polarization outside the US could therefore have important consequences for our understanding of citizen perceptions of politics as well as citizen behaviour, but we need the appropriate measures to do so.},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {Wagner, Markus},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Affective polarization, Ideological polarization, Negative partisanship, Partisanship},
	pages = {102199},
}

@article{thomsen_intergroup_2023,
	title = {Intergroup contact reduces affective polarization but not among strong party identifiers},
	volume = {46},
	copyright = {© 2022 The Authors. Scandinavian Political Studies published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Political Science Association.},
	issn = {1467-9477},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9477.12242},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-9477.12242},
	abstract = {Previous studies have assumed that the relationship between intergroup contact and affective polarization is uniform across political predispositions. We argue instead that party identification serves as a boundary condition for the intergroup contact‒affective polarization relationship. Our findings suggest that: (1) intergroup contact between “in-party” and “out-party” supporters reduces affective polarization among nonidentifiers, weak, and moderate party identifiers, and (2) intergroup contact remains unrelated to affective polarization among strong party identifiers. These findings apply to high- and low-quality contact measures alike, meaning that party identification strength is an essential boundary condition capable of obstructing the impact of contact on affective polarization. Analyses were performed on a new sample among Danish citizens. The survey was fielded in 2021 (n = 3638). The findings contribute to both intergroup contact research and to the study of the sources of affective polarization. In terms of broader implications, our study suggests that aside from true partisans, intergroup contact stimulates democratic behavior.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
	author = {Thomsen, Jens Peter Frølund and Thomsen, Anna Håland},
	year = {2023},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-9477.12242},
	keywords = {affective polarization, boundary condition, intergroup contact, party identification strength},
	pages = {241--263},
}

@article{piazza_drivers_2023,
	title = {Drivers of {Political} {Violence} in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0743-9156},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/07439156221133763},
	doi = {10.1177/07439156221133763},
	language = {EN},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Journal of Public Policy \& Marketing},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
	author = {Piazza, James A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {11--14},
}

@article{iyengar_origins_2019,
	title = {The {Origins} and {Consequences} of {Affective} {Polarization} in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1094-2939, 1545-1577},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034},
	abstract = {While previously polarization was primarily seen only in issue-based terms, a new type of division has emerged in the mass public in recent years: Ordinary Americans increasingly dislike and distrust those from the other party. Democrats and Republicans both say that the other party\&apos;s members are hypocritical, selfish, and closed-minded, and they are unwilling to socialize across party lines. This phenomenon of animosity between the parties is known as affective polarization. We trace its origins to the power of partisanship as a social identity, and explain the factors that intensify partisan animus. We also explore the consequences of affective polarization, highlighting how partisan affect influences attitudes and behaviors well outside the political sphere. Finally, we discuss strategies that might mitigate partisan discord and conclude with suggestions for future work.},
	language = {en},
	number = {Volume 22, 2019},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	publisher = {Annual Reviews},
	author = {Iyengar, Shanto and Lelkes, Yphtach and Levendusky, Matthew and Malhotra, Neil and Westwood, Sean J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {129--146},
}

@techreport{hutter_coping_2025,
	type = {Working {Paper}},
	title = {Coping with affective polarization: {A} research program},
	copyright = {https://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen},
	shorttitle = {Coping with affective polarization},
	url = {https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/319637},
	abstract = {This discussion paper outlines a research program that addresses the question of how societies can cope with the negative consequences of affective polarization. Polarization is at the center of current debates about the erosion of social cohesion. Particularly prominent is the phenomenon of affective polarization - the tendency of individuals and groups to feel close to like-minded people while harboring negative emotions and derogatory attitudes towards those with opposing views. Affective polarization is especially harmful because it may inhibit cooperation and compromise across political camps, reduce trust in government, increase intolerance, fuel hate speech and even political violence, and thereby threaten democracy itself. The central question is how societies can manage affective polarization to mitigate its detrimental effects. We argue that social cohesion represents a key resource for societies to constructively address affective polarization and prevent its negative consequences, with civil society serving as a critical arena for implementing and examining this capacity. Our proposed research program builds on a theoretically grounded and extensive empirical investigation of affective polarization and coping strategies, combining interdisciplinarity with a rich set of methodological approaches. Specifically, the program pursues three goals: 1) Establishing the Berlin Polarization Monitor: This infrastructure will track developments in affective polarization in Berlin and Germany at large. The monitor, based on a large-scale panel survey study, will enable continuous analysis of the dynamics of affective polarization and inform both academic research and the broader public about its patterns and drivers. 2) Identifying coping strategies: The main empirical ambition is to identify strategies at the levels of (a) individuals, (b) situated social interactions, and (c) civil society organizations to manage and cope with affective polarization. 3) Developing applied interventions: Based on the empirical findings, we will derive two sets of interventions at the micro- and group-level to support coping and constructive engagement with affective polarization. A key feature is the co-design of these interventions in collaboration with civil society partners, ensuring their relevance and applicability to everyday contexts.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {ZZ 2025-602},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	institution = {WZB Discussion Paper},
	author = {Hutter, Swen and Schwander, Hanna and Specht, Jule and von Scheve, Christian},
	year = {2025},
}

@article{janssen_breaking_2025,
	title = {Breaking free from linear assumptions: {Unravelling} the relationship between affective polarization and democratic support},
	volume = {64},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {0304-4130, 1475-6765},
	shorttitle = {Breaking free from linear assumptions},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0304413000025108/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1111/1475-6765.12725},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Scholars increasingly raise concerns about the alleged detrimental impact of affective polarization on citizens’ democratic attitudes. Yet, prior studies on the relationship between affective polarization and democratic support have yielded mixed results: Whereas some scholars report evidence that affective polarization erodes citizens’ support for democracy, others report null findings. In this research note, we posit that one relevant explanation for these mixed results is that the relationship between affective polarization and democratic support is not linear, but rather
              negatively curvilinear
              (i.e., an inverted U‐shape). Though extreme levels of affective polarization may harm citizens’ democratic commitments, a moderate amount of affective polarization can strengthen democratic support by heightening the political stakes and stimulating democratic involvement. Employing generalized additive modelling on data from the CNEP collected in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, we show strong and robust support for this negatively curvilinear pattern. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the dynamics between affective polarization and democratic support, as well as for the recommended estimation strategies of future studies that aim to explore this relationship.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	author = {Janssen, Lisa and Turkenburg, Emma},
	month = aug,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1465--1479},
}

@article{waisbord_truth_2018,
	title = {Truth is {What} {Happens} to {News}: {On} journalism, fake news, and post-truth},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1461-670X},
	shorttitle = {Truth is {What} {Happens} to {News}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881},
	doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881},
	abstract = {Here I propose that the phenomenon of “fake news” is indicative of the contested position of news and the dynamics of belief formation in contemporary societies. It is symptomatic of the collapse of the old news order and the chaos of contemporary public communication. These developments attest to a new chapter in the old struggle over the definition of truth—governments waging propaganda wars, elites, and corporations vie to dominate news coverage, and mainstream journalism’s continuous efforts to claim to provide authoritative reportage of current events. The communication chaos makes it necessary to revisit normative arguments about journalism and democracy as well as their feasibility in radically new conditions. Conventional notions of news and truth that ground standard journalistic practice are harder to achieve and maintain amid the destabilization of the past hierarchical order.},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {Journalism Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Waisbord, Silvio},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881},
	keywords = {Fake news, journalism, post-truth, public communication},
	pages = {1866--1878},
}

@article{noauthor_lee_2018,
	title = {Lee {McIntyre}, {Post}-{Truth}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0267-3231},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118799184},
	doi = {10.1177/0267323118799184},
	language = {EN},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2026-01-22},
	journal = {European Journal of Communication},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {574--575},
}

@book{keyes_post-truth_2004,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {1st ed},
	title = {The {Post}-{Truth} {Era}: {Dishonesty} and {Deception} in {Contemporary} {Life}},
	isbn = {978-0-312-30648-9 978-1-4299-7622-0},
	shorttitle = {The {Post}-{Truth} {Era}},
	abstract = {"Dishonesty inspires more euphemisms than copulation or defecation.This helps desensitize us to its implications.In the post-truth era we don't just have truth and lies but a third category of ambiguous statements that are not exactly the truth but fall just short of a lie.Enhanced truth it might be called.Neo-truth.Soft truth.Faux truth},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {St. Martin's Press},
	author = {Keyes, Ralph},
	year = {2004},
}

@book{keyes_post-truth_2004-1,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {1st ed},
	title = {The {Post}-{Truth} {Era}: {Dishonesty} and {Deception} in {Contemporary} {Life}},
	isbn = {978-0-312-30648-9 978-1-4299-7622-0},
	shorttitle = {The {Post}-{Truth} {Era}},
	abstract = {"Dishonesty inspires more euphemisms than copulation or defecation.This helps desensitize us to its implications.In the post-truth era we don't just have truth and lies but a third category of ambiguous statements that are not exactly the truth but fall just short of a lie.Enhanced truth it might be called.Neo-truth.Soft truth.Faux truth},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {St. Martin's Press},
	author = {Keyes, Ralph},
	year = {2004},
}

@incollection{carlucci_subjectification_2025,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Subjectification, subject pronouns and the progressive in {Italian}},
	volume = {236},
	isbn = {978-90-272-2349-4 978-90-272-4470-3},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.236.11vio},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              This study addresses the lack of focused research on how subjectivity is formally expressed in progressive
								constructions. Specifically, it explores correlations between subject pronouns (
              io
              ‘I’,
              lui
              /
              lei
              ‘he/she/it’,
              tu
              ‘you’) and the use of the progressive
								to convey subjectivity. Using both quantitative (statistics, sentiment analysis, emotion recognition) and qualitative
								(Systemic Functional Grammar) methods, the analysis examines 8,601 Tweets (162,269 tokens) from the
              xLiMe
									Twitter Corpus
              (
              Rei, Mladenić \& Krek 2016
              ). Results show
								that while the progressive is generally linked to negative sentiment, it is more strongly associated with emotions of
              joy
              and
              sadness
              . Additionally, the study finds that the use of subject pronouns
								significantly influences the likelihood of progressive constructions and the distribution of emotions, challenging
								previous findings.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-12-21},
	booktitle = {The {Progressive} {Revisited}: {Historical} and {Quantitative} {Studies} in {Germanic} and {Romance} {Languages}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Carlucci, Alessandro and Nykiel, Jerzy},
	month = sep,
	year = {2025},
	doi = {10.1075/slcs.236.11vio},
	pages = {327--353},
}

@article{freelon_false_2020,
	title = {False equivalencies: {Online} activism from left to right},
	volume = {369},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	shorttitle = {False equivalencies},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abb2428},
	abstract = {Digital media are critical for contemporary activism-even low-effort "clicktivism" is politically consequential and contributes to offline participation. We argue that in the United States and throughout the industrialized West, left- and right-wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals. Although left-wing actors operate primarily through "hashtag activism" and offline protest, right-wing activists manipulate legacy media, migrate to alternative platforms, and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages. Although scholarship suggests that the right has embraced strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories more than the left, more research is needed to reveal the magnitude and character of left-wing disinformation. Such ideological asymmetries between left- and right-wing activism hold critical implications for democratic practice, social media governance, and the interdisciplinary study of digital politics.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6508},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Freelon, Deen and Marwick, Alice and Kreiss, Daniel},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32883863},
	pages = {1197--1201},
}

@techreport{amnesty_international_toxic_2021,
	address = {Online},
	title = {Toxic {Twitter}: {Violence} and abuse against women online},
	url = {https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/AFR5347222021ENGLISH.pdf},
	author = {{Amnesty International}},
	year = {2021},
}

@book{bail_breaking_2021,
	address = {Princeton},
	title = {Breaking the social media prism: how to make our platforms less polarizing},
	isbn = {978-0-691-20342-3},
	shorttitle = {Breaking the social media prism},
	abstract = {"A revealing look at how user behavior is powering deep social divisions online--and how we might yet defeat political tribalism on social media. In an era of increasing social isolation, platforms like Facebook and Twitter are among the most important tools we have to understand each other. We use social media as a mirror to decipher our place in society but, as Chris Bail explains, it functions more like a prism that distorts our identities, empowers status-seeking extremists, and renders moderates all but invisible. Breaking the Social Media Prism challenges common myths about echo chambers, foreign misinformation campaigns, and radicalizing algorithms, revealing that the solution to political tribalism lies deep inside ourselves. Drawing on innovative online experiments and in-depth interviews with social media users from across the political spectrum, this book explains why stepping outside of our echo chambers can make us more polarized, not less. Bail takes you inside the minds of online extremists through vivid narratives that trace their lives on the platforms and off--detailing how they dominate public discourse at the expense of the moderate majority. Wherever you stand on the spectrum of user behavior and political opinion, he offers fresh solutions to counter political tribalism from the bottom up and the top down. He introduces new apps and bots to help readers avoid misperceptions and engage in better conversations with the other side. Finally, he explores what the virtual public square might look like if we could hit "reset" and redesign social media from scratch through a first-of-its-kind experiment on a new social media platform built for scientific research. Providing data-driven recommendations for strengthening our social media connections, Breaking the Social Media Prism shows how to combat online polarization without deleteing our accounts." --},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Bail, Christopher},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Aspect politique, Aspect social, Documents d'information, Informational works, Médias, Médias et conflits sociaux, Médias numériques, Médias sociaux, Médias sociaux et société, Polarisation collective, Polarization (Social sciences), Political aspects, Réseaux sociaux (Internet), Social Media, Social media, Social media and society, Société numérique, social media},
}

@incollection{giglitto_uncovering_2023,
	address = {London},
	edition = {1},
	title = {Uncovering the colonial legacy in a {British} digital archive: {The} {Pitt} {Rivers} {Museum} case},
	isbn = {978-1-003-27760-6},
	shorttitle = {Uncovering the colonial legacy in a {British} digital archive},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003277606/chapters/10.4324/9781003277606-8},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-12-05},
	booktitle = {Digital {Approaches} to {Inclusion} and {Participation} in {Cultural} {Heritage}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Cere, Rinella and Giglitto, Danilo and Petrelli, Daniela},
	collaborator = {Giglitto, Danilo and Ciolfi, Luigina and Lockley, Eleanor and Kaldeli, Eirini},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003277606-8},
	pages = {141--159},
}

@article{boast_neocolonial_2011,
	title = {{NEOCOLONIAL} {COLLABORATION}: {Museum} as {Contact} {Zone} {Revisited}},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {© 2011 by the American Anthropological Association},
	issn = {1548-1379},
	shorttitle = {{NEOCOLONIAL} {COLLABORATION}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01107.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01107.x},
	abstract = {Museums have increasingly been promoting their postcolonial status through inclusionist programs in exhibitions, shared curatorship, and use of collections. Where there are indigenous stakeholders, we have seen an unprecedented improvement in the empowerment of source communities in the management, use, and presentation of their patrimony in museums. Since James Clifford's 1997 essay, the phrase “contact zone” is now more or less synonymous with these inclusionist, collaborative programs. This paper, while being openly supportive of such collaborations in museums, is nevertheless critical of the use of the contact zone concept. Returning to Clifford's essay, as well as those of Pratt and others, this paper questions why museum scholars perpetuate only a partial portrait of the contact zone, despite clear warnings about its inherent asymmetry. The goal of this paper is not to undermine the ethically engaged work that has been done, but to expose the dark underbelly of the contact zone and, hence, the anatomy of the museum that seems to be persistently neocolonial.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-12-05},
	journal = {Museum Anthropology},
	author = {Boast, Robin},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01107.x},
	keywords = {contact zones, local knowledge, museum studies, neocolonialism, postcolonialism},
	pages = {56--70},
}

@book{risam_new_2019,
	title = {New {Digital} {Worlds}: {Postcolonial} {Digital} {Humanities} in {Theory}, {Praxis}, and {Pedagogy}},
	isbn = {978-0-8101-3886-5},
	shorttitle = {New {Digital} {Worlds}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7tq4hg},
	abstract = {The emergence of digital humanities has been heralded for its commitment to openness, access, and the democratizing of knowledge, but it raises a number of questions about omissions with respect to race, gender, sexuality, disability, and nation. Postcolonial digital humanities is one approach to uncovering and remedying inequalities in digital knowledge production, which is implicated in an information-age politics of knowledge. \textit{New Digital Worlds} traces the formation of postcolonial studies and digital humanities as fields, identifying how they can intervene in knowledge production in the digital age. Roopika Risam examines the role of colonial violence in the development of digital archives and the possibilities of postcolonial digital archives for resisting this violence. Offering a reading of the colonialist dimensions of global organizations for digital humanities research, she explores efforts to decenter these institutions by emphasizing the local practices that subtend global formations and pedagogical approaches that support this decentering. Last, Risam attends to human futures in new digital worlds, evaluating both how algorithms and natural language processing software used in digital humanities projects produce universalist notions of the "human" and also how to resist this phenomenon.},
	urldate = {2025-12-05},
	publisher = {Northwestern University Press},
	author = {Risam, Roopika},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.2307/j.ctv7tq4hg},
}

@article{lynch_legacies_2010,
	title = {Legacies of prejudice: racism, co-production and radical trust in the museum},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0964-7775, 1872-9185},
	shorttitle = {Legacies of prejudice},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09647770903529061},
	doi = {10.1080/09647770903529061},
	abstract = {Abstract Museums have been complicit in the construction of physical and cultural hierarchies that underpinned racist thought from the Enlightenment until well into the twentieth century, in marked contrast to the inclusionary role that many now seek to fulfil. In Revealing Histories: Myths about Race (2007–2009) at the Manchester Museum, UK, a team from within and beyond the museum tried to address this uncomfortable history. They faced challenges and raised many questions: how to present such material honestly but sensitively? Could other voices be included without jeopardising the credibility of the museum? How can post-colonial arguments be made with a collection based on the spoils of empire? And, finally, how are museums to escape the legacies of prejudice? Although well intentioned, the actions of museum staff in realising the project – the authors included – exhibited unanticipated vestiges of institutional racism. Drawing on race and international development studies, this paper concludes that a more radical trust may be called for if UK museums are genuinely to collaborate with other groups on projects like this; to become spaces for democratic exchange, and to face up to their legacies of prejudice.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-12-05},
	journal = {Museum Management and Curatorship},
	author = {Lynch, Bernadette T. and Alberti, Samuel J.M.M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {13--35},
}

@article{viola_what_2025,
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {What about {Language}? {A} {Multilingual} {Behavioural} {Study} of {User} {Engagement} with {Disinformation} on {X}: 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}, {ROMCIR} 2025},
	shorttitle = {What about {Language}?},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105009912687&partnerID=8YFLogxK},
	abstract = {Research into user engagement with disinformation has grown rapidly, identifying factors like emotion, credibility, and content structure. Yet, how linguistic and cultural identity shape engagement remains understudied. This study fills this gap by exploring the dynamics of language and user engagement with disinformation in a multilingual online context. Using a data-set of more than 5,000 disinformation tweets about the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine in 30 languages, the analysis investigates the interaction between language, sentiment, and topical themes in shaping engagement with disinformation through metrics such as likes, retweets, quotes, shares, and replies. The regression, sentiment and topic modelling results reveal language-specific trends and cultural and contextual nuances. For example, tweets in Swedish show a strong positive correlation between sentiment and engagement, while German tweets display negative correlations for certain topics, such as vaccine efficacy. These findings indicate that the experience of disinformation is not universal and underscore the importance of analysing it through a multilingual and multicultural lens. The paper ends by offering actionable insights for practitioners and researchers to improve the understanding of cultural dynamics in global communication, advancing methods to combat online disinformation in complex, multilingual environments such as social media platforms.},
	urldate = {2025-10-07},
	journal = {ROMCIR 2025 Reducing Online Misinformation through Credible Information Retrieval 2025},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	year = {2025},
	note = {Publisher: CEUR-WS},
	keywords = {Cultural Influence, Disinformation, Engagement behaviour, Multilingual Analysis},
	pages = {54--69},
}

@inproceedings{demszky_goemotions_2020,
	address = {Online},
	title = {{GoEmotions}: {A} {Dataset} of {Fine}-{Grained} {Emotions}},
	shorttitle = {{GoEmotions}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.372/},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.372},
	abstract = {Understanding emotion expressed in language has a wide range of applications, from building empathetic chatbots to detecting harmful online behavior. Advancement in this area can be improved using large-scale datasets with a fine-grained typology, adaptable to multiple downstream tasks. We introduce GoEmotions, the largest manually annotated dataset of 58k English Reddit comments, labeled for 27 emotion categories or Neutral. We demonstrate the high quality of the annotations via Principal Preserved Component Analysis. We conduct transfer learning experiments with existing emotion benchmarks to show that our dataset generalizes well to other domains and different emotion taxonomies. Our BERT-based model achieves an average F1-score of .46 across our proposed taxonomy, leaving much room for improvement.},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Demszky, Dorottya and Movshovitz-Attias, Dana and Ko, Jeongwoo and Cowen, Alan and Nemade, Gaurav and Ravi, Sujith},
	editor = {Jurafsky, Dan and Chai, Joyce and Schluter, Natalie and Tetreault, Joel},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4040--4054},
}

@article{cowen_mapping_2019,
	title = {Mapping 24 emotions conveyed by brief human vocalization},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1935-990X},
	doi = {10.1037/amp0000399},
	abstract = {Emotional vocalizations are central to human social life. Recent studies have documented that people recognize at least 13 emotions in brief vocalizations. This capacity emerges early in development, is preserved in some form across cultures, and informs how people respond emotionally to music. What is poorly understood is how emotion recognition from vocalization is structured within what we call a semantic space, the study of which addresses questions critical to the field: How many distinct kinds of emotions can be expressed? Do expressions convey emotion categories or affective appraisals (e.g., valence, arousal)? Is the recognition of emotion expressions discrete or continuous? Guided by a new theoretical approach to emotion taxonomies, we apply large-scale data collection and analysis techniques to judgments of 2,032 emotional vocal bursts produced in laboratory settings (Study 1) and 48 found in the real world (Study 2) by U.S. English speakers (N = 1,105). We find that vocal bursts convey at least 24 distinct kinds of emotion. Emotion categories (sympathy, awe), more so than affective appraisals (including valence and arousal), organize emotion recognition. In contrast to discrete emotion theories, the emotion categories conveyed by vocal bursts are bridged by smooth gradients with continuously varying meaning. We visualize the complex, high-dimensional space of emotion conveyed by brief human vocalization within an online interactive map. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {The American Psychologist},
	author = {Cowen, Alan S. and Elfenbein, Hillary Anger and Laukka, Petri and Keltner, Dacher},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {30570267},
	pmcid = {PMC6586540},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Communication, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Recognition, Psychology, Semantics, Social Perception, Voice, Young Adult},
	pages = {698--712},
}

@article{ekman_are_1992,
	title = {Are there basic emotions?},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {1939-1471, 0033-295X},
	url = {https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.550},
	doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.550},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	journal = {Psychological Review},
	author = {Ekman, Paul},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {550--553},
}

@misc{wiegreffe_attention_2019,
	title = {Attention is not not {Explanation}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04626},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1908.04626},
	abstract = {Attention mechanisms play a central role in NLP systems, especially within recurrent neural network (RNN) models. Recently, there has been increasing interest in whether or not the intermediate representations offered by these modules may be used to explain the reasoning for a model's prediction, and consequently reach insights regarding the model's decision-making process. A recent paper claims that `Attention is not Explanation' (Jain and Wallace, 2019). We challenge many of the assumptions underlying this work, arguing that such a claim depends on one's definition of explanation, and that testing it needs to take into account all elements of the model, using a rigorous experimental design. We propose four alternative tests to determine when/whether attention can be used as explanation: a simple uniform-weights baseline; a variance calibration based on multiple random seed runs; a diagnostic framework using frozen weights from pretrained models; and an end-to-end adversarial attention training protocol. Each allows for meaningful interpretation of attention mechanisms in RNN models. We show that even when reliable adversarial distributions can be found, they don't perform well on the simple diagnostic, indicating that prior work does not disprove the usefulness of attention mechanisms for explainability.},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Wiegreffe, Sarah and Pinter, Yuval},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	note = {arXiv:1908.04626 [cs]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@misc{thogesan_integration_2025,
	title = {Integration of {Explainable} {AI} {Techniques} with {Large} {Language} {Models} for {Enhanced} {Interpretability} for {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.11948},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2503.11948},
	abstract = {Interpretability remains a key difficulty in sentiment analysis with Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in high-stakes applications where it is crucial to comprehend the rationale behind forecasts. This research addressed this by introducing a technique that applies SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) by breaking down LLMs into components such as embedding layer,encoder,decoder and attention layer to provide a layer-by-layer knowledge of sentiment prediction. The approach offers a clearer overview of how model interpret and categorise sentiment by breaking down LLMs into these parts. The method is evaluated using the Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2) dataset, which shows how different sentences affect different layers. The effectiveness of layer-wise SHAP analysis in clarifying sentiment-specific token attributions is demonstrated by experimental evaluations, which provide a notable enhancement over current whole-model explainability techniques. These results highlight how the suggested approach could improve the reliability and transparency of LLM-based sentiment analysis in crucial applications.},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Thogesan, Thivya and Nugaliyadde, Anupiya and Wong, Kok Wai},
	month = mar,
	year = {2025},
	note = {arXiv:2503.11948 [cs]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@article{perikos_explainable_2024,
	title = {Explainable {Aspect}-{Based} {Sentiment} {Analysis} {Using} {Transformer} {Models}},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2504-2289},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/11/141},
	doi = {10.3390/bdcc8110141},
	abstract = {An aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) aims to perform a fine-grained analysis of text to identify sentiments and opinions associated with specific aspects. Recently, transformers and large language models have demonstrated exceptional performance in detecting aspects and determining their associated sentiments within text. However, understanding the decision-making processes of transformers remains a significant challenge, as they often operate as black-box models, making it difficult to interpret how they arrive at specific predictions. In this article, we examine the performance of various transformers on ABSA and we employ explainability techniques to illustrate their inner decision-making processes. Firstly, we fine-tune several pre-trained transformers, including BERT, RoBERTa, DistilBERT, and XLNet, on an extensive set of data composed of MAMS, SemEval, and Naver datasets. These datasets consist of over 16,100 complex sentences, each containing a couple of aspects and corresponding polarities. The models were fine-tuned using optimal hyperparameters and RoBERTa achieved the highest performance, reporting 89.16\% accuracy on MAMS and SemEval and 97.62\% on Naver. We implemented five explainability techniques, LIME, SHAP, attention weight visualization, integrated gradients, and Grad-CAM, to illustrate how transformers make predictions and highlight influential words. These techniques can reveal how models use specific words and contextual information to make sentiment predictions, which can improve performance, address biases, and enhance model efficiency and robustness. These also point out directions for further focus on the analysis of models’ bias in combination with explainability methods, ensuring that explainability highlights potential biases in predictions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	journal = {Big Data and Cognitive Computing},
	author = {Perikos, Isidoros and Diamantopoulos, Athanasios},
	month = nov,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {GRAD-CAM, LIME, SHAP, aspect-based sentiment analysis, attention visualization, explainability, integrated gradients, large language models, transformers},
	pages = {141},
}

@misc{toms_explainable_2025,
	address = {Rochester, NY},
	type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
	title = {Explainable {Aspect}-{Based} {Sentiment} {Analysis} {Using} {Attention} {Mechanisms} and {SHAP}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=5369965},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.5369965},
	abstract = {Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) provides fine-grained insights into user opinions by identifying sentiments toward specific aspects within text. However, the black-box nature of many neural models hinders interpretability, which is critical for trust and transparency in real-world applications. This study proposes an explainable ABSA framework that combines attention mechanisms with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to enhance both predictive performance and interpretability. Attention layers are used to capture contextual dependencies and focus on aspect-relevant terms, while SHAP values provide post-hoc explanations of model predictions by quantifying feature contributions. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed model achieves competitive accuracy while offering human-understandable rationales behind sentiment classifications. The integration of attention and SHAP enables multi-level interpretability, fostering greater trust in ABSA systems for domains such as e-commerce, hospitality, and customer service.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	publisher = {Social Science Research Network},
	author = {Toms, Williams},
	month = jul,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Explainable Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Using Attention Mechanisms and SHAP, SSRN, Williams Toms},
}

@misc{de_melo_sentilexit_2024,
	title = {{SentiLexIT}: {Advancing} {Italian} {Sentiment} {Analysis} through {Automated} {Lexicon} {Generation}},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	shorttitle = {{SentiLexIT}},
	url = {https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4630348/v1},
	doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-4630348/v1},
	abstract = {Abstract
          The proliferation of digital platforms has exponentially increased the volume of user-generated content, providing rich data sources for sentiment analysis. This study introduces SentiLexIT, a novel methodology for automatically constructing domain-specific sentiment lexicons for the Italian language using an unsupervised approach. We analyzed 321,817 user reviews from diverse categories such as Amazon.it and Google Reviews, applying Bayes' Theorem to derive sentiment scores that effectively categorize review sentiments into distinct polarities. Our methodology significantly outperforms existing Italian sentiment lexicons and two versions of ChatGPT, achieving an average F1-score of 0.92 across various domains. The paper highlights the method's effectiveness in handling linguistic nuances specific to Italian, providing a robust tool for sentiment analysis. This research contributes to the field by offering a scalable, precise methodology for sentiment lexicon construction without the need for manual annotation, addressing the gap in non-English sentiment analysis resources.},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	publisher = {In Review},
	author = {De Melo, Tiago and Merialdo, Paolo},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
}

@article{hartmann_more_2023,
	title = {More than a {Feeling}: {Accuracy} and {Application} of {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0167-8116},
	shorttitle = {More than a {Feeling}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167811622000477},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijresmar.2022.05.005},
	abstract = {Sentiment is fundamental to human communication. Countless marketing applications mine opinions from social media communication, news articles, customer feedback, or corporate communication. Various sentiment analysis methods are available and new ones have recently been proposed. Lexicons can relate individual words and expressions to sentiment scores. In contrast, machine learning methods are more complex to interpret, but promise higher accuracy, i.e., fewer false classifications. We propose an empirical framework and quantify these trade-offs for different types of research questions, data characteristics, and analytical resources to enable informed method decisions contingent on the application context. Based on a meta-analysis of 272 datasets and 12 million sentiment-labeled text documents, we find that the recently proposed transfer learning models indeed perform best, but can perform worse than popular leaderboard benchmarks suggest. We quantify the accuracy-interpretability trade-off, showing that, compared to widely established lexicons, transfer learning models on average classify more than 20 percentage points more documents correctly. To form realistic performance expectations, additional context variables, most importantly the desired number of sentiment classes and the text length, should be taken into account. We provide a pre-trained sentiment analysis model (called SiEBERT) with open-source scripts that can be applied as easily as an off-the-shelf lexicon.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	journal = {International Journal of Research in Marketing},
	author = {Hartmann, Jochen and Heitmann, Mark and Siebert, Christian and Schamp, Christina},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Deep Contextual Language Models, Machine Learning, Meta-Analysis, Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis, Text Mining, Transfer Learning},
	pages = {75--87},
}

@article{daniello_knowmis-absa_2022,
	title = {{KnowMIS}-{ABSA}: an overview and a reference model for applications of sentiment analysis and aspect-based sentiment analysis},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1573-7462},
	shorttitle = {{KnowMIS}-{ABSA}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-021-10134-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s10462-021-10134-9},
	abstract = {The analysis of the opinions of customers and users has been always of great interest in supporting decision-making in many fields, especially in marketing. Sentiment analysis (SA) is the umbrella term for techniques and approaches that analyze user’s sentiments, emotions, opinions in text or other media. The need for a better understanding of these opinions paved the way to novel approaches that focus on the analysis of the sentiment related to specific features of a product, giving birth to the field of aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA). Although the increasing interest in this discipline, there is still confusion regarding the basic concepts of ABSA: terms like sentiment, affect, emotion, opinion, are used as synonyms while they represent different concepts. This often leads to an incorrect analysis of the users’ opinions.This work presents an overview of the state-of-the-art techniques and approaches for ABSA, highlighting the main critical issues related to current trends in this field. Following this analysis, a new reference model for SA and ABSA, namely the KnowMIS-ABSA model, is proposed. The model is grounded on the consideration that sentiment, affect, emotion and opinion are very different concepts and that it is profoundly wrong to use the same metric and the same technique to measure them. Accordingly, we argue that different tools and metrics should be adopted to measure each of the dimensions of an opinion. A qualitative case study, regarding product reviews, is proposed to motivate the advantages of the KnowMIS-ABSA model.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2025-09-29},
	journal = {Artificial Intelligence Review},
	author = {D’Aniello, Giuseppe and Gaeta, Matteo and La Rocca, Ilaria},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Affective reaction, Aspect-based sentiment analysis, Opinion mining, Sentiment analysis},
	pages = {5543--5574},
}

@article{liu_novel_2025,
	title = {A novel method for consumer preference extraction based on perceived usefulness and de-neutral sentiment},
	volume = {619},
	issn = {0925-2312},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925231224019684},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neucom.2024.129197},
	abstract = {The accurate assessment of consumer preferences has become increasingly crucial for effective business decision-making. However, merchants face significant challenges in accurately analyzing these preferences due to the overwhelming volume of online consumer feedback, the growing complexity of customer preferences, and the rapid evolution of market trends. Current methodologies are often hampered by various errors and biases, such as the misleading influence of irrelevant information within overloaded data, challenges in extracting latent features from big data, and issues related to neutral sentiment factors. Additionally, the usefulness of information is frequently dependent on voting mechanisms, which are susceptible to biases like the early bird effect. To address these challenges, we propose a novel preference extraction method based on perceived useful information. This approach integrates sentiment analysis rooted in deep learning with neutral sentiment processing and combines multi-criteria decision-making to extract hidden features while mitigating the misleading impact of irrelevant word frequencies on preference calculations. Furthermore, our method employs the principle of information entropy to extract information utility, thereby avoiding common biases associated with traditional voting methods. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method across two case studies: for search-based products, the method achieved an F1 score of 89.6 \% and an AUC of 79.4 \%, while for experience-based products, it recorded 84.6 \% and 80.6 \%, respectively. The primary contribution of this research lies in providing a systematic approach to uncover product features and accurately analyze consumer preferences, offering valuable insights for business decision-making. This has significant theoretical and practical implications for product development, marketing, and customer service.},
	urldate = {2025-09-26},
	journal = {Neurocomputing},
	author = {Liu, Huiran and Wang, Zheng and Fang, Zhiming},
	month = feb,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Deep neural network, Feature extraction, Machine learning, Multi-criteria decision-making, Natural language processing, Sentiment analysis},
	pages = {129197},
}

@article{ali_systematic_2025,
	title = {A systematic literature review on sentiment analysis techniques, challenges, and future trends},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0219-3116},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02365-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10115-025-02365-x},
	abstract = {In the last ten years, social media site mining, including Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and all other websites, has become a popular area of study. In the world of digital media today, people are getting more and more vocal because they love to share their opinions. User-generated material abounds on social media platforms and apps such as Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter, providing wealthy content to gather sentiments. Comments are another way that the most active and social voices can make themselves heard, which in turn gives us a window into their feelings. Sentiment analysis is the task of comprehending the emotions and opinions conveyed in text and other media. It has various applications in domains along with social media such as e-commerce, health, politics, and marketing. This paper delineates the generic process of sentiment analysis and reviews the main methods, challenges, and trends in this field. The main goal of this survey paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art research works on sentiment analysis (SA) techniques and related fields and to compare the performance of different deep learning models for sentiment polarity. The paper also discusses the recent studies that have employed machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid models to address sentiment polarity problems, which is the categorization of text into positive, negative, or neutral sentiments. The paper evaluates the results of different models on a series of datasets. The paper’s main contributions are the elaborate classifications of numerous recent articles and the demonstration of the recent research directions in sentiment analysis and its related fields. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of SA techniques with succinct details.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2025-09-26},
	journal = {Knowledge and Information Systems},
	author = {Ali, Hafiz Muhammad Usman and Farooq, Qaisar and Imran, Azhar and El Hindi, Khalil},
	month = may,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Deep learning, Feature selection, Hybrid approaches, Lexicon-based Sentiment classification, Machine learning, Opinion mining, Sentiment analysis},
	pages = {3967--4034},
}

@misc{viola_xlime-melt_2025,
	title = {{xLiMe}-{MELT}: {A} {Multi}-layer {Italian} {Twitter} {Dataset} for {Explainable} {Sentiment} {Analysis} with {Systemic} {Functional} {Linguistics}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17193247},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.17193247},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = sep,
	year = {2025},
}

@article{bosco_developing_2013,
	title = {Developing {Corpora} for {Sentiment} {Analysis}: {The} {Case} of {Irony} and {Senti}-{TUT}},
	volume = {28},
	shorttitle = {Developing {Corpora} for {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IISys..28b..55B},
	doi = {10.1109/MIS.2013.28},
	abstract = {Mining opinions and sentiments from natural language is an extremely difficult task. It involves a deep understanding of explicit and implicit information conveyed by language structures—whether in a single word or an entire document. The growth of the social Web and the availability of a dynamic corpus of user-generated content—such as product reviews and statistical polling data—makes it necessary to deal with the cognitive and affective information conveyed by expressive texts reflecting spontaneous user responses.},
	urldate = {2025-09-19},
	journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
	author = {Bosco, Cristina and Patti, Viviana and Bolioli, Andrea},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {ADS Bibcode: 2013IISys..28b..55B},
	keywords = {Blogs, Context awareness, Emotion recognition, Media, Natural language processing, Pragmatics, Social network services, Syntactics, Twitter, corpora for sentiment analysis, intelligent systems, irony, opinion mining, social media},
	pages = {55--63},
}

@incollection{basile_overview_2016,
	address = {Torino},
	title = {Overview of the {Evalita} 2016 {SENTIment} {POLarity} {Classification} {Task}},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	isbn = {978-88-99982-55-3},
	url = {https://books.openedition.org/aaccademia/1992},
	abstract = {The SENTIment POLarity Classification Task 2016 (SENTIPOLC), is a rerun of the shared task on sentiment classification at the message level on Italian tweets proposed for the first time in 2014 for the Evalita evaluation campaign. It includes three subtasks: subjectivity classification, polarity classification, and irony detection. In 2016 SENTIPOLC has been again the most participated EVALITA task with a total of 57 submitted runs from 13 different teams. We present the datasets – which includes an enriched annotation scheme for dealing with the impact on polarity of a figurative use of language – the evaluation methodology, and discuss results and participating systems.
          , 
            Descriviamo modalità e risultati della seconda edizione della campagna di valutazione di sistemi di sentiment analysis (SENTIment POLarity Classification Task), proposta nel contesto di “EVALITA 2016: Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian”. In SENTIPOLC è stata valutata la capacità dei sistemi di riconoscere diversi aspetti del sentiment espresso nei messaggi Twitter in lingua italiana, con un’articolazione in tre sottotask: subjectivity classification, polarity classification e irony detection. La campagna ha suscitato nuovamente grande interesse, con un totale di 57 run inviati da 13 gruppi di partecipanti.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-09-19},
	booktitle = {{EVALITA}. {Evaluation} of {NLP} and {Speech} {Tools} for {Italian}},
	publisher = {Accademia University Press},
	author = {Barbieri, Francesco and Basile, Valerio and Croce, Danilo and Nissim, Malvina and Novielli, Nicole and Patti, Viviana},
	editor = {Basile, Pierpaolo and Cutugno, Franco and Nissim, Malvina and Patti, Viviana and Sprugnoli, Rachele},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.4000/books.aaccademia.1992},
	pages = {146--155},
}

@inproceedings{basile_valerio_overview_2014,
	title = {Overview of the {Evalita} 2014 {SENTIment} {POLarity} {Classification} {Task}},
	url = {http://clic2014.fileli.unipi.it/proceedings/Proceedings-CLICit-2014.pdf},
	doi = {10.12871/clicit201429},
	abstract = {English. The SENTIment POLarity Classification Task (SENTIPOLC), a new shared task in the Evalita evaluation campaign , focused on sentiment classification at the message level on Italian tweets. It included three subtasks: subjectivity classification, polarity classification, and irony detection. SENTIPOLC was the most participated Evalita task with a total of 35 submitted runs from 11 different teams. We present the datasets and the evaluation methodology, and discuss results and participating systems. Italiano. Descriviamo modalit a e risultati della campagna di valutazione di sistemi di sentiment analysis (SENTIment POLarity Classification Task), proposta per la prima volta a " Evalita–2014: Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Ital-ian ". In SENTIPOLC e stata valutata la capacit a dei sistemi di riconoscere il sentiment espresso nei messaggi Twitter in lingua italiana. Sono stati proposti tre sotto-task: subjectivity classification, polarity classification e un sotto-task pilota di irony detection. La campagna ha susci-tato molto interesse e ricevuto un totale di 35 run inviati da 11 gruppi di partecipanti.},
	urldate = {2025-09-19},
	publisher = {pisa university press},
	author = {{Basile, Valerio} and {Bolioli, Andrea} and {Patti , Viviana}},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.12871/clicit201429},
	note = {Book Title: Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2014 and of the Fourth International Workshop EVALITA 2014 9-11 December 2014, Pisa},
}

@inproceedings{pang_seeing_2005,
	address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan},
	title = {Seeing {Stars}: {Exploiting} {Class} {Relationships} for {Sentiment} {Categorization} with {Respect} to {Rating} {Scales}},
	shorttitle = {Seeing {Stars}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/P05-1015/},
	doi = {10.3115/1219840.1219855},
	urldate = {2025-09-19},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics} ({ACL}'05)},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Pang, Bo and Lee, Lillian},
	editor = {Knight, Kevin and Ng, Hwee Tou and Oflazer, Kemal},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {115--124},
}

@article{yue_survey_2019,
	title = {A survey of sentiment analysis in social media},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0219-3116},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1236-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10115-018-1236-4},
	abstract = {Sentiments or opinions from social media provide the most up-to-date and inclusive information, due to the proliferation of social media and the low barrier for posting the message. Despite the growing importance of sentiment analysis, this area lacks a concise and systematic arrangement of prior efforts. It is essential to: (1) analyze its progress over the years, (2) provide an overview of the main advances achieved so far, and (3) outline remaining limitations. Several essential aspects, therefore, are addressed within the scope of this survey. On the one hand, this paper focuses on presenting typical methods from three different perspectives (task-oriented, granularity-oriented, methodology-oriented) in the area of sentiment analysis. Specifically, a large quantity of techniques and methods are categorized and compared. On the other hand, different types of data and advanced tools for research are introduced, as well as their limitations. On the basis of these materials, the essential prospects lying ahead for sentiment analysis are identified and discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-09-19},
	journal = {Knowledge and Information Systems},
	author = {Yue, Lin and Chen, Weitong and Li, Xue and Zuo, Wanli and Yin, Minghao},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Data mining, Machine learning, Sentiment analysis, Social media, Survey},
	pages = {617--663},
}

@book{jayasanka_sentiment_2013,
	title = {Sentiment {Analysis} for {Social} {Media}},
	author = {Jayasanka, Sachira and Madhushani, Thilina and Marcus, E. and Aberathne, I. and Premaratne, Saminda},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
}

@article{taboada_lexicon-based_2011,
	title = {Lexicon-{Based} {Methods} for {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	volume = {37},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/J11-2001/},
	doi = {10.1162/COLI_a_00049},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-09-19},
	journal = {Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Taboada, Maite and Brooke, Julian and Tofiloski, Milan and Voll, Kimberly and Stede, Manfred},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Place: Cambridge, MA
Publisher: MIT Press},
	pages = {267--307},
}

@inproceedings{vassallo_neutral_2024,
	address = {Pisa, Italy},
	title = {Neutral {Score} {Detection} in {Lexicon}-based {Sentiment} {Analysis}: {The} {Quartile}-based {Approach}},
	isbn = {979-12-210-7060-6},
	shorttitle = {Neutral {Score} {Detection} in {Lexicon}-based {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.clicit-1.105/},
	abstract = {The neutrality detection in Sentiment Analysis (SA) still constitutes an unsolved and debated issue. This work proposes an empirical method based on the quartiles of the polarity distribution for a lexicon-based SA approach. Our experiments are based on the Italian linguistic resource MAL (Morphologically-inflected Affective Lexicon) and applied to two annotated corpora. The findings provided a better detection of the neutral opinions with preserving a substantial overall polarity prediction.},
	urldate = {2025-09-17},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {Italian} {Conference} on {Computational} {Linguistics} ({CLiC}-it 2024)},
	publisher = {CEUR Workshop Proceedings},
	author = {Vassallo, Marco and Gabrieli, Giuliano and Basile, Valerio and Bosco, Cristina},
	editor = {Dell'Orletta, Felice and Lenci, Alessandro and Montemagni, Simonetta and Sprugnoli, Rachele},
	month = dec,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {976--982},
}

@article{koppel_importance_2006,
	title = {{THE} {IMPORTANCE} {OF} {NEUTRAL} {EXAMPLES} {FOR} {LEARNING} {SENTIMENT}},
	volume = {22},
	copyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\#vor},
	issn = {0824-7935, 1467-8640},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8640.2006.00276.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8640.2006.00276.x},
	abstract = {Most research on learning to identify sentiment ignores “neutral” examples, learning only from examples of significant (positive or negative) polarity. We show that it is crucial to use neutral examples in learning polarity for a variety of reasons. Learning from negative and positive examples alone will not permit accurate classification of neutral examples. Moreover, the use of neutral training examples in learning facilitates better distinction between positive and negative examples.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-09-17},
	journal = {Computational Intelligence},
	author = {Koppel, Moshe and Schler, Jonathan},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {100--109},
}

@article{valdivia_consensus_2018,
	title = {Consensus vote models for detecting and filtering neutrality in sentiment analysis},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1566-2535},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566253517306590},
	doi = {10.1016/j.inffus.2018.03.007},
	abstract = {Recently, interest in sentiment analysis has grown exponentially. Many studies have developed a wide variety of algorithms capable of classifying texts according to the sentiment conveyed in them. Such sentiment is usually expressed as positive, neutral or negative. However, neutral reviews are often ignored in many sentiment analysis problems because of their ambiguity and lack of information. In this paper, we propose to empower neutrality by characterizing the boundary between positive and negative reviews, with the goal of improving the model’s performance. We apply different sentiment analysis methods to different corpora extracting their sentiment and, hence, detecting neutral reviews by consensus to filter them, i.e., taking into account different models based on weighted aggregation. We finally compare classification performance on single and aggregated models. The results clearly show that aggregation methods outperform single models in most cases, which led us to conclude that neutrality is key for distinguishing between positive and negative and, then, for improving sentiment classification.},
	urldate = {2025-09-17},
	journal = {Information Fusion},
	author = {Valdivia, Ana and Luzón, M. Victoria and Cambria, Erik and Herrera, Francisco},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Aggregation, Consensus, Filtering, Neutrality, Sentiment analysis},
	pages = {126--135},
}

@inproceedings{gurgurov_small_2025,
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	title = {Small {Models}, {Big} {Impact}: {Efficient} {Corpus} and {Graph}-{Based} {Adaptation} of {Small} {Multilingual} {Language} {Models} for {Low}-{Resource} {Languages}},
	isbn = {979-8-89176-254-1},
	shorttitle = {Small {Models}, {Big} {Impact}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-srw.24/},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.acl-srw.24},
	abstract = {Low-resource languages (LRLs) face significant challenges in natural language processing (NLP) due to limited data. While current state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) still struggle with LRLs, smaller multilingual models (mLMs) such as mBERT and XLM-R offer greater promise due to a better fit of their capacity to low training data sizes. This study systematically investigates parameter-efficient adapter-based methods for adapting mLMs to LRLs, evaluating three architectures: Sequential Bottleneck, Invertible Bottleneck, and Low-Rank Adaptation. Using unstructured text from GlotCC and structured knowledge from ConceptNet, we show that small adaptation datasets (e.g., up to 1 GB of free-text or a few MB of knowledge graph data) yield gains in intrinsic (masked language modeling) and extrinsic tasks (topic classification, sentiment analysis, and named entity recognition). We find that Sequential Bottleneck adapters excel in language modeling, while Invertible Bottleneck adapters slightly outperform other methods on downstream tasks due to better embedding alignment and larger parameter counts. Adapter-based methods match or outperform full fine-tuning while using far fewer parameters, and smaller mLMs prove more effective for LRLs than massive LLMs like LLaMA-3, GPT-4, and DeepSeek-R1-based distilled models. While adaptation improves performance, pre-training data size remains the dominant factor, especially for languages with extensive pre-training coverage.The code for our experiments is available at https://github.com/d-gurgurov/Knowledge-Driven-Adaptation-LLMs.},
	urldate = {2025-09-08},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 63rd {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics} ({Volume} 4: {Student} {Research} {Workshop})},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Gurgurov, Daniil and Vykopal, Ivan and Genabith, Josef Van and Ostermann, Simon},
	editor = {Zhao, Jin and Wang, Mingyang and Liu, Zhu},
	month = jul,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {355--395},
}

@inproceedings{danilevsky_survey_2020,
	address = {Suzhou, China},
	title = {A {Survey} of the {State} of {Explainable} {AI} for {Natural} {Language} {Processing}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.aacl-main.46/},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.aacl-main.46},
	abstract = {Recent years have seen important advances in the quality of state-of-the-art models, but this has come at the expense of models becoming less interpretable. This survey presents an overview of the current state of Explainable AI (XAI), considered within the domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP). We discuss the main categorization of explanations, as well as the various ways explanations can be arrived at and visualized. We detail the operations and explainability techniques currently available for generating explanations for NLP model predictions, to serve as a resource for model developers in the community. Finally, we point out the current gaps and encourage directions for future work in this important research area.},
	urldate = {2025-09-08},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st {Conference} of the {Asia}-{Pacific} {Chapter} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics} and the 10th {International} {Joint} {Conference} on {Natural} {Language} {Processing}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Danilevsky, Marina and Qian, Kun and Aharonov, Ranit and Katsis, Yannis and Kawas, Ban and Sen, Prithviraj},
	editor = {Wong, Kam-Fai and Knight, Kevin and Wu, Hua},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {447--459},
}

@misc{patterson_carbon_2021,
	title = {Carbon {Emissions} and {Large} {Neural} {Network} {Training}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.10350},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2104.10350},
	abstract = {The computation demand for machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly recently, which comes with a number of costs. Estimating the energy cost helps measure its environmental impact and finding greener strategies, yet it is challenging without detailed information. We calculate the energy use and carbon footprint of several recent large models-T5, Meena, GShard, Switch Transformer, and GPT-3-and refine earlier estimates for the neural architecture search that found Evolved Transformer. We highlight the following opportunities to improve energy efficiency and CO2 equivalent emissions (CO2e): Large but sparsely activated DNNs can consume {\textless}1/10th the energy of large, dense DNNs without sacrificing accuracy despite using as many or even more parameters. Geographic location matters for ML workload scheduling since the fraction of carbon-free energy and resulting CO2e vary {\textasciitilde}5X-10X, even within the same country and the same organization. We are now optimizing where and when large models are trained. Specific datacenter infrastructure matters, as Cloud datacenters can be {\textasciitilde}1.4-2X more energy efficient than typical datacenters, and the ML-oriented accelerators inside them can be {\textasciitilde}2-5X more effective than off-the-shelf systems. Remarkably, the choice of DNN, datacenter, and processor can reduce the carbon footprint up to {\textasciitilde}100-1000X. These large factors also make retroactive estimates of energy cost difficult. To avoid miscalculations, we believe ML papers requiring large computational resources should make energy consumption and CO2e explicit when practical. We are working to be more transparent about energy use and CO2e in our future research. To help reduce the carbon footprint of ML, we believe energy usage and CO2e should be a key metric in evaluating models, and we are collaborating with MLPerf developers to include energy usage during training and inference in this industry standard benchmark.},
	urldate = {2025-09-08},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Patterson, David and Gonzalez, Joseph and Le, Quoc and Liang, Chen and Munguia, Lluis-Miquel and Rothchild, Daniel and So, David and Texier, Maud and Dean, Jeff},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	note = {arXiv:2104.10350 [cs]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Machine Learning},
}

@misc{bakhtiarifard_climate_2025,
	title = {Climate {And} {Resource} {Awareness} is {Imperative} to {Achieving} {Sustainable} {AI} (and {Preventing} a {Global} {AI} {Arms} {Race})},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.20016},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.20016},
	abstract = {Sustainability encompasses three key facets: economic, environmental, and social. However, the nascent discourse that is emerging on sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) has predominantly focused on the environmental sustainability of AI, often neglecting the economic and social aspects. Achieving truly sustainable AI necessitates addressing the tension between its climate awareness and its social sustainability, which hinges on equitable access to AI development resources. The concept of resource awareness advocates for broader access to the infrastructure required to develop AI, fostering equity in AI innovation. Yet, this push for improving accessibility often overlooks the environmental costs of expanding such resource usage. In this position paper, we argue that reconciling climate and resource awareness is essential to realizing the full potential of sustainable AI. We use the framework of base-superstructure to analyze how the material conditions are influencing the current AI discourse. We also introduce the Climate and Resource Aware Machine Learning (CARAML) framework to address this conflict and propose actionable recommendations spanning individual, community, industry, government, and global levels to achieve sustainable AI.},
	urldate = {2025-09-08},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Bakhtiarifard, Pedram and Tözün, Pınar and Igel, Christian and Selvan, Raghavendra},
	month = feb,
	year = {2025},
	note = {arXiv:2502.20016 [cs]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Machine Learning},
}

@misc{anthony_carbontracker_2020,
	title = {Carbontracker: {Tracking} and {Predicting} the {Carbon} {Footprint} of {Training} {Deep} {Learning} {Models}},
	copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license},
	shorttitle = {Carbontracker},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03051},
	doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2007.03051},
	abstract = {Deep learning (DL) can achieve impressive results across a wide variety of tasks, but this often comes at the cost of training models for extensive periods on specialized hardware accelerators. This energy-intensive workload has seen immense growth in recent years. Machine learning (ML) may become a significant contributor to climate change if this exponential trend continues. If practitioners are aware of their energy and carbon footprint, then they may actively take steps to reduce it whenever possible. In this work, we present Carbontracker, a tool for tracking and predicting the energy and carbon footprint of training DL models. We propose that energy and carbon footprint of model development and training is reported alongside performance metrics using tools like Carbontracker. We hope this will promote responsible computing in ML and encourage research into energy-efficient deep neural networks.},
	urldate = {2025-09-08},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Anthony, Lasse F. Wolff and Kanding, Benjamin and Selvan, Raghavendra},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Version Number: 1},
	keywords = {Computers and Society (cs.CY), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Machine Learning (stat.ML), Signal Processing (eess.SP)},
}

@inproceedings{bender_dangers_2021,
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	series = {{FAccT} '21},
	title = {On the {Dangers} of {Stochastic} {Parrots}: {Can} {Language} {Models} {Be} {Too} {Big}? 🦜},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-8309-7},
	shorttitle = {On the {Dangers} of {Stochastic} {Parrots}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922},
	doi = {10.1145/3442188.3445922},
	abstract = {The past 3 years of work in NLP have been characterized by the development and deployment of ever larger language models, especially for English. BERT, its variants, GPT-2/3, and others, most recently Switch-C, have pushed the boundaries of the possible both through architectural innovations and through sheer size. Using these pretrained models and the methodology of fine-tuning them for specific tasks, researchers have extended the state of the art on a wide array of tasks as measured by leaderboards on specific benchmarks for English. In this paper, we take a step back and ask: How big is too big? What are the possible risks associated with this technology and what paths are available for mitigating those risks? We provide recommendations including weighing the environmental and financial costs first, investing resources into curating and carefully documenting datasets rather than ingesting everything on the web, carrying out pre-development exercises evaluating how the planned approach fits into research and development goals and supports stakeholder values, and encouraging research directions beyond ever larger language models.},
	urldate = {2025-09-08},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 {ACM} {Conference} on {Fairness}, {Accountability}, and {Transparency}},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	author = {Bender, Emily M. and Gebru, Timnit and McMillan-Major, Angelina and Shmitchell, Shmargaret},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {610--623},
}

@inproceedings{strubell_energy_2019,
	address = {Florence, Italy},
	title = {Energy and {Policy} {Considerations} for {Deep} {Learning} in {NLP}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/P19-1355/},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/P19-1355},
	abstract = {Recent progress in hardware and methodology for training neural networks has ushered in a new generation of large networks trained on abundant data. These models have obtained notable gains in accuracy across many NLP tasks. However, these accuracy improvements depend on the availability of exceptionally large computational resources that necessitate similarly substantial energy consumption. As a result these models are costly to train and develop, both financially, due to the cost of hardware and electricity or cloud compute time, and environmentally, due to the carbon footprint required to fuel modern tensor processing hardware. In this paper we bring this issue to the attention of NLP researchers by quantifying the approximate financial and environmental costs of training a variety of recently successful neural network models for NLP. Based on these findings, we propose actionable recommendations to reduce costs and improve equity in NLP research and practice.},
	urldate = {2025-09-08},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Strubell, Emma and Ganesh, Ananya and McCallum, Andrew},
	editor = {Korhonen, Anna and Traum, David and Màrquez, Lluís},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3645--3650},
}

@inproceedings{conneau_unsupervised_2020,
	address = {Online},
	title = {Unsupervised {Cross}-lingual {Representation} {Learning} at {Scale}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.747/},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.747},
	abstract = {This paper shows that pretraining multilingual language models at scale leads to significant performance gains for a wide range of cross-lingual transfer tasks. We train a Transformer-based masked language model on one hundred languages, using more than two terabytes of filtered CommonCrawl data. Our model, dubbed XLM-R, significantly outperforms multilingual BERT (mBERT) on a variety of cross-lingual benchmarks, including +14.6\% average accuracy on XNLI, +13\% average F1 score on MLQA, and +2.4\% F1 score on NER. XLM-R performs particularly well on low-resource languages, improving 15.7\% in XNLI accuracy for Swahili and 11.4\% for Urdu over previous XLM models. We also present a detailed empirical analysis of the key factors that are required to achieve these gains, including the trade-offs between (1) positive transfer and capacity dilution and (2) the performance of high and low resource languages at scale. Finally, we show, for the first time, the possibility of multilingual modeling without sacrificing per-language performance; XLM-R is very competitive with strong monolingual models on the GLUE and XNLI benchmarks. We will make our code and models publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Conneau, Alexis and Khandelwal, Kartikay and Goyal, Naman and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Wenzek, Guillaume and Guzmán, Francisco and Grave, Edouard and Ott, Myle and Zettlemoyer, Luke and Stoyanov, Veselin},
	editor = {Jurafsky, Dan and Chai, Joyce and Schluter, Natalie and Tetreault, Joel},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {8440--8451},
}

@inproceedings{j_advancing_2025,
	address = {Melmaruvathur, India},
	title = {Advancing {Sentiment} {Analysis} with {LLM}: {Comparative} {Study} with {Traditional} {ML} on {Social} {Media} {Reviews}},
	copyright = {https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029},
	isbn = {978-1-6654-5736-1},
	shorttitle = {Advancing {Sentiment} {Analysis} with {LLM}},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11088527/},
	doi = {10.1109/ICCSP64183.2025.11088527},
	urldate = {2025-09-02},
	booktitle = {2025 11th {International} {Conference} on {Communication} and {Signal} {Processing} ({ICCSP})},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {J, Kamala Kanth and Saraswathi P, Vidhya and T, Radha},
	month = jun,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1328--1333},
}

@article{alahmadi_generalizing_2025,
	title = {Generalizing sentiment analysis: a review of progress, challenges, and emerging directions},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1869-5469},
	shorttitle = {Generalizing sentiment analysis},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13278-025-01461-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s13278-025-01461-8},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Sentiment analysis is an increasingly vital technique within natural language processing for interpreting human emotions expressed in text. This survey explores the trajectory of sentiment analysis research, examining advancements from traditional machine learning approaches to state-of-the-art deep learning models, including Transformers and hybrid architectures. We highlight key challenges such as domain adaptation, linguistic diversity, and the evolving nuances of digital communication. This review distinguishes itself by adopting a multidisciplinary approach, integrating advancements from machine learning, cognitive science, and linguistics to address generalization, multimodal data integration, and the potential of self-supervised learning. Unlike prior surveys, our work provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent and emerging methodologies, although introduced in previous literature, remain scattered across domain specific studies such as hybrid models combining RoBERTa-GRU and Capsule Networks with semantic rules, while emphasizing ethical considerations and novel directions like adaptive feature selection and fairness-aware training. By providing comprehensive insights into applications across domains like healthcare, finance, and disaster management, this survey serves as a foundational resource for the next generation of sentiment analysis tools.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-09-02},
	journal = {Social Network Analysis and Mining},
	author = {Alahmadi, Khaled and Alharbi, Sultan and Chen, Juan and Wang, Xianzhi},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {45},
}

@incollection{hess_how_2025,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {How {Effectively} {Do} {LLMs} {Extract} {Feature}-{Sentiment} {Pairs} from {App} {Reviews}?},
	volume = {15588},
	isbn = {978-3-031-88530-3 978-3-031-88531-0},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-88531-0_9},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-09-02},
	booktitle = {Requirements {Engineering}: {Foundation} for {Software} {Quality}},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
	author = {Shah, Faiz Ali and Sabir, Ahmed and Sharma, Rajesh and Pfahl, Dietmar},
	editor = {Hess, Anne and Susi, Angelo},
	year = {2025},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-88531-0_9},
	note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	pages = {123--138},
}

@article{albladi_sentiment_2025,
	title = {Sentiment {Analysis} of {Twitter} {Data} {Using} {NLP} {Models}: {A} {Comprehensive} {Review}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode},
	issn = {2169-3536},
	shorttitle = {Sentiment {Analysis} of {Twitter} {Data} {Using} {NLP} {Models}},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10883978/},
	doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3541494},
	urldate = {2025-09-02},
	journal = {IEEE Access},
	author = {Albladi, Aish and Islam, Minarul and Seals, Cheryl},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {30444--30468},
}

@article{sharma_review_2025,
	title = {A review of sentiment analysis: tasks, applications, and deep learning techniques},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {2364-415X, 2364-4168},
	shorttitle = {A review of sentiment analysis},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s41060-024-00594-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s41060-024-00594-x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-09-02},
	journal = {International Journal of Data Science and Analytics},
	author = {Sharma, Neeraj Anand and Ali, A. B. M. Shawkat and Kabir, Muhammad Ashad},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {351--388},
}

@inproceedings{aspromonte_beyond_2025,
	address = {Lucca, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {Beyond {Fact}-{Checking}: {A} {Scalable}, {Domain}-{Agnostic}, and {Explainable} {System} for {Automated} {Fake} {News} {Detection} (short paper)},
	volume = {3986},
	shorttitle = {Beyond {Fact}-{Checking}},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3986/#short2},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-10},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Aspromonte, Marco and Contissa, Giuseppe and Galli, Federico and Loreggia, Andrea},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
	pages = {70--78},
}

@inproceedings{schnober_100_2025,
	address = {Lucca, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {100 {Queries}: {What} do {Dutch} {Children} {See} on the {Web}},
	volume = {3986},
	shorttitle = {100 {Queries}},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3986/#paper4},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-10},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Schnober, Carsten and Sprenger, Maarten},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
	pages = {39--53},
}

@inproceedings{chakrabarti_online_2025,
	address = {Lucca, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {Online {Information} {Disorder} \& {Children}},
	volume = {3986},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3986/#paper3},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-10},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Chakrabarti, Hrishita and Micol, Tobia Diletta and Landoni, Monica and Pera, Maria Soledad},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
	pages = {24--38},
}

@inproceedings{sahitaj_towards_2025,
	address = {Lucca, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {Towards {Automated} {Fact}-{Checking} of {Real}-{World} {Claims}: {Exploring} {Task} {Formulation} and {Assessment} with {LLMs}},
	volume = {3986},
	shorttitle = {Towards {Automated} {Fact}-{Checking} of {Real}-{World} {Claims}},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3986/#paper2},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-10},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Sahitaj, Premtim and Maab, Iffat and Yamagishi, Junichi and Kolanowski, Jawan and Möller, Sebastian and Schmitt, Vera},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
	pages = {11--23},
}

@inproceedings{alia_llm_2025,
	address = {Lucca, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {{LLM} {Based} {Bilingual} {Rumor} {Verification} {Using} {Evidence} {From} {Authorities}},
	volume = {3986},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3986/#paper1},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-10},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Alia, Alaaeddin and Khan, Muhammad Taimoor},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
	pages = {1--10},
}

@inproceedings{viola_what_2025-1,
	address = {Lucca, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {What about {Language}? {A} {Multilingual} {Behavioural} {Study} of {User} {Engagement} with {Disinformation} on {X} (short paper)},
	volume = {3986},
	shorttitle = {What about {Language}?},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3986/#short1},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-10},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
	pages = {54--69},
}

@inproceedings{viviani_overview_2025,
	address = {Lucca, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {Overview of {ROMCIR} 2025: {The} 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	volume = {3986},
	shorttitle = {Overview of {ROMCIR} 2025},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3986/#preface},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-10},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Reducing} {Online} {Misinformation} through {Credible} {Information} {Retrieval}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	editor = {Viviani, Marco and Petrocchi, Marinella and Kruschwitz, Udo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
}

@article{grootendorst_bertopic_2022,
	title = {{BERTopic}: {Neural} topic modeling with a class-based {TF}-{IDF} procedure},
	journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794},
	author = {Grootendorst, Maarten},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{observatory_on_social_media_botometer_nodate,
	title = {Botometer {X}},
	url = {https://botometer.osome.iu.edu},
	abstract = {Get bot scores for old Twitter accounts},
	urldate = {2025-05-20},
	author = {{Observatory on Social Media}},
}

@article{vosoughi_spread_2018,
	title = {The spread of true and false news online},
	volume = {359},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap9559},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aap9559},
	abstract = {We investigated the differential diffusion of all of the verified true and false news stories distributed on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. The data comprise {\textasciitilde}126,000 stories tweeted by {\textasciitilde}3 million people more than 4.5 million times. We classified news as true or false using information from six independent fact-checking organizations that exhibited 95 to 98\% agreement on the classifications. Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information, and the effects were more pronounced for false political news than for false news about terrorism, natural disasters, science, urban legends, or financial information. We found that false news was more novel than true news, which suggests that people were more likely to share novel information. Whereas false stories inspired fear, disgust, and surprise in replies, true stories inspired anticipation, sadness, joy, and trust. Contrary to conventional wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and false news at the same rate, implying that false news spreads more than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely to spread it.},
	number = {6380},
	urldate = {2025-05-20},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Vosoughi, Soroush and Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {1146--1151},
}

@article{yang_covid-19_2021,
	title = {The {COVID}-19 {Infodemic}: {Twitter} versus {Facebook}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517},
	shorttitle = {The {COVID}-19 {Infodemic}},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211013861},
	doi = {10.1177/20539517211013861},
	abstract = {The global spread of the novel coronavirus is affected by the spread of related misinformation—the so-called COVID-19 Infodemic—that makes populations more vulnerable to the disease through resistance to mitigation efforts. Here, we analyze the prevalence and diffusion of links to low-credibility content about the pandemic across two major social media platforms, Twitter and Facebook. We characterize cross-platform similarities and differences in popular sources, diffusion patterns, influencers, coordination, and automation. Comparing the two platforms, we find divergence among the prevalence of popular low-credibility sources and suspicious videos. A minority of accounts and pages exert a strong influence on each platform. These misinformation “superspreaders” are often associated with the low-credibility sources and tend to be verified by the platforms. On both platforms, there is evidence of coordinated sharing of Infodemic content. The overt nature of this manipulation points to the need for societal-level solutions in addition to mitigation strategies within the platforms. However, we highlight limits imposed by inconsistent data-access policies on our capability to study harmful manipulations of information ecosystems.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-05-20},
	journal = {Big Data \& Society},
	author = {Yang, Kai-Cheng and Pierri, Francesco and Hui, Pik-Mai and Axelrod, David and Torres-Lugo, Christopher and Bryden, John and Menczer, Filippo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {20539517211013861},
}

@misc{golding_iffy_2025,
	title = {Iffy {Index} of {Unreliable} {Sources}},
	url = {https://iffy.news/index/},
	abstract = {The Iffy.news Index of Unreliable Sources compiles credibility ratings by Media Bias/Fact Check and NewsGuard.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2025-05-20},
	journal = {Iffy.news},
	author = {Golding, Barrett},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
}

@article{yang_scalable_2020,
	title = {Scalable and {Generalizable} {Social} {Bot} {Detection} through {Data} {Selection}},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {https://www.aaai.org},
	issn = {2374-3468, 2159-5399},
	url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/5460},
	doi = {10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5460},
	abstract = {Efficient and reliable social bot classification is crucial for detecting information manipulation on social media. Despite rapid development, state-of-the-art bot detection models still face generalization and scalability challenges, which greatly limit their applications. In this paper we propose a framework that uses minimal account metadata, enabling efficient analysis that scales up to handle the full stream of public tweets of Twitter in real time. To ensure model accuracy, we build a rich collection of labeled datasets for training and validation. We deploy a strict validation system so that model performance on unseen datasets is also optimized, in addition to traditional cross-validation. We find that strategically selecting a subset of training data yields better model accuracy and generalization than exhaustively training on all available data. Thanks to the simplicity of the proposed model, its logic can be interpreted to provide insights into social bot characteristics.},
	number = {01},
	urldate = {2025-05-20},
	journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
	author = {Yang, Kai-Cheng and Varol, Onur and Hui, Pik-Mai and Menczer, Filippo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1096--1103},
}

@article{deverna_identifying_2024,
	title = {Identifying and characterizing superspreaders of low-credibility content on {Twitter}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302201},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0302201},
	abstract = {The world’s digital information ecosystem continues to struggle with the spread of misinformation. Prior work has suggested that users who consistently disseminate a disproportionate amount of low-credibility content—so-called superspreaders—are at the center of this problem. We quantitatively confirm this hypothesis and introduce simple metrics to predict the top superspreaders several months into the future. We then conduct a qualitative review to characterize the most prolific superspreaders and analyze their sharing behaviors. Superspreaders include pundits with large followings, low-credibility media outlets, personal accounts affiliated with those media outlets, and a range of influencers. They are primarily political in nature and use more toxic language than the typical user sharing misinformation. We also find concerning evidence that suggests Twitter may be overlooking prominent superspreaders. We hope this work will further public understanding of bad actors and promote steps to mitigate their negative impacts on healthy digital discourse.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2025-05-20},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {DeVerna, Matthew R. and Aiyappa, Rachith and Pacheco, Diogo and Bryden, John and Menczer, Filippo},
	editor = {Guarino, Stefano},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {e0302201},
}

@article{joulin_bag_2016,
	title = {Bag of {Tricks} for {Efficient} {Text} {Classification}},
	journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.01759},
	author = {Joulin, Armand and Grave, Edouard and Bojanowski, Piotr and Mikolov, Tomas},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{laquieze_lgbtpropaganda_2025,
	title = {\#{LGBTpropaganda} \#{GenderTheory} \#{Wokism}: {Expanding} and blurring the boundaries of francophone anti-gender discourse propagated on {Twitter}},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0},
	issn = {2414-6633},
	shorttitle = {\#{LGBTpropaganda} \#{GenderTheory} \#{Wokism}},
	url = {https://politikon.iapss.org/index.php/politikon/article/view/462},
	doi = {10.22151/politikon.12025.4},
	abstract = {Based on a corpus of tweets compiled from November 2022 to February 2023, this article revisits digital anti-gender campaigns in France, 10 years after debates on same-sex marriage and adoption. Through a critical discourse analysis of 70 key tweets, it maps the semiotic community engaged in anti-gender discourse, revealing a heterogeneous group of actors ranging from the conservative right to the identitarian far right. The article identifies two patterns rooted in the “protect our children” rhetoric, which reshape the symbolic boundaries of anti-gender discourse. First, an expansion is at play, marked by the relative inclusion of LGB and feminist activists to reinforce the exclusion of drag-queens and trans people. Second, a blurring of symbolic boundaries between ethnic, religious and cultural factors emerges. This facilitates the articulation of a national-populist discourse that frames “wokism” and Islam as threats to children, to summon support for a white, Christian and heterocisgender political project.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-03-26},
	journal = {Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science},
	author = {Laquièze, Ugo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {88--114},
}

@article{christensen_great_2023,
	title = {The great reset and the cultural boundaries of conspiracy theory},
	volume = {17},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	author = {Christensen, Michael and Au, Ashli},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {19--19},
}

@incollection{saad_abdullahi_tracking_2023,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Tracking the {Diffusion} of {Disinformation} on the {SDGs} {Across} {Social} {Media} {Platforms}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-19459-7},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19459-7_6},
	abstract = {Mass awareness of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is crucial to the successful attainment of the SDGs (Grover et al., Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 2021). While the traditional mass media have not done a very good job of communicating the SDGs (Janoušková et al., Sustainability (Switzerland), 11, 1–20, 2019), social media platforms have been hailed as veritable platforms to educate the public about the SDGs and thereby help achieve social and behavioural changes needed to attain the goals (ElAlfy et al., Sustainable Development, 28, 1418–1430, 2020). However, the ease of access to social media platforms, such that anyone can create just any message and share it with millions of people across the globe, has given rise to disinformation communities taking advantage of public ignorance and anxieties (Ha et al., American Behavioral Scientist, 65, 290–315, 2021; Kornbluh, SDGs: Building Back Better, 57–59, 2020; Meel \& Vishwakarma, Expert Systems with Applications, 153, 1–26, 2020; Yusha’u \& Servaes, The Palgrave handbook of international communication and sustainable development, Springer International Publishing, 2021c). Such disinformation is inhibiting effective communication aimed at behavioural changes needed to achieve the SDGs (Waszak et al., Health Policy and Technology, 7, 115–118, 2018). Indeed, the spread of COVID-19 in early 2020, and the subsequent widespread disinformation surrounding it, heightened the public vulnerability to become victims of disinformation, including on the SDGs (Mensah et al., The Palgrave handbook of international communication and sustainable development. Springer International Publishing, 2021).},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-26},
	booktitle = {{SDG18} {Communication} for {All}, {Volume} 2: {Regional} {Perspectives} and {Special} {Cases}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Sa’ad Abdullahi, Bashir and Pindiga, Habeeb Idris},
	editor = {Servaes, Jan and Yusha'u, Muhammad Jameel},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-19459-7_6},
	keywords = {Covid19, Disinformation trends, SDG 13, SDG 3, Social media},
	pages = {145--174},
}

@inproceedings{barbieri_xlm-t_2022,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{XLM}-{T}: {Multilingual} {Language} {Models} in {Twitter} for {Sentiment} {Analysis} and {Beyond}},
	shorttitle = {{XLM}-{T}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.27/},
	abstract = {Language models are ubiquitous in current NLP, and their multilingual capacity has recently attracted considerable attention. However, current analyses have almost exclusively focused on (multilingual variants of) standard benchmarks, and have relied on clean pre-training and task-specific corpora as multilingual signals. In this paper, we introduce XLM-T, a model to train and evaluate multilingual language models in Twitter. In this paper we provide: (1) a new strong multilingual baseline consisting of an XLM-R (Conneau et al. 2020) model pre-trained on millions of tweets in over thirty languages, alongside starter code to subsequently fine-tune on a target task; and (2) a set of unified sentiment analysis Twitter datasets in eight different languages and a XLM-T model trained on this dataset.},
	urldate = {2025-03-21},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Thirteenth} {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Barbieri, Francesco and Espinosa Anke, Luis and Camacho-Collados, Jose},
	editor = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Béchet, Frédéric and Blache, Philippe and Choukri, Khalid and Cieri, Christopher and Declerck, Thierry and Goggi, Sara and Isahara, Hitoshi and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Mazo, Hélène and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {258--266},
}

@incollection{ben-ghiat_empire_2005,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Empire {Building} and {Its} {Limitations}: {Ethiopia} (1935–1941)},
	isbn = {978-0-230-60636-4 978-1-4039-8158-5},
	shorttitle = {Empire {Building} and {Its} {Limitations}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_8},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	booktitle = {Italian {Colonialism}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan US},
	author = {Larebo, Haile},
	editor = {Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Fuller, Mia},
	year = {2005},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_8},
	pages = {83--94},
}

@incollection{ben-ghiat_early_2005,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The {Early} {Years} of the {Agency} for the {Colonization} of {Cyrenaica} (1932–1935)},
	isbn = {978-0-230-60636-4 978-1-4039-8158-5},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_7},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	booktitle = {Italian {Colonialism}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan US},
	author = {Cresti, Federico},
	editor = {Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Fuller, Mia},
	year = {2005},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_7},
	pages = {73--82},
}

@book{de_donno_italian_2019,
	title = {Italian {Orientalism}},
	isbn = {978-1-78874-020-3 978-1-78874-019-7 978-1-78874-021-0 978-1-78874-018-0},
	url = {https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/65884},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	publisher = {Peter Lang UK},
	author = {De Donno, Fabrizio},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.3726/b11865},
}

@article{barsotti_italian_2020,
	title = {Italian {Orientalism}: {Nationhood}, {Cosmopolitanism}, and the {Cultural} {Politics} of {Identity}, by {Fabrizio} {De} {Donno}, {Oxford}, {Peter} {Lang}, 2019, 360 pp., £40.00 (paperback), {ISBN}: 978-1-78874-020-3},
	volume = {25},
	copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms},
	issn = {1353-2944, 1469-9877},
	shorttitle = {Italian {Orientalism}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1353294420000265/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/mit.2020.26},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	journal = {Modern Italy},
	author = {Barsotti, Edoardo Marcello},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {494--496},
}

@incollection{ben-ghiat_italian_2005,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Italian {Memories}/{African} {Memories} of {Colonialism}},
	isbn = {978-0-230-60636-4 978-1-4039-8158-5},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_19},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	booktitle = {Italian {Colonialism}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan US},
	author = {Taddia, Irma},
	editor = {Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Fuller, Mia},
	year = {2005},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_19},
	pages = {209--219},
}

@incollection{ben-ghiat_patrilinearity_2005,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Patrilinearity, {Race}, and ldentity:{The} {Upbringing} of {Italo}-{Eritreans} during {Italian} {Colonialism}},
	isbn = {978-0-230-60636-4 978-1-4039-8158-5},
	shorttitle = {Patrilinearity, {Race}, and ldentity},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_9},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	booktitle = {Italian {Colonialism}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan US},
	author = {Barrera, Giulia},
	editor = {Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Fuller, Mia},
	year = {2005},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_9},
	pages = {97--108},
}

@incollection{ben-ghiat_pioneering_2005,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Pioneering {Female} {Modernity}: {Fascist} {Women} in {Colonial} {Africa}},
	isbn = {978-0-230-60636-4 978-1-4039-8158-5},
	shorttitle = {Pioneering {Female} {Modernity}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_13},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	booktitle = {Italian {Colonialism}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan US},
	author = {Lombardi-Diop, Cristina},
	editor = {Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Fuller, Mia},
	year = {2005},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4039-8158-5_13},
	pages = {145--154},
}

@article{venturini_di_2017,
	title = {Al di là del mare. {Letteratura} e giornalismo nell’{Italia} coloniale. 1920-1940},
	issn = {2105-0929},
	url = {http://journals.openedition.org/cliothemis/1041},
	doi = {10.35562/cliothemis.1041},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	journal = {Clio@Themis},
	author = {Venturini, Monica},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
}

@book{ben-ghiat_italian_2008,
	address = {Basingstoke},
	edition = {1st Palgrave Macmillan paperback ed},
	series = {Italian and {Italian} {American} studies},
	title = {Italian colonialism},
	isbn = {978-0-230-60636-4},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	editor = {Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Fuller, Mia},
	year = {2008},
}

@book{ben-ghiat_italian_2008-1,
	address = {Basingstoke},
	edition = {1st Palgrave Macmillan paperback ed},
	series = {Italian and {Italian} {American} studies},
	title = {Italian colonialism},
	isbn = {978-0-230-60636-4},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	editor = {Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Fuller, Mia},
	year = {2008},
}

@incollection{de_donno_rereading_2022,
	address = {Firenze},
	title = {Rereading {Italian} {Travellers} to {Africa}: {Precursors}, {Identities} and {Interracial} {Relations} in {Narratives} of {Italian} {Colonialism}},
	url = {https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/58318},
	booktitle = {Rereading {Travellers} to the {East}. {Shaping} {Identities} and {Building} the {Nation} in {Post}-unification {Italy}},
	publisher = {Firenze University Press},
	author = {De Donno, Fabrizio},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {65--82},
}

@book{falcucci_rereading_2022,
	address = {Florence},
	edition = {1},
	title = {Rereading {Travellers} to the {East}: {Shaping} {Identities} and {Building} the {Nation} in {Post}-unification {Italy}},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode},
	isbn = {978-88-5518-578-3 978-88-5518-579-0 978-88-5518-580-6 978-88-5518-581-3},
	shorttitle = {Rereading {Travellers} to the {East}},
	url = {https://books.fupress.com/isbn/9788855185790},
	abstract = {Rereading Travellers to the East aim to offer a new perspective on travel literature, the question of nation-building and the history of orientalism. Rereading Travellers focuses on the rereadings to which early modern travel literature about Asia has been subjected by different actors involved in the political, economic, cultural and intellectual life of post-unification Italy. The authors highlight how this literature has been reinterpreted and reused for political and ideological purposes in the context of the formation and reformation of collective identities, from the Risorgimento to the Fascist regime and the early republic. By showing the potential of the notion of rereading, the volume outlines a history of the political and cultural legacy of travel literature which goes well beyond Italy.
          , 
            Rereading Travellers to the East aim to offer a new perspective on travel literature, the question of nation-building and the history of orientalism. Rereading Travellers focuses on the rereadings to which early modern travel literature about Asia has been subjected by different actors involved in the political, economic, cultural and intellectual life of post-unification Italy. The authors highlight how this literature has been reinterpreted and reused for political and ideological purposes in the context of the formation and reformation of collective identities, from the Risorgimento to the Fascist regime and the early republic. By showing the potential of the notion of rereading, the volume outlines a history of the political and cultural legacy of travel literature which goes well beyond Italy.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	publisher = {Firenze University Press},
	editor = {Falcucci, Beatrice and Giusti, Emanuele and Trentacoste, Davide},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.36253/978-88-5518-579-0},
}

@book{falcucci_rereading_2022-1,
	address = {Florence},
	edition = {1},
	title = {Rereading {Travellers} to the {East}: {Shaping} {Identities} and {Building} the {Nation} in {Post}-unification {Italy}},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode},
	isbn = {978-88-5518-578-3 978-88-5518-579-0 978-88-5518-580-6 978-88-5518-581-3},
	shorttitle = {Rereading {Travellers} to the {East}},
	url = {https://books.fupress.com/isbn/9788855185790},
	abstract = {Rereading Travellers to the East aim to offer a new perspective on travel literature, the question of nation-building and the history of orientalism. Rereading Travellers focuses on the rereadings to which early modern travel literature about Asia has been subjected by different actors involved in the political, economic, cultural and intellectual life of post-unification Italy. The authors highlight how this literature has been reinterpreted and reused for political and ideological purposes in the context of the formation and reformation of collective identities, from the Risorgimento to the Fascist regime and the early republic. By showing the potential of the notion of rereading, the volume outlines a history of the political and cultural legacy of travel literature which goes well beyond Italy.
          , 
            Rereading Travellers to the East aim to offer a new perspective on travel literature, the question of nation-building and the history of orientalism. Rereading Travellers focuses on the rereadings to which early modern travel literature about Asia has been subjected by different actors involved in the political, economic, cultural and intellectual life of post-unification Italy. The authors highlight how this literature has been reinterpreted and reused for political and ideological purposes in the context of the formation and reformation of collective identities, from the Risorgimento to the Fascist regime and the early republic. By showing the potential of the notion of rereading, the volume outlines a history of the political and cultural legacy of travel literature which goes well beyond Italy.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	publisher = {Firenze University Press},
	editor = {Falcucci, Beatrice and Giusti, Emanuele and Trentacoste, Davide},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.36253/978-88-5518-579-0},
}

@book{amlinger_gekrankte_2022,
	address = {Berlin},
	edition = {Erste Auflage, Originalausgabe},
	title = {Gekränkte {Freiheit}: {Aspekte} des libertären {Autoritarismus}},
	isbn = {978-3-518-43071-2},
	shorttitle = {Gekränkte {Freiheit}},
	publisher = {Suhrkamp},
	author = {Amlinger, Carolin},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{tajfel_social_2004,
	address = {New York, NY, US},
	series = {Political psychology: {Key} readings},
	title = {The {Social} {Identity} {Theory} of {Intergroup} {Behavior}},
	isbn = {978-1-84169-069-8 978-1-84169-070-4},
	abstract = {This reprinted chapter originally appeared in (Psychology of Intergroup Relations [ed. by S. Worchel; W. G. Austin], 1986, 7-24.) The aim of this chapter is to present an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. It begins with a discussion of alternative approaches to intergroup conflict with special attention to the "realistic group conflict theory" (RCT). RCT's relative neglect of the processes underlying the development and maintenance of group identity and the possibly autonomous effects upon the in-group and intergroup behavior is responsible for some inconsistencies between the empirical data and the theory in its "classical" form. In this sense, the theoretical orientation to be outlined in this chapter is intended not to replace RCT, but to supplement it in some respects that seem essential for an adequate social psychology of intergroup conflict--particularly as the understanding of the psychological aspects of social change cannot be achieved without an appropriate analysis of the social psychology of social conflict. The authors argue that people derive a sense of self-worth and social belongingness from their memberships in groups, and so they are motivated to draw favorable comparisons between their own group and other groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Psychology Press},
	author = {Tajfel, Henri and Turner, John C.},
	year = {2004},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203505984-16},
	note = {Pages: 293},
	keywords = {Conflict, Group Identity, Ingroup Outgroup, Intergroup Dynamics, Social Identity, Theories},
}

@article{van_zomeren_toward_2008,
	title = {Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: {A} quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives},
	volume = {134},
	issn = {1939-1455},
	shorttitle = {Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action},
	doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504},
	abstract = {An integrative social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) is developed that incorporates 3 socio-psychological perspectives on collective action. Three meta-analyses synthesized a total of 182 effects of perceived injustice, efficacy, and identity on collective action (corresponding to these socio-psychological perspectives). Results showed that, in isolation, all 3 predictors had medium-sized (and causal) effects. Moreover, results showed the importance of social identity in predicting collective action by supporting SIMCA's key predictions that (a) affective injustice and politicized identity produced stronger effects than those of non-affective injustice and non-politicized identity; (b) identity predicted collective action against both incidental and structural disadvantages, whereas injustice and efficacy predicted collective action against incidental disadvantages better than against structural disadvantages; (c) all 3 predictors had unique medium-sized effects on collective action when controlling for between-predictor covariance; and (d) identity bridged the injustice and efficacy explanations of collective action. Results also showed more support for SIMCA than for alternative models reflecting previous attempts at theoretical integration. The authors discuss key implications for theory, practice, future research, and further integration of social and psychological perspectives on collective action. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
	author = {van Zomeren, Martijn and Postmes, Tom and Spears, Russell},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Place: US
Publisher: American Psychological Association},
	keywords = {Social Identity, Social Processes},
	pages = {504--535},
}

@article{brunsting_social_2002,
	title = {Social {Movement} {Participation} in the {Digital} {Age}: {Predicting} {Offline} and {Online} {Collective} {Action}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1046-4964},
	shorttitle = {Social {Movement} {Participation} in the {Digital} {Age}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/104649602237169},
	doi = {10.1177/104649602237169},
	abstract = {Motives to participate in online versus offline collective action were investigated among environmental activists in the Netherlands. A sample (N = 738) consisting of activists, sympathizers, and nonactivists, reported past and intended participation in online and offline activism. Using structural equation modeling, it was examined whether online activism was predicted by different factors than offline activism. A wide range of predictors was derived from central theories about mobilization and collective action, including identification, relative deprivation, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived efficacy of action, and self-efficacy. Results show that when compared with offline actions, participation in online actions was slightly more motivated by cognitive calculations (efficacy) and less by affective factors (identification). Moreover, results reflect the popularity and potential of the Internet for activities that surpass the individual. This research gives an empirical insight in the influence of Internet on motives for collective action and on the participation of peripheral members.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2025-02-11},
	journal = {Small Group Research},
	author = {Brunsting, Suzanne and Postmes, Tom},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {525--554},
}

@article{wintterlin_its_2023,
	title = {“{It}’s us against them up there”: {Spreading} online disinformation as populist collective action},
	volume = {146},
	issn = {0747-5632},
	shorttitle = {“{It}’s us against them up there”},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563223001358},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2023.107784},
	abstract = {Although recent literature has increasingly captured the role of users in the information disorder, we still do not fully understand why people spread disinformation. Therefore, the current study sheds some light on the characteristics and motivations of people who contribute to the spreading of disinformation. Following the literature on collective action, the spreading of disinformation is conceptualized as populist collective action which is influenced by a populist identity, injustice perceptions, participatory efficacy, and alternative media use. These assumptions are tested against a representative survey of German users. The analysis reveals the spreading of disinformation to be mainly predicted by anger towards the government and the use of alternative media for political news. The theoretical and societal implications of these findings are discussed.},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	author = {Wintterlin, Florian and Schatto-Eckrodt, Tim and Frischlich, Lena and Boberg, Svenja and Reer, Felix and Quandt, Thorsten},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Collective action, Disinformation, News sharing, Populist attitudes, Structural equation model},
	pages = {107784},
}

@article{dubois_who_2020,
	title = {Who to {Trust} on {Social} {Media}: {How} {Opinion} {Leaders} and {Seekers} {Avoid} {Disinformation} and {Echo} {Chambers}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2056-3051, 2056-3051},
	shorttitle = {Who to {Trust} on {Social} {Media}},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120913993},
	doi = {10.1177/2056305120913993},
	abstract = {As trust in news media and social media dwindles and fears of disinformation and echo chambers spread, individuals need to find ways to access and assess reliable and trustworthy information. Despite low levels of trust in social media, they are used for accessing political information and news. In this study, we examine the information verification practices of opinion leaders (who consume political information above average and share their opinions on social media above average) and of opinion seekers (who seek out political information from friends and family) to understand similarities and differences in their news media trust, fact-checking behaviors, and likeliness of being caught in echo chambers. Based on a survey of French Internet users ( N = 2,000) we find that not only opinion leaders, but also opinion seekers, have higher rates across all three of these dependent variables. We discuss the implications of findings for the development of opinion leadership theory as well as for social media platforms wishing to increase trust.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Social Media + Society},
	author = {Dubois, Elizabeth and Minaeian, Sara and Paquet-Labelle, Ariane and Beaudry, Simon},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2056305120913993},
}

@article{fan_online_2018,
	title = {Online health communities: how do community members build the trust required to adopt information and form close relationships?},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0960-085X},
	shorttitle = {Online health communities},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2017.1390187},
	doi = {10.1080/0960085X.2017.1390187},
	abstract = {Online Health Communities (OHCs) have become a popular avenue for people to share common concerns about a health topic. However, because users of these forums tend not to have formal medical training, they often cannot verify objectively the soundness of the advice provided. Thus, there is a need to understand better the mechanism through which people trust and utilise information found on these forums. In testing a theory-based trust model, we find that forum users accept advice more readily as they develop cognitive trust (trust based on a cognitive assessment) and/or affective trust (trust based on an emotional connection). Affective trust is also closely related to formation of relational closeness. This indicates that, while both forms of trust are important, the development of emotional connections provides for long-term OHCs interactions. Findings here, indicate that prior exchanges are not needed to access and utilise OHC community resources. However, trust (developed through prior exchanges) is required for a recipient to leverage the contributor’s social capital for information adoption and relational closeness. These findings allow the distribution of social capital to be viewed in terms of an asymmetrical model where it is possible to accept capital, in the form of advice, without first demonstrating trustworthiness. In the OHC setting the onus is on the contributor of advice to establish trustworthiness, whereas traditionally social capital theory requires receivers of capital to establish trust. These findings are important for site designers and provide insight to managers and developers of OHCs regarding the behaviours and motivations of forum users.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	author = {Fan, Hanmei and Lederman, Reeva},
	editor = {Rowe, Frantz and Matook, Sabine},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2017.1390187},
	keywords = {Cognitive trust, affective trust, online health community, relational closeness, social capital},
	pages = {62--89},
}

@misc{noauthor_who_nodate,
	title = {Who to {Trust} on {Social} {Media}: {How} {Opinion} {Leaders} and {Seekers} {Avoid} {Disinformation} and {Echo} {Chambers} - {Elizabeth} {Dubois}, {Sara} {Minaeian}, {Ariane} {Paquet}-{Labelle}, {Simon} {Beaudry}, 2020},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120913993},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
}

@article{housholder_facebook_2014,
	title = {Facebook {Politics}: {Toward} a {Process} {Model} for {Achieving} {Political} {Source} {Credibility} {Through} {Social} {Media}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1933-1681},
	shorttitle = {Facebook {Politics}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.951753},
	doi = {10.1080/19331681.2014.951753},
	abstract = {The last two election cycles have seen an exponential rise in the number of political campaigns integrating some form of social media into their communication plans. As candidates and campaigns increase their social media communications, political communication scholars have become increasingly interested in the process through which voters assess political candidates’ credibility through social networking sites. Using experimental data, this study examines the mediating role of attitude homophily in establishing political candidates’ source credibility among Facebook users. A multiple mediation model outlines a process wherein attitude homophily mediates the relationship between political cues and evaluations of source credibility. Theoretical and practical implications of the results for political social media campaigns are discussed.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Journal of Information Technology \& Politics},
	author = {Housholder, Elizabeth E. and LaMarre, Heather L.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.951753},
	keywords = {Multiple mediation, political campaigns, social media, source credibility},
	pages = {368--382},
}

@article{dennis_search_2023,
	title = {Search \& {Verify}: {Misinformation} and source evaluations in {Internet} search results},
	volume = {171},
	issn = {0167-9236},
	shorttitle = {Search \& {Verify}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923623000519},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dss.2023.113976},
	abstract = {In response to online misinformation, source rating services evaluate thousands of popular websites, mark them as reputable or disreputable, and provide detailed information explaining their evaluations. In this paper, we examine the effects of news source evaluations by experts as well as crowd-sourced information (i.e., Wikipedia) on beliefs in political news that appears in Internet search results. Through two online experiments, we investigate the effects of providing a simple source-evaluation flag or a flag with more detailed supporting information explaining the evaluation. We found that negative flags from expert fact-checkers reduced users' beliefs, and supporting information had no additional effect; in contrast, positive flags required information beyond the simple flag to have maximum effectiveness. Positive and negative crowd-sourced information had similar effects but was weaker than evaluations from experts. Thus, we conclude that providing additional information to support source evaluation flags is important to give users confidence in reputable websites.},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Decision Support Systems},
	author = {Dennis, Alan R. and Moravec, Patricia L. and Kim, Antino},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Crowd-sourced evaluation, Expert evaluation, Fact-checking, Fake news, Internet search, Misinformation},
	pages = {113976},
}

@article{vilella_measuring_2022,
	title = {Measuring user engagement with low credibility media sources in a controversial online debate},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2193-1127},
	url = {https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00342-w},
	doi = {10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00342-w},
	abstract = {We quantify social media user engagement with low-credibility online news media sources using a simple and intuitive methodology, that we showcase with an empirical case study of the Twitter debate on immigration in Italy. By assigning the Twitter users an Untrustworthiness (U) score based on how frequently they engage with unreliable media outlets and cross-checking it with a qualitative political annotation of the communities, we show that such information consumption is not equally distributed across the Twitter users. Indeed, we identify clusters characterised by a very high presence of accounts that frequently share content from less reliable news sources. The users with high U are more keen to interact with bot-like accounts that tend to inject more unreliable content into the network and to retweet that content. Thus, our methodology applied to this real-world network provides evidence, in an easy and straightforward way, that there is strong interplay between accounts that display higher bot-like activity and users more focused on news from unreliable sources and that this influences the diffusion of this information across the network.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {EPJ Data Science},
	author = {Vilella, Salvatore and Semeraro, Alfonso and Paolotti, Daniela and Ruffo, Giancarlo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: SpringerOpen},
	pages = {1--23},
}

@article{tripodi_your_2024,
	title = {‘{Do} your own research': affordance activation and disinformation spread},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1369-118X},
	shorttitle = {‘{Do} your own research'},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2245869},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2023.2245869},
	abstract = {Affordances are the perception of what a technical artifact can do. They bridge a technically-determinist perspective with social constructivist theory, acknowledging the material aspects of technology while allowing for user agency. Yet most affordance theory separates out the engagement process into producers and consumers. On one hand, this lens is essential because it considers how an end user interprets, engages, and utilizes technology through their social structure. It highlights how engagement is both constrained and enabled by the creator, but also documents how such engagement might differ from a creator’s intention(s) completely. On the other hand, this framework doesn’t consider the interactional dimensions of affordances theory. This paper fills this gap, relying on sociotechnical theory to analyze three case studies across three different platforms (Twitter, Google Scholar, and Yandex). In doing so, we explain how pundits, propagandists, and conspiracy theorists ‘activate affordances’ to validate their claims. When audiences are primed to ‘do their own research,’ disinformation becomes a more entangled, participatory process.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	author = {Tripodi, Francesca B. and Garcia, Lauren C. and Marwick, Alice E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2245869},
	keywords = {Affordance theory, media manipulation, participatory disinformation, platform studies},
	pages = {1212--1228},
}

@article{ali_panic_2023,
	title = {Panic buying and fake news in urban vs. rural {England}: {A} case study of twitter during {COVID}-19},
	volume = {193},
	issn = {0040-1625},
	shorttitle = {Panic buying and fake news in urban vs. rural {England}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523002834},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122598},
	abstract = {This paper explores the potential association between the spread of fake news and the panic buying behavior, in urban and rural UK, widely accessible on Twitter since COVID 19 was announced by the WHO as a global pandemic. It describes how consumer's behavior is affected by the content generated over social media and discuss various means to control such occurrence that results in an undesirable social change. The research methodology is based on extracting data from texts on the subject of panic buying and analysing both the total volume and the rate of fake news classification during COVID-19, through crowdsourcing techniques with text-mining and Natural Language Processing models. In this paper, we have extracted the main topics in different phases of the pandemic using term frequency strategies and word clouds as well as applied artificial intelligence in exploring the reliability behind online written text on Twitter. The findings of the research indicate an association between the pattern of panic buying behavior and the spread of fake news among urban and rural UK. We have highlighted the magnitude of the undesired behavior of panic buying and the spread of fake news in the rural UK in comparison with the urban UK.},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Ali, Maged and Gomes, Lucas Moreira and Azab, Nahed and de Moraes Souza, João Gabriel and Sorour, M. Karim and Kimura, Herbert},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Digital divide, Fake news, Machine learning, NLP, Panic buying, Twitter},
	pages = {122598},
}

@incollection{cao_exploring_2020,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Exploring the {Role} of {Visual} {Content} in {Fake} {News} {Detection}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-42699-6},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42699-6_8},
	abstract = {The increasing popularity of social media promotes the proliferation of fake news, which has caused significant negative societal effects. Therefore, fake news detection on social media has recently become an emerging research area of great concern. With the development of multimedia technology, fake news attempts to utilize multimedia content with images or videos to attract and mislead consumers for rapid dissemination, which makes visual content an important part of fake news. Despite the importance of visual content, our understanding about the role of visual content in fake news detection is still limited. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the visual content in fake news, including the basic concepts, effective visual features, representative detection methods and challenging issues of multimedia fake news detection. This chapter can help readers to understand the role of visual content in fake news detection, and effectively utilize visual content to assist in detecting multimedia fake news.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	booktitle = {Disinformation, {Misinformation}, and {Fake} {News} in {Social} {Media}: {Emerging} {Research} {Challenges} and {Opportunities}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Cao, Juan and Qi, Peng and Sheng, Qiang and Yang, Tianyun and Guo, Junbo and Li, Jintao},
	editor = {Shu, Kai and Wang, Suhang and Lee, Dongwon and Liu, Huan},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-42699-6_8},
	keywords = {Computer vision, Deep learning, Fake news detection, Fake-news images, Image forensics, Image repurposing, Multi-modal, Multimedia, Social media},
	pages = {141--161},
}

@incollection{horner_emotions_2023,
	title = {Emotions: {The} {Unexplored} {Fuel} of {Fake} {News} on {Social} {Media}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-343393-4},
	shorttitle = {Emotions},
	abstract = {Easy access to equipment, software, and platforms to create, distribute, and provide access to fake news stories has exacerbated the problem of fake news, making for a large number of highly biased sources that are reaching the mainstream through social networks. The economics of emotion theory proposes that fake news headlines are created to evoke emotional responses in readers that will cause them to interact with the article in a way that allows the creator to make a profit (through clicking on the link to the full article, by sharing the article, etc.). This mixed methods study investigates the process by which individuals experience discrete emotional reactions to fake news headlines, and how these emotions contribute to the perpetuation of fake news through sharing behaviors. U.S. participants (n=879 across two waves) viewed one of eight false news headlines and reported their emotional reactions, belief in the headline, and potential sharing behaviors. In general, participants were more likely to believe headlines that aligned with their existing beliefs (e.g., liberals were more likely to believe negative news about conservatives), reacted with more negative emotions to headlines that attacked their party, and were more likely to report intentions to suppress (e.g., post a link to a fact check) fake news that attacked their own party. Emotional reactivity of participants was associated with response behavior intentions such that participants who reported high levels of emotions were more likely to take actions that would spread or suppress the fake news, participants who reported low levels of emotions were more likely to ignore or disengage from the spread of false news, and participants who reported high levels of negative emotions and low levels of positive emotions were more likely to suppress the spread of fake news and less likely to contribute to the spread of fake news. Our findings are synthesized into a process model that explains how discrete emotions and beliefs influence sharing behaviors. Implications for mitigating the spread of fake news are discussed in terms of this model.},
	booktitle = {Fake {News} on the {Internet}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Horner, Christy Galletta and Galletta, Dennis and Crawford, Jennifer and Shirsat, Abhijeet},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Num Pages: 28},
}

@article{yuan_improving_2021,
	title = {Improving fake news detection with domain-adversarial and graph-attention neural network},
	volume = {151},
	issn = {0167-9236},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923621001433},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dss.2021.113633},
	abstract = {With the widespread use of online social media, we have witnessed that fake news causes enormous distress and inconvenience to people's social life. Although previous studies have proposed rich machine learning methods for identifying fake news in social media, the task of detecting fake news in emerging news events/domains remains a challenging problem due to the wide range of news topics on social media as well as the evolution and variation of fake news contents in the web. In this study, we propose an approach which we term “domain-adversarial and graph-attention neural network” (DAGA-NN) model to address the challenge. Its main advantage is that, in a text environment with multiple events/domains, only partial domain sample data are needed to train the model to achieve accurate cross-domain fake news detection in those domains with few (or even no) samples, which makes up for the limitations of traditional machine learning in fake news detection tasks due to news content evolution or cross-domain identification (where there is no sample data). Extensive experiments were conducted on two multimedia datasets of Twitter and Weibo, and the results showed that the proposed model was very effective in detecting fake news across events/domains.},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Decision Support Systems},
	author = {Yuan, Hua and Zheng, Jie and Ye, Qiongwei and Qian, Yu and Zhang, Yan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Adversarial neural network, Fake news detection, Feature extraction, Graph-attention network},
	pages = {113633},
}

@book{kim_says_2018,
	title = {Says {Who}?: {How} {News} {Presentation} {Format} {Influences} {Perceived} {Believability} and the {Engagement} {Level} of {Social} {Media} {Users}},
	isbn = {978-0-9981331-1-9},
	shorttitle = {Says {Who}?},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10125/50385},
	abstract = {We investigate whether the news presentation format affects the believability of a news story and the engagement level of social media users. Specifically, we test to see if highlighting the source delivering the story can nudge the users to think more critically about the truthfulness of the story that they see, and for obscure sources, whether source ratings can affect how the users evaluate the truthfulness. We also test whether the believability can influence the users' engagement level for the presented news post (e.g., read, like, comment, and share). We find that such changes in the news presentation format indeed have significant impacts on how social media users perceive and act on news items.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	author = {Kim, Antino and Dennis, Alan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
}

@article{nonnecke_shedding_1999,
	title = {Shedding light on lurkers in online communities},
	volume = {123128},
	url = {http://www.heksie.com/media/CYberculture%20LURKERS.pdf},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Ethnographic studies in real and virtual environments: Inhabited information spaces and connected communities, Edinburgh},
	author = {Nonnecke, Blair and Preece, Jennifer},
	year = {1999},
}

@article{preece_top_2004,
	title = {The top five reasons for lurking: improving community experiences for everyone},
	volume = {20},
	shorttitle = {The top five reasons for lurking},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563203000876},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Computers in human behavior},
	author = {Preece, Jenny and Nonnecke, Blair and Andrews, Dorine},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {201--223},
}

@article{chen_tweet_2011,
	series = {Web 2.0 in {Travel} and {Tourism}: {Empowering} and {Changing} the {Role} of {Travelers}},
	title = {Tweet this: {A} uses and gratifications perspective on how active {Twitter} use gratifies a need to connect with others},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0747-5632},
	shorttitle = {Tweet this},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563210003213},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.023},
	abstract = {Twitter is an Internet social-network and micro-blogging platform with both mass and interpersonal communication features for sharing 140-character messages, called tweets, with other people, called followers. Hierarchical OLS regression of survey results from 317 Twitter users found that the more months a person is active on Twitter and the more hours per week the person spends on Twitter, the more the person gratifies a need for an informal sense of camaraderie, called connection, with other users. Controlling for demographic variables does not diminish this positive relationship. Additionally, frequency of tweeting and number of @replies, public messages between Twitter users, mediate the relationship between active Twitter use and gratifying a need for connection. Results are discussed in light of uses and gratifications theory.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	author = {Chen, Gina Masullo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Twitter},
	pages = {755--762},
}

@article{shao_understanding_2009,
	title = {Understanding the appeal of user‐generated media: a uses and gratification perspective},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1066-2243},
	shorttitle = {Understanding the appeal of user‐generated media},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240910927795},
	doi = {10.1108/10662240910927795},
	abstract = {Purpose – User‐generated media (UGM) like YouTube, MySpace, and Wikipedia have become tremendously popular over the last few years. The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical framework for explaining the appeal of UGM. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is mainly theoretical due to a relative lack of empirical evidence. After an introduction on the emergence of UGM, this paper investigates in detail how and why people use UGM, and what factors make UGM particularly appealing, through a uses and gratifications perspective. Finally, the key elements of this study are summarized and the future research directions about UGM are discussed. Findings – This paper argues that individuals take with UGM in different ways for different purposes: they consume contents for fulfilling their information, entertainment, and mood management needs; they participate through interacting with the content as well as with other users for enhancing social connections and virtual communities; and they produce their own contents for self‐expression and self‐actualization. These three usages are separate analytically but interdependent in reality. This paper proposes a model to describe such interdependence. Furthermore, it argues that two usability attributes of UGM, “easy to use” and “let users control,” enable people to perform the aforementioned activities efficiently so that people can derive greater gratification from their UGM use. Originality/value – UGM are an extremely important topic in new media scholarship, and this study represents the first step toward understanding the appeal of UGM in an integrated way.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Internet Research},
	author = {Shao, Guosong},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
	keywords = {Customer satisfaction, Electronic media, Internet, User studies},
	pages = {7--25},
}

@article{kaur_liking_2019,
	title = {Liking, sharing, commenting and reacting on {Facebook}: {User} behaviors’ impact on sentiment intensity},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {07365853},
	shorttitle = {Liking, sharing, commenting and reacting on {Facebook}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0736585318304325},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tele.2018.12.005},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Telematics and Informatics},
	author = {Kaur, Wandeep and Balakrishnan, Vimala and Rana, Omer and Sinniah, Ajantha},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {25--36},
}

@article{khan_social_2017,
	title = {Social media engagement: {What} motivates user participation and consumption on {YouTube}?},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {07475632},
	shorttitle = {Social media engagement},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563216306513},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.024},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	author = {Khan, M. Laeeq},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {236--247},
}

@techreport{wpengine_iab_2012,
	title = {{IAB} {Report} on {Ad} {Engagement} {Serves} as {Industry} {Catalyst} for {Defining} {Core} {Digital} {Engagement} {Metrics}},
	url = {https://www.iab.com/news/iab-report-on-ad-engagement-serves-as-industry-catalyst-for-defining-core-digital-engagement-metrics/},
	abstract = {Paper Serves as Launching Point for New IAB Working Group to Define Ad Engagement Constructs, Interactions and Metrics in 2013 NEW YORK, NY (December 20, 2012) — The importance of establishing a much-needed framework for defining and rethinking ad engagement vernacular and metrics is the focus of a whitepaper released today by the Interactive Advertising … Continued},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	author = {wpengine},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
}

@article{brodie_consumer_2013,
	series = {(1){Thought} leadership in brand management(2){Health} {Marketing}},
	title = {Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: {An} exploratory analysis},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0148-2963},
	shorttitle = {Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296311002657},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.029},
	abstract = {Despite the extensive use of the term “engagement” in the context of brand communities, the theoretical meaning and foundations underlying this term remain underexplored in the literature to-date. Drawing on a literature review, this study adopts netnographic methodology to explore the nature and scope of consumer engagement in an online brand community environment. The study reveals the complex multidimensional and dynamic nature of consumer engagement, which may emerge at different levels of intensity over time, thus reflecting distinct engagement states. Further, the consumer engagement process comprises a range of sub-processes reflecting consumers' interactive experience within online brand communities, and value co-creation among community participants. Engaged consumers exhibit enhanced consumer loyalty, satisfaction, empowerment, connection, emotional bonding, trust and commitment. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for practice and further research.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Journal of Business Research},
	author = {Brodie, Roderick J. and Ilic, Ana and Juric, Biljana and Hollebeek, Linda},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Brand, Co-created value, Consumer engagement, Interactivity, Netnography, Online community},
	pages = {105--114},
}

@article{mimizuka_whatsapp_2022,
	title = {{WhatsApp}, {Misinformation}, and {Latino} {Political} {Discourse} in the {U}.{S}. {\textbar} {TechPolicy}.{Press}},
	url = {https://techpolicy.press/whatsapp-misinformation-and-latino-political-discourse-in-the-u-s},
	abstract = {Misinformation on messaging apps is particularly dangerous to democracy, write Inga Kristina Trauthig and Kayo Mimizuka.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-09},
	journal = {Tech Policy Press},
	author = {Mimizuka, Kayo and Trauthig, Inga},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{gursky_disinformation_2021,
	title = {The disinformation threat to diaspora communities in encrypted chat apps},
	url = {https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-disinformation-threat-to-diaspora-communities-in-encrypted-chat-apps/},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2025-01-09},
	journal = {Brookings},
	author = {Gursky, Jacob and Riedl, Martin and Woolley, Samuel},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
}

@article{freelon_russian_2020,
	title = {Russian {Twitter} disinformation campaigns reach across the {American} political spectrum},
	volume = {1},
	url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/russian-disinformation-campaigns-on-twitter/},
	doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-003},
	abstract = {Evidence from an analysis of Twitter data reveals that Russian social media trolls exploited racial and political identities to infiltrate distinct groups of authentic users, playing on their group identities. The groups affected spanned the ideological spectrum, suggesting the importance of coordinated counter-responses from diverse coalitions of users. Research Questions What authentic audiences did the},
	language = {en-US},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-09},
	journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review},
	author = {Freelon, Deen and Lokot, Tetyana},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{taylor_impact_nodate,
	title = {The impact of {China} targeting its diaspora},
	url = {https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/may-2023/china-target-diaspora-canada/},
	abstract = {Canada can do three things to counter China’s disinformation and foreign interference campaigns.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-09},
	journal = {Policy Options},
	author = {Taylor, Ellen and May 8, Benjamin Fung Originally published on Policy Options and {2023}},
}

@article{seo_comparative_2021,
	title = {Comparative {Approaches} to {Mis}/{Disinformation}{\textbar} {Introduction}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {The  International Journal of Communication  is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The  International Journal of Communication  will release their articles under the   Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license  . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the  "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the  LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may:  Collect and preserve currently accessible materials;  Use material consistent with original license terms;  Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.        Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:  the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;  the nature of the copyrighted work;  the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \&amp;  the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.   The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the  International Journal of Communication  believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use.  The  International Journal of Communication  encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the  Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.},
	issn = {1932-8036},
	url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/14799},
	abstract = {From misleading news articles around elections in Brazil and the United States to mob lynchings fueled by false social media messages in India to made-up stories about COVID-19 vaccination, a deluge of disinformation and misinformation is affecting various aspects of citizens’ lives around the world. Although there is an increasing number of research papers dealing with disinformation or misinformation, a majority of these have focused on the United States. This Special Section on comparative approaches to mis/disinformation features conceptual and data-informed articles with international and global perspectives on the prevalence, impact, and diffusion of mis/disinformation in different countries. Articles selected for the Special Section provide new theoretical and empirical contributions to existing bodies of knowledge whether focusing on one country or offering comparative perspectives involving multiple countries. The articles, individually and collectively, offer important scholarly and policy implications for studying and combating mis/disinformation around the world.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2025-01-07},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	author = {Seo, Hyunjin and Faris, Robert},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 0},
	keywords = {comparative approach, democracy, disinformation, information ecosystem, misinformation},
	pages = {8},
}

@inproceedings{leite_euvsdisinfo_2024,
	title = {{EUvsDisinfo}: {A} {Dataset} for {Multilingual} {Detection} of {Pro}-{Kremlin} {Disinformation} in {News} {Articles}},
	shorttitle = {{EUvsDisinfo}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12614},
	doi = {10.1145/3627673.3679167},
	abstract = {This work introduces EUvsDisinfo, a multilingual dataset of disinformation articles originating from pro-Kremlin outlets, along with trustworthy articles from credible / less biased sources. It is sourced directly from the debunk articles written by experts leading the EUvsDisinfo project. Our dataset is the largest to-date resource in terms of the overall number of articles and distinct languages. It also provides the largest topical and temporal coverage. Using this dataset, we investigate the dissemination of pro-Kremlin disinformation across different languages, uncovering language-specific patterns targeting certain disinformation topics. We further analyse the evolution of topic distribution over an eight-year period, noting a significant surge in disinformation content before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Lastly, we demonstrate the dataset's applicability in training models to effectively distinguish between disinformation and trustworthy content in multilingual settings.},
	urldate = {2025-01-07},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {ACM} {International} {Conference} on {Information} and {Knowledge} {Management}},
	author = {Leite, João A. and Razuvayevskaya, Olesya and Bontcheva, Kalina and Scarton, Carolina},
	month = oct,
	year = {2024},
	note = {arXiv:2406.12614 [cs]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Machine Learning},
	pages = {5380--5384},
}

@misc{glenski_multilingual_2019,
	title = {Multilingual {Multimodal} {Digital} {Deception} {Detection} and {Disinformation} {Spread} across {Social} {Platforms}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05838},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1909.05838},
	abstract = {Our main contribution in this work is novel results of multilingual models that go beyond typical applications of rumor or misinformation detection in English social news content to identify fine-grained classes of digital deception across multiple languages (e.g. Russian, Spanish, etc.). In addition, we present models for multimodal deception detection from images and text and discuss the limitations of image only and text only models. Finally, we elaborate on the ongoing work on measuring deceptive content (in particular disinformation) spread across social platforms.},
	urldate = {2025-01-07},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Glenski, Maria and Ayton, Ellyn and Mendoza, Josh and Volkova, Svitlana},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	note = {arXiv:1909.05838 [cs]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
}

@misc{roberts_multilingual_2021,
	title = {Multilingual {Evidence} {Retrieval} and {Fact} {Verification} to {Combat} {Global} {Disinformation}: {The} {Power} of {Polyglotism}},
	shorttitle = {Multilingual {Evidence} {Retrieval} and {Fact} {Verification} to {Combat} {Global} {Disinformation}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.08919},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2012.08919},
	abstract = {This article investigates multilingual evidence retrieval and fact verification as a step to combat global disinformation, a first effort of this kind, to the best of our knowledge. The goal is building multilingual systems that retrieve in evidence-rich languages to verify claims in evidence-poor languages that are more commonly targeted by disinformation. To this end, our EnmBERT fact verification system shows evidence of transfer learning ability and 400 example mixed English-Romanian dataset is made available for cross-lingual transfer learning evaluation.},
	urldate = {2025-01-07},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Roberts, Denisa A. O.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {arXiv:2012.08919 [cs]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Information Retrieval, Computer Science - Machine Learning},
}

@incollection{bajaj_digital_2024,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Digital {Disinformation} {Threats} and {Ethnocultural} {Diasporas}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-67608-6},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67608-6_3},
	abstract = {The digital information space is a growing arena for contestation and manipulation by threat actors. Examples of foreign interference during democratic elections, disinformation and foreign influence campaigns, and the transnational transfer of disinformation in a diversifying digital landscape pose discrete threats and challenges for liberal and plural democracies like Canada. Yet, disinformation is not experienced universally or uniformly, suggesting the need to understand differential experiences to and harms of disinformation for subpopulations to effectively address the emerging challenge. This chapter explores the complex and evolving digital information landscape of ethnocultural diasporas in Canada, by asking how to understand differential exposures to and experiences with digital disinformation. Drawing on research on the study of disinformation and the experience of ethnocultural diasporas and racialized and marginalized communities, this chapter highlights two distinct diaspora experiences in the digital information space: (i) the use of private chat and direct messaging apps, and (ii) the identity-based vulnerabilities that include the targeting of disinformation campaigns and digitally subversive activities to ethnocultural diasporas. In doing so, the chapter notes the need for tailored mitigation strategies that consider the different disinformation experiences of ethnocultural diasporas, ones that move beyond conventional legal-regulatory approaches. Instead, mitigation strategies must be developed in ways that build trust, capacity, and resiliency within these communities to effectively counter the spread of disinformation. Building strategies based on connection and empowerment can help lessen the negative impacts of disinformation while simultaneously upholding liberal democratic values and ideals.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-07},
	booktitle = {({In}){Security}: {Identifying} the {Invisible} {Disruptors} of {Security}},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
	author = {Bajaj, Shelly Ghai},
	editor = {Adlakha-Hutcheon, Gitanjali and Kelshall, Candyce},
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-67608-6_3},
	keywords = {Digital disinformation, Digital information space, Ethnocultural diasporas, Mitigation, Private chat and direct messaging apps},
	pages = {53--65},
}

@article{islam_misinformation_2020,
	title = {Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during {COVID}-19: {An} affordance and cognitive load perspective},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {0040-1625},
	shorttitle = {Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162520310271},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120201},
	abstract = {Social media plays a significant role during pandemics such as COVID-19, as it enables people to share news as well as personal experiences and viewpoints with one another in real-time, globally. Building off the affordance lens and cognitive load theory, we investigate how motivational factors and personal attributes influence social media fatigue and the sharing of unverified information during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, we develop a model which we analyse using the structural equation modelling and neural network techniques with data collected from young adults in Bangladesh (N = 433). The results show that people, who are driven by self-promotion and entertainment, and those suffering from deficient self-regulation, are more likely to share unverified information. Exploration and religiosity correlated negatively with the sharing of unverified information. However, exploration also increased social media fatigue. Our findings indicate that the different use purposes of social media introduce problematic consequences, in particular, increased misinformation sharing.},
	urldate = {2025-01-06},
	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Islam, A. K. M. Najmul and Laato, Samuli and Talukder, Shamim and Sutinen, Erkki},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {COVID-19, Fake news, Fatigue, Misinformation, Pandemic, Social media},
	pages = {120201},
}

@article{chaudhuri_you_2025,
	title = {Do you believe it? {Examining} user engagement with fake news on social media platforms},
	volume = {212},
	issn = {0040-1625},
	shorttitle = {Do you believe it?},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162524007480},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123950},
	abstract = {The proliferation of fake news on social media platforms makes it necessary to investigate how news content and user comments can influence user engagement. This study analyzes a robust dataset of 600 fake news posts on Facebook and 760,000 associated user reactions and comments. Employing topic modeling and regression reveals how content and social response characteristics interact to predict engagement. Analysis of textual, rhetorical, semantic, emotional, contextual, and source-based features provides a comprehensive methodology for modeling fake news dissemination. Results demonstrate multimedia inclusion, source credibility, ease of reading, political and technological topics, positive/anticipatory emotions, creator status, and comment deviation most strongly predict reactions, shares, and comments. The inclusion of 47 statistically significant interaction terms substantially improves regression fit and predictive accuracy. The random forest model achieves the highest cross-validation performance, demonstrating machine learning's capability to model fake news engagement's intricacies. These rigorous, data-driven findings provide important insights into engagement drivers and practical tools to mitigate fake news spread. The multidimensional feature set and predictive modeling approach provide a powerful methodology for decoding complex user-news dynamics. This study contributes to a better understanding of how fake news content and social contexts interact to engage users, empowering platforms, regulators, and researchers to counteract fake news.},
	urldate = {2025-01-06},
	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Chaudhuri, Neha and Gupta, Gaurav and Popovič, Aleš},
	month = mar,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Fake news, Machine learning, Social media platforms, Topic modeling, User engagement},
	pages = {123950},
}

@incollection{viola_barren_2025,
	address = {London},
	title = {‘{Barren} lesbians plotting sterilization’: gender stereotypes and prejudices in health disinformation narratives, a cross-cultural analysis of social media of the {HPV} vaccine},
	booktitle = {Conspiracy as {Genre}: {Narrative}, {Power} and {Circulation}},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Tebaldi, Catherine and Plum, Alistair and Purschke, Christoph},
	year = {2025},
}

@incollection{glenski_user_2020,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {User {Engagement} with {Digital} {Deception}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-42699-6},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42699-6_3},
	abstract = {Digital deception in online social networks, particularly the viral spread of misinformation and disinformation, is a critical concern at present. Online social networks are used as a means to spread digital deception within local, national, and global communities which has led to a renewed focus on the means of detection and defense. The audience (i.e., social media users) form the first line of defense in this process and it is of utmost importance to understand the who, how, and what of audience engagement. This will shed light on how to effectively use this wisdom-of-the-audience to provide an initial defense. In this chapter, we present the key findings of the recent studies in this area to explore user engagement with trustworthy information, misinformation, and disinformation framed around three key research questions (1) Who engages with mis- and dis-information?, (2) How quickly does the audience engage with mis- and dis-information?, and (3) What feedback do users provide? These patterns and insights can be leveraged to develop better strategies to improve media literacy and informed engagement with crowd-sourced information like social news.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-06},
	booktitle = {Disinformation, {Misinformation}, and {Fake} {News} in {Social} {Media}: {Emerging} {Research} {Challenges} and {Opportunities}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Glenski, Maria and Volkova, Svitlana and Kumar, Srijan},
	editor = {Shu, Kai and Wang, Suhang and Lee, Dongwon and Liu, Huan},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-42699-6_3},
	keywords = {Disinformation, Misinformation, User engagement},
	pages = {39--61},
}

@article{yagi_hpv_2024,
	title = {{HPV} {Vaccine} {Issues} in {Japan}: {A} review of our attempts to promote the {HPV} vaccine and to provide effective evaluation of the problem through social-medical and behavioral-economic perspectives},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0264-410X},
	shorttitle = {{HPV} {Vaccine} {Issues} in {Japan}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X24004079},
	doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.080},
	abstract = {In Japan, subsidies from local and national government programs for HPV vaccination of girls aged 13–16 began in 2010. By 2013, HPV vaccines were being used routinely for vaccinating girls aged 12–16 as part of its national immunization program. However, in June of 2013, in response to reports of possible adverse reactions to the vaccine, Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW) announced a ‘temporary suspension’ of its governmental recommendation for HPV vaccination. The vaccination rate quickly dropped from 70 \% of age-eligible girls to almost zero. It was not until 2021 that the government’s recommendation suspension finally ended. The efficacy and safety of the HPV vaccine is now well documented, yet Japan has failed to reestablish any credible level of HPV vaccination. The World Health Organization (WHO) warned that Japan’s HPV vaccination debacle was likely to result in real harm to the girls who lacked its protection; something we have already demonstrated with real-world data. To reinvigorate the HPV vaccination program in Japan to its prior levels, in the face of the current high level of HPV vaccine hesitancy, we will have to address the irrationality of human decision-making pointed out by behavioral economics. The Japanese government must act expeditiously to promote stronger cervical cancer control measures.},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2025-01-06},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	author = {Yagi, Asami and Ueda, Yutaka and Kimura, Tadashi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Cervical cancer, HPV vaccine, Health communication, Japan, Suspension of recommendation},
	pages = {125859},
}

@article{chen_mislabeled_2020,
	title = {Mislabeled, fragmented, and conspiracy-driven: a content analysis of the social media discourse about the {HPV} vaccine in {China}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0129-2986, 1742-0911},
	shorttitle = {Mislabeled, fragmented, and conspiracy-driven},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01292986.2020.1817113},
	doi = {10.1080/01292986.2020.1817113},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2025-01-06},
	journal = {Asian Journal of Communication},
	author = {Chen, Li and Ling, Qi and Cao, Tingjia and Han, Ke},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {450--469},
}

@article{viola_editorial_2024,
	title = {Editorial: {Data} and {Workflows} for {Multilingual} {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	shorttitle = {Editorial},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.220/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.220},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-12-19},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {37},
}

@article{linders_lingualyzer_2024,
	title = {Lingualyzer: {A} computational linguistic tool for multilingual and multidimensional text analysis},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {1554-3528},
	shorttitle = {Lingualyzer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02284-1},
	doi = {10.3758/s13428-023-02284-1},
	abstract = {Most natural language models and tools are restricted to one language, typically English. For researchers in the behavioral sciences investigating languages other than English, and for those researchers who would like to make cross-linguistic comparisons, hardly any computational linguistic tools exist, particularly none for those researchers who lack deep computational linguistic knowledge or programming skills. Yet, for interdisciplinary researchers in a variety of fields, ranging from psycholinguistics, social psychology, cognitive psychology, education, to literary studies, there certainly is a need for such a cross-linguistic tool. In the current paper, we present Lingualyzer (https://lingualyzer.com), an easily accessible tool that analyzes text at three different text levels (sentence, paragraph, document), which includes 351 multidimensional linguistic measures that are available in 41 different languages. This paper gives an overview of Lingualyzer, categorizes its hundreds of measures, demonstrates how it distinguishes itself from other text quantification tools, explains how it can be used, and provides validations. Lingualyzer is freely accessible for scientific purposes using an intuitive and easy-to-use interface.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-11-28},
	journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
	author = {Linders, Guido M. and Louwerse, Max M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Computational linguistics, Cross-linguistic, Multilingual, Quantitative linguistics, Text analysis},
	pages = {5501--5528},
}

@article{graham_getting_2012,
	title = {Getting {Started} with {Topic} {Modeling} and {MALLET}},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en},
	issn = {2397-2068},
	url = {https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet},
	doi = {10.46430/phen0017},
	abstract = {In this lesson you will first learn what topic modeling is and why you might want to employ it in your research. You will then learn how to install and work with the MALLET natural language processing toolkit to do so.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-11-28},
	journal = {Programming Historian},
	author = {Graham, Shawn and Weingart, Scott and Milligan, Ian},
	editor = {Crymble, Adam},
	collaborator = {Fink, John and MacEachern, Alan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
}

@incollection{viola_how_2023,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {How {Discrete}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-16949-6 978-3-031-16950-2},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-16950-2_4},
	abstract = {Abstract
            This chapter discusses the third use case of the book, the analysis of digital objects. Through the example of topic modelling as a technique to mine large textual repositories, it shows key concepts and methods for applying the post-authentic framework. I first discuss the dangers for knowledge production and for society in general of conflating specific mathematical concepts such as discrete versus continuous modelling of information with metaphorical language to name computational techniques. I specifically reflect on the implications for notions of causality and correlations, particularly in relation to the ’big data philosophy’. After unpacking the properties and assumptions of topic modelling as a computational technique that treats a collection of texts as discrete data, I then show how the post-authentic framework can be applied to engage critically with topic modelling. My discussion will devote special attention to the aspects of the analysis that are key for maintaining a mutualistic, symbiotic connection with the sources: pre-processing, corpus preparation and choosing the number of topics.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-11-28},
	booktitle = {The {Humanities} in the {Digital}: {Beyond} {Critical} {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	collaborator = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-16950-2_4},
	pages = {81--106},
}

@article{van_dijk_principles_1993,
	title = {Principles of {Critical} {Discourse} {Analysis}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006},
	doi = {10.1177/0957926593004002006},
	abstract = {This paper discusses some principles of critical discourse analysis, such as the explicit sociopolitical stance of discourse analysts, and a focus on dominance relations by elite groups and institutions as they are being enacted, legitimated or otherwise reproduced by text and talk. One of the crucial elements of this analysis of the relations between power and discourse is the patterns of access to (public) discourse for different social groups. Theoretically it is shown that in order to be able to relate power and discourse in an explicit way, we need the `cognitive interface' of models, knowledge, attitudes and ideologies and other social representations of the social mind, which also relate the individual and the social, and the micro- and the macro-levels of social structure. Finally, the argument is illustrated with an analysis of parliamentary debates about ethnic affairs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-11-28},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {van Dijk, Teun A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1993},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {249--283},
}

@book{wodak_methods_2016,
	address = {Los Angeles},
	edition = {3rd edition},
	title = {Methods of critical discourse studies},
	isbn = {978-1-4462-8240-3},
	abstract = {"Methods of critical discourse studies is a sophisticated and nuanced introduction to critical discourse analysis that covers a range of topics in an accessible, engaging style. With international examples and an interdisciplinary approach, readers gain a rich understanding of the many angles into critical discourse analysis, the fundamentals of how analysis works and examples from written texts, online data and images. This new edition: expands coverage of multimodality ; adds two new chapters on social media and analysis of online data ; supports learning with a guided introduction to each chapter ; includes a new and extended glossary. Clearly written, practical and rigorous in its approach, this book is the ideal companion when embarking on research that focuses on discourse and meaning-making."--Back cover},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {SAGE},
	editor = {Wodak, Ruth and Meyer, Michael},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 932382157},
	keywords = {Anàlisi del discurs, Critical discourse analysis Methodology, Discourse analysis Methodology, Diskursanalys metodik, Diskursanalyse, Konversationsanalyse, Languages, Methodologie, Retòrica Aspectes polítics, Soziolinguistik},
}

@book{fairclough_critical_2013,
	address = {London},
	edition = {Second edition},
	title = {Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language},
	isbn = {978-1-138-35723-5},
	shorttitle = {Critical discourse analysis},
	abstract = {Bringing together papers written by Norman Fairclough over a 25 year period, Critical Discourse Analysis represents a comprehensive and important contribution to the development of this popular field. The book is divided into seven sections covering the following themes: language in relation to ideology and power; discourse in processes of social and cultural change; dialectics of discourse, dialectical relations between discourse and other moments of social life; methodology of critical discourse analysis research; analysis of political discourse; discourse in globalisation and 'transition'; critical language awareness in education The new edition has been extensively revised and enlarged to include a total of twenty two papers. It will be of value to researchers in the subject and should prove essential reading for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in Linguistics and other areas of social science},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Fairclough, Norman},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 955582978},
	keywords = {Discourse analysis, Languages, Sociolinguistics, Sociolinguistique, sociolinguistics},
}

@article{su_influence_2022,
	title = {The {Influence} of {Stereotypes} on {Trust} in {Doctors} from {Patients}’ {Perspective}: {The} {Mediating} {Role} of {Communication}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {null},
	shorttitle = {The {Influence} of {Stereotypes} on {Trust} in {Doctors} from {Patients}’ {Perspective}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/PRBM.S389202},
	doi = {10.2147/PRBM.S389202},
	abstract = {To investigate the relationship among patients’ stereotypes of doctors, effectiveness of doctors’ communication skills evaluated by patients, and patients’ trust in doctors. A cross-sectional survey with a total of 3289 patients from 103 hospitals in eastern, central and western China was conducted. There were strong correlations among patients’ stereotypes, patients’ evaluation on doctors’ communication skills, and patients’ trust (r = 0.50–0.67, p {\textless} 0.01 for all). Patients’ trust was predicted by patients’ stereotypes directly (β = 0.32, 95\% CI: 0.27–0.37) and indirectly (β = 0.19, 95\% CI: 0.16–0.23) through patients’ evaluation on doctors’ communication skills. Both patients’ stereotypes and patients’ evaluation on doctors’ communication skills have predictive effects on patients’ trust. Patients’ stereotypes are not only a direct predictor of patients’ trust but also an indirect predictor via doctors’ communication skills as a mediator. This national survey underlines the significance of patients’ stereotypes, and emphasizes the importance of developing doctors’ communication skills on patients’ trust. In order to build a more trustful doctor–patient relationship, there should be a joint effort at social and individual level to reinforce positive impression and suppress negative stereotypes of doctors. As far as communication skills are concerned, doctors are encouraged to use helpful verbal and nonverbal techniques that benefit their profession impression management.},
	urldate = {2024-11-25},
	journal = {Psychology Research and Behavior Management},
	author = {Su, Fan and Wang, Yao and Wu, Qing and Wang, Pei-Juan and Chang, Xin},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {36544911},
	note = {Publisher: Dove Medical Press
\_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/PRBM.S389202},
	keywords = {doctors’ communication skills, patients’ stereotypes, patients’ trust},
	pages = {3663--3671},
}

@article{rossi_social_2021,
	title = {The {Social} {Construction} of {Gender} in {Medical} {Interactions}: {A} {Case} for the {Perpetuation} of {Stereotypes}?},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1041-0236},
	shorttitle = {The {Social} {Construction} of {Gender} in {Medical} {Interactions}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1735698},
	doi = {10.1080/10410236.2020.1735698},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on the ways in which gender, conceived as the product of an ongoing social and cultural construction in and through communication processes, is accomplished during medical encounters and through the narratives produced within these interactions. The main objective is to examine: (1) when and by what devices gender becomes interactionally relevant; (2) the participants’ narratives on ‘gender issues’; (3) the interplay between the narratives produced and the forms of communication created, also considering which form may be more effective in challenging gender stereotypes and bias. Data are drawn from a corpus of self-administered audio-recorded interactions between a female gynecologist/midwife and pregnant patients. The consultations (half of them mediated, half not) took place in a city of North Italy; the patients (sometimes accompanied by the husband) are migrant women from North and West Africa. The main results show that: (1) at each stage of the examinations, an orientation to gender emerges, mainly through questions that display categorizations, category-bound activities, and cultural assumptions about gender: when referred to the patient, these devices often reproduce the traditional cultural model of femininity and, connected to this, the ‘normal’ (heterosexual and stable) intimate relationship as socially expected; (2) medical dialogue as patient-centered approach is the most recurrent form of interaction and often leads to a co-construction of narratives in which personal uniqueness is more relevant than gender roles, expectations, and stereotyped representations; when husbands are involved, however, the interactions seem to shift toward doctor-centered forms of communication, and this usually leads to asymmetrical and directive constructions of narratives about differentiated and traditional gender roles.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2024-11-25},
	journal = {Health Communication},
	author = {Rossi, Elisa},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {32172595},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1735698},
	pages = {1125--1135},
}

@article{street_gender_2002,
	title = {Gender differences in health care provider–patient communication: are they due to style, stereotypes, or accommodation?},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0738-3991},
	shorttitle = {Gender differences in health care provider–patient communication},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399102001714},
	doi = {10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00171-4},
	abstract = {This article examines gender differences in health care provider–patient communication within the framework of an ecological model of communication in the medical encounter. The ecological perspective posits that, although health care provider–patient interactions are situated within a number of contexts (e.g. organizational, political, cultural), the interpersonal domain is the primary context within which these interactions unfold. Hence, gender may influence provider–patient interaction to the extent that it can be linked to the interactants’ goals, skills, perceptions, emotions, and the way the participants adapt to their partner’s communication. The evidence reviewed in this essay indicates that gender differences in medical encounters may come from several sources including differences in men’s and women’s communicative styles, perceptions of their partners, and in the way they accommodate their partner’s behavior during the interaction. However, because gender is but one of many personal and partner variables (e.g. age, ethnicity, personal experiences) that can influence these processes, gender differences are often quite modest (if apparent at all) when examined across a population of health care providers and patients. Implications for future research and communicative skill training are discussed.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-11-25},
	journal = {Patient Education and Counseling},
	author = {Street, Richard L},
	month = dec,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Communication skill training, Gender differences, Physician–patient communication},
	pages = {201--206},
}

@misc{noauthor_full_nodate,
	title = {Full article: {The} {Social} {Construction} of {Gender} in {Medical} {Interactions}: {A} {Case} for the {Perpetuation} of {Stereotypes}?},
	url = {https://www-tandfonline-com.vu-nl.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1080/10410236.2020.1735698?casa_token=JFxb1Ts1fZwAAAAA%3AeTBpLwDmN5088aSLhFzmjNimQkPhTr8v6_VrifIDOF29bdtdhGEEATFim1vbESwHik0ladkD7rdS2Ag},
	urldate = {2024-11-25},
}

@article{machida_patterns_2023,
	title = {Patterns of {HPV} vaccine hesitancy among catch-up generations in {Japan}: {A} descriptive study},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0264-410X},
	shorttitle = {Patterns of {HPV} vaccine hesitancy among catch-up generations in {Japan}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X23003559},
	doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.061},
	abstract = {Background
Cervical cancer is a preventable disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV vaccine uptake in Japan has been slow since the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare suspended the recommendation for proactive HPV vaccination in 2013. In April 2022, Japan initiated catch-up vaccinations for women who missed the opportunity to receive the HPV vaccine. However, as of September 2022, very few women had received catch-up vaccination, raising concerns about vaccine hesitancy in the target population. It is necessary to understand the thinking and motivation of the target population to develop effective strategies to improve vaccination rates. Therefore, using cluster analysis, this study aimed to clarify the pattern of HPV vaccine hesitancy among the catch-up generations in Japan.
Methods
This descriptive study was based on an Internet survey completed by 3,790 women in Japan aged over 18 years who were eligible for catch-up vaccination and had not yet received an HPV vaccine. Participants were asked about their intention and thinking about the HPV vaccine and descriptive norms on vaccination intention. Cluster analysis using k-means clustering was performed to clarify these patterns.
Results
Cluster analysis revealed three hesitancy patterns: acceptance, neutral and refusal. The acceptance group, with high intention, comprised 28.2\% of the participants, and students and a high-income level mainly dominated this group. The refusal group, with negative thinking and low intention, accounted for 20.1\% and was more prevalent among workers and the unemployed. The neutral group, with neutral thinking and intention, accounted for 51.6\%. The perceived effect of descriptive norms on vaccination intention was large in the acceptance group but small in the refusal group.
Conclusion
HPV vaccine awareness promotion strategies must be based on the characteristics of each group and the different distributions of sociodemographic factors.},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	author = {Machida, Masaki and Inoue, Shigeru},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Cluster analysis, Human papillomavirus vaccine, Social norm, Vaccination readiness, Vaccine hesitancy},
	pages = {2956--2960},
}

@article{terada_public_2023,
	title = {Public perception of the resumption of {HPV} vaccine recommendation in {Japan}: {Twitter} content analysis},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0957-4824},
	shorttitle = {Public perception of the resumption of {HPV} vaccine recommendation in {Japan}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10647016/},
	doi = {10.1093/heapro/daad153},
	abstract = {On 12 November 2021, after a stagnation of 8.5 years, Japan decided to resume proactive recommendations for HPV vaccines. However, it is not known how the public reacted to the resumption of proactive recommendations for HPV vaccines, which are key elements in health communication that promote HPV vaccination. This study aimed to capture discussions on HPV vaccination on Twitter and to identify user characteristics, sentiments, discussed themes and their potential reach before and after 12 November 2021, when the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare’s decision to resume proactive recommendation for HPV vaccines was first reported by the media in Japan. This study conducted a content analysis of tweets related to HPV vaccines posted on 11 November and 12 November 2021. Tweets were coded in terms of user characteristics, sentiments (i.e. positive, negative and neutral) and themes. Reach was measured by the number of retweets, likes and followers. A total of 3623 tweets were identified. The results showed that approximately 50\% of health professionals and researchers tweeted neutral content about HPV vaccines. The most frequently discussed theme was the safety and side effects of HPV vaccines, which was accompanied by mainly negative sentiments. Although health professionals and researchers are influential on Twitter, half of them tweeted neutrally about HPV vaccines. Influential professionals, such as health professionals and researchers, are expected to disseminate accurate information to correct misinformation and recommend HPV vaccination on Twitter to overcome the HPV vaccination crisis, which is characterized by the low vaccination rates.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Health Promotion International},
	author = {Terada, Marina and Okuhara, Tsuyoshi and Nagasawa, Tomomi and Okada, Hiroko and Goto, Eiko and Kiuchi, Takahiro},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37966160},
	pmcid = {PMC10647016},
	pages = {daad153},
}

@article{schabath_national_2019,
	title = {National {Survey} of {Oncologists} at {National} {Cancer} {Institute}–{Designated} {Comprehensive} {Cancer} {Centers}: {Attitudes}, {Knowledge}, and {Practice} {Behaviors} {About} {LGBTQ} {Patients} {With} {Cancer}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0732-183X, 1527-7755},
	shorttitle = {National {Survey} of {Oncologists} at {National} {Cancer} {Institute}–{Designated} {Comprehensive} {Cancer} {Centers}},
	url = {https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.18.00551},
	doi = {10.1200/JCO.18.00551},
	abstract = {PURPOSE
              To identify potential gaps in attitudes, knowledge, and institutional practices toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) patients, a national survey of oncologists at National Cancer Institute–Designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers was conducted to measure these attributes related to LGBTQ patients and desire for future training and education.
            
            
              METHODS
              A random sample of 450 oncologists from 45 cancer centers was selected from the American Medical Association’s Physician Masterfile to complete a survey measuring attitudes and knowledge about LGBTQ health and institutional practices. Results were quantified using descriptive and stratified analyses and by a novel attitude summary measure.
            
            
              RESULTS
              Of the 149 respondents, there was high agreement (65.8\%) regarding the importance of knowing the gender identity of patients, which was contrasted by low agreement (39.6\%) regarding the importance of knowing sexual orientation. There was high interest in receiving education regarding the unique health needs of LGBTQ patients (70.4\%), and knowledge questions yielded high percentages of “neutral” and “do not know or prefer not to answer” responses. After completing the survey, there was a significant decrease ( P {\textless} .001) in confidence in knowledge of health needs for LGB (53.1\% agreed they were confident during survey assessment v 38.9\% postsurvey) and transgender patients (36.9\% v 19.5\% postsurvey). Stratified analyses revealed some but limited influence on attitudes and knowledge by having LGBTQ friends and/or family members, political affiliation, oncology specialty, years since graduation, and respondents’ region of the country.
            
            
              CONCLUSION
              This was the first nationwide study, to our knowledge, of oncologists assessing attitudes, knowledge, and institutional practices of LGBTQ patients with cancer. Overall, there was limited knowledge about LGBTQ health and cancer needs but a high interest in receiving education regarding this community.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Oncology},
	author = {Schabath, Matthew B. and Blackburn, Catherine A. and Sutter, Megan E. and Kanetsky, Peter A. and Vadaparampil, Susan T. and Simmons, Vani N. and Sanchez, Julian A. and Sutton, Steven K. and Quinn, Gwendolyn P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {547--558},
}

@article{salkind_lgbt_2019,
	title = {{LGBT}+ {Health} {Teaching} within the {Undergraduate} {Medical} {Curriculum}},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1660-4601},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/13/2305},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph16132305},
	abstract = {Introduction: The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) population experience health and social inequalities, including discrimination within healthcare services. There is a growing international awareness of the importance of providing healthcare professionals and students with dedicated training on LGBT+ health. Methods: We introduced a compulsory teaching programme in a large London-based medical school, including a visit from a transgender patient. Feedback was collected across four years, before (n = 433) and after (n = 541) the session. Student confidence in using appropriate terminology and performing a clinical assessment on LGBT+ people was assessed with five-point Likert scales. Fisher exact tests were used to compare the proportion responding “agree” or “strongly agree”. Results: Of the students, 95\% (CI 93–97\%) found the teaching useful with 97\% (96–99\%) finding the visitor’s input helpful. Confidence using appropriate terminology to describe sexual orientation increased from 62\% (58–67\%) to 93\% (91–95\%) (Fisher p {\textless} 0.001) and gender identity from 41\% (36–46\%) to 91\% (88–93\%) (p {\textless} 0.001). Confidence in the clinical assessment of a lesbian, gay or bisexual patient increased from 75\% (71–79\%) to 93\% (90–95\%) (p {\textless} 0.001), and of a transgender patient from 35\% (31–40\%) to 84\% (80–87\%) (p {\textless} 0.001). Discussion: This teaching programme, written and delivered in collaboration with the LGBT+ community, increases students’ confidence in using appropriate language related to sexual orientation and gender identity, and in the clinical assessment of LGBT+ patients.},
	language = {en},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
	author = {Salkind, Jessica and Gishen, Faye and Drage, Ginger and Kavanagh, Jayne and Potts, Henry W. W.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2305},
}

@article{ziegler_cancer_2024,
	title = {Cancer {Screening} and {Prevention} in the {Transgender} and {Gender} {Diverse} {Population}: {Considerations} and {Strategies} for {Advanced} {Practice} {Nurses}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {07492081},
	shorttitle = {Cancer {Screening} and {Prevention} in the {Transgender} and {Gender} {Diverse} {Population}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074920812400069X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.soncn.2024.151630},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Seminars in Oncology Nursing},
	author = {Ziegler, Erin and Slotnes-O'Brien, Toni and Peters, Micah D.J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {151630},
}

@article{noubiap_sex_2022,
	title = {Sex disparities in enrollment and reporting of outcomes by sex in contemporary clinical trials of atrial fibrillation},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1045-3873},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9314686/},
	doi = {10.1111/jce.15421},
	abstract = {Background
Underrepresentation of females in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) limits generalizability and quality of the evidence guiding treatment of females. This study aimed to measure the sex disparities in participants' recruitment in RCTs of atrial fibrillation (AF) and determine associated factors, and to describe the frequency of outcomes reported by sex.

Methods
MEDLINE was searched to identify RCTs of AF published between January 1, 2011, and November 20, 2021, in 12 top‐tier journals. We measured the enrollment of females using the enrollment disparity difference (EDD) which is the difference between the proportion of females in the trial and the proportion of females with AF in the underlying general population (obtained from the Global Burden of Disease). Random‐effects meta‐analyses of the EDD were performed, and multivariable meta‐regression was used to explore factors associated with disparity estimates. We also determined the proportion of trials that included sex‐stratified results.

Results
Out of 1133 records screened, 142 trials were included, reporting on a total of 133 532 participants. The random‐effects summary EDD was −0.125 (95\% confidence interval [CI] = −0.143 to −0.108), indicating that females were under‐enrolled by 12.5 percentage points. Female enrollment was higher in trials with higher sample size ({\textless}250 vs. {\textgreater}750, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.065, 95\% CI: 1.008–1.125), higher mean participants' age (aOR: 1.006, 95\% CI: 1.002–1.009), and lower in trials conducted in North America compared to Europe (aOR: 0.945, 95\% CI: 0.898–0.995). Only 36 trials (25.4\%) reported outcomes by sex, and of these 29 (80.6\%) performed statistical testing of the sex‐by‐treatment interaction.

Conclusion
Females remain substantially less represented in RCTs of AF, and sex‐stratified reporting of primary outcomes is infrequent. These findings call for urgent action to improve sex equity in enrollment and sex‐stratified outcomes' reporting in RCTs of AF.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology},
	author = {Noubiap, Jean Jacques and Thomas, Gijo and Nyaga, Ulrich Flore and Fitzgerald, John L. and Gallagher, Celine and Middeldorp, Melissa E. and Sanders, Prashanthan},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {35178812},
	pmcid = {PMC9314686},
	pages = {845--854},
}

@article{sosinsky_enrollment_2022,
	title = {Enrollment of female participants in {United} {States} drug and device phase 1-3 clinical trials between 2016 and 2019},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {1559-2030},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2022.106718},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Historically, females have been underrepresented in clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of investigational drugs and devices. We assessed participation by sex in recent clinical trials.
METHODS: We extracted data over a 4-year period (2016-2019) from ClinicalTrials.gov on US-based, pharmaceutical industry or government-funded Phase 1-3 clinical trials of drugs and devices. We included trials with adult cardiovascular, psychiatric, and cancer endpoints whose protocol planned to enroll both sexes. Average proportions of females enrolled per trial were described overall and by disease area.
RESULTS: Across 1433 trials including 302,664 participants in our analysis, on average, 41.2\% were female. Females were underrepresented compared with their proportion of the disease population in cardiovascular disease trials (41.9\% female participants vs. 49\% female population with cardiovascular disease). In psychiatry, where females comprise 60\% of patients, the mean participation of females in clinical trials was 42.0\%. Similarly, for cancer trials, where 51\% of patients are female, only 41.0\% of cancer clinical trial participants were female. For each therapeutic area analyzed, the participation of females in clinical trials fell short of the benchmark derived from national prevalence data.
CONCLUSIONS: While the participation of females in clinical trials has improved compared to previous reports, sex-based gaps still persist between trial populations and those expected to use these drugs/devices based on distributions of diseases in the population. Given potential sex-based differences in treatment responses and toxicities, adequate inclusion of females in clinical trials remains critical.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Contemporary Clinical Trials},
	author = {Sosinsky, Alexandra Z. and Rich-Edwards, Janet W. and Wiley, Aleta and Wright, Kalifa and Spagnolo, Primavera A. and Joffe, Hadine},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {35247632},
	keywords = {Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Clinical trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, Demographic data, Female, Health policy, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Patient Participation, Prevalence, Sex-specific, United States, women's health},
	pages = {106718},
}

@article{steinberg_analysis_2021,
	title = {Analysis of {Female} {Enrollment} and {Participant} {Sex} by {Burden} of {Disease} in {US} {Clinical} {Trials} {Between} 2000 and 2020},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2574-3805},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13749},
	doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13749},
	abstract = {Although female representation has increased in clinical trials, little is known about how clinical trial representation compares with burden of disease or is associated with clinical trial features, including disease category.To describe the rate of sex reporting (ie, the presence of clinical trial data according to sex), compare the female burden of disease with the female proportion of clinical trial enrollees, and investigate the associations of disease category and clinical trial features with the female proportion of clinical trial enrollees.This cross-sectional study included descriptive analyses and logistic and generalized linear regression analyses with a logit link. Data were downloaded from the Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov database for all studies registered between March 1, 2000, and March 9, 2020. Enrollment was compared with data from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease database. Of 328 452 clinical trials, 70 095 were excluded because they had noninterventional designs, 167 936 because they had recruitment sites outside the US, 69 084 because they had no reported results, 1003 because they received primary funding from the US military, and 314 because they had unclear sex categories. A total of 20 020 interventional studies enrolling approximately 5.11 million participants met inclusion criteria and were divided into those with and without data on participant sex.The primary exposure variable was clinical trial disease category. Secondary exposure variables included funding, study design, and study phase.Sex reporting and female proportion of participants in clinical trials.Among 20 020 clinical trials from 2000 to 2020, 19 866 studies (99.2\%) reported sex, and 154 studies (0.8\%) did not. Clinical trials in the fields of oncology (46\% of disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]; 43\% of participants), neurology (56\% of DALYs; 53\% of participants), immunology (49\% of DALYs; 46\% of participants), and nephrology (45\% of DALYs; 42\% of participants) had the lowest female representation relative to corresponding DALYs. Male participants were underrepresented in 8 disease categories, with the greatest disparity in clinical trials of musculoskeletal disease and trauma (11.3\% difference between representation and proportion of DALYs). Clinical trials of preventive interventions were associated with greater female enrollment (adjusted relative difference, 8.48\%; 95\% CI, 3.77\%-13.00\%). Clinical trials in cardiology (adjusted relative difference, −18.68\%; 95\% CI, −22.87\% to −14.47\%) and pediatrics (adjusted relative difference, −20.47\%; 95\% CI, −25.77\% to −15.16\%) had the greatest negative association with female enrollment.In this study, sex differences in clinical trials varied by clinical trial disease category, with male and female participants underrepresented in different medical fields. Although sex equity has progressed, these findings suggest that sex bias in clinical trials persists within medical fields, with negative consequences for the health of all individuals.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	author = {Steinberg, Jecca R. and Turner, Brandon E. and Weeks, Brannon T. and Magnani, Christopher J. and Wong, Bonnie O. and Rodriguez, Fatima and Yee, Lynn M. and Cullen, Mark R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2113749},
}

@article{weber_mississippi_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Mississippi front-line recovery work after {Hurricane} {Katrina}: {An} analysis of the intersections of gender, race, and class in advocacy, power relations, and health},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Mississippi front-line recovery work after {Hurricane} {Katrina}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611005521},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.034},
	abstract = {By disrupting the routine practices and social structures that support social hierarchy, disasters provide a unique opportunity to observe how gender, race, and class power relations are enacted and reconstituted to shape health inequities. Using a feminist intersectional framework, we examine the dynamic relationships among a government/corporate alliance, front-line disaster recovery workers, and disadvantaged residents in Mississippi Gulf Coast communities in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which struck in August, 2005. Data were collected between January 2007 and October 2008 through field observations, public document analysis, and in-depth interviews with 32 front-line workers representing 27 non-governmental, nonprofit community-based organizations. Our analysis reveals how power relationships among these groups operated at the macro-level of the political economy as well as in individual lives, increasing health risks among both the disadvantaged and the front-line workers serving and advocating on their behalf. Socially situated as outsiders-within, front-line recovery workers operated in the middle ground between the disadvantaged populations they served and the powerful alliance that controlled access to essential resources. From this location, they both observed and were subject to the processes guiding the allocation of resources and their unequal outcomes. Following a brief period of hope for progressive change, recovery workers became increasingly stressed and fatigued, particularly from lack of communication and coordination, limited resources, insufficient capacity to meet overwhelming demands, and gendered and racialized mechanisms of marginalization and exclusion. The personal and collective health burdens borne by these front-line recovery workers – predominantly women and people of color – exemplify the ways in which the social relations of power and control contribute to health and social inequities.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Weber, Lynn and Hilfinger Messias, DeAnne K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Advocacy work, Burnout, Class, Disaster recovery, Gender, Health disparities, Hurricane Katrina, Intersectionality, Race, Social justice, USA},
	pages = {1833--1841},
}

@article{tolhurst_intersectionality_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Intersectionality and gender mainstreaming in international health: {Using} a feminist participatory action research process to analyse voices and debates from the global south and north},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Intersectionality and gender mainstreaming in international health},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611005326},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.025},
	abstract = {Critiques of gender mainstreaming (GM) as the officially agreed strategy to promote gender equity in health internationally have reached a critical mass. There has been a notable lack of dialogue between gender advocates in the global north and south, from policy and practice, governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This paper contributes to the debate on the shape of future action for gender equity in health, by uniquely bringing together the voices of disparate actors, first heard in a series of four seminars held during 2008 and 2009, involving almost 200 participants from 15 different country contexts. The series used (Feminist) Participatory Action Research (FPAR) methodology to create a productive dialogue on the developing theory around GM and the at times disconnected empirical experience of policy and practice. We analyse the debates and experiences shared at the seminar series using concrete, context specific examples from research, advocacy, policy and programme development perspectives, as presented by participants from southern and northern settings, including Kenya, Mozambique, India, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Canada and Australia. Focussing on key discussions around sexualities and (dis)ability and their interactions with gender, we explore issues around intersectionality across the five key themes for research and action identified by participants: 1) Addressing the disconnect between gender mainstreaming praxis and contemporary feminist theory; 2) Developing appropriate analysis methodologies; 3) Developing a coherent theory of change; 4) Seeking resolution to the dilemmas and uncertainties around the ‘place’ of men and boys in GM as a feminist project; and 5) Developing a politics of intersectionality. We conclude that there needs to be a coherent and inclusive strategic direction to improve policy and practice for promoting gender equity in health which requires the full and equal participation of practitioners and policy makers working alongside their academic partners.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Tolhurst, Rachel and Leach, Beryl and Price, Janet and Robinson, Jude and Ettore, Elizabeth and Scott-Samuel, Alex and Kilonzo, Nduku and Sabuni, Louis P. and Robertson, Steve and Kapilashrami, Anuj and Bristow, Katie and Lang, Raymond and Romao, Francelina and Theobald, Sally},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Africa, Disability, Gender, Global North, Global south, India, International health, Intersectionality, Mainstreaming, Sexuality},
	pages = {1825--1832},
}

@article{reczek_gender_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Gender, health behavior, and intimate relationships: {Lesbian}, gay, and straight contexts},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Gender, health behavior, and intimate relationships},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611007246},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.011},
	abstract = {Many studies focus on health behavior within the context of intimate ties. However, this literature is limited by reliance on gender socialization theory and a focus on straight (i.e., heterosexual) marriage. We extend this work with an analysis of relationship dynamics around health behavior in 20 long-term straight marriages as well as 15 gay and 15 lesbian long-term cohabiting partnerships in the United States (N = 100 individual in-depth interviews). We develop the concept of “health behavior work” to align activities done to promote health behavior with theories on unpaid work in the home. Respondents in all couple types describe specialized health behavior work, wherein one partner works to shape the other partner’s health behavior. In straight couples, women perform the bulk of specialized health behavior work. Most gay and lesbian respondents—but few straight respondents—also describe cooperative health behavior work, wherein partners mutually influence one another’s health behaviors. Findings suggest that the gendered relational context of an intimate partnership shapes the dynamics of and explanations for health behavior work.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Reczek, Corinne and Umberson, Debra},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Gay and lesbian, Gender, Health behavior, Intimate relationships, Marriage, Sexuality, US},
	pages = {1783--1790},
}

@article{parikh_they_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {“{They} arrested me for loving a schoolgirl”: {Ethnography}, {HIV}, and a feminist assessment of the age of consent law as a gender-based structural intervention in {Uganda}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {“{They} arrested me for loving a schoolgirl”},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004059},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.037},
	abstract = {In 1990 women’s rights activists in Uganda successfully lobbied to amend the Defilement Law, raising the age of sexual consent for adolescent females from fourteen to eighteen years old and increasing the maximum sentence to death by hanging. The amendment can be considered a macro-level intervention designed to address the social and health inequalities affecting young women and girls, particularly their disproportionately high rate of HIV as compared to their male counterparts. While the intention of the law and aggressive campaign was to prosecute “sugar daddies” and “pedophiles,” the average age of men charged with defilement was twenty-one years old and many were believe to be “boyfriends” in consensual sexual liaisons with the alleged victims. This article uses court records, case studies, and longitudinal ethnographic data gathered in east-central Uganda to examine the impact of the age of consent law at national and local levels, and specifically what the disjunctures between national intentions and local uses reveal about conflicting views about sexual privilege and rights. I argue that existing class, gender, and age hierarchies have shaped how the Defilement Law has been applied locally, such that despite the stated aim of “protecting” young women, the law reinstates patriarchal privilege (especially against men of lower social class) while simultaneously increasing the regulation of adolescent female sexuality and undermining their autonomy. This paper demonstrates how ethnography and critical gender theory—which emphasizes the intersectionality of gender, age, and class in the (re)production of inequalities—can be used to examine consequences of macro-level interventions in ways that may be undetected in conventional public health evaluation techniques but that are crucial for designing and modifying effective interventions.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Parikh, Shanti A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {East Africa, Evaluation, Gender, HIV, Law, Macro-level structural intervention, Sexuality, Uganda},
	pages = {1774--1782},
}

@article{munoz-laboy_knucklehead_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {The “knucklehead” approach and what matters in terms of health for formerly incarcerated {Latino} men},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612002018},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.027},
	abstract = {In terms of the examination of the relationship between masculinity and health, there has been limited exploration of how the ways in which formerly incarcerated Latino men (FILM) construct their masculinities may conflict with public health messages. Using information gained from three years of ethnographic research that was conducted with formerly incarcerated Puerto Rican males in three urban communities in New York City, the authors examine what matters to FILM in terms of their health and well-being and what conflicts exist between public health prevention messages and FILM masculinity. Our results indicate the following: 1) major threats to the health of FILM, such as HIV risk behavior, alcohol and drug use and high caloric intake, are perceived as irrelevant to most of the FILM in the study; 2) young FILM believe that they engage in risky behaviors because of their “knucklehead” mentality and diminish their risks by becoming “street-smart;” and 3) social isolation, loneliness and general risk-taking behavior among FILM are salient issues that have yet to be effectively addressed. Of our sample of 32 FILM, we identified 7 individuals who have transitioned from having a “knucklehead” approach in their lives to possessing a greater sense of awareness of health and social matters. These seven individuals followed either or both of the following pathways: 1) pursuing a college education or 2) becoming community leaders.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Muñoz-Laboy, Miguel and Perry, Ashley and Bobet, Ilka and Bobet, Santos and Ramos, Hector and Quiñones, Francisco and Lloyd, Kaity},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Ethnography, Formerly incarcerated, Latino, Masculinity, Men’s health},
	pages = {1765--1773},
}

@article{martin_feeding_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Feeding her children, but risking her health: {The} intersection of gender, household food insecurity and obesity},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Feeding her children, but risking her health},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611007271},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.013},
	abstract = {This paper investigates one explanation for the consistent observation of a strong, negative correlation in the United States between income and obesity among women, but not men. We argue that a key factor is the gendered expectation that mothers are responsible for feeding their children. When income is limited and households face food shortages, we predict that an enactment of these gendered norms places mothers at greater risk for obesity relative to child-free women and all men. We adopt an indirect approach to study these complex dynamics using data on men and women of childrearing age and who are household heads or partners in the 1999–2003 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). We find support for our prediction: Food insecure mothers are more likely than child-free men and women and food insecure fathers to be overweight or obese and to gain more weight over four years. The risks are greater for single mothers relative to mothers in married or cohabiting relationships. Supplemental models demonstrate that this pattern cannot be attributed to post-pregnancy biological changes that predispose mothers to weight gain or an evolutionary bias toward biological children. Further, results are unchanged with the inclusion of physical activity, smoking, drinking, receipt of food stamps, or Women, Infants and Children (WIC) nutritional program participation. Obesity, thus, offers a physical expression of the vulnerabilities that arise from the intersection of gendered childcare expectations and poverty.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Martin, Molly A. and Lippert, Adam M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Food insecurity, Gender, Income, Obesity, Overweight, Parenting, USA},
	pages = {1754--1764},
}

@article{springer_beyond_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Beyond a catalogue of differences: {A} theoretical frame and good practice guidelines for researching sex/gender in human health},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Beyond a catalogue of differences},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611003212},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.033},
	abstract = {Extensive medical, public health, and social science research have focused on cataloguing male–female differences in human health. Unfortunately, much of this research unscientifically and unquestionably attributes these differences to biological causes – as exemplified in the Institute of Medicine’s conclusion that “every cell has a sex.” In this manuscript we theorize the entanglement of sex and gender in human health research and articulate good practice guidelines for assessing the role of biological processes – along with social and biosocial processes – in the production of non-reproductive health differences between and among men and women. There are two basic tenets underlying this project. The first is that sex itself is not a biological mechanism and the second is that “sex” and “gender” are entangled, and analyses should proceed by assuming that measures of sex are not pristine, but include effects of gender. Building from these tenets – and using cardiovascular disease as a consistent example – we articulate a process that scientists and researchers can use to seriously and systematically assess the role of biology and social environment in the production of health among men and women. We hope that this intervention will be one further step toward understanding the complexity and nuance of health outcomes, and that this increased knowledge can be used to improve human health.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Springer, Kristen W. and Mager Stellman, Jeanne and Jordan-Young, Rebecca M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Biosocial, Gender, Gender and health, Gender differences, Health, Institute of medicine report, Sex differences, Sex/gender},
	pages = {1817--1824},
}

@article{sharman_towards_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Towards the inclusion of gender and sex in health research and funding: {An} institutional perspective},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Towards the inclusion of gender and sex in health research and funding},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611005570},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.039},
	abstract = {In this commentary, we reflect on the challenges of incorporating gender and sex into health research and funding and discuss some of the strategies we have employed in our efforts to overcome them. We write from our vantage point within Institute of Gender and Health, one of the 13 institutes that comprise the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada’s national health research funding agency.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Sharman, Zena and Johnson, Joy},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Biosocial, Canada, Gender, Health, Intersectionality, Methods, Relational, Research funding, Sex},
	pages = {1812--1816},
}

@article{sen_who_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Who gains, who loses and how: {Leveraging} gender and class intersections to secure health entitlements},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Who gains, who loses and how},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611003236},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.035},
	abstract = {This paper argues that a focus on the middle groups in a multi-dimensional socioeconomic ordering can provide valuable insights into how different axes of advantage and disadvantage intersect with each other. It develops the elements of a framework to analyse the middle groups through an intersectional analysis, and uses it to explore how such groups leverage economic class or gender advantages to secure entitlements to treatment for long-term illness. The study draws upon household survey data on health-seeking for long-term ailments from 60 villages of Koppal district, Karnataka (India). The survey was designed to capture gender, economic class, caste, age and life stage-based inequalities in access to health care during pregnancy and for short and long-term illnesses. There were striking similarities between two important middle groups - non-poor women and poor men – in some key outcomes: their rates of non-treatment when ill, treatment discontinuation and treatment continuation, and the amounts they spent for treatment. These two groups are the obverse of each other in terms of gender and economic class advantage and disadvantage. Non-poor women have an economic advantage and a gender disadvantage, while poor men have the exact opposite. However, despite the similarities in outcomes, the processes by which gender and class advantage were leveraged by each of the groups varied sharply. Similar patterns held for the poorest men except that the class disadvantage they had to overcome was greater, and the results are modified by this.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Sen, Gita and Iyer, Aditi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Access to care, Economic class, Entitlements, Gender, Health-seeking, India, Intersectionality, Leveraging, Long-term illness, Middle groups, Treatment},
	pages = {1802--1811},
}

@article{rosenfield_triple_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Triple jeopardy? {Mental} health at the intersection of gender, race, and class},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Triple jeopardy?},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611007234},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.010},
	abstract = {Structural theories of stratification predict that groups with low positions in social hierarchies experience high rates of mental health problems. Extensions of this approach such as a triple jeopardy hypotheses claim that groups that are subordinate in multiple stratification systems such as gender, race and class are at especially high risk. Multiple minority statuses affect mental health in paradoxical ways, however, that refute triple jeopardy approaches. This paper presents a theoretical perspective based in cultural as well as structural theories that offers an alternative to triple jeopardy. I predict that certain relational schemas are jointly shaped by gender, race, and class and help explain their anomalous effects on mental health. These schemas of self-salience refer to beliefs about the relative importance of the self and others in social relations; they affect mental health by forming subjective alternative hierarchies to larger societal stratification systems. I use secondary analyses of two U.S. data sets to investigate this perspective. Results of regression analysis show that self-salience helps explain the paradoxical patterns of mental health by gender, race, and social class. The findings underscore the importance of using an intersectional approach and integrating cultural and structural factors to understand how stratification shapes mental health.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Rosenfield, Sarah},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Class, Gender, Intersectionality, Mental health, Race, Stratification, USA},
	pages = {1791--1801},
}

@article{markens_global_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {The global reproductive health market: {U}.{S}. media framings and public discourses about transnational surrogacy},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {The global reproductive health market},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611005818},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.013},
	abstract = {During the first decade of the 21st century a new “dramatic story” about the growing global surrogacy industry brought renewed attention to surrogacy as a social problem and a health policy issue. This paper asks: What cultural assumptions about gender, family and the global reproductive health market are revealed in current U.S. media coverage of and public discourses about surrogacy? From a qualitative analysis of prominent news accounts of surrogacy that were published in 2008, New York Times articles and blogs published on the topic between 2006 and 2010, and over 1000 online reader comments to these articles, I identify key frames used to discursively construct and debate the international surrogacy market. This study reveals the distinct contrast between the occasions when reproductive labor is rhetorically distanced from commodification processes and when it is linked to those processes. The findings contribute to intersectional analyses of assisted reproductive practices and women’s health/bodies/gametes. In particular, this study’s analysis of recent media framings of and public discourses about surrogacy across the globe serves as another illustration that national/classed/racialized bodies continue to be reproductively stratified via differently gendered discourses about women, motherhood and family.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Markens, Susan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Gender, Global reproductive market, India, Intersectionality, Media framing, Stratified reproduction, Surrogacy, USA},
	pages = {1745--1753},
}

@article{hankivsky_womens_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Women’s health, men’s health, and gender and health: {Implications} of intersectionality},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Women’s health, men’s health, and gender and health},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612000408},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.029},
	abstract = {Although intersectionality is now recognized in the context of women’s health, men’s health, and gender and health, its full implications for research, policy, and practice have not yet been interrogated. This paper investigates, from an intersectionality perspective, the common struggles within each field to confront the complex interplay of factors that shape health inequities. Drawing on developments within intersectionality scholarship and various sources of research and policy evidence (including examples from the field of HIV/AIDS), the paper demonstrates the methodological feasibility of intersectionality and in particular, the wide-ranging benefits of de-centering gender through intersectional analyses.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Hankivsky, Olena},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Gender and health, Intersectionality, Men’s health, Review, Women’s health},
	pages = {1712--1720},
}

@article{frisco_multidimensional_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {The multidimensional relationship between early adult body weight and women’s childbearing experiences},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611005259},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.018},
	abstract = {This study has three primary goals that make an important contribution to the literature on body weight and childbearing experiences among United States’ women. It sheds light on the physiological and social nature of this relationship by examining whether the consequences of early adult weight for lifetime childbearing are shaped by historical social context, women’s social characteristics, and their ability to marry. We analyze data from two female cohorts who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79). Cohort 1 entered early adulthood before the U.S. obesity prevalence increased. Cohort 2 entered early adulthood after the obesity prevalence increased. We find that early adult weight is negatively related to the childbearing trajectories and marital status of Cohort 1 but not Cohort 2. Failing to account for race/ethnicity and women’s educational background as confounders masks some of these associations, which are evident for both White and Black women. Our results suggest that the health consequences of body weight do not fully drive its impact on childbearing. Rather, the lifetime fertility consequences of early adult weight are malleable, involve social processes, and are dependent on social context.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Frisco, Michelle L. and Weden, Margaret M. and Lippert, Adam M. and Burnett, Kristin D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {BMI, Childbearing, Fertility, Gender, Life course, Obesity, Race/ethnicity, USA, Women},
	pages = {1703--1711},
}

@article{fausto-sterling_sexing_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Sexing the baby: {Part} 1 – {What} do we really know about sex differentiation in the first three years of life?},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Sexing the baby},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611003558},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.051},
	abstract = {The most common paradigm used to analyze health differences between men and women, is to divide the body from the social environment. In such a model, the bodily contribution and the social contribution add up to 100\%. A few health science researchers offer more sophisticated approaches. None, however, offer an intensive study of the first several years of life in order to offer a model which integrates biology and culture in a fashion that demonstrates the productive processes by which gender itself emerges. In this article, we identify the earliest known sex-related biological and behavioral differences in young infants, toddlers and their parents and indicate how these might relate to health and disease. We frame these differences using unifying concepts from the study of neuroplasticity and dynamic systems theory.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Fausto-Sterling, Anne and Coll, Cynthia Garcia and Lamarre, Meghan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Disease, Dynamic systems, Gender, Infant development, Nature nurture debate, Sex-related behavioral difference, Sex-related differences},
	pages = {1684--1692},
}

@article{connell_gender_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Gender, health and theory: {Conceptualizing} the issue, in local and world perspective},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Gender, health and theory},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611003509},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.006},
	abstract = {Public policy documents on gender and health mostly rely on categorical understandings of gender that are now inadequate. Poststructuralist thought is an advance, but relational theories of gender, treating gender as a multidimensional structure operating in a complex network of institutions, provide the most promising approach to gendered embodiment and its connection with health issues. Examples are discussed in this article. A crucial problem is how to move the analysis beyond local arenas, especially to understand gender on a world scale. A relational approach to this question is proposed, seeing gendered embodiment as interwoven with the violent history of colonialism, the structural violence of contemporary globalization, and the making of gendered institutions on a world scale, including the corporations, professions and state agencies of the health sector. Gender is seen as the active social process that brings reproductive bodies into history, generating health consequences not as a side-effect but in the making of gender itself.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Connell, Raewyn},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Embodiment, Femininity, Gender, Globalization, Health policy, Masculinity, Social theory},
	pages = {1675--1683},
}

@article{jordan-young_hormones_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Hormones, context, and “{Brain} {Gender}”: {A} review of evidence from congenital adrenal hyperplasia},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Hormones, context, and “{Brain} {Gender}”},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611005338},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.026},
	abstract = {Brain organization theory suggests that steroid hormones during fetal development permanently organize the brain for gender, including patterns of sexuality, cognition, temperament, and interests that differ by sex. This widely-accepted theory has important implications for health, ranging from medical management of infants with intersex conditions to suggested etiologies for sex differences in autism, depression, and other mental health problems. Studies of genetic females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), in which high prenatal androgens have been linked to both atypical genitals and "masculine" patterns of gender and sexuality, are particularly important. Based on a comprehensive review of research on CAH, this article demonstrates that such studies have neglected four broad categories of variables that plausibly affect psychosexual development: 1) physiological effects of CAH, including complex disruption of steroid hormones from early development onwards; 2) intensive medical intervention and surveillance, which many women with CAH describe as traumatic; 3) direct effects of genital morphology on sexuality (versus indirect effects that "masculine" genitals may have on gender socialization); and 4) expectations of masculinization that likely affect both the development and evaluation of gender and sexuality in CAH. Complex and iterative interactions among postnatal biological variables, medical interventions, and social context provide a more plausible explanation for atypicalities in psychology and behavior that have been reported for genetic females with CAH than the conventional explanation that early androgens have “masculinized” their brains.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Jordan-Young, Rebecca M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Agnotology, Brain organization, Embodiment, Intersex, Masculinization, Medical trauma, Review, Sexuality},
	pages = {1738--1744},
}

@article{jewkes_sexuality_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Sexuality and the limits of agency among {South} {African} teenage women: {Theorising} femininities and their connections to {HIV} risk practises},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Sexuality and the limits of agency among {South} {African} teenage women},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611002978},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.020},
	abstract = {In South Africa, both HIV and gender-based violence are highly prevalent. Gender inequalities give men considerable relational power over young women, particularly in circumstances of poverty and where sex is materially rewarded. Young women are often described as victims of men, but this inadequately explains women’s observed sexual agency. This paper takes a different approach. We use qualitative interviews and ethnographic observation among 16 young women from the rural Eastern Cape to explore ways young women construct their femininities and exercise agency. The data were collected as part of an evaluation of Stepping Stones, which is a participatory behavioural intervention for HIV prevention that seeks to be gender transformative. Agency was most notable in particular stages of the dating ‘game’, especially relationship initiation. Constructions of desirable men differed but generally reflected a wish to avoid violence, and a search for mutual respect, sexual pleasure, romance, modernity, status and money. Agency was constrained once relationships were consented to, as men expected to control their partners, using violent and non-violent methods. Women knew this and many accepted this treatment, although often expressing ambivalence. Many of the women expressed highly acquiescent femininities, with power surrendered to men, as a ‘choice’ that made their lives in cultural terms more meaningful. In marked contrast to this was a ‘modern’ femininity, centred around a desire to be ‘free’. A visible third position, notably emerging after the Stepping Stones intervention, rested not on a feminist challenge to patriarchy, but on an accommodation with men’s power whilst seeking to negotiate greater respect and non-violence within relations with men. These multiple and dynamic femininities open up possibilities for change. They demonstrate the need to engage with women, both as victims of patriarchy and active supporters of the gender order. The multiplicity of women’s hopes and desires and circumstances of emotional and relational fulfilment provides potential for interventions with women that acknowledge existing gender inequalities, validate women’s agency, reduce violence and prevent HIV.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Jewkes, R. and Morrell, R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Femininity, Gender, Gender inequality, HIV prevention, Intimate partner violence, Sexual agency, Sexuality, South Africa},
	pages = {1729--1737},
}

@article{hansen_new_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {The “new masculinity”: {Addiction} treatment as a reconstruction of gender in {Puerto} {Rican} evangelist street ministries},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {The “new masculinity”},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004163},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.048},
	abstract = {This article, based on ethnographic fieldwork including twelve months of participant observation and 428 interviews with 84 converts and leaders in Pentecostal ministries founded and run by former addicts in Puerto Rico, describes redefined masculinity as a treatment for addiction. Industrial disinvestment and resulting unemployment and drug trade in urban North and Latin America have led to narcotic addiction among Latino and African American men and attendant homicide, infection, and incarceration. Pentecostal-evangelical street ministries are prevalent in these regions. Their alternative vision of masculine honor and power addresses a cultural crisis of men’s social space. They replace the unachievable ideal of the male breadwinner with an image of male spiritual power. In place of the violence of the drug trade, they cultivate male domesticity and responsibility for the home. In place of a deleterious drug economy, they offer the social and cultural capital of ministry networks and biblical knowledge. Yet the trajectories of ministry converts reveal the limits, as well as the promise, of evangelist masculinity as a treatment for addiction. In the course of building leadership among their converts, the ministries create their own, internal hierarchies, fall short of the spiritual democracy they espouse, and lead to relapse among those left at the bottom.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Hansen, Helena},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Addiction, Caribbean, Gender, Latin America/Latinos, Masculinity, Moral economy, Political economy, Puerto Rico, Spirituality/religion},
	pages = {1721--1728},
}

@article{fausto-sterling_sexing_2012-1,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Sexing the baby: {Part} 2 applying dynamic systems theory to the emergences of sex-related differences in infants and toddlers},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Sexing the baby},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611003832},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.027},
	abstract = {During the first three years of life, children acquire knowledge about their own gender and the gendered nature of their environment. At the same time, sex-related behavioral differences emerge. How are we to understand the processes by which bodily differentiation, behavioral differentiation and gendered knowledge intertwine to produce male and female, masculine and feminine? In this article, we describe four central developmental systems concepts applied by psychologists to the study of early human development and develop them in enough depth to show how they play out, and what sort of knowledge-gathering strategies they require. The general theoretical approach to understanding the emergence of bodily/behavioral difference has broad applicability for the health sciences and for the study of gender disparities. Using dynamic systems theory will deepen and extend the reach of theories of embodiment current in the health sciences literature.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Fausto-Sterling, Anne and Coll, Cynthia Garcia and Lamarre, Meaghan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Dynamic systems, Early child development, Embodiment, Gender, Gender-related health disparities, Infant development, Nature nurture debate, Sex-related behavioral difference},
	pages = {1693--1702},
}

@article{cheslack-postava_autism_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Autism spectrum disorders: {Toward} a gendered embodiment model},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Autism spectrum disorders},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611003595},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.013},
	abstract = {One of the most consistent observations in the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is the preponderance of male cases. A few hypotheses have been put forth which attempt to explain this divergence in terms of sex-linked biology, with limited success. Feminist epidemiologists suggest the importance of investigating specific mechanisms for male-female differences in health outcomes, which may include sex-linked biology and/or gender relations, as well as complex biosocial interactions. Neither domain has been systematically investigated for autism, and the possible role of gender has been particularly neglected. In this article, we posit hypotheses about how social processes based on perception of persons as male or female, particularly patterns of social and physical interaction in early development, may affect the observed occurrence and diagnosis of ASD. We gesture toward an embodiment model, incorporating hypotheses about initial biological vulnerabilities to autism – which may or may not be differentially distributed in relation to sex biology – and their interactions with gender relations, which are demonstrably different for male and female infants. Toward building such a model, we first review the epidemiology of ASD with an eye toward male-female differences, then present a theory of gender as a “pervasive developmental environment” with relevance for the excess burden of autism among males. Finally, we suggest research strategies to further investigate this issue.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Cheslack-Postava, Keely and Jordan-Young, Rebecca M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Autism spectrum disorders, Biosocial, Developmental context, Diagnostic bias, Gender, Gender socialization, Sex},
	pages = {1667--1674},
}

@article{springer_gender_2012,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Gender and health},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612001712},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.001},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Springer, Kristen W. and Hankivsky, Olena and Bates, Lisa M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Biosocial, Gender, Health, Intersectionality, Men's and women's health, Relational},
	pages = {1661--1666},
}

@article{knight_masculinities_2012,
	title = {Masculinities, ‘guy talk’ and ‘manning up’: a discourse analysis of how young men talk about sexual health},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {© 2012 The Authors. Sociology of Health \& Illness © 2012 Foundation for the Sociology of Health \& Illness/Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	issn = {1467-9566},
	shorttitle = {Masculinities, ‘guy talk’ and ‘manning up’},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01471.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01471.x},
	abstract = {Sexually transmitted infection testing rates among young men remain low, and their disengagement from sexual health services has been linked to enactments of masculinity that prohibit or truncate discussions of sexual health. Understanding how men align with multiple masculinities is therefore important for tailoring interventions that appropriately respond to their needs. We draw on 32 in-depth interviews with 15–24-year-old men to explore the discourses that facilitate or shut down sexual health communication with peers and sex partners. We employ a critical discourse analysis to explore how men’s conversations about sexual health are constituted by masculine hierarchies (such as the ways in which masculinities influence men’s ability to construct or challenge and contest dominant discourses about sexual health). Men’s conversations about sexual health focused primarily around their sexual encounters – something frequently referred to as ‘guy talk’. Also described were situations whereby participants employed a discourse of ‘manning up’ to (i) exert power over others with disregard for potential repercussions and (ii) deploy power to affirm and reify their own hyper-masculine identities, while using their personal (masculine) power to help others (who are subordinate in the social ordering of men). By better understanding how masculine discourses are employed by men, their sexual health needs can be advanced.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Sociology of Health \& Illness},
	author = {Knight, Rod and Shoveller, Jean A. and Oliffe, John L. and Gilbert, Mark and Frank, Blye and Ogilvie, Gina},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01471.x},
	keywords = {STIs/HIV, discourse analysis, masculinities, men’s health, sexual health},
	pages = {1246--1261},
}

@article{leonard_playing_2003,
	title = {‘{Playing}’ doctors and nurses? {Competing} discourses of gender, power and identity in the {British} {National} {Health} {Service}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1467-954X},
	shorttitle = {‘{Playing}’ doctors and nurses?},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-954X.00416},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-954X.00416},
	abstract = {This paper adopts a feminist poststructuralist approach to demonstrate the ambiguities and complexities which exist in the relationship between work and subject. Recent studies in organizational sociology have argued that the discourses of work, and changing working cultures, have had a powerful effect on the production of subjectivities. New forms of working behaviour have been constructed as desirable, which often draw on personal qualities such as gender. This paper draws on research conducted with doctors and nurses in the British National Health Service to reveal the ambiguities which exist in the ways in which individuals position themselves in relation to these discourses. The discourses of work and organization are constantly mediated through, and destabilised by, the intertextuality that exists with competing discourses such as those of professionalism, gender, home and performance. Although organizational discourses are clearly powerful in the construction and performance of subjectivities, the interplay between discourses means that these are constantly destabilised and undermined.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {The Sociological Review},
	author = {Leonard, Pauline},
	year = {2003},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-954X.00416},
	pages = {218--237},
}

@article{gough_try_2006,
	title = {Try to be healthy, but don’t forgo your masculinity: {Deconstructing} men's health discourse in the media},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Try to be healthy, but don’t forgo your masculinity},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953606003078},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.004},
	abstract = {The emergence of discourse around men's health has been evident now for at least 10 years across academic, policy and media texts. However, recent research has begun to question some of the assumptions presented concerning masculinity and men's health, particularly within popular media representations. The present paper builds on previous research by interrogating the construction of men's health presented in a recent special feature of a UK national newspaper (The Observer, November 27, 2005). The dataset was subjected to intensive scrutiny using techniques from discourse analysis. Several inter-related discursive patterns were identified which drew upon essentialist notions of masculinity, unquestioned differences between men and women, and constructions of men as naïve, passive and in need of dedicated help. The implications of such representations for health promotion are discussed.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Gough, Brendan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Masculinities, Media, Men's health, UK},
	pages = {2476--2488},
}

@article{charles_men_2008,
	title = {‘{Men} are leavers alone and women are worriers’: {Gender} differences in discourses of health},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1369-8575},
	shorttitle = {‘{Men} are leavers alone and women are worriers’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570802160954},
	doi = {10.1080/13698570802160954},
	abstract = {This paper explores gender differences in health talk, how such talk is informed by discourses at a societal level and the extent to which talking about health is a way of ‘doing gender.’ It draws on in-depth interviews with 48 women and men in their twenties and thirties showing that gender influences both the way people talk about health and their willingness to engage in health talk. It explores the way cultural constructions of gender influence the propensity to take risks with particular reference to HIV/AIDs and recreational drug use and the extent to which discourses of risk inform health talk. We discuss how changes in the occupational structure and the associated influx of men into ‘women's’ work are associated with more ‘feminized’ masculinities and a recognition among some men of the male body's vulnerability. They are also associated with men's health talk becoming more like women's. We conclude that cultural constructions of gender not only have an impact on health talk but also on the regulatory power of discourses of risk and risk management.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Health, Risk \& Society},
	author = {Charles, Nickie and Walters, Vivienne},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570802160954},
	keywords = {discourses of health, doing gender, gender, health talk, masculinity, risk},
	pages = {117--132},
}

@article{connell_gender_2012-1,
	series = {Gender and health: {Relational}, intersectional, and biosocial approaches},
	title = {Gender, health and theory: {Conceptualizing} the issue, in local and world perspective},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Gender, health and theory},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611003509},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.006},
	abstract = {Public policy documents on gender and health mostly rely on categorical understandings of gender that are now inadequate. Poststructuralist thought is an advance, but relational theories of gender, treating gender as a multidimensional structure operating in a complex network of institutions, provide the most promising approach to gendered embodiment and its connection with health issues. Examples are discussed in this article. A crucial problem is how to move the analysis beyond local arenas, especially to understand gender on a world scale. A relational approach to this question is proposed, seeing gendered embodiment as interwoven with the violent history of colonialism, the structural violence of contemporary globalization, and the making of gendered institutions on a world scale, including the corporations, professions and state agencies of the health sector. Gender is seen as the active social process that brings reproductive bodies into history, generating health consequences not as a side-effect but in the making of gender itself.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Connell, Raewyn},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Embodiment, Femininity, Gender, Globalization, Health policy, Masculinity, Social theory},
	pages = {1675--1683},
}

@incollection{smith_chapter_2016,
	title = {Chapter 7: {Applying} a genders lens to public health discourses on men’s health},
	isbn = {978-1-78471-086-6},
	shorttitle = {Chapter 7},
	url = {https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781784710859/9781784710859.00017.xml},
	abstract = {The state of men’s health, particularly the high levels of premature mortality amongst men, remains a cause for concern across much of the globe; though the reasons for this premature mortality may vary significantly in different countries and across different continents. Aggregate rates for mortality or longevity have to be treated with some caution as they can hide significant health inequalities across geographical areas and regions or across different groups of men in relation to social class, ethnicity, sexuality and other demographic factors. There is much then that the public health community could do to address these inequalities. This chapter begins by mapping the current issues in relation to men’s health, inequalities and public health and describes where discourses on ‘masculinities’ can fit into these debates. The authors then discuss the implications of this for men in the Global South, in particular approaches taking a gender relations or gender transformative position in dealing with issues such as reproductive health, sexual health and men’s violence. The chapter then moves on to consider the nuances of framing men’s health as an intersectoral endeavour. The authors unpack how a broader focus on men’s health can be embedded into public policy spaces both within and outside of the health sector through the adoption of Health in All Policies (HiAP) and gender mainstreaming approaches. In doing so, discourses of masculinities can be used to refocus men’s health discussions on issues relating to equity (where issues of social justice and fairness come into play) within a public policy space. The development of sex-specific health policies is a controversial part of current debates relating to men and public health responses. Case studies featuring the experiences of two countries that have developed and implemented men’s health policies, Ireland and Australia, are therefore explored in order to illustrate what lessons have been learnt in transitioning from policy development to implementation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	author = {Smith, James A. and Richardson, Noel and Robertson, Steve},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Section: Handbook on Gender and Health},
}

@article{annandale_constructing_2011,
	title = {Constructing the ‘gender-specific body’: {A} critical discourse analysis of publications in the field of gender-specific medicine},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1363-4593},
	shorttitle = {Constructing the ‘gender-specific body’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459310364157},
	doi = {10.1177/1363459310364157},
	abstract = {Gender-specific medicine, a new and increasingly influential ethos within medical research and practice, has received little critical attention to date. The objective of this article is to critically examine the attributes of gender-specific medicine as imparted by its advocates. Through a critical discourse analysis of its two leading academic journals, we identify five interrelated discourses: of male/female difference; of hegemonic biology; of men’s disadvantages; of biological and social reductionism; and of the fragmented body. Together these comprise a master discourse of the ‘gender-specific body’. The discourse of the ‘gender-specific body’ is discussed in relation to the current neoliberal political agenda which frames healthcare as a market good and locates health and illness in individual bodies rather than in the wider social arrangements of society. We argue that the ‘gender-specific body’ threatens not only to turn back the clock to a vision of the biological body as fixed and determinate, but to extend this ever deeper into the social imagination. Lost in the process is any meaningful sense of the human body as a relatively open system which develops in interaction with its social world. We propose that, as it gains momentum, the ‘gender-specific body’ is likely progressively to circumscribe our thinking about the health of women and men in potentially problematic ways.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Health},
	author = {Annandale, Ellen and Hammarström, Anne},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {571--587},
}

@article{charles_men_2008-1,
	title = {‘{Men} are leavers alone and women are worriers’: {Gender} differences in discourses of health},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1369-8575},
	shorttitle = {‘{Men} are leavers alone and women are worriers’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570802160954},
	doi = {10.1080/13698570802160954},
	abstract = {This paper explores gender differences in health talk, how such talk is informed by discourses at a societal level and the extent to which talking about health is a way of ‘doing gender.’ It draws on in-depth interviews with 48 women and men in their twenties and thirties showing that gender influences both the way people talk about health and their willingness to engage in health talk. It explores the way cultural constructions of gender influence the propensity to take risks with particular reference to HIV/AIDs and recreational drug use and the extent to which discourses of risk inform health talk. We discuss how changes in the occupational structure and the associated influx of men into ‘women's’ work are associated with more ‘feminized’ masculinities and a recognition among some men of the male body's vulnerability. They are also associated with men's health talk becoming more like women's. We conclude that cultural constructions of gender not only have an impact on health talk but also on the regulatory power of discourses of risk and risk management.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-11-20},
	journal = {Health, Risk \& Society},
	author = {Charles, Nickie and Walters, Vivienne},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570802160954},
	keywords = {discourses of health, doing gender, gender, health talk, masculinity, risk},
	pages = {117--132},
}

@book{eu_commission_-_directorate_general_for_communications_networks_content_and_technology_multi-dimensional_2018,
	address = {LU},
	title = {A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: report of the independent {High} level {Group} on fake news and online disinformation.},
	shorttitle = {A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/739290},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	publisher = {Publications Office},
	author = {{EU Commission - Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology}},
	year = {2018},
}

@incollection{oberbichler_national_2024,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {National narratives and immigrant voices: {Transatlantic} return migration to {Italy} and {Austria}, 1850-1950},
	isbn = {978-3-11-118593-4},
	booktitle = {Return and {Circular} {Migration} in {Contemporary} {European} {History}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Oberbichler, Sarah and Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Pfanzelter, Eva and Oberbichler, Sarah and Larcher, Valerio},
	year = {2024},
}

@book{pfanzelter_return_2024,
	address = {Boston},
	edition = {1st},
	series = {Migrations in {History}},
	title = {Return and {Circular} {Migration} in {Contemporary} {European} {History}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-118593-4},
	number = {7},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	editor = {Pfanzelter, Eva and Oberbichler, Sarah and Larcher, Valerio},
	year = {2024},
}

@article{kranich2007subjectification,
	title = {Subjectification and the {English} progressive: {The} history of {ALWAYS}+ progressive constructions},
	volume = {2},
	number = {8},
	journal = {York Papers in Linguistics},
	author = {Kranich, Svenja},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {120--137},
}

@book{halliday_introduction_2004,
	address = {London},
	edition = {3},
	title = {An {Introduction} to {Functional} {Grammar}},
	isbn = {978-0-203-78377-1},
	abstract = {This third edition of An Introduction to Functional Grammar has been extensively revised. While retaining the organization and coverage of the earlier editions, it incorporates a considerable amount of new material. This includes strengthening the grammar through the use of data from a large-scale corpus, upgrading the description throughout, and giving greater emphasis to the systemic perspective, in which grammaticalization is understood in the context of an overall model of language.The approach taken in the book overcomes the distinction between theoretical and applied linguistics. The description of grammar is grounded in a comprehensive theory, but it is a theory which evolves in the process of being applied.},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. and Halliday, Michael and Matthiessen, Christian},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203783771},
}

@inproceedings{budnik_dynamic_2019,
	address = {St. Petersburg Russian Federation},
	title = {Dynamic of hashtag functions development in new media: {Hashtag} as an identificational mark of digital communication in social networks},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-7670-9},
	shorttitle = {Dynamic of hashtag functions development in new media},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3373722.3373795},
	doi = {10.1145/3373722.3373795},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-18},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {XI} {International} {Scientific} {Conference} {Communicative} {Strategies} of the {Information} {Society}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Budnik, Ekaterina and Gaputina, Violetta and Boguslavskaya, Vera},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1--5},
}

@article{la_rocca_research_2022,
	title = {Research using hashtags: {A} meta-synthesis},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2297-7775},
	shorttitle = {Research using hashtags},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2022.1081603/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2022.1081603},
	abstract = {In the last 20 years, research using hashtags has grown considerably. The changes that occurred in the digital environment have influenced their diffusion and development. Today, there is considerable research on hashtags, their use, and on hashtag activism. Likewise, there is a growing interest in their descriptive measures and their metrics. This article aimed to provide a review of this area of research and studies to outline the traits of hashtag research, which are yet nascent. To achieve this, we used a meta-study to produce a meta-synthesis capable of bringing out similarities and differences in research using hashtags and identifying spaces for the generation of new knowledge.},
	urldate = {2024-07-18},
	journal = {Frontiers in Sociology},
	author = {La Rocca, Gevisa and Boccia Artieri, Giovanni},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1081603},
}

@incollection{dahl_progressive_2000,
	title = {The progressive in {Europe}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-015752-9},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110197099.4.517/html},
	urldate = {2024-07-10},
	booktitle = {Tense and {Aspect} in the {Languages} of {Europe}},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	author = {Bertinetto, Pier Marco and Ebert, Karen H. and Groot, Casper},
	editor = {Dahl, Östen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110197099.4.517},
	pages = {517--558},
}

@incollection{marotta_story_2017,
	address = {Pisa},
	series = {Studi linguistici pisani},
	title = {Story of a {Construction}: {Statistical} and {Distributional} {Analysis} of the {Development} of the {Italian} {Gerundival} {Construction}},
	isbn = {978-88-6741-789-6},
	language = {ita},
	number = {8},
	booktitle = {Strutture linguistiche e dati empirici in diacronia e sincronia},
	publisher = {Pisa University Press},
	author = {Amato, Irene and Lenci, Alessandro},
	editor = {Marotta, Giovanna and Strik Lievers, Francesca},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {135--158},
}

@article{dunn_multiple_1961,
	title = {Multiple {Comparisons} among {Means}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0162-1459},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.1961.10482090},
	doi = {10.1080/01621459.1961.10482090},
	abstract = {Methods for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals for all possible linear contrasts among several means of normally distributed variables have been given by Scheffé and Tukey. In this paper the possibility is considered of picking in advance a number (say m) of linear contrasts among k means, and then estimating these m linear contrasts by confidence intervals based on a Student t statistic, in such a way that the overall confidence level for the m intervals is greater than or equal to a preassigned value. It is found that for some values of k, and for m not too large, intervals obtained in this way are shorter than those using the F distribution or the Studentized range. When this is so, the experimenter may be willing to select the linear combinations in advance which he wishes to estimate in order to have m shorter intervals instead of an infinite number of longer intervals.},
	number = {293},
	urldate = {2024-07-10},
	journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
	author = {Dunn, Olive Jean},
	month = mar,
	year = {1961},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01621459.1961.10482090},
	pages = {52--64},
}

@book{bonferroni_teoria_1936,
	address = {Florence},
	title = {Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilità},
	language = {it},
	publisher = {Seeber},
	author = {Bonferroni, Carlo E.},
	year = {1936},
}

@inproceedings{ng_spectral_2001,
	title = {On {Spectral} {Clustering}: {Analysis} and an algorithm},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.19.8100},
	abstract = {Despite many empirical successes of spectral
clustering methods -- algorithms that cluster points
using eigenvectors of matrices derived from the
distances between the points -- there are several
unresolved issues. First, there is a wide variety of
algorithms that use the eigenvectors in slightly
different ways. Second, many of these algorithms have
no proof that they will actually compute a reasonable
clustering. In this paper, we present a simple spectral
clustering algorithm that can be implemented using a
few lines of Matlab. Using tools from matrix
perturbation theory, we analyze the algorithm, and give
conditions under which it can be expected to do well.
We also show surprisingly good experimental results on
a number of challenging clustering problems.},
	booktitle = {{ADVANCES} {IN} {NEURAL} {INFORMATION} {PROCESSING} {SYSTEMS}},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Ng, Andrew Y. and Jordan, Michael I. and Weiss, Yair},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {clustering spectral},
	pages = {849--856},
}

@misc{noauthor_spectral_nodate,
	title = {On {Spectral} {Clustering}: {Analysis} and an algorithm {\textbar} {BibSonomy}},
	url = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e9c06dab81a9a2e06123cd9b31d3d83f/mhwombat},
	urldate = {2024-06-25},
}

@article{rosvall_maps_2008,
	title = {Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.0609},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0706851105},
	abstract = {To comprehend the multipartite organization of large-scale biological and social systems, we introduce a new information theoretic approach that reveals community structure in weighted and directed networks. The method decomposes a network into modules by optimally compressing a description of information flows on the network. The result is a map that both simplifies and highlights the regularities in the structure and their relationships. We illustrate the method by making a map of scientific communication as captured in the citation patterns of more than 6000 journals. We discover a multicentric organization with fields that vary dramatically in size and degree of integration into the network of science. Along the backbone of the network -- including physics, chemistry, molecular biology, and medicine -- information flows bidirectionally, but the map reveals a directional pattern of citation from the applied fields to the basic sciences.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-06-25},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Rosvall, M. and Bergstrom, C. T.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	note = {arXiv:0707.0609 [cond-mat, physics:physics]},
	keywords = {Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Physics - Physics and Society},
	pages = {1118--1123},
}

@misc{roscoe_breaking_2022,
	title = {{BREAKING}: {European} {Parliament} {MEP} calls {EU} {Covid} vaccine purchases “biggest {CORRUPTION} {SCANDAL} in history”},
	shorttitle = {{BREAKING}},
	url = {https://euroweeklynews.com/2022/10/12/breaking-european-parliaments-mislav-kolakusic-calls-eus-covid-vaccine-purchases-biggest-corruption-scandal-in-history/},
	abstract = {Mislav Kolakusic of the European Parliament took to Twitter on Wednesday, October 12 to announce that the EU’s purchasing of too many Covid vaccines was the “biggest CORRUPTION SCANDAL in the history of mankind.”},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-06-25},
	journal = {Euro Weekly News},
	author = {Roscoe, Matthew},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{zimonjic_trudeau_2022,
	title = {Trudeau faced harsh critics in the {EU} {Parliament} this week. {Here}'s who launched the attacks},
	url = {https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/european-members-parliament-attact-trudeau-1.6397579},
	abstract = {This week, criticism of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau by far-right, populist and anti-vaccine members of the European Parliament went viral on social media. CBC News takes a look at what was said, who said it and how the European Parliament is vastly different from parliaments anywhere else in the democratic world.},
	language = {en-CA},
	urldate = {2024-06-25},
	journal = {CBC News},
	author = {Zimonjic, Peter},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{surasky_growth_2024,
	title = {The growth of the discourse of rejection of the 2030 {Agenda} in {Latin} {American} governments},
	url = {https://cepei.org/en/documents/misinformation-2030-agenda/},
	abstract = {The misinformation surrounding the 2030 Agenda is of increasing concern, bringing with it conspiracy theories that see multilateralism as the source of today’s problems.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-06-21},
	journal = {Cepei},
	author = {Surasky, Javier},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
}

@book{berridge_marketing_2007,
	address = {Oxford ; New York},
	title = {Marketing health: smoking and the discourse of public health in {Britain}, 1945-2000},
	isbn = {978-0-19-926030-0},
	shorttitle = {Marketing health},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Berridge, Virginia},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: ocn123797267},
	keywords = {Marketing, Medical care, Public health},
}

@article{gabutti_human_2021,
	title = {Human {Papilloma} {Virus} {Vaccination}: {Focus} on the {Italian} {Situation}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2076-393X},
	shorttitle = {Human {Papilloma} {Virus} {Vaccination}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8708418/},
	doi = {10.3390/vaccines9121374},
	abstract = {Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a viral agent whose transmission occurs mainly by sexual means. It causes different pathological conditions in both males and females, ranging from benign pathologies up to cancers. The introduction of vaccination has certainly had a major impact in terms of reducing the incidence of both HPV infections and diseases but in the European Union and the European Economic Area (EU/EEA) there are still about more than 13,000 deaths due to cervical cancer each year. To date in Europe and in Italy there are three vaccines available (bi-, tetra-, and nonvalent vaccines). The vaccination campaign started irregularly in Europe and Italy in 2007, with pre-adolescent girls as the primary target. Later, other cohorts were introduced such as 12-year-old boys, additional cohorts of {\textgreater}25-year-old women, women who already underwent cervical surgery and other subjects entitled to free vaccination. The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly impacted on public health services, particularly on vaccinations that, especially during the first pandemic phase, have been often delayed and/or canceled. The most affected vaccinations by the pandemic have been the non-mandatory ones, particularly those addressing the adolescent and adult population, such as immunization against papillomavirus. To date the achievement of the coverage target set by the Italian National Immunization Plan (NIP) has not yet been achieved. The aim of this work is to summarize the current situation in Italy and to discuss the strategies that have been implemented to increase overall vaccination coverage rates.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-06-20},
	journal = {Vaccines},
	author = {Gabutti, Giovanni and d’Anchera, Erica and De Motoli, Francesco and Savio, Marta and Stefanati, Armando},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34960120},
	pmcid = {PMC8708418},
	pages = {1374},
}

@article{mennini_hpv_2022,
	title = {{HPV} {Vaccination} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} in {Italy}: {Opportunity} {Loss} or {Incremental} {Cost}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2076-393X},
	shorttitle = {{HPV} {Vaccination} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} in {Italy}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9322500/},
	doi = {10.3390/vaccines10071133},
	abstract = {Objectives: Italy was the first European country to introduce universal vaccination of adolescents, for both males and females, against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) starting in 2017 with the NIP 2017–2019′s release. However, vaccine coverage rates (VCRs) among adolescents have shown a precarious take-off since the NIP’s release, and this situation worsened due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The aim of this work is to estimate the epidemiological and economic impact of drops in VCRs due to the pandemic on those generations that missed the vaccination appointment and to discuss alternative scenarios in light of the national data. Methods: Through an analysis of the official ministerial HPV vaccination reports, a model was developed to estimate the number of 12-year-old males and females who were not vaccinated against HPV during the period 2017–2021. Based on previously published models that estimate the incidence and the economic impact of HPV-related diseases in Italy, a new model was developed to estimate the impact of the aggregated HPV VCRs achieved in Italy between 2017 and 2021. Results: Overall, in 2021, 723,375 girls and 1,011,906 boys born between 2005 and 2009 were not vaccinated against HPV in Italy (42\% and 52\% of these cohorts, respectively). As compared with the 95\% target provided by the Italian NIP, between 505,000 and 634,000 girls will not be protected against a large number of HPV-related diseases. For boys, the number of the unvaccinated population compared to the applicable target is over 615,000 in the ‘best case scenario’ and over 749,000 in the ‘worst case scenario’. Overall, between 1.1 and 1.3 million young adolescents born between 2005 and 2009 will not be protected against HPV-related diseases over their lifetime with expected lifetime costs of non-vaccination that will be over EUR 905 million. If the 95\% optimal VCRs were achieved, the model estimates a cost reduction equal to EUR 529 million, the net of the costs incurred to implement the vaccination program. Conclusion: Suboptimal vaccination coverage represents a missed opportunity, not only because of the increased burden of HPV-related diseases, but also in terms of economic loss. Thus, reaching national HPV immunization goals is a public health priority.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-06-20},
	journal = {Vaccines},
	author = {Mennini, Francesco Saverio and Silenzi, Andrea and Marcellusi, Andrea and Conversano, Michele and Siddu, Andrea and Rezza, Giovanni},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {35891297},
	pmcid = {PMC9322500},
	pages = {1133},
}

@article{crupi_echoes_2022,
	title = {Echoes through {Time}: {Evolution} of the {Italian} {COVID}-19 {Vaccination} {Debate}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {2334-0770, 2162-3449},
	shorttitle = {Echoes through {Time}},
	url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19276},
	doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19276},
	abstract = {Italy was the first European country to be hit by COVID-19 in the early 2020, since then losing over 100,000 people to the disease. By the end of the vaccination campaign of 2021, 81\% of the public received at least one dose. These dramatic developments were accompanied by a rigorous discussion around vaccination, both about its urgency and its possible negative effects. Twitter is one of the most popular social media platforms in the country, but pre-pandemic vaccination debate has been shown to be polarized and siloed into echo chambers. It is thus imperative to understand the nature of this discourse, with a specific focus on the vaccination hesitant individuals, whose healthcare decisions may affect their communities and the country at large. In this study we ask, how has the Italian discussion around vaccination changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and have the unprecedented events of 2020-2021 been able to break the echo chamber around this topic? We use a Twitter dataset spanning September 2019 - November 2021 to examine the state of polarization around vaccination. We propose a hierarchical clustering approach to find the largest communities in the endorsement networks of different time periods, and manually illustrate that it produces communities of users sharing a stance. Examining the structure of these networks, as well as textual content of their interactions, we find the stark division between supporters and hesitant individuals to continue throughout the vaccination campaign. However, we find an increasing commonality in the topical focus of the vaccine supporters and vaccine hesitant, pointing to a possible common set of facts the two sides may agree on. Still, we discover a series of concerns voiced by the hesitant community, ranging from unfounded conspiracies (microchips in vaccines) to public health policy discussion (vaccine passport limitations). We recommend an ongoing surveillance of this debate, especially to uncover concerns around vaccination before the public health decisions and official messaging are made public.},
	urldate = {2024-06-20},
	journal = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
	author = {Crupi, Giuseppe and Mejova, Yelena and Tizzani, Michele and Paolotti, Daniela and Panisson, André},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {102--113},
}

@article{crupi_echoes_2022-1,
	title = {Echoes through {Time}: {Evolution} of the {Italian} {COVID}-19 {Vaccination} {Debate}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {2334-0770, 2162-3449},
	shorttitle = {Echoes through {Time}},
	url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19276},
	doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19276},
	abstract = {Italy was the first European country to be hit by COVID-19 in the early 2020, since then losing over 100,000 people to the disease. By the end of the vaccination campaign of 2021, 81\% of the public received at least one dose. These dramatic developments were accompanied by a rigorous discussion around vaccination, both about its urgency and its possible negative effects. Twitter is one of the most popular social media platforms in the country, but pre-pandemic vaccination debate has been shown to be polarized and siloed into echo chambers. It is thus imperative to understand the nature of this discourse, with a specific focus on the vaccination hesitant individuals, whose healthcare decisions may affect their communities and the country at large. In this study we ask, how has the Italian discussion around vaccination changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and have the unprecedented events of 2020-2021 been able to break the echo chamber around this topic? We use a Twitter dataset spanning September 2019 - November 2021 to examine the state of polarization around vaccination. We propose a hierarchical clustering approach to find the largest communities in the endorsement networks of different time periods, and manually illustrate that it produces communities of users sharing a stance. Examining the structure of these networks, as well as textual content of their interactions, we find the stark division between supporters and hesitant individuals to continue throughout the vaccination campaign. However, we find an increasing commonality in the topical focus of the vaccine supporters and vaccine hesitant, pointing to a possible common set of facts the two sides may agree on. Still, we discover a series of concerns voiced by the hesitant community, ranging from unfounded conspiracies (microchips in vaccines) to public health policy discussion (vaccine passport limitations). We recommend an ongoing surveillance of this debate, especially to uncover concerns around vaccination before the public health decisions and official messaging are made public.},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
	author = {Crupi, Giuseppe and Mejova, Yelena and Tizzani, Michele and Paolotti, Daniela and Panisson, André},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {102--113},
}

@article{nathanson_social_1999,
	title = {Social {Movements} as {Catalysts} for {Policy} {Change}: {The} {Case} of {Smoking} and {Guns}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0361-6878},
	shorttitle = {Social {Movements} as {Catalysts} for {Policy} {Change}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-24-3-421},
	doi = {10.1215/03616878-24-3-421},
	abstract = {Social movements organized around perceived threats to health play an important role in American life as advocates for change in health policies and health behaviors. This article employs a framework drawn from social movement and related sociological theories to compare two such movements: the smoking/tobacco control movement and the gun control movement. A major purpose of the article is to identify specific social movement ideologies and actions that are more or less likely to facilitate achievement of the movement's health policy objectives. The article concludes that the success of health-related social movements is associated with (1) the articulation of a socially (as well as scientifically) credible threat to the public's health, (2) the ability to mobilize a diverse organizational constituency, and (3) the convergence of political opportunities with target vulnerabilities.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law},
	author = {Nathanson, Constance A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {421--488},
}

@article{robertson_shifting_1998,
	title = {Shifting {Discourses} on {Health} in {Canada}: {From} {Health} {Promotion} to {Population} {Health}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0957-4824},
	shorttitle = {Shifting {Discourses} on {Health} in {Canada}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/13.2.155},
	doi = {10.1093/heapro/13.2.155},
	abstract = {This paper argues that discourses on health are products of the particular social, economic and political context within which they are produced. In the early 1980s, the discourse on health in Canada shifted from a post-Lalonde Report lifestyle behaviour discourse to one shaped by the discourse on the ‘social determinants of health’. In Canada, we are currently witnessing the emergence of another discourse on health—‘population health’—as a guiding framework for health policy and practice. Grounded in a critical social science perspective on health and health promotion, this paper critiques the population health discourse in terms of its underlying epistemological assumptions and the theoretical and political implications which follow. Does it matter whether we talk about ‘heterogeneities in health’ or ‘inequities in health’? This paper argues that it does, and concludes that population health is becoming a prevailing discourse on health at this particular historical time in Canada because it provides powerful rhetoric for the retreat of the welfare state. This paper argues further that it is health promotion's alignment with the moral economy of the welfare state that makes it a countervailing discourse on health and its determinants.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Health Promotion International},
	author = {Robertson, Ann},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {155--166},
}

@article{carpiano_confronting_2023,
	title = {Confronting the evolution and expansion of anti-vaccine activism in the {USA} in the {COVID}-19 era},
	volume = {401},
	issn = {0140-6736, 1474-547X},
	url = {https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)00136-8/fulltext},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00136-8},
	language = {English},
	number = {10380},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {The Lancet},
	author = {Carpiano, Richard M. and Callaghan, Timothy and DiResta, Renee and Brewer, Noel T. and Clinton, Chelsea and Galvani, Alison P. and Lakshmanan, Rekha and Parmet, Wendy E. and Omer, Saad B. and Buttenheim, Alison M. and Benjamin, Regina M. and Caplan, Arthur and Elharake, Jad A. and Flowers, Lisa C. and Maldonado, Yvonne A. and Mello, Michelle M. and Opel, Douglas J. and Salmon, Daniel A. and Schwartz, Jason L. and Sharfstein, Joshua M. and Hotez, Peter J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36871571},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {967--970},
}

@article{monsted_characterizing_2022,
	title = {Characterizing polarization in online vaccine discourse—{A} large-scale study},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263746},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0263746},
	abstract = {Vaccine hesitancy is currently recognized by the WHO as a major threat to global health. Recently, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing interest in the role of social media in the propagation of false information and fringe narratives regarding vaccination. Using a sample of approximately 60 billion tweets, we conduct a large-scale analysis of the vaccine discourse on Twitter. We use methods from deep learning and transfer learning to estimate the vaccine sentiments expressed in tweets, then categorize individual-level user attitude towards vaccines. Drawing on an interaction graph representing mutual interactions between users, we analyze the interplay between vaccine stances, interaction network, and the information sources shared by users in vaccine-related contexts. We find that strongly anti-vaccine users frequently share content from sources of a commercial nature; typically sources which sell alternative health products for profit. An interesting aspect of this finding is that concerns regarding commercial conflicts of interests are often cited as one of the major factors in vaccine hesitancy. Further, we show that the debate is highly polarized, in the sense that users with similar stances on vaccination interact preferentially with one another. Extending this insight, we provide evidence of an epistemic echo chamber effect, where users are exposed to highly dissimilar sources of vaccine information, depending the vaccination stance of their contacts. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding and addressing vaccine mis- and dis-information in the context in which they are disseminated in social networks.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Mønsted, Bjarke and Lehmann, Sune},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Interaction networks, Medical risk factors, Probability distribution, Social media, Social networks, Twitter, Vaccination and immunization, Vaccines},
	pages = {e0263746},
}

@incollection{bullini_orlandi_is_2018,
	title = {Is the solution worse than the problem? {The} evolution of discourse in anti-vaccines online communities after the announcement of crackdown on vaccines regulation},
	isbn = {978-88-6856-129-1},
	shorttitle = {Is the solution worse than the problem?},
	url = {https://iris.univr.it/handle/11562/977178},
	abstract = {embargoed\_20310531},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	publisher = {LUISS University Press},
	author = {Bullini Orlandi, Ludovico and Pierce, Paul and Zardini, Alessandro},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Accepted: 2018-03-29T23:50:21Z},
}

@article{durmaz_dramatic_2022,
	title = {The dramatic increase in anti-vaccine discourses during the {COVID}-19 pandemic: a social network analysis of {Twitter}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {2164-5515},
	shorttitle = {The dramatic increase in anti-vaccine discourses during the {COVID}-19 pandemic},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.2025008},
	doi = {10.1080/21645515.2021.2025008},
	abstract = {The first case of COVID-19 in Turkey was officially recorded on March 11, 2020. Social media use increased worldwide, as well as in Turkey, during the pandemic, and conspiracy theories/fake news about medical complications of vaccines spread throughout the world. The aim of this study was to identify community interactions related to vaccines and to identify key influences/influencers before and after the pandemic using social network data from Twitter. Two datasets, including tweets about vaccinations before and after COVID-19 in Turkey, were collected. Social networks were created based on interactions (mentions) between Twitter users. Users and their influence were scored based on social network analysis and parameters that included in-degree and betweenness centrality. In the pre-COVID-19 network, media figures and authors who had anti-vaccine views were the most influential users. In the post-COVID-19 network, the Turkish minister of health, the was the most influential figure. The vaccine network was observed to be growing rapidly after COVID-19, and the physicians and authors who had opinions about mandatory vaccinations received a great deal of reaction. One-way communication between influencers and other users in the network was determined. This study shows the effectiveness and usefulness of large social media data for understanding public opinion on public health and vaccination in Turkey. The current study was completed before the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine in Turkey. We anticipated that social network analysis would help reduce the “infodemic” before administering the vaccine and would also help public health workers act more proactively in this regard.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Human Vaccines \& Immunotherapeutics},
	author = {Durmaz, Nihal and Hengirmen, Engin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {35113767},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.2025008},
	keywords = {Anti-vaccine, COVID-19, pandemic, social network, twitter},
	pages = {2025008},
}

@article{gunaratne_temporal_2019,
	title = {Temporal trends in anti-vaccine discourse on {Twitter}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0264-410X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X1930876X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.086},
	abstract = {Despite vaccination’s role in preventing communicable diseases, misinformation threatens uptake. Social media may disseminate such anti-vaccination messages. We characterized trends in pro- and anti-vaccination discourse on Twitter. All tweets between 2010 and 2019 containing vaccine-related hashtags were identified. Pro- and anti-vaccine tweets and users per quarter (3-months) were tabulated; discussion subcommunities were identified with network analysis. 1,637,712 vaccine-related tweets were identified from 154 pro-vaccine and 125 anti-vaccine hashtags, with 86\% of users posting exclusively pro-vaccine and 12\% posting exclusively anti-vaccine hashtags. Pro-vaccine tweet volumes are larger than anti-vaccine tweets and consistently increase over time. In contrast, anti-vaccine tweet volumes have decreased since 2014, despite an increasing anti-vaccine user-base. Users infrequently responded across pro/anti-vaccine alignment (0.2\%). Despite greater volumes of pro-vaccination discourse in recent years, and the anti-vaccination content userbase being smaller, the anti-vaccine community continues to grow in size. This finding coupled with the minimal inter-communication between communities suggests possible ideological isolation.},
	number = {35},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	author = {Gunaratne, Keith and Coomes, Eric A. and Haghbayan, Hourmazd},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Measles, Medicine and media, Twitter, Vaccine, Vaccine hesitancy},
	pages = {4867--4871},
}

@article{britt_evolution_2023,
	title = {The {Evolution} of {Discourse} in {Online} {Communities} {Devoted} to a {Pandemic}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1041-0236},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1991618},
	doi = {10.1080/10410236.2021.1991618},
	abstract = {Online communities are increasingly important discursive spaces in which individuals obtain health information and engage in sensemaking, and they play an especially essential role during viral outbreaks in which social distancing requirements may preclude engagement with other communities and information sources. However, the manner in which those communities evolve in response to a rapidly developing public health crisis, as well as in reaction to one another, is not well-understood. This longitudinal study uses latent Dirichlet allocation to assess the co-evolution of three subreddits focused on COVID-19 during the earliest, most volatile stages of the outbreak. The results demonstrate the power of being the first online community addressing an emerging health crisis as well as the manner in which latecomers to the conversation gravitate toward distinct niches to differentiate themselves with respect to both topical foci and associated communication styles. The results also highlight individuals’ detachment toward developments in even an unprecedented crisis such as a global pandemic, which represents a critical barrier that health communication professionals must overcome to persuade audiences to take health crises seriously. Future studies should examine the potential role of coordination among community administrators as well as the extent to which users are aware of and exert agency over the co-evolutionary processes spanning multiple communities.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Health Communication},
	author = {Britt, Brian C.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {34672846},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1991618},
	pages = {1041--1053},
}

@article{quintana_polarization_2022,
	title = {Polarization and trust in the evolution of vaccine discourse on {Twitter} during {COVID}-19},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0277292},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0277292},
	abstract = {Trust in vaccination is eroding, and attitudes about vaccination have become more polarized. This is an observational study of Twitter analyzing the impact that COVID-19 had on vaccine discourse. We identify the actors, the language they use, how their language changed, and what can explain this change. First, we find that authors cluster into several large, interpretable groups, and that the discourse was greatly affected by American partisan politics. Over the course of our study, both Republicans and Democrats entered the vaccine conversation in large numbers, forming coalitions with Antivaxxers and public health organizations, respectively. After the pandemic was officially declared, the interactions between these groups increased. Second, we show that the moral and non-moral language used by the various communities converged in interesting and informative ways. Finally, vector autoregression analysis indicates that differential responses to public health measures are likely part of what drove this convergence. Taken together, our results suggest that polarization around vaccination discourse in the context of COVID-19 was ultimately driven by a trust-first dynamic of political engagement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Quintana, Ignacio Ojea and Reimann, Ritsaart and Cheong, Marc and Alfano, Mark and Klein, Colin},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {COVID 19, Language, Pandemics, Public and occupational health, Social media, Twitter, Vaccination and immunization, Vaccines},
	pages = {e0277292},
}

@article{white_were_2013,
	title = {‘{We}’re kind of devolving’: visual tropes of evolution in obesity discourse},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0958-1596},
	shorttitle = {‘{We}’re kind of devolving’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2013.777693},
	doi = {10.1080/09581596.2013.777693},
	abstract = {In recent years, analyses of mainstream media constructions of the obesity ‘epidemic’ have proliferated within fat studies. Of less attention has been the visual representation of obesity. This paper presents an analysis of one particular form of graphic representation of obesity, that of the ‘fat (d)evolution’ image. This image parodies the iconography of the ‘march of progress’ – a series of figures of ascending height illustrating the evolution of mankind from ape to modern man. The fat (d)evolution image features an additional fat figure (and in some cases a final stage represented by a pig) frequently of declining height, thereby visualising obesity as a ‘kind of’ devolution. The paper analyses a sample of 18 such images that have appeared on book covers, websites and in media reports. It explores the confluence of discourses that produce the images’ multiple meanings and locates them within narratives of evolution and the ‘obesogenic environment’. Given the often comedic intent of the images, the analysis subsequently discusses the function of this humour, before considering how the images’ construction of fatness is also underpinned by discourses of gender, race and class. The findings suggest that the rhetorical success of these images relies on a radical ‘othering’ which intensifies the dehumanisation of fatness.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Critical Public Health},
	author = {White, Francis Ray},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2013.777693},
	keywords = {evolution, fatphobia, obesity epidemic, obesogenic environment, visual representations},
	pages = {320--330},
}

@article{mcphail_fat_2015,
	title = {Fat, queer and sick? {A} critical analysis of ‘lesbian obesity’ in public health discourse},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0958-1596},
	shorttitle = {Fat, queer and sick?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2014.992391},
	doi = {10.1080/09581596.2014.992391},
	abstract = {Recent public health publications identify lesbians as a ‘risk population’ with regards to ‘obesity’ and related comorbidities. Work of this nature argues that lesbian populations have higher rates of obesity due to poor diet and exercise behaviours which are, in turn, blamed on ‘lesbian culture’s’ feminist-informed criticism of patriarchal edicts of beauty, which allow lesbians to develop a greater tolerance for body fat. Also blamed is lesbian sexuality itself, as it is purported that lesbians do not need to work towards the heterosexual feminine ideal, thus avoiding the male gaze which demands thinness. This paper is a comprehensive literature review and critical discourse analysis of public health research on obesity that constructs lesbians as a ‘risk population.’ We outline how public health literature on lesbian obesity relies on old, well-worn discourses of queer sexualities in general as ‘sick’, helping to re-pathologize lesbians through conflating lesbianism and lesbian culture with a condition that is always-already considered insalubrious and, sometimes, diseased. These findings are significant, in that the organization of lesbians as a risk population within public health obesity discourse has yet to be explored in depth by critical obesity and fat studies scholars.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Critical Public Health},
	author = {McPhail, Deborah and Bombak, Andrea E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2014.992391},
	keywords = {Lesbians, critical discourse analysis, public health literature, ‘Obesity’, ‘risk’ populations},
	pages = {539--553},
}

@article{lawrence_framing_2004,
	title = {Framing {Obesity}: {The} {Evolution} of {News} {Discourse} on a {Public} {Health} {Issue}},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license},
	issn = {1081-180X},
	shorttitle = {Framing {Obesity}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X04266581},
	doi = {10.1177/1081180X04266581},
	abstract = {The public debate on obesity will turn on the question of who or what is responsible for causing and curing this emerging epidemic. Previous research suggests that public health problems become amenable to broad policy solutions when those problems can be reframed in systemic terms—specifically, in terms of involuntary risk, universal risk, environmental risk, and knowingly created risk. This article assesses the framing of obesity in news coverage since 1985 to determine whether obesity is being reframed in these terms. The data suggest that a vigorous frame contest is currently under way between arguments emphasizing personal responsibility for health and arguments emphasizing the social environment, including corporate and public policy. The evidence suggests that one of these frame dimensions (environmental risk) has moved decisively toward the systemic pole, while two frame dimensions (involuntary and knowingly created risk) have not moved toward the systemic pole, and the movement of the fourth dimension (risk to everyone) is uncertain.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	journal = {Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics},
	author = {Lawrence, Regina G.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {56--75},
}

@article{yagi_hpv_2024,
	title = {{HPV} {Vaccine} {Issues} in {Japan}: {A} review of our attempts to promote the {HPV} vaccine and to provide effective evaluation of the problem through social-medical and behavioral-economic perspectives},
	issn = {1873-2518},
	shorttitle = {{HPV} {Vaccine} {Issues} in {Japan}},
	doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.080},
	abstract = {In Japan, subsidies from local and national government programs for HPV vaccination of girls aged 13-16 began in 2010. By 2013, HPV vaccines were being used routinely for vaccinating girls aged 12-16 as part of its national immunization program. However, in June of 2013, in response to reports of possible adverse reactions to the vaccine, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW) announced a 'temporary suspension' of its governmental recommendation for HPV vaccination. The vaccination rate quickly dropped from 70 \% of age-eligible girls to almost zero. It was not until 2021 that the government's recommendation suspension finally ended. The efficacy and safety of the HPV vaccine is now well documented, yet Japan has failed to reestablish any credible level of HPV vaccination. The World Health Organization (WHO) warned that Japan's HPV vaccination debacle was likely to result in real harm to the girls who lacked its protection; something we have already demonstrated with real-world data. To reinvigorate the HPV vaccination program in Japan to its prior levels, in the face of the current high level of HPV vaccine hesitancy, we will have to address the irrationality of human decision-making pointed out by behavioral economics. The Japanese government must act expeditiously to promote stronger cervical cancer control measures.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	author = {Yagi, Asami and Ueda, Yutaka and Kimura, Tadashi},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {38616440},
	keywords = {Cervical cancer, HPV vaccine, Health communication, Japan, Suspension of recommendation},
	pages = {S0264--410X(24)00407--9},
}

@article{valsecchi_vaccini_2015,
	title = {Vaccini e obbligo vaccinale. {Lettera} aperta al {Ministro} {Lorenzin}},
	url = {https://www.saluteinternazionale.info/2015/10/vaccini-e-obbligo-vaccinale-lettera-aperta-al-ministro-lorenzin/},
	abstract = {SaluteInternazionale Vaccini e obbligo vaccinale. Lettera aperta al Ministro Lorenzin},
	language = {it-IT},
	urldate = {2024-06-05},
	journal = {SaluteInternazionale},
	author = {Valsecchi, Massimo},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
}

@article{petrosky_use_2015,
	title = {Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus ({HPV}) vaccine: updated {HPV} vaccination recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1545-861X},
	shorttitle = {Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus ({HPV}) vaccine},
	abstract = {During its February 2015 meeting, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (9vHPV) (Gardasil 9, Merck and Co., Inc.) as one of three HPV vaccines that can be used for routine vaccination. HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. ACIP also recommends vaccination for females aged 13 through 26 years and males aged 13 through 21 years not vaccinated previously. Vaccination is also recommended through age 26 years for men who have sex with men and for immunocompromised persons (including those with HIV infection) if not vaccinated previously. 9vHPV is a noninfectious, virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine. Similar to quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV), 9vHPV contains HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 VLPs. In addition, 9vHPV contains HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 VLPs. 9vHPV was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on December 10, 2014, for use in females aged 9 through 26 years and males aged 9 through 15 years. For these recommendations, ACIP reviewed additional data on 9vHPV in males aged 16 through 26 years. 9vHPV and 4vHPV are licensed for use in females and males. Bivalent HPV vaccine (2vHPV), which contains HPV 16, 18 VLPs, is licensed for use in females. This report summarizes evidence considered by ACIP in recommending 9vHPV as one of three HPV vaccines that can be used for vaccination and provides recommendations for vaccine use.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {11},
	journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},
	author = {Petrosky, Emiko and Bocchini, Joseph A. and Hariri, Susan and Chesson, Harrell and Curtis, C. Robinette and Saraiya, Mona and Unger, Elizabeth R. and Markowitz, Lauri E. and {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25811679},
	pmcid = {PMC4584883},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Advisory Committees, Child, Female, Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Male, Papillomavirus Infections, Papillomavirus Vaccines, Practice Guidelines as Topic, United States, Young Adult},
	pages = {300--304},
}

@techreport{fischer_rapport_2016,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Rapport sur la {Vaccination}},
	url = {chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.vie-publique.fr/files/rapport/pdf/164000753.pdf},
	institution = {Ministère des affaires sociales, de la santé et des droits des femmes},
	author = {Fischer, A and Rambaud, C},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{lefevre_new_2018,
	title = {The {New} {HPV} {Vaccination} {Policy} in {France}},
	volume = {378},
	issn = {0028-4793, 1533-4406},
	url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1801036},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMc1801036},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Lefèvre, Hervé and Moro, M. Rose and Lachal, Jonathan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1160--1160},
}

@article{gabanelli_se_2016,
	chapter = {cronache},
	title = {Se il dirigente prescritto in un caso di corruzione rappresenta l’{Italia} in {Ue}},
	url = {http://www.corriere.it/cronache/16_ottobre_05/dirigente-prescritto-corruzione-rappresenta-italia-ue-433b79b8-8a6e-11e6-8935-fd9af6958684.shtml},
	abstract = {Pasqualino Rossi, incaricato a inizio anno di occuparsi della nostra sicurezza alimentare, dei farmaci e della salute veterinaria, accusato di corruzione e poi prescritto},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {Corriere della Sera},
	author = {Gabanelli, Milena and Valesini},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{wakefield_infertility_2022,
	title = {Infertility: {A} {Diabolical} {Agenda} {Is} {Anti}-{Vaxx} {Sleight}-of-{Hand} {Propaganda}},
	shorttitle = {Infertility},
	url = {https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/covid-19-critical-thinking-pseudoscience/infertility-diabolical-agenda-anti-vaxx-sleight-hand-propaganda},
	abstract = {There is a lot to unpack in the deceptively simple (and simply deceptive) 30-minute documentary Infertility: A Diabolical Agenda, released on June 10, 2022. It focuses on the claim that a tetanus vaccination campaign in Kenya was actually a covert operation to use a contraceptive vaccine to permanently rob African women of their fertility. It suffuses the story of experimental contraceptive vaccines with sinister intent, and it exists in a media environment that frequently reminds us that sperm counts are decreasing and that raises the question of what is happening to human fertility. In the background of all this are hints at a depopulation agenda, a bogeyman par excellence for the conspiracy crowd. Except that the bogeyman originates from disturbing policies directed at developing countries. And those developing countries are here held up as warning signs by the anti-vaccine movement to scare people away from COVID-19 vaccines. Infertility was executive-produced by Robert F. Kennedy Jr., whose Children Health Defense activist group was behind a similar propagandist documentary, Medical Racism, in which real healthcare violations done to Black people were positioned to stir up distrust of modern vaccines. Now, Kennedy repeats the formula with Infertility, putting disgraced former doctor Andrew Wakefield—now going by “Andy”—in the director’s chair. Wakefield and Kennedy are not reliable sources of information. Andrew Wakefield lost his medical license in the United Kingdom because he was found guilty of serious professional misconduct. In his infamous and now retracted study, which falsely claimed a link between autism and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, he unethically tested multiple children, including via invasive lumbar punctures, and failed to disclose he had been paid by a lawyer looking to sue vaccine manufacturers. He has since transformed his disgrace into martyrdom and is a regular on the anti-vaccine circuit. Kennedy, meanwhile, is a rallying voice for the anti-vaccine movement and one of the main generators of vaccine disinformation online. As with Kennedy’s previous documentary, Infertility weaves together truths, falsehoods, genuine concerns, and debunked allegations into a superficially convincing product with bare-bones production values. The true story of contraceptive vaccines During the documentary, scientific papers flash on screen as we are told the “indisputable fact” that vaccine makers have created anti-fertility vaccines on behalf of the World Health Organization (WHO). It is implied that these vaccines create permanent sterility. What these papers actually reveal is that some researchers were interested in developing a vaccine that could replace other methods of birth control. The principle is relatively simple. One of the first steps in pregnancy is the release of a hormone called hCG. It drives the production of another hormone, progesterone, which maintains the pregnancy. To prevent pregnancy, scientists wanted to see if they could direct the immune system to attack hCG, the way in which antibodies can attack a virus. And they managed to do this by linking part of the hCG hormone to the inactivated toxin associated with tetanus, its so-called toxoid. The immune system recognizes the toxoid as bad, and hCG gets included in the mug shot. What Infertility doesn’t admit to is that this form of birth control was reversible. It lasted between 300 and 500 days, after which the number of anti-hCG antibodies went down to practically zero. When this vaccine was tested in early clinical trials in India in the 1980s, the women enrolled in the study had already had their tubes tied. They had chosen to not get pregnant again. In a subsequent trial from the early 1990s, women attending a family planning clinic were enrolled. In all cases, antibody levels went up then fell down. For this method to be effective contraception, regular booster shots would be required. These types of vaccines, by the way, are not available for use in humans: they never left the experimental stage. In a move that seems to show the remarkable ignorance of the filmmakers behind Infertility, animations meant to show antibodies attacking the pregnancy hormone use an illustration of the coronavirus in lieu of antibodies. Any biomedical scientist worth their salt would have picked this up, and I suspect by now, many members of the public as well, which goes to show the level of scientific scrutiny commandeered by Andrew Wakefield. Putting aside their demonization by anti-vaccine activists, contraceptive vaccines find themselves wedded to genuine concerns. As women’s rights advocate Betsy Hartmann writes in her book Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, their effect is reversible… eventually. Unlike a daily pill or a condom, there is a long period during which contraception cannot be reversed. Moreover, it is unclear when the vaccine has taken effect and when its effect has worn off, as there is much variability from one person to another. Ill effects blamed on this vaccine could decrease a person’s acceptance of vaccines more generally, creating a vaccine hesitancy domino fall. Hartmann also mentions that ethics violations were documented in some of the trials in India, where a woman is wrongly told the vaccine is 100\% effective and side-effect free, and where consent forms are signed in English even though few of the participants understood the language. These facts, easily uncovered, help make Wakefield’s documentary more believable. The testing of contraceptive vaccines in developing countries is part of how rich nations have tried to act on the problem—real or not—of overpopulation. Hartmann reports that at least one-fifth of contraceptive research and development in the early 1980s took place in developing countries, which allowed research institutions to skirt stricter guidelines and to eventually release contraceptives in these countries with much shorter printed lists of side effects and precautions than in the United States. I wrote about how the recently celebrated malaria vaccine was accompanied by serious claims of ethics violations when it was deployed in some African countries. Colonial science is real and contraceptive research is not immune to it. And let’s not forget that pro-science physician Ben Goldacre wrote an entire book on the shortcomings and wrongdoings of the pharmaceutical industry. So, do all of these truthful threads add up to a veridical documentary? No. False positives Infertility is framed around the testimonials of two African physicians, Dr. Wahome Ngare and Dr. Stephen K. Karanja. In 2013, we are told, the WHO with the support of the Kenyan government began a vaccination campaign against neonatal tetanus aimed at Kenyan women of childbearing age. Neonatal tetanus is no joke: it is caused by a neurotoxin secreted by a bacterium that festers in a newly-born baby’s umbilical stump, typically because of the use of unsterile instruments or dressings when cutting the umbilical cord, and it used to cause half of all newborn deaths in many developing countries before immunization became widespread. Dr. Karanja’s skepticism toward his country’s tetanus immunization campaign seems to have been triggered by two things. The vaccine was being offered to women who were not pregnant, which he found strange. Also, he says that, while attending a conference in Houston, he was told that anti-fertility vaccines were being used under the cover of mass vaccination campaigns all over the world. So, he asked for some of the tetanus vaccine vials being used in Kenya to be tested locally. The result? According to him, the laboratories reported the presence of hCG. He was convinced that the tetanus vaccine being used in Kenya was actually the experimental birth control vaccine that famously linked part of the hCG hormone with the tetanus toxoid. In 2017, Dr. Karanja and others published their claims that the tetanus vaccination campaign was a sham in Open Access Library Journal, which features in a database of predatory journals, meaning journals that will publish anything as long as its authors pay them. One of the co-authors of this paper is Professor Christopher Shaw, a Canadian researcher who published then retracted a heavily criticized article linking the aluminum found in some vaccines to autism in mice. Meanwhile, the first author on that Kenyan vaccine paper is John W. Oller, who also appears in the Infertility documentary as “Dr. John Oller, PhD.” The problem? His doctorate is in general linguistics. The paper itself was published by Open Access Library Journal, then withdrawn, then republished by the same journal for unclear reasons. We are drowning in red flags, here. The fact-checking website Snopes debunked this entire story in 2014. There were no laboratories in Kenya that could have accurately detected the presence of hCG bound to the tetanus toxoid. These labs instead used pregnancy test kits, which do detect hCG, but which were designed to do so using urine and serum, not vaccines that contain preservatives and adjuvants. The laboratories apparently recognized this, but the results were spun by religious groups in Kenya to scare people away from the tetanus vaccines. As the documentary explains, another laboratory, Agri-Q Quest Limited, was later brought in to test more samples, but Agri-Q Quest would go on to lose its accreditation after being audited. This story of clandestine sterilizing vaccines being used in developing countries is not new. The documentary itself mentions that it also happened in 1995 in the Philippines… except that it appears to have been a controversy started by anti-abortion religious groups with ties to local politics. In fact, similar claims were made in Mexico, Nicaragua, and Tanzania around the same time, and they were formally debunked as early as a 1995 article in Reproductive Health Matters. It turns out you can get a positive result for hCG from just about anything if you misuse testing equipment. As the article states, “in a laboratory in Hungary, it was shown that the sterile water supply from the local hospital gave a higher false-positive level of hCG than did the [tetanus toxoid] vaccine.” It’s not about tetanus. It’s about COVID. Wakefield’s resurrection of these zombie myths for his documentary has very little to do with caring for the exploitation of developing nations by richer countries. His motivation becomes clear at the very end of the documentary and in the live Q\&A roundtable that followed the online premiere of the movie. The bait-and-switch happens just before the end credits, as a voiceover informs us that Dr. Karanja was “killed” in April 2021, “officially by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.” “When they are through with Africa,” he tells us from the grave, “they’re coming for you.” After the credits are done rolling, the documentary continues with clips featuring Dr. Byram Bridle, who claims that the spike protein used in the COVID-19 vaccines is toxic, and Dr. Michael Yeadon, who is seen “just asking questions” about whether or not the COVID vaccines will cause infertility. Interestingly enough, some have claimed that the COVID vaccines were the same anti-hCG vaccines mentioned in the documentary, though this false claim is not explicitly made here. (If you are interested in what we know about the COVID-19 vaccines and fertility, I recommend this document. In short, there is plenty of evidence that these vaccines do not impact fertility.) The one-hour live Q\&A that follows the movie is a who’s who of the anti-vaccination movement and has nothing to do with Africa. Instead, the discussion is centred on the COVID-19 vaccines, with the occasional tangent into Gardasil, the HPV vaccine. Dr. Christiane Northrup, who has traded her medical education for intuition and wishful thinking, boldly tells viewers that people on airplanes get bloody noses just because they’re around vaccinated individuals. She is planning a dating website for the unvaccinated “to save humanity.” Vaccines are referred to by the talking heads as “a murder weapon,” “a war crime,” and “a global genocide.” Northrup recommends ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine, and shares a debunked recipe on how to make the latter at home with lemons and grapefruit. There is a portmanteau to describe the kind of movie Infertility is: docuganda. Under the cover of objective reporting on whistleblowers, the movie props up a debunked story to further its propaganda campaign against the COVID-19 vaccines. Clips from Children of Men and references to The Constant Gardener are meant to send a chill down your spine. Meanwhile, Wakefield all but confesses during the Q\&A as to what he really did here. “The value of film,” he tells the camera forty-five minutes in, “is that it takes a complex subject and it does the heavy lifting. It distills it into an entertaining and visual story that communicates a very important message to people that they would otherwise have to go out and research themselves. “And people certainly wouldn’t do it. It would be too onerous.” Andrew Wakefield does not want you to do your own research. I wonder why. Take-home message: - Infertility: A Diabolical Agenda is the latest anti-vaccination “documentary” directed by former doctor Andrew Wakefield and executive-produced by Robert F. Kennedy, a prominent anti-vaxxer - The movie claims that Kenyan women were rendered infertile after receiving a birth control vaccine disguised as a tetanus shot, but this story was debunked and hinges on local laboratories using the wrong test to analyze vials of the tetanus vaccine - The end of the movie and its follow-up Q\&A reveal that its real objective was to spread fears about the alleged dangers of the COVID-19 vaccines @CrackedScience},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {Office for Science and Society},
	author = {Wakefield, Andrew},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{delong_retracted_2018,
	title = {{RETRACTED} {ARTICLE}:[{A} lowered probability of pregnancy in females in the {USA} aged 25–29 who received a human papillomavirus vaccine injection]},
	volume = {81},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A},
	author = {DeLong, Gayle},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {661--674},
}

@article{smith_infertility_2024,
	title = {Infertility: {A} common target of antivaccine misinformation campaigns},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0264-410X},
	shorttitle = {Infertility},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X24000562},
	doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.043},
	abstract = {Misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories about vaccines are key drivers of vaccine hesitancy. A repeated false claim about COVID-19 vaccines is that the vaccines cause female infertility. Dating back decades, various conspiracy theories have linked vaccination programs with infertility and thus harmed vaccination programs in Africa, Asia, and Central America, particularly against polio and tetanus. In the United States, Europe, and Australia, human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines have been falsely blamed for infertility and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). After distribution of COVID-19 vaccines began in December 2020, almost immediately there arose conspiracy theories claiming that these vaccines cause menstrual irregularities, miscarriages, and infertility, promoted by noted antivaccine activists Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and Andrew Wakefield among others. Here we will explore the history of this antivaccine narrative, how it has been promulgated in the past and repurposed to COVID-19 vaccines, and strategies to counter it.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	author = {Smith, Tara C. and Gorski, David H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {COVID-19, DPT, HPV, Misinformation, Pertussis, Prebunking, Tetanus, Vaccines},
	pages = {924--929},
}

@article{khalil_human_2023,
	title = {Human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and conspiracy beliefs among secondary school students in {Lebanon}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1471-2431},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04177-w},
	doi = {10.1186/s12887-023-04177-w},
	abstract = {Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is widely prevalent across the globe. In Lebanon, the society is transitioning from traditional conservatism to a more open attitude. Although previous studies have examined the knowledge of adults in Lebanon with regard to HPV and its vaccine, there is a lack of research on secondary school students. Moreover, HPV is considered a worldwide public health matter that needs to be addressed. Therefore, the objective of our study is to assess factors associated with knowledge and conspiracy beliefs towards HPV vaccine among a sample of Lebanese adolescents.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {BMC Pediatrics},
	author = {Khalil, Joe and Boutros, Sarah and Hassoun, Abdo and Hallit, Souheil and Barakat, Habib},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Adolescents, HPV, HPV awareness, HPV vaccine, Secondary school students, Vaccine conspiracy beliefs},
	pages = {363},
}

@misc{borella_report_2017,
	title = {Report - {Reazioni} avverse - 17/04/2017 - {Video}},
	url = {https://www.raiplay.it/video/2017/04/reazioni-avverse-cbec47d0-0562-4cf7-9bce-871fc3f63c1d.html},
	abstract = {Di Alessandra Borella. Il papilloma virus (HPV) è stato collegato all’insorgere del tumore al collo dell'utero. Per prevenirlo l’Italia è stata il primo paese in Europa ad introdurre il vaccino...},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {RaiPlay},
	author = {Borella, Alessandra},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{grodzicka_taking_2021,
	title = {Taking vaccine regret and hesitancy seriously. {The} role of truth, conspiracy theories, gender relations and trust in the {HPV} immunisation programmes in {Ireland}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1479-7585},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2021.1886422},
	doi = {10.1080/14797585.2021.1886422},
	abstract = {This paper considers the dual approach to conspiracy theories in anthropological studies. While some anthropologists suggest treating them seriously because they might reveal some truths, others argue that conspiracy theories require serious attention, because they are alarming and present a threat to social cohesion and democracy. Analysing conflicts over HPV immunisation programmes in Ireland, this paper investigates if there is a way of bridging this divide. In contrast to most studies on vaccine hesitancy, this paper avoids reducing the issue to the problem of knowledge deficiency. Instead, it takes a holistic approach: rather than seeing medical conspiracy theorising as a problem of singular groups, it examines it as a relational issue that connects and disconnects different stakeholders, including medical professionals, families, and health administrators.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {Journal for Cultural Research},
	author = {Grodzicka, Elżbieta Drążkiewicz},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2021.1886422},
	keywords = {Big Pharma, HPV vaccine, Vaccine hesitancy, cervical check programme, conspiracy theories, debunking},
	pages = {69--87},
}

@article{lefevre_hpv_2018,
	title = {{HPV} vaccination rate in {French} adolescent girls: an example of vaccine distrust},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {0003-9888, 1468-2044},
	shorttitle = {{HPV} vaccination rate in {French} adolescent girls},
	url = {https://adc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313887},
	doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2017-313887},
	abstract = {Objectives
              To explore the clinical issues of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to develop explanatory hypotheses for the low level of vaccination among adolescent girls in France where the full course coverage is low ({\textless}15\%).
            
            
              Design
              We used semistructured interviews. Our qualitative and phenomenological procedure applied interpretative phenomenological analysis.
            
            
              Participants
              16 physicians regularly faced with the prescription of HPV vaccine, represented several medical specialties (paediatrics, general practice, internal medicine, gynaecology), with hospitalist or private practices.
            
            
              Main outcome measures
              The results connect three superordinate themes grouping three concentric levels: within society, during the consultation and in the individual doctor’s feelings.
            
            
              Results
              
                The modalities and contents of the information about HPV vaccination
                raise questions about the limitations of the information doctors receive.
                The ineluctable association between sexuality and HPV vaccination
                explains their reluctance to raise topics considered to be private.
                The reasons for HPV vaccination
                illustrate the difficulty of arguing in favour of it. In view of the frequent parental reluctance, which weakens the parent–physician alliance, physicians must take responsibility for defending the benefits of vaccination. They nonetheless remain citizens whose opinions may implicitly echo the general reluctance, promoted by disinformation. In delaying or avoiding the subject of vaccination, they involuntarily become an instrument of anti-vaccination discourse.
              
            
            
              Conclusions
              It is imperative to improve the distribution of credible information about vaccination, unbiased and scientifically supported by a strong institutional position and to rethink the place of the clinician in the system of adolescent health and disease prevention in France.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2024-06-03},
	journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood},
	author = {Lefèvre, Hervé and Schrimpf, Cécile and Moro, Marie Rose and Lachal, Jonathan},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {740--746},
}

@book{holland_hpv_2018,
	title = {The {HPV} {Vaccine} {On} {Trial}: {Seeking} {Justice} for a {Generation} {Betrayed}},
	isbn = {978-1-5107-1081-8},
	shorttitle = {The {HPV} {Vaccine} {On} {Trial}},
	abstract = {A Groundbreaking Exposé to the HPV Vaccine and the Science, Safety, and Business Behind ItCancer strikes fear in people’s hearts around globe. So the appearance of a vaccine to prevent cancer–as we are assured the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine will–seemed like a game-changer. Since 2006, over eighty countries have approved the vaccine, with glowing endorsements from the world’s foremost medical authorities. Bringing in over \$2.5 billion in annual sales, the HPV vaccine is a pharmaceutical juggernaut. Yet scandal now engulfs it worldwide. The HPV Vaccine on Trial is a shocking tale, chronicling the global efforts to sell and compel this alleged miracle. The book opens with the vaccine’s invention, winds through its regulatory labyrinths, details the crushing denial and dismissal of reported harms and deaths, and uncovers the enormous profits pharma and inventors have reaped. Authors Holland, Mack Rosenberg, and Iorio drill down into the clinical trial data, government approvals, advertising, and personal accounts of egregious injuries that have followed in countries as far-flung as Japan, Australia, Colombia, India, Ireland, the U.K. and Denmark. The authors have written an unprecedented exposé about this vaunted vaccine. Written in plain language, the book is for everyone concerned – parents, patients, doctors, nurses, scientists, healthcare organizations, government officials, and schools. Ultimately, this book is not just about the HPV vaccine, but about how industry, government, and medical authorities may be putting the world’s children in harm’s way.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Skyhorse Publishing},
	author = {Holland, Mary and Rosenberg, Kim Mack and Iorio, Eileen},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: OnV5DQAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Health \& Fitness / Diseases \& Conditions / Nervous System (incl. Brain), Medical / Diseases, Medical / Health Policy, Medical / Immunology, Medical / Preventive Medicine, Medical / Public Health},
}

@book{holland_hpv_2018-1,
	title = {The {HPV} {Vaccine} {On} {Trial}: {Seeking} {Justice} {For} {A} {Generation} {Betrayed}},
	isbn = {978-1-5107-1080-1},
	shorttitle = {The {HPV} {Vaccine} {On} {Trial}},
	abstract = {A Groundbreaking Guide to the HPV Vaccine and the science, safety, and business Behind ItCancer strikes fear in people’s hearts around globe. So the appearance of a vaccine to prevent cancer–as we are assured the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine will–seemed like a game-changer. Since 2006, over eighty countries have approved the vaccine, with glowing endorsements from the world’s foremost medical authorities. Bringing in over \$2.5 billion in annual sales, the HPV vaccine is a pharmaceutical juggernaut. Yet scandal now engulfs it worldwide.The HPV Vaccine on Trial is a shocking tale, chronicling the global efforts to sell and compel this alleged miracle. The book opens with the vaccine’s invention, winds through its regulatory labyrinths, details the crushing denial and dismissal of reported harms and deaths, and uncovers the enormous profits pharma and inventors have reaped. Authors Holland, Mack Rosenberg, and Iorio drill down into the clinical trial data, government approvals, advertising, and personal accounts of egregious injuries that have followed in countries as far-flung as Japan, Australia, Colombia, India, Ireland, the U.K. and Denmark. The authors have written an unprecedented exposé about this vaunted vaccine.Written in plain language, the book is for everyone concerned – parents, patients, doctors, nurses, scientists, healthcare organizations, government officials, and schools. Ultimately, this book is not just about the HPV vaccine, but about how industry, government, and medical authorities may be putting the world’s children in harm’s way.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Skyhorse},
	author = {Holland, Mary and Rosenberg, Kim Mack and Iorio, Eileen},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
}

@article{gwynne_sacrificial_2020,
	title = {Sacrificial virgins: {Is} {Gardasil} even necessary?},
	shorttitle = {Sacrificial virgins},
	url = {https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.980869630543966},
	doi = {10.3316/informit.980869630543966},
	abstract = {The documentary film, 'Sacrificial Virgins', about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine
         Gardasil was launched to a packed audience at the Melbourne screening in early August.
         The film attracted as much controversy as the vaccine itself when the authorities
         attempted to shut it down and the filmmaker was banned from entering the country.},
	number = {3028},
	urldate = {2024-06-03},
	journal = {News Weekly},
	author = {Gwynne, Jacqueline},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: National Library of Australia},
	keywords = {Australia, Documentary films--Production and direction, Great Britain, Motion pictures--Plots, themes, etc., Papillomavirus vaccines, Vaccination--Complications},
	pages = {6},
}

@article{world_health_organization_world_2021,
	title = {World {Health} {Organization} model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)},
	copyright = {CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO},
	shorttitle = {World {Health} {Organization} model list of essential medicines},
	url = {https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345533},
	abstract = {62 p.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-03},
	author = {World Health Organization},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Accepted: 2021-09-29T06:52:32Z
Number: WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02
Publisher: World Health Organization},
}

@article{jaiswal_misinformation_2020,
	title = {Misinformation, {Gendered} {Perceptions}, and {Low} {Healthcare} {Provider} {Communication} {Around} {HPV} and the {HPV} {Vaccine} {Among} {Young} {Sexual} {Minority} {Men} in {New} {York} {City}: {The} {P18} {Cohort} {Study}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1573-3610},
	shorttitle = {Misinformation, {Gendered} {Perceptions}, and {Low} {Healthcare} {Provider} {Communication} {Around} {HPV} and the {HPV} {Vaccine} {Among} {Young} {Sexual} {Minority} {Men} in {New} {York} {City}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-019-00784-w},
	doi = {10.1007/s10900-019-00784-w},
	abstract = {Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection among adults in the United States, and can cause several types of cancer. This is of particular concern for sexual minority men, as their increased risk of HIV acquisition increases risk for HPV and HPV-associated cancers, particularly when coupled with low rates of HPV vaccination. As part of a larger study of the syndemic of HIV, substance use, and mental health among young sexual minority men in New York City, we sought to explore what sexual minority men know about HPV and the HPV vaccine, along with their experiences have been communicating about the virus and vaccine. We interviewed 38 young sexual minority men with diverse sociodemographic characteristics and identified three main themes: low knowledge about HPV infection and vaccination, highly gendered misconceptions about HPV only affecting women, and lack of communication from healthcare providers about HPV. The prevalence of incorrect HPV knowledge, coupled with inadequate education and vaccination in healthcare settings, indicates a missed opportunity for HPV prevention in a high-risk and high-need population.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Journal of Community Health},
	author = {Jaiswal, Jessica and LoSchiavo, Caleb and Maiolatesi, Anthony and Kapadia, Farzana and Halkitis, Perry N.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {HPV, Health communication, Human papillomavirus, Sexual minority men},
	pages = {702--711},
}

@article{prevention_cdc_fda_2010,
	title = {{FDA} licensure of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine ({HPV4}, {Gardasil}) for use in males and guidance from the {Advisory} {Committee} on {Immunization} {Practices} ({ACIP})},
	volume = {59},
	number = {20},
	journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},
	author = {Prevention (CDC, Centers for Disease Control and},
	year = {2010},
	note = {ISBN: 1545-861X},
	pages = {630--632},
}

@techreport{who_cancer_2022,
	title = {Cancer {Today}},
	url = {https://gco.iarc.who.int/today/},
	abstract = {CANCER TODAY enables a comprehensive assessment of the cancer burden worldwide in 2022, based on the GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence, mortality and prevalence for year 2022 in 185 countries or territories for 36 cancer types by sex and age group.},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	institution = {WHO},
	author = {WHO},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{bray_global_2018,
	title = {Global cancer statistics 2018: {GLOBOCAN} estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0007-9235, 1542-4863},
	shorttitle = {Global cancer statistics 2018},
	url = {https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21492},
	doi = {10.3322/caac.21492},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6\% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4\% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6\%), prostate cancer (7.1\%), and colorectal cancer (6.1\%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2\%), stomach cancer (8.2\%), and liver cancer (8.2\%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high‐quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence‐based cancer control programs, are not available in most low‐ and middle‐income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts.
              CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1‐31.
              © 2018 American Cancer Society},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians},
	author = {Bray, Freddie and Ferlay, Jacques and Soerjomataram, Isabelle and Siegel, Rebecca L. and Torre, Lindsey A. and Jemal, Ahmedin},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {394--424},
}

@article{chesson_estimated_2014,
	title = {The {Estimated} {Lifetime} {Probability} of {Acquiring} {Human} {Papillomavirus} in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0148-5717},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/00007435-201411000-00004},
	doi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000193},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Sexually Transmitted Diseases},
	author = {Chesson, Harrell W. and Dunne, Eileen F. and Hariri, Susan and Markowitz, Lauri E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {660--664},
}

@article{kombe_kombe_epidemiology_2021,
	title = {Epidemiology and {Burden} of {Human} {Papillomavirus} and {Related} {Diseases}, {Molecular} {Pathogenesis}, and {Vaccine} {Evaluation}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2296-2565},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.552028/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.552028},
	abstract = {Diagnosed in more than 90\% of cervical cancers, the fourth deadliest cancer in women, human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently the most common pathogen responsible for female cancers. Moreover, HPV infection is associated with many other diseases, including cutaneous and anogenital warts, and genital and upper aerodigestive tract cancers. The incidence and prevalence of these pathologies vary considerably depending on factors including HPV genotype, regional conditions, the study population, and the anatomical site sampled. Recently, features of the cervicovaginal microbiota are found to be associated with the incidence of HPV-related diseases, presenting a novel approach to identify high-risk women through both blood and cervical samples. Overall, the HPV repartition data show that HPV infection and related diseases are more prevalent in developing countries. Moreover, the available (2-, 4-, and 9-valent) vaccines based on virus-like particles, despite their proven effectiveness and safety, present some limitations in terms of system development cost, transport cold chain, and oncogenic HPV variants. In addition, vaccination programs face some challenges, leading to a considerable burden of HPV infection and related diseases. Therefore, even though the new (9-valent) vaccine seems promising, next-generation vaccines as well as awareness programs associated with HPV vaccination and budget reinforcements for immunization are needed.},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
	author = {Kombe Kombe, Arnaud John and Li, Bofeng and Zahid, Ayesha and Mengist, Hylemariam Mihiretie and Bounda, Guy-Armel and Zhou, Ying and Jin, Tengchuan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {552028},
}

@article{mejia_white_2018,
	title = {White lies: {A} racial history of the (post) truth},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies},
	author = {Mejia, Robert and Beckermann, Kay and Sullivan, Curtis},
	year = {2018},
	note = {ISBN: 1479-1420
Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {109--126},
}

@article{freelon_black_2022,
	title = {Black trolls matter: {Racial} and ideological asymmetries in social media disinformation},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
	author = {Freelon, Deen and Bossetta, Michael and Wells, Chris and Lukito, Josephine and Xia, Yiping and Adams, Kirsten},
	year = {2022},
	note = {ISBN: 0894-4393
Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},
	pages = {560--578},
}

@article{corbin_terrorists_2017,
	title = {Terrorists are always {Muslim} but never white: {At} the intersection of critical race theory and propaganda},
	volume = {86},
	journal = {Fordham L. Rev.},
	author = {Corbin, Caroline Mala},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: HeinOnline},
	pages = {455},
}

@article{wiggins_nothing_2023,
	title = {‘{Nothing} {Can} {Stop} {What}’s {Coming}’: {An} analysis of the conspiracy theory discourse on 4chan’s /{Pol} board},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	shorttitle = {‘{Nothing} {Can} {Stop} {What}’s {Coming}’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265221136731},
	doi = {10.1177/09579265221136731},
	abstract = {This article presents evidence of a conspiracy theory discourse on the anonymous messaging board 4chan, specifically /pol as in politically incorrect. Previous research shows 4chan lacks a coherent political discourse. Recent research suggests that the site is at least a reliable source of white supremacism within a larger framework of conspiratorial thinking. Grounded theory guides a systematic analysis of posts from 4chan’s /pol board during the dates third to ninth January 2021, before and after the attempted insurrection at the U.S. Capitol. Following Trump’s call to supporters to Stop the Steal (referring to unsubstantiated claims of a fraudulent 2020 election), the search terms steal and Trump collected all posts in threads with matching posts. A critical discourse analysis investigates the presence and articulation of conspiracism in selected posts. Findings reveal confirmation with previous research about the apparent lack of ideological coherence on/pol yet also affirms the discourse of white supremacism. Additionally, a diversity of conspiracism functions as a primary form of communication on 4chan regardless of one’s loyalty to a particular political ideology.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Wiggins, Bradley},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {381--398},
}

@article{reddi_identity_2023,
	title = {Identity propaganda: {Racial} narratives and disinformation},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1461-4448},
	shorttitle = {Identity propaganda},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211029293},
	doi = {10.1177/14614448211029293},
	abstract = {This article develops the concept of “identity propaganda,” or narratives that strategically target and exploit identity-based differences in accord with pre-existing power structures to maintain hegemonic social orders. In proposing and developing the concept of identity propaganda, we especially aim to help researchers find new insights into their data on misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda by outlining a framework for unpacking layers of historical power relations embedded in the content they analyze. We focus on three forms of identity propaganda: othering narratives that alienate and marginalize non-white or non-dominant groups; essentializing narratives that create generalizing tropes of marginalized groups; and authenticating narratives that call upon people to prove or undermine their claims to be part of certain groups. We demonstrate the utility of this framework through our analysis of identity propaganda around Vice President Kamala Harris during the 2020 US presidential election.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Reddi, Madhavi and Kuo, Rachel and Kreiss, Daniel},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},
	pages = {2201--2218},
}

@article{fallis_conceptual_2009,
	title = {A {Conceptual} {Analysis} of {Disinformation}},
	url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2142/15205},
	abstract = {In this paper, the serious problem of disinformation is discussed.
It is argued that, in order to deal with this problem, we first need
to understand exactly what disinformation is. The philosophical
method of conceptual analysis is described, and a conceptual
analysis of disinformation is offered. Finally, how this analysis
can help us to deal with the problem of disinformation is briefly
discussed.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	author = {Fallis, Don},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
}

@article{pathak_disinformation_2021,
	title = {Disinformation: analysis and identification},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1572-9346},
	shorttitle = {Disinformation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10588-021-09336-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10588-021-09336-x},
	abstract = {We present an extensive study on disinformation, which is defined as information that is false and misleading and intentionally shared to cause harm. Through this work, we aim to answer the following questions:Can we automatically and accurately classify a news article as containing disinformation?What characteristics of disinformation differentiate it from other types of benign information?We conduct this study in the context of two significant events: the US elections of 2016 and the 2020 COVID pandemic. We build a series of classifiers to (i) examine linguistic clues exhibited by different types of fake news articles, (ii) analyze “clickbaityness” of disinformation headlines, and (iii) finally, perform fine-grained, veracity-based article classification through a natural language inference (NLI) module for automated disinformation verification; this utilizes a manually curated set of evidence sources. For the latter, we built a new dataset that is annotated with generic, veracity-based labels and ground truth evidence supporting each label. The veracity labels were formulated based on examining standards used by reputable fact-checking organizations. We show that disinformation derives features from both propaganda and mainstream news, making it more challenging to detect. However, there is significant potential for automating the fact-checking process to incorporate the degree of veracity. We provide error analysis that illustrates the challenges involved in the automated fact-checking task and identifies factors that may improve this process in future work. Finally, we also describe the implementation of a web app that extracts important entities and actions from a given article and searches the web to gather evidence from credible sources. The evidence articles are then used to generate a veracity label that can assist manual fact-checkers engaged in combating disinformation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory},
	author = {Pathak, Archita and Srihari, Rohini K. and Natu, Nihit},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {357--375},
}

@article{haines_times_2016,
	title = {The {Times} {They} {Are} a-{Changing} … or {Are} {They} {Not}? {A} {Comparison} of {Gender} {Stereotypes}, 1983–2014},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0361-6843, 1471-6402},
	shorttitle = {The {Times} {They} {Are} a-{Changing} … or {Are} {They} {Not}?},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0361684316634081},
	doi = {10.1177/0361684316634081},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {Psychology of Women Quarterly},
	author = {Haines, Elizabeth L. and Deaux, Kay and Lofaro, Nicole},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {353--363},
}

@misc{noauthor_times_nodate,
	title = {The {Times} {They} {Are} a-{Changing} … or {Are} {They} {Not}? {A} {Comparison} of {Gender} {Stereotypes}, 1983–2014 - {Elizabeth} {L}. {Haines}, {Kay} {Deaux}, {Nicole} {Lofaro}, 2016},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0361684316634081},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
}

@incollection{menegatti_gender_2017,
	title = {Gender {Bias} and {Sexism} in {Language}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-022861-3},
	url = {https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-470},
	abstract = {Language is one of the most powerful means through which sexism and gender discrimination are perpetrated and reproduced. The content of gender stereotypes, according to which women should display communal/warmth traits and men should display agentic/competence traits, is reflected in the lexical choices of everyday communication. As a consequence, language subtly reproduces the societal asymmetries of status and power in favor of men, which are attached to the corresponding social roles. Moreover, the hidden yet consensual norm according to which the prototypical human being is male is embedded in the structure of many languages. Grammatical and syntactical rules are built in a way that feminine terms usually derive from the corresponding masculine form. Similarly, masculine nouns and pronouns are often used with a generic function to refer to both men and women. However, such linguistic forms have the negative effects of making women disappear in mental representations. Although the use of gender-fair linguistic expressions can effectively prevent these negative consequences and promote gender equality, there are even more implicit forms of gender bias in language that are difficult to suppress. By choosing terms at different levels of abstraction, people can affect the attributions of the receiver in a way that is consistent with their stereotypical beliefs. Linguistic abstraction, thus, is a very subtle resource used to represent women in a less favorable way and thus to enact gender discrimination without meaning to discriminate or even be aware that this linguistic behavior has discriminatory results. In order to reduce gender bias, it is necessary to change people’s linguistic habits by making them aware of the beneficial effects of gender-fair expressions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	booktitle = {Oxford {Research} {Encyclopedia} of {Communication}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Menegatti, Michela and Rubini, Monica},
	collaborator = {Menegatti, Michela and Rubini, Monica},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.470},
}

@incollection{wodak_13_2008,
	title = {13. {The} contribution of critical linguistics to the analysis of discriminatory prejudices and stereotypes in the language of politics},
	copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	isbn = {978-3-11-019898-0},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110198980.3.291/html},
	abstract = {13. The contribution of critical linguistics to the
      analysis of discriminatory prejudices and stereotypes in the language of
      politics was published in Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere on page 291.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	booktitle = {13. {The} contribution of critical linguistics to the},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110198980.3.291},
	pages = {291--316},
}

@incollection{maass_role_1992,
	address = {Thousand Oaks, CA, US},
	title = {The role of language in the persistence of stereotypes},
	isbn = {978-0-8039-8530-8},
	abstract = {[argue] that biased language use contributes in predictable ways to the remarkable resistance of social stereotypes to change  advance the thesis that stereotype-congruent episodes tend to be described in abstract linguistic terms such as adjectives . . . whereas stereotype-incongruent behavioral episodes tend to be described in concrete linguistic terms that do not generalize beyond the specific event / argue that desirable in-group and undesirable out-group behaviors tend to be communicated in abstract terms, whereas undesirable in-group and desirable out-group behaviors are communicated in concrete language—referred to as the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB)  argue that this language bias contributes to the persistence of preexisting ideas about social groups / propose a model in which existing stereotypes produce a biased language use which in turn contributes to the maintenance of existing biases  briefly outline Semin and Fiedler's [Linguistic Category] model and subsequently describe our own research program in which we attempted to (1) demonstrate biased language use in intergroup settings empirically; (2) investigate the mechanisms that underlie the observed linguistic intergroup bias; (3) define some of the boundary conditions; and (4) illustrate some of the consequences deriving from biased language use (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	booktitle = {Language, interaction and social cognition},
	publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc},
	author = {Maass, Anne and Arcuri, Luciano},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Intergroup Dynamics, Language, Stereotyped Attitudes},
	pages = {129--143},
}

@book{aronson_social_2012,
	edition = {8th edition},
	title = {Social {Psychology}},
	isbn = {978-0-205-79662-5},
	abstract = {Research made relevant through a storytelling approach.This renowned text maintains its acclaimed storytelling approach, teaching the science of psychology through an engaging narrative that makes research relevant to students. Drawing upon their extensive experience as researchers and teachers, Elliot Aronson, Tim Wilson, and Robin Akert present the classic research that has driven the field and introduce cutting-edge research that is the future of social psychology. Significantly updated to reflect advances in the discipline, the 8th edition provides a firm foundation for students to build their understanding of this rigorous science in a way that engages and fascinates.A better teaching and learning experienceThis program will provide a better teaching and learning experience— for you and your students. Here’s how:Personalize Learning — The new MyPsychLab delivers proven results in helping students succeed, provides engaging experiences that personalize learning, and comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and a deep commitment to helping students and instructors achieve their goals. Improve Critical Thinking — The authors emphasize this rigorous science through research examples that encourage students to think twice about their preconceived notions of what social psychology is - and isn’t. Engage Students — Through real-life vignettes, which open each story chapter, and “mini-stories” throughout each chapter, the eighth edition provokes student interest by focusing on real-life examples. Explore Research — The authors present a balance between the latest findings in the field with classic research in social psychology. Noting that some older studies deserve their status as classics and are important cornerstones to the discipline, this text encourages students to experience the continuity and depth of the field versus regarding it as a collection of studies published in the past few years. Support Instructors — This program provides instructors with unbeatable resources, including state-of-the-art PowerPoints embedded with videos, the NEW MyPsychLab with ABC’s What Would You Do videos, an easy to use Instructor’s Manual, a robust test bank, and an online test generator (MyTest). All of these materials may be packaged with the text upon request. Note: MyPsychLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MyPsychLab, please visit www.mypsychlab.com or you can purchase a ValuePack of the text + MyPsychLab (at no additional cost). ValuePack ISBN-10: 020591201X / ValuePack ISBN-13: 9780205912018.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Pearson},
	author = {Aronson, Elliot and Wilson, Timothy D. and Akert, Robin M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
}

@book{aronson_social_2005,
	title = {Social psychology},
	isbn = {93-5286-151-5},
	publisher = {Pearson Education India},
	author = {Aronson, Elliot and Wilson, Timothy D. and Sommers, Samuel R.},
	year = {2005},
}

@article{allport_nature_1954,
	title = {The nature of prejudice},
	author = {Allport, Gordon Willard and Clark, Kenneth and Pettigrew, Thomas},
	year = {1954},
	note = {Publisher: Addison-wesley publishing company Cambridge, MA},
}

@article{semin_linguistic_1991,
	title = {The {Linguistic} {Category} {Model}, its {Bases}, {Applications} and {Range}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1046-3283, 1479-277X},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14792779143000006},
	doi = {10.1080/14792779143000006},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {European Review of Social Psychology},
	author = {Semin, Gün R. and Fiedler, Klaus},
	month = jan,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1--30},
}

@article{vaes_they_2019,
	title = {They {Are} {All} {Armed} and {Dangerous}!},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1864-1105},
	url = {https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1864-1105/a000216},
	doi = {10.1027/1864-1105/a000216},
	abstract = {. The present research aims to verify the presence of linguistic biases in crime news reports (Study 1) and their role (Study 2) in activating a crime stereotype toward racial/ethnic minorities. In a first content analysis study, the natural occurrence of a set of linguistic biases was analyzed in Italian news articles that described comparable crimes committed by an in- or an outgroup aggressor. Results indicated that when the crime was committed by an outgroup (vs. ingroup) member, more aggravating and less attenuating adjectives were used. Moreover, the nationality of the perpetrator was not only mentioned more frequently, it also appeared in most cases as a noun. In Study 2, participants read a fictitious news article that either described an in- or outgroup criminal act with neutral or biased language. Their implicit associations between in- and outgroup members and weapons (vs. tools) were measured immediately afterward in the weapon paradigm. Results confirmed that a biased (vs. neutral) language use increased participants’ crime-related associations with the outgroup in general only when an outgroup criminal was staged. The role of media portrayals in determining the cognitive representations of racial/ethnic minorities is discussed.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {Journal of Media Psychology},
	author = {Vaes, Jeroen and Latrofa, Marcella and Suitner, Caterina and Arcuri, Luciano},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing},
	keywords = {crime news, linguistic biases, media effects, racial/ethnic minorities, stereotyping and prejudice},
	pages = {12--23},
}

@article{vamos_hpv_2008,
	title = {The {HPV} vaccine: framing the arguments {FOR} and {AGAINST} mandatory vaccination of all middle school girls},
	volume = {78},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of School Health},
	author = {Vamos, Cheryl A. and McDermott, Robert J. and Daley, Ellen M.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISBN: 0022-4391
Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {302--309},
}

@article{briones_when_2012,
	title = {When {Vaccines} {Go} {Viral}: {An} {Analysis} of {HPV} {Vaccine} {Coverage} on {YouTube}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1041-0236},
	shorttitle = {When {Vaccines} {Go} {Viral}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.610258},
	doi = {10.1080/10410236.2011.610258},
	abstract = {This article reports a content analysis of YouTube videos related to the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. In total, 172 YouTube videos were examined with respect to video sources, tones, and viewer responses. Additionally, coverage of specific content was analyzed through the lens of the Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1974) and in terms of two content themes (i.e., conspiracy theory and civil liberties). The relations among these aspects of the videos were assessed as well. We found that most of these videos were news clips or consumer-generated content. The majority of the videos were negative in tone, disapproving of the HPV vaccine. In addition, negative videos were liked more by the viewers than positive or ambiguous ones. Accusations of conspiracy theory and infringement of civil liberties were manifested in these videos. The videos also presented mixed information related to the key determinants of health behavior as stipulated in the Health Belief Model. Implications for the findings are discussed.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {Health Communication},
	author = {Briones, Rowena and Nan, Xiaoli and Madden, Kelly and Waks, Leah},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22029723},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.610258},
	pages = {478--485},
}

@article{bonaldo_human_2021,
	title = {Human papilloma virus vaccination in males: {A} pharmacovigilance study on the {Vaccine} {Adverse} {Event} {Reporting} {System}},
	volume = {87},
	copyright = {© 2020 British Pharmacological Society},
	issn = {1365-2125},
	shorttitle = {Human papilloma virus vaccination in males},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bcp.14584},
	doi = {10.1111/bcp.14584},
	abstract = {Aims Human papilloma virus (HPV) is 1 of the most common sexually transmitted infection responsible for different types of cancer: cervical, penile, vulvar, anal and oropharyngeal. It can affect both males and females. Our aim was to enrich the knowledge on the safety profiles of HPV vaccines in the male population. Methods We reviewed all the reports of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) present in the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System from 1 January 2006 to 30 September 2018. Statistical data mining was performed using the reporting odds ratio with 95\% confidence interval in order to detect disproportionality in reporting. Results A total of 5493 reports of AEFI were retrieved. The events most reported and that proportionally occurred more frequently with HPV vaccines than with others in males were: syncope (n = 701, reporting odds ratio = 2.85, 95\% confidence interval [1.41–5.76p), loss of consciousness (n = 425, 2.79 [1.36–5.72]) and fall (n = 272, 3.54 [2.00–6.26]). Conclusion Most of the AEFIs were already reported in premarketing clinical trials and acknowledged for the corresponding vaccines. A disproportionate reporting was found for some of these events including syncope. The HPV vaccines are generally well tolerated in males, although limitations own of spontaneous reporting should be considered.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
	author = {Bonaldo, Giulia and Montanaro, Nicola and Vaccheri, Alberto and Motola, Domenico},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bcp.14584},
	keywords = {human papilloma virus, males, safety, vaccine, vaccinovigilance},
	pages = {1912--1917},
}

@article{derrico_immigrants_2022,
	title = {‘{Immigrants}, hell on board’: {Stereotypes} and prejudice emerging from racial hoaxes through a psycho-linguistic analysis},
	issn = {2397-2645, 2397-2637},
	shorttitle = {‘{Immigrants}, hell on board’},
	url = {https://journal.equinoxpub.com/JLD/article/view/21228},
	doi = {10.1558/jld.21228},
	abstract = {Social media platforms provide direct access to an unprecedented amount of content and can amplify rumours and questionable information. Moreover, when polarisation is high, misinformation can easily spread. Some studies have indicated that fake news and false information can spread faster and further than fact-based news, as it may be based on more stereotypical and less complex content. This research aims to examine racial misinformation. ‘Racial hoaxes are becoming a popular discursive strategy to disguise racism’. The main characteristic of racial hoaxes is that they are born out of the ideology of ethnic prejudice. Therefore, it is essential to shed light on these hoaxes’ socio-psychological characteristics to understand how to recognise, analyse and resist them. Based on these theoretical considerations, this research aims to analyse one hundred Italian news articles containing racial hoaxes collected in 2020 and 2021. For this purpose, a content analysis was conducted to code the psycho-linguistic features of subject description and mode, including stereotypes and components of journalistic attitude such as discrediting forms and affective lexicon. The analysis indicates that racial hoaxes have socio-cognitive features, stereotypes and evaluative forms of prejudice that can potentially lead to greater media reinforcement of false stereotypes because they are strictly associated with familiar and concrete linguistic forms.},
	urldate = {2024-05-29},
	journal = {Journal of Language and Discrimination},
	author = {D'Errico, Francesca and Papapicco, Concetta and Taulé Delor, Mariona},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{reddi_identity_2023-1,
	title = {Identity propaganda: {Racial} narratives and disinformation},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1461-4448},
	shorttitle = {Identity propaganda},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211029293},
	doi = {10.1177/14614448211029293},
	abstract = {This article develops the concept of “identity propaganda,” or narratives that strategically target and exploit identity-based differences in accord with pre-existing power structures to maintain hegemonic social orders. In proposing and developing the concept of identity propaganda, we especially aim to help researchers find new insights into their data on misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda by outlining a framework for unpacking layers of historical power relations embedded in the content they analyze. We focus on three forms of identity propaganda: othering narratives that alienate and marginalize non-white or non-dominant groups; essentializing narratives that create generalizing tropes of marginalized groups; and authenticating narratives that call upon people to prove or undermine their claims to be part of certain groups. We demonstrate the utility of this framework through our analysis of identity propaganda around Vice President Kamala Harris during the 2020 US presidential election.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2024-05-28},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Reddi, Madhavi and Kuo, Rachel and Kreiss, Daniel},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},
	pages = {2201--2218},
}

@article{stabile_sex_2019,
	title = {Sex, {Lies}, and {Stereotypes}: {Gendered} {Implications} of {Fake} {News} for {Women} in {Politics}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1099-9922},
	shorttitle = {Sex, {Lies}, and {Stereotypes}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1626695},
	doi = {10.1080/10999922.2019.1626695},
	abstract = {This analysis examines the literature on gendered media coverage of women candidates for higher office, and considers how biases in the treatment of candidates based on gender may be evident in or exacerbated by the promulgation of fake news. Using the 2016 Presidential election cycle in the United States as a case study, two fake news stories are investigated, which, like most fake news stories at the time, exhibited coverage in favor of the candidacy of Donald Trump and demonized or denigrated his opponent, Hillary Clinton. Findings suggest that the Pizzagate and Hillary Health Scare stories evince gendered narratives supporting stereotypes of women as unfit for leadership positions, and either villainize or trivialize women, depending on their perceived degree of power. Using a dataset of news articles and tweets from the months surrounding the 2016 election, evidence is offered of more negative coverage of the female versus male contender, in keeping with the findings of the literature, though the presence of potentially confounding factors, including personality and party, is acknowledged.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-05-28},
	journal = {Public Integrity},
	author = {Stabile, Bonnie and Grant, Aubrey and Purohit, Hemant and Harris, Kelsey},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1626695},
	keywords = {fake news, gender bias, women in politics},
	pages = {491--502},
}

@incollection{kramer_populism_2020,
	title = {Populism {Meets} {Fake} {News}: {Social} {Media}, {Stereotypes} and {Emotions}},
	isbn = {978-3-8452-9739-2},
	shorttitle = {Populism {Meets} {Fake} {News}},
	url = {https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845297392-181},
	urldate = {2024-05-28},
	booktitle = {Perspectives on {Populism} and the {Media}},
	publisher = {Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG},
	author = {Corbu, Nicoleta and Negrea-Busuioc, Elena},
	editor = {Krämer, Benjamin and Holtz-Bacha, Christina},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.5771/9783845297392-181},
	pages = {181--200},
}

@inproceedings{panda_detecting_2021,
	address = {Online},
	title = {Detecting {Multilingual} {COVID}-19 {Misinformation} on {Social} {Media} via {Contextualized} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.nlp4if-1.19},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.nlp4if-1.19},
	abstract = {We present machine learning classifiers to automatically identify COVID-19 misinformation on social media in three languages: English, Bulgarian, and Arabic. We compared 4 multitask learning models for this task and found that a model trained with English BERT achieves the best results for English, and multilingual BERT achieves the best results for Bulgarian and Arabic. We experimented with zero shot, few shot, and target-only conditions to evaluate the impact of target-language training data on classifier performance, and to understand the capabilities of different models to generalize across languages in detecting misinformation online. This work was performed as a submission to the shared task, NLP4IF 2021: Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic. Our best models achieved the second best evaluation test results for Bulgarian and Arabic among all the participating teams and obtained competitive scores for English.},
	urldate = {2024-05-28},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Fourth} {Workshop} on {NLP} for {Internet} {Freedom}: {Censorship}, {Disinformation}, and {Propaganda}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Panda, Subhadarshi and Levitan, Sarah Ita},
	editor = {Feldman, Anna and Da San Martino, Giovanni and Leberknight, Chris and Nakov, Preslav},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {125--129},
}

@inproceedings{capuozzo_decop_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DecOp}: {A} {Multilingual} and {Multi}-domain {Corpus} {For} {Detecting} {Deception} {In} {Typed} {Text}},
	isbn = {979-10-95546-34-4},
	shorttitle = {{DecOp}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.178},
	abstract = {In recent years, the increasing interest in the development of automatic approaches for unmasking deception in online sources led to promising results. Nonetheless, among the others, two major issues remain still unsolved: the stability of classifiers performances across different domains and languages. Tackling these issues is challenging since labelled corpora involving multiple domains and compiled in more than one language are few in the scientific literature. For filling this gap, in this paper we introduce DecOp (Deceptive Opinions), a new language resource developed for automatic deception detection in cross-domain and cross-language scenarios. DecOp is composed of 5000 examples of both truthful and deceitful first-person opinions balanced both across five different domains and two languages and, to the best of our knowledge, is the largest corpus allowing cross-domain and cross-language comparisons in deceit detection tasks. In this paper, we describe the collection procedure of the DecOp corpus and his main characteristics. Moreover, the human performance on the DecOp test-set and preliminary experiments by means of machine learning models based on Transformer architecture are shown.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2024-05-28},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Twelfth} {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Capuozzo, Pasquale and Lauriola, Ivano and Strapparava, Carlo and Aiolli, Fabio and Sartori, Giuseppe},
	editor = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Béchet, Frédéric and Blache, Philippe and Choukri, Khalid and Cieri, Christopher and Declerck, Thierry and Goggi, Sara and Isahara, Hitoshi and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Mazo, Hélène and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1423--1430},
}

@article{lai_multilingual_2024,
	title = {A multilingual analysis of pro {Russian} misinformation on {Twitter} during the {Russian} invasion of {Ukraine}},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {2024 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-60653-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-024-60653-y},
	abstract = {The Russian government has long since engaged in an information campaign of propaganda and disinformation as a major part of foreign policy. This has been taken to new heights since the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. In this study, we investigate pro-Russian misinformation within the opening weeks of the invasion in 6 languages: English, Japanese, Spanish, French, German, and Korean. Using Twitter data, we apply a combination of network and language embedding models to identify popular topics of misinformation amongst users in each language. Despite English users forming the most dominant language base on Twitter, we find that the popularity of misinformation in Japanese regularly outstrips English for certain topics. Misinformation shared by Spanish users is also over-represented in proportion to its much smaller user base. Our results provide insight into the current state of misinformation in each language. While we discuss some of the possible drivers behind the factors such as language over-representation, our study also highlights the need for further cross-lingual misinformation research in order to better understand this phenomena in a truly global context.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-05-28},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Lai, Cameron and Toriumi, Fujio and Yoshida, Mitsuo},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Computational science, Information technology},
	pages = {10155},
}

@article{bonnevie_quantifying_2021,
	title = {Quantifying the rise of vaccine opposition on {Twitter} during the {COVID}-19 pandemic},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of communication in healthcare},
	author = {Bonnevie, Erika and Gallegos-Jeffrey, Allison and Goldbarg, Jaclyn and Byrd, Brian and Smyser, Joseph},
	year = {2021},
	note = {ISBN: 1753-8068
Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {12--19},
}

@misc{european_centre_for_disease_prevention_and_control_vaccine_2017,
	title = {Vaccine hesitancy},
	url = {https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/immunisation-vaccines/vaccine-hesitancy},
	abstract = {Vaccine hesitancy refers to delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services. Vaccine hesitancy is complex and context specific varying across time, place and vaccines.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-28},
	author = {European Centre for Disease Prevention {and} Control},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
}

@article{kapantai_systematic_2021,
	title = {A systematic literature review on disinformation: {Toward} a unified taxonomical framework},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1461-4448},
	shorttitle = {A systematic literature review on disinformation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820959296},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444820959296},
	abstract = {The scale, volume, and distribution speed of disinformation raise concerns in governments, businesses, and citizens. To respond effectively to this problem, we first need to disambiguate, understand, and clearly define the phenomenon. Our online information landscape is characterized by a variety of different types of false information. There is no commonly agreed typology framework, specific categorization criteria, and explicit definitions as a basis to assist the further investigation of the area. Our work is focused on filling this need. Our contribution is twofold. First, we collect the various implicit and explicit disinformation typologies proposed by scholars. We consolidate the findings following certain design principles to articulate an all-inclusive disinformation typology. Second, we propose three independent dimensions with controlled values per dimension as categorization criteria for all types of disinformation. The taxonomy can promote and support further multidisciplinary research to analyze the special characteristics of the identified disinformation types.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Kapantai, Eleni and Christopoulou, Androniki and Berberidis, Christos and Peristeras, Vassilios},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},
	pages = {1301--1326},
}

@book{demata_conspiracy_2022,
	address = {Amsterdam ; Philadelphia},
	series = {Discourse approaches to politics, society and culture},
	title = {Conspiracy theory discourses},
	isbn = {978-90-272-1270-2},
	abstract = {"Conspiracy Theory Discourses addresses a crucial phenomenon in the current political and communicative context: conspiracy theories. The social impact of conspiracy theories is wide-ranging and their influence on the political life of many nations is increasing. Conspiracy Theory Discourses bridges an important gap by bringing discourse-based insights to existing knowledge about conspiracy theories, which has so far developed in research areas other than Linguistics and Discourse Studies. The chapters in this volume call attention to conspiracist discourses as deeply ingrained ways to interpret reality and construct social identities. They are based on multiple, partly overlapping analytical frameworks, including Critical Discourse Analysis, rhetoric, metaphor studies, multimodality, and corpus-based, quali-quantitative approaches. These approaches are an entry point to further explore the environments which enable the proliferation of conspiracy theory, and the paramount role of discourse in furthering conspiracist interpretations of reality"--},
	number = {volume 98},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	editor = {Demata, Massimiliano and Zorzi, Virginia and Zottola, Angela},
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Conspiracy theories, Discourse analysis},
}

@article{buturoiu_who_2021,
	title = {Who {Believes} in {Conspiracy} {Theories} about the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} in {Romania}? {An} {Analysis} of {Conspiracy} {Theories} {Believers}’ {Profiles}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2075-4698},
	shorttitle = {Who {Believes} in {Conspiracy} {Theories} about the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} in {Romania}?},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/11/4/138},
	doi = {10.3390/soc11040138},
	abstract = {The current COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by the circulation of an unprecedented amount of “polluted” information, especially in the social media environment, among which are false narratives and conspiracy theories about both the pandemic and vaccination against COVID-19. The effects of such questionable information primarily concern the lack of compliance with restrictive measures and a negative attitude towards vaccination campaigns, as well as more complex social effects, such as street protests or distrust in governments and authorities in general. Even though there is a lot of scholarly attention given to these narratives in many countries, research about the profile of people who are more prone to believe or spread them is rather scarce. In this context, we investigate the role of age, compared with other socio-demographic factors (such as education and religiosity), as well as the role of the media (the frequency of news consumption, the perceived usefulness of social media, and the perceived incidence of fake information about the virus in the media) and the critical thinking disposition of people who tend to believe such misleading narratives. To address these issues, we conducted a national survey (N = 945) in April 2021 in Romania. Using a hierarchical OLS regression model, we found that people who perceive higher incidence of fake news (ß = 0.33, p {\textless} 0.001), find social media platforms more useful (ß = 0.13, p {\textless} 0.001), have lower education (ß = −0.17, p {\textless} 0.001), and have higher levels of religiosity (ß = 0.08, p {\textless} 0.05) are more prone to believe COVID-19-related misleading narratives. At the same time, the frequency of news consumption (regardless of the type of media), critical thinking disposition, and age do not play a significant role in the profile of the believer in conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic. Somewhat surprisingly, age does not play a role in predicting belief in conspiracy theories, even though there are studies that suggest that older people are more prone to believe conspiracy narratives. As far as media is concerned, the frequency of news media consumption does not significantly differ for believers and non-believers. We discuss these results within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {Societies},
	author = {Buturoiu, Raluca and Udrea, Georgiana and Oprea, Denisa-Adriana and Corbu, Nicoleta},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {COVID-19 pandemic, conspiracy theories, digital disinformation, fake news incidence, religiosity},
	pages = {138},
}

@book{turner_social_1991,
	address = {Belmont, CA, US},
	series = {Social influence},
	title = {Social influence},
	isbn = {978-0-534-16950-3},
	abstract = {This book is about the social psychology of social influence. It aims to do several things: provide an advanced level textbook and detailed review of the literature, develop an argument for the theoretical unity of the field and introduce a new theory. Essentially, I have tried to sum up what social psychologists have found out about influence since the 1920s, to assess critically the current major theories and to identify the key theoretical issues that should direct future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co},
	author = {Turner, John C.},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Pages: xvi, 206},
	keywords = {Social Influences, Social Psychology, Theories, Theory Formulation},
}

@article{cookson_if_2021,
	title = {“{If} they believe, then so shall {I}”: {Perceived} beliefs of the in-group predict conspiracy theory belief},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1368-4302, 1461-7188},
	shorttitle = {“{If} they believe, then so shall {I}”},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1368430221993907},
	doi = {10.1177/1368430221993907},
	abstract = {Conspiracy beliefs are widespread and can have detrimental consequences. As perceived social norms can exert a powerful influence on individuals, we investigated the relationship between perceived conspiracy belief norms and personal endorsement, and whether others’ conspiracy belief is overestimated. In Study 1, UK university students ( N = 111) completed measures of their personal conspiracy beliefs and estimations of others’ beliefs (an in-group and an out-group they chose, and a prescribed in-group). Perceived in-groups’ belief strongly predicted personal conspiracy belief; perceived out-group’s belief did not. Studies 2 and 3 replicated these findings in a British community sample ( N = 177) and in a UK parent sample ( N = 197), focusing on antivaccine conspiracy theories. All studies demonstrated that people overestimate the conspiracy beliefs of others. This is the first demonstration of the association between perceived in-group conspiracy belief social norms and individuals’ personal conspiracy beliefs. Interventions challenging misperceived norms could be effective in reducing conspiracy beliefs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {Group Processes \& Intergroup Relations},
	author = {Cookson, Darel and Jolley, Daniel and Dempsey, Robert C. and Povey, Rachel},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {759--782},
}

@article{hornsey_individual_2023,
	title = {Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2731-0574},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9685076/},
	doi = {10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0},
	abstract = {Conspiracy theories are part of mainstream public life, with the potential to undermine governments, promote racism, ignite extremism and threaten public health efforts. Psychological research on conspiracy theories is booming, with more than half of the academic articles on the topic published since 2019. In this Review, we synthesize the literature with an eye to understanding the psychological factors that shape willingness to believe conspiracy theories. We begin at the individual level, examining the cognitive, clinical, motivational, personality and developmental factors that predispose people to believe conspiracy theories. Drawing on insights from social and evolutionary psychology, we then review research examining conspiracy theories as an intergroup phenomenon that reflects and reinforces societal fault lines. Finally, we examine how conspiracy theories are shaped by the economic, political, cultural and socio-historical contexts at the national level. This multilevel approach offers a deep and broad insight into conspiracist thinking that increases understanding of the problem and offers potential solutions., Conspiracy theories have the potential to undermine governments, promote racism, ignite extremism and threaten public health efforts. In this Review, Hornsey et al. synthesize the literature on factors that shape conspiracy beliefs at the individual, intergroup and national level.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Psychology},
	author = {Hornsey, Matthew J. and Bierwiaczonek, Kinga and Sassenberg, Kai and Douglas, Karen M.},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36467717},
	pmcid = {PMC9685076},
	pages = {85--97},
}

@article{agergaard_vaccine_2020,
	title = {Vaccine {Assemblages} on {Three} {HPV} {Vaccine}-{Critical} {Facebook} {Pages} in {Denmark} from 2012 to 2019},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2183-2439},
	url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2858},
	abstract = {Torben E. Agergaard, Màiri E. Smith, Kristian H. Nielsen},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {Media and Communication},
	author = {Agergaard, Torben E. and Smith, Màiri E. and Nielsen, Kristian H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {339--352},
}

@article{puri_social_2020,
	title = {Social media and vaccine hesitancy: new updates for the era of {COVID}-19 and globalized infectious diseases},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {2164-5515},
	shorttitle = {Social media and vaccine hesitancy},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733887/},
	doi = {10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846},
	abstract = {Despite major advances in vaccination over the past century, resurgence of vaccine-preventable illnesses has led the World Health Organization to identify vaccine hesitancy as a major threat to global health. Vaccine hesitancy may be fueled by health information obtained from a variety of sources, including new media such as the Internet and social media platforms. As access to technology has improved, social media has attained global penetrance. In contrast to traditional media, social media allow individuals to rapidly create and share content globally without editorial oversight. Users may self-select content streams, contributing to ideological isolation. As such, there are considerable public health concerns raised by anti-vaccination messaging on such platforms and the consequent potential for downstream vaccine hesitancy, including the compromise of public confidence in future vaccine development for novel pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2 for the prevention of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current position of social media platforms in propagating vaccine hesitancy and explore next steps in how social media may be used to improve health literacy and foster public trust in vaccination.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {Human Vaccines \& Immunotherapeutics},
	author = {Puri, Neha and Coomes, Eric A. and Haghbayan, Hourmazd and Gunaratne, Keith},
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32693678},
	pmcid = {PMC7733887},
	pages = {2586--2593},
}

@article{nguyen_anti-vaccine_2022,
	title = {Anti-{Vaccine} {Discourse} on {Social} {Media}: {An} {Exploratory} {Audit} of {Negative} {Tweets} about {Vaccines} and {Their} {Posters}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2076-393X},
	shorttitle = {Anti-{Vaccine} {Discourse} on {Social} {Media}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/12/2067},
	doi = {10.3390/vaccines10122067},
	abstract = {As the anti-vaccination movement is spreading around the world, this paper addresses the ever more urgent need for health professionals, communicators and policy-makers to grasp the nature of vaccine mis/disinformation on social media. A one-by-one coding of 4511 vaccine-related tweets posted from the UK in 2019 resulted in 334 anti-vaccine tweets. Our analysis shows that (a) anti-vaccine tweeters are quite active and widely networked users on their own; (b) anti-vaccine messages tend to focus on the “harmful” nature of vaccination, based mostly on personal experience, values and beliefs rather than hard facts; (c) anonymity does not make a difference to the types of posted anti-vaccine content, but does so in terms of the volume of such content. Communication initiatives against anti-vaccination should (a) work closely with technological platforms to tackle anonymous anti-vaccine tweets; (b) focus efforts on mis/disinformation in three major arears (in order of importance): the medical nature of vaccines, the belief that vaccination is a tool of manipulation and control for money and power, and the “freedom of health choice” discourse against mandatory vaccination; and (c) go beyond common factual measures—such as detecting, labelling or removing fake news—to address emotions induced by personal memories, values and beliefs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {Vaccines},
	author = {Nguyen, An and Catalan-Matamoros, Daniel},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {2067},
}

@article{nguyen_digital_2020,
	title = {Digital {Mis}/{Disinformation} and {Public} {Engagment} with {Health} and {Science} {Controversies}: {Fresh} {Perspectives} from {Covid}-19},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0},
	issn = {2183-2439},
	shorttitle = {Digital {Mis}/{Disinformation} and {Public} {Engagment} with {Health} and {Science} {Controversies}},
	url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/3352},
	doi = {10.17645/mac.v8i2.3352},
	abstract = {Digital media, while opening a vast array of avenues for lay people to effectively engage with news, information and debates about important science and health issues, have become a fertile land for various stakeholders to spread misinformation and disinformation, stimulate uncivil discussions and engender ill-informed, dangerous public decisions. Recent developments of the Covid-19 infodemic might just be the tipping point of a process that has been long simmering in controversial areas of health and science (e.g., climate-change denial, anti-vaccination, anti-5G, Flat Earth doctrines). We bring together a wide range of fresh data and perspectives from four continents to help media scholars, journalists, science communicators, scientists, health professionals and policy-makers to better undersand these developments and what can be done to mitigate their impacts on public engagement with health and science controversies.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-05-25},
	journal = {Media and Communication},
	author = {Nguyen, An and Catalan-Matamoros, Daniel},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {323--328},
}

@article{simms_impact_2020,
	title = {Impact of {HPV} vaccine hesitancy on cervical cancer in {Japan}: a modelling study},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2468-2667},
	shorttitle = {Impact of {HPV} vaccine hesitancy on cervical cancer in {Japan}},
	doi = {10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30010-4},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Funding for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Japan began in 2010 for girls aged 12-16 years, with three-dose coverage initially reaching more than 70\%. On June 14, 2013, 2 months after formal inclusion in Japan's national immunisation programme, proactive recommendations for the HPV vaccine were suspended following reports of adverse events since found to be unrelated to vaccination, but which were extensively covered in the media. Vaccine coverage subsequently dropped to less than 1\% and has remained this low to date. We aimed to quantify the impact of this vaccine hesitancy crisis, and the potential health gains if coverage can be restored.
METHODS: In this modelling study, we used the Policy1-Cervix modelling platform. We adapted the model for Japan with use of data on HPV prevalence, screening practices and coverage, and cervical cancer incidence and mortality. We evaluated the expected number of cervical cancer cases and deaths over the lifetime of cohorts born from 1994 to 2007 in the context of the vaccine hesitancy crisis. We assessed a range of recovery scenarios from 2020 onwards, including a scenario in which routine coverage is restored to 70\%, with 50\% catch-up coverage for the missed cohorts (aged 13-20 years in 2020). To estimate the impact of the vaccine crisis to date, we also modelled a counterfactual scenario in which 70\% coverage had been maintained in 12-year-olds from 2013 onwards.
FINDINGS: The vaccine crisis from 2013 to 2019 is predicted to result in an additional 24 600-27 300 cases and 5000-5700 deaths over the lifetime of cohorts born between 1994 and 2007, compared with if coverage had remained at around 70\% since 2013. However, restoration of coverage in 2020, including catch-up vaccination for missed cohorts, could prevent 14 800-16 200 of these cases and 3000-3400 of these deaths. If coverage is not restored in 2020, an additional 3400-3800 cases and 700-800 deaths will occur over the lifetime of individuals who are 12 years old in 2020 alone. If the crisis continues, 9300-10 800 preventable deaths due to cervical cancer will occur in the next 50 years (2020-69).
INTERPRETATION: The HPV vaccine crisis to date is estimated to result in around 5000 deaths from cervical cancer in Japan. Many of these deaths could still be prevented if vaccination coverage with extended catch-up can be rapidly restored.
FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Council Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Cervical Cancer Control, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Lancet. Public Health},
	author = {Simms, Kate T. and Hanley, Sharon J. B. and Smith, Megan A. and Keane, Adam and Canfell, Karen},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32057317},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Japan, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Papillomavirus Vaccines, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Vaccination, Young Adult},
	pages = {e223--e234},
}

@article{girvan_community_2002,
	title = {Community structure in social and biological networks},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0112110},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.122653799},
	abstract = {A number of recent studies have focused on the statistical properties of networked systems such as social networks and the World-Wide Web. Researchers have concentrated particularly on a few properties which seem to be common to many networks: the small-world property, power-law degree distributions, and network transitivity. In this paper, we highlight another property which is found in many networks, the property of community structure, in which network nodes are joined together in tightly-knit groups between which there are only looser connections. We propose a new method for detecting such communities, built around the idea of using centrality indices to find community boundaries. We test our method on computer generated and real-world graphs whose community structure is already known, and find that it detects this known structure with high sensitivity and reliability. We also apply the method to two networks whose community structure is not well-known - a collaboration network and a food web - and find that it detects significant and informative community divisions in both cases.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-05-16},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Girvan, Michelle and Newman, M. E. J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2002},
	note = {arXiv:cond-mat/0112110},
	keywords = {Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics},
	pages = {7821--7826},
}

@article{risam_new_2018,
	title = {New {Digital} {Worlds}: {Postcolonial} {Digital} {Humanities} in {Theory}, {Praxis}, and {Pedagogy}},
	author = {Risam, Roopika},
	year = {2018},
	note = {ISBN: 0810138875
Publisher: Northwestern University Press},
}

@article{montoyo_subjectivity_2012,
	series = {1) {Computational} {Approaches} to {Subjectivity} and {Sentiment} {Analysis} 2) {Service} {Science} in {Information} {Systems} {Research} : {Special} {Issue} on {PACIS} 2010},
	title = {Subjectivity and sentiment analysis: {An} overview of the current state of the area and envisaged developments},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0167-9236},
	shorttitle = {Subjectivity and sentiment analysis},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923612001339},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.022},
	abstract = {In this introduction, we present an overview of the current state of research in the Natural Language Processing tasks of subjectivity and sentiment analysis, as well as their application domains and closely-related research field of emotion detection. Although many definitions exist for these tasks and the research done within their frame spans over approaches with different objectives, we consider subjectivity analysis to deal with the detection of “private states” (opinions, emotions, sentiments, beliefs, speculations) and sentiment analysis as the task of detecting, extracting and classifying opinions and sentiments concerning different topics, as expressed in textual input. After describing the key concepts and research directions in these tasks, we present the main achievements obtained so far and the issues that remain to be tackled. Subsequently, we introduce each of the papers in this volume and present their contribution to the research areas of subjectivity and sentiment analysis. Finally, we conclude on the present state of work in these fields and reflect on the possible future developments.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-05-07},
	journal = {Decision Support Systems},
	author = {Montoyo, Andrés and Martínez-Barco, Patricio and Balahur, Alexandra},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Emotion detection, Opinion mining, Sentiment analysis, Social media mining, Social network mining, Subjectivity analysis, Text mining},
	pages = {675--679},
}

@article{nielbo_quantitative_2024,
	title = {Quantitative text analysis},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2662-8449},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-024-00302-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s43586-024-00302-w},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-04-23},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Methods Primers},
	author = {Nielbo, Kristoffer L. and Karsdorp, Folgert and Wevers, Melvin and Lassche, Alie and Baglini, Rebekah B. and Kestemont, Mike and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {25},
}

@misc{dhvu_digital_nodate,
	title = {Digital {Humanities} {Workbench}},
	url = {https://www2.fgw.vu.nl/werkbanken/dighum/dh/dh-introduction.php},
	urldate = {2024-04-23},
	author = {DH@VU},
}

@book{viola_humanities_2023,
	address = {S.l.},
	title = {The {Humanities} in the {Digital}: {Beyond} {Critical} {Digital} {Humanities}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-16949-6},
	shorttitle = {{HUMANITIES} {IN} {THE} {DIGITAL}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2023},
	note = {OCLC: 1341438097},
}

@book{nichols_introduction_2001,
	address = {Bloomington, Ind.},
	title = {Introduction to documentary},
	isbn = {978-0-253-10852-4},
	url = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=66567},
	abstract = {Introduction to Documentary provides a one-of-a-kind overview of the most important topics and issues in documentary history and criticism. Designed for students in any field that makes use of visual evidence and persuasive strategies, from the law to anthropology, and from history to journalism, this book spells out the distinguishing qualities of documentary. A wide-ranging and freewheeling form of filmmaking, documentary has not yet received a proper, written introduction to its public, or its future m},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-04-18},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	author = {Nichols, Bill},
	year = {2001},
	note = {OCLC: 50174747},
	keywords = {Criticism, interpretation, etc, Documentaires, Documentaires Histoire et critique, Documentary films, Documentary films History and criticism, Documentário cinematográfico, Dokumentarfilm, LANGUAGE ARTS \& DISCIPLINES Journalism, Theatre, Film and Television Studies},
}

@misc{noauthor_introduction_nodate,
	title = {Introduction to {Documentary}, {Third} {Edition}},
	url = {https://iupress.org/9780253026859/introduction-to-documentary-third-edition/},
	abstract = {The third edition of Bill Nichols's best-selling text provides an up-to-date introduction to the most important issues in documentary history and criticism. ...},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-04-18},
	journal = {Indiana University Press},
}

@article{politopoulos_history_2019,
	title = {“{History} {Is} {Our} {Playground}”: {Action} and {Authenticity} in \textit{{Assassin}'s {Creed}: {Odyssey}}},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms},
	issn = {2326-3768},
	shorttitle = {“{History} {Is} {Our} {Playground}”},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2326376819000305/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/aap.2019.30},
	abstract = {Overview
            
              Ubisoft's
              Assassin's Creed
              series is one the entertainment industry's most popular titles set in the past. With a new game released on an annual basis—each full of distinct historical places, events, and people—the series has unfolded across post-classical history, from the Levant during the Third Crusade to Victorian-era London. The 2017 release of
              Assassin's Creed: Origins
              , which entailed a massive reconstruction of Hellenistic Egypt, pushed the series even further back in time. With it, Ubisoft also launched its
              Discovery Tour
              , allowing players to explore the game's setting at their leisure and without combat. These trends continued in 2018's
              Assassin's Creed: Odyssey
              , set in Greece during the Peloponnesian War. This review discusses the narrative, world, and gameplay of the latest
              Assassin's Creed
              within the series more broadly. We provide a critical appraisal of the experience that
              Odyssey
              offers and link it to this question: in the
              Assassin's Creed
              series, do we engage in meaningful play with the past, or are we simply assassinating our way through history?},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-04-18},
	journal = {Advances in Archaeological Practice},
	author = {Politopoulos, Aris and Mol, Angus A. A. and Boom, Krijn H. J. and Ariese, Csilla E.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {317--323},
}

@book{ranciere_politics_2022,
	address = {London, UK},
	edition = {Bloomsbury Revelations edition},
	series = {Bloomsbury revelations},
	title = {The politics of aesthetics: the distribution of the sensible},
	isbn = {978-1-78093-535-5},
	shorttitle = {The politics of aesthetics},
	abstract = {The Politics of Aesthetics rethinks the relationship between art and politics, reclaiming 'aesthetics' from the narrow confines it is often reduced to. Jacques Rancière reveals its intrinsic link to politics by analysing what they both have in common: the delimitation of the visible and the invisible, the audible and the inaudible, the thinkable and the unthinkable, the possible and the impossible. Presented as a set of inter-linked interviews, The Politics of Aesthetics provides the most comprehensive introduction to Rancière's work to date, ranging across the history of art and politics from the Greek polis to the aesthetic revolution of the modern age. Available now in the Bloomsbury Classics series 10 years after its original publication, The Politics of Aesthetics includes an afterword by Slavoj Žižek, an interview for the English edition, a glossary of technical terms and an extensive bibliography},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	author = {Rancière, Jacques},
	editor = {Rockhill, Gabriel},
	year = {2022},
	note = {OCLC: 1347262504},
	keywords = {1900-1999, Aesthetics Political aspects, Aesthetics, Modern, Aesthetics, Modern 20th century, Estetik politiska aspekter, Esthétique 20e siècle, Konst estetiska aspekter},
}

@book{battista_critical_2019,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Critical {Theory} and the {Humanities} in the {Age} of the {Alt}-{Right}},
	copyright = {https://www.springer.com/tdm},
	isbn = {978-3-030-18752-1 978-3-030-18753-8},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-04-17},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	editor = {Battista, Christine M. and Sande, Melissa R.},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8},
}

@article{pepping_reflections_2024,
	title = {Reflections on {Encoding} {Languages} in {Historical} {Data}: {Working} {With} the {Multilingual} {Dimension} of the {Dutch} {East} {India} {Company} {Archives}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	shorttitle = {Reflections on {Encoding} {Languages} in {Historical} {Data}},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.176/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.176},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-04-16},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Pepping, K. W.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {29},
}

@article{moretti_integration_2024,
	title = {The {Integration} of the {Japan} {Link} {Center}’s {Bibliographic} {Data} into {OpenCitations}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.178/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.178},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-28},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Moretti, Arianna and Soricetti, Marta and Heibi, Ivan and Massari, Arcangelo and Peroni, Silvio and Rizzetto, Elia},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {21},
}

@article{barbot_contextualizing_2024,
	title = {Contextualizing {Research} {Tools} \& {Services} {Through} {Workflows} in the {SSH} {Open} {Marketplace}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.192/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.192},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-28},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Barbot, Laure and Dolinar, Maja and Gray, Edward J. and Grisot, Cristina and Illmayer, Klaus and Kurzmeier, Michael and McGillivray, Barbara},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {22},
}

@article{moretti_integration_2024-1,
	title = {The {Integration} of the {Japan} {Link} {Center}’s {Bibliographic} {Data} into {OpenCitations}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.178/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.178},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-28},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Moretti, Arianna and Soricetti, Marta and Heibi, Ivan and Massari, Arcangelo and Peroni, Silvio and Rizzetto, Elia},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {21},
}

@article{malinek_open_2024,
	title = {Open {Bibliographical} {Data} {Workflows} and the {Multilinguality} {Challenge}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.190/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.190},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-28},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Malínek, Vojtěch and Umerle, Tomasz and Gray, Edward and Heibi, Ivan and Király, Péter and Klaes, Christiane and Korytkowski, Przemysław and Lindemann, David and Moretti, Arianna and Panušková, Charlotte and Péter, Róbert and Tolonen, Mikko and Tomczyńska, Aldona and Vimr, Ondřej},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {27},
}

@article{strobel_multilingual_2024,
	title = {Multilingual {Workflows} in {Bullinger} {Digital}: {Data} {Curation} for {Latin} and {Early} {New} {High} {German}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	shorttitle = {Multilingual {Workflows} in {Bullinger} {Digital}},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.174/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.174},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-28},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {StrÖbel, Phillip Benjamin and Fischer, Lukas and MÜller, Raphael and Scheurer, Patricia and Schroffenegger, Bernard and Suter, Benjamin and Volk, Martin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {12},
}

@article{peter_multilingual_2024,
	title = {Multilingual {Analysis} and {Visualization} of {Bibliographic} {Metadata} and {Texts} {With} the {AVOBMAT} {Research} {Tool}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.175/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.175},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-28},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Péter, Róbert and Szántó, Zsolt and Biacsi, Zoltán and Berend, Gábor and Bilicki, Vilmos},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {23},
}

@article{marongiu_multilingual_2024,
	title = {Multilingual {Workflows} for {Semantic} {Change} {Research}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2059-481X},
	url = {http://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.179/},
	doi = {10.5334/johd.179},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-28},
	journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
	author = {Marongiu, Paola and McGillivray, Barbara and Khan, Anas Fahad},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {15},
}

@book{martin_language_2005,
	address = {London},
	title = {The {Language} of {Evaluation}},
	isbn = {978-1-4039-0410-2 978-0-230-51191-0},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230511910},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-13},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
	author = {Martin, J. R. and White, P. R. R.},
	year = {2005},
	doi = {10.1057/9780230511910},
}

@book{halliday_introduction_2014,
	edition = {0},
	title = {An {Introduction} to {Functional} {Grammar}},
	isbn = {978-1-4441-1908-4},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781444119084},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-13},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M. and Halliday, Michael and Matthiessen, Christian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203783771},
}

@article{ekman_argument_1992,
	title = {An argument for basic emotions},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0269-9931, 1464-0600},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699939208411068},
	doi = {10.1080/02699939208411068},
	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2024-03-12},
	journal = {Cognition and Emotion},
	author = {Ekman, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {169--200},
}

@incollection{fontaine_grammatical_2013,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Grammatical choice and communicative motivation: a radical systemic approach},
	isbn = {978-1-139-58307-7 978-1-107-59535-4 978-1-107-03696-3},
	shorttitle = {Grammatical choice and communicative motivation},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139583077%23c03696-388/type/book_part},
	urldate = {2024-02-29},
	booktitle = {Systemic {Functional} {Linguistics} {Exploring} {Choice}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Bache, Carl},
	editor = {Fontaine, Lise and Bartlett, Tom and O'Grady, Gerard},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139583077.006},
	pages = {72--94},
}

@book{fontaine_systemic_2015,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Systemic functional linguistics exploring choice},
	isbn = {978-1-139-58307-7},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	editor = {Fontaine, Lise and Bartlett, Tom and O'Grady, Gerard},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: 1277062827},
}

@incollection{baumgarten_collective_2012,
	title = {Collective {Aspects} of {Subjectivity}: {The} {Subject} {Pronoun} emeı´{B} (‘we’) in {Modern} {Greek}},
	isbn = {978-1-78190-269-1 978-90-04-26192-1},
	shorttitle = {Collective {Aspects} of {Subjectivity}},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004261921/B9789004261921-s004.xml},
	urldate = {2024-02-27},
	booktitle = {Subjectivity in {Language} and {Discourse}},
	publisher = {BRILL},
	author = {Pavlidou, Theodossia-Soula},
	editor = {Baumgarten, Nicole and Du Bois, Inke and House, Juliane},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.1163/9789004261921_004},
	pages = {33--66},
}

@article{duranti_social_1984,
	title = {The social meaning of subject pronouns in {Italian} conversation},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0165-4888, 1613-4117},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/text.1.1984.4.4.277/html},
	doi = {10.1515/text.1.1984.4.4.277},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-02-27},
	journal = {Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse},
	author = {Duranti, Alessandro},
	year = {1984},
}

@incollection{traugott_intersubjectivity_2010,
	title = {({Inter})subjectivity and inter)subjectification: {A} reassessment},
	isbn = {978-3-11-020588-6},
	booktitle = {Subjectification, {Intersubjectification} and {Grammaticalization}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Traugott, Elizabeth Closs},
	editor = {Davidse, Kristin and Vandelanotte, Lieven and Cuyckens, Hubert},
	year = {2010},
}

@book{graumann_perspective_2002,
	title = {Perspective and {Perspectivation} in {Discourse}},
	isbn = {978-90-272-2361-6},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/hcp.9},
	abstract = {This volume will help to fill the gap between the common understanding of perspective and the specifics of its structure and dynamics as they have been elaborated in the human sciences, mainly in psychology and linguistics.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Graumann, Carl Friedrich{\textbar}Kallmeyer and Kallmeyer, Werner},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publication Title: hcp.9},
}

@incollection{radden_constructing_2007,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Constructing the meanings of personal pronouns},
	isbn = {978-90-272-3242-7 978-90-272-9255-1},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/z.136.12lan},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	booktitle = {Aspects of {Meaning} {Construction}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Langacker, Ronald W.},
	editor = {Radden, Günter and Köpcke, Klaus-Michael and Berg, Thomas and Siemund, Peter},
	year = {2007},
	doi = {10.1075/z.136.12lan},
	pages = {171--187},
}

@book{eckert_language_2003,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Language and {Gender}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-and-gender/262C789CFAA87E8CCA20B21E5CDF3D6C},
	abstract = {Language and Gender is a 2003 introduction to the study of the relation between gender and language use, written by two of the leading experts in the field. It covers the main topics, beginning with a clear discussion of gender and of the resources that the linguistic system offers for the construction of social meaning. The body of the book offers broad and deep coverage of the interaction between language and social life, ranging from nuances of pronunciation to conversational dynamics to the deployment of metaphor. The discussion is organized around the contributions language makes to situated social practice rather than around linguistic structures or gender analyses. At the same time, it introduces linguistic concepts in a way that is suitable for non-linguists. It is set to become the standard textbook for courses on language and gender.},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally},
	year = {2003},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511791147},
}

@book{karkkainen_epistemic_2003,
	title = {Epistemic {Stance} in {English} {Conversation}},
	isbn = {978-90-272-5357-6},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.115},
	abstract = {An exploration of the linguistic patterns formed by expressions of epistemic modality in American English conversational discourse, and the functions that such patterns may serve in social interaction.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Karkkainen, Elise},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publication Title: pbns.115},
}

@book{stein_subjectivity_1995,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Subjectivity and {Subjectivisation}: {Linguistic} {Perspectives}},
	isbn = {978-0-521-47039-1},
	shorttitle = {Subjectivity and {Subjectivisation}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/subjectivity-and-subjectivisation/D28AC575888023C9295727F80A412600},
	abstract = {The notion of subjectivity explored here concerns expression of self and the representation of a speaker's perspective or point of view in discourse. Subjectivization involves the structures and strategies that languages evolve in the linguistic realization of subjectivity and the relevant processes of linguistic evolution themselves. This volume reflects the growing attention in linguistics and related disciplines commanded by the centrality in language of the speaker. An international team of contributors offers a series of studies on grammatical, diachronic and literary aspects of subjectivity and subjectivization, from a variety of perspectives including literary stylistics, historical linguistics, formal semantics and discourse analysis. The essays look at the role of the perspective of locutionary agents, their expression of affect and modality in linguistic expressions and discourse, and the effects of their phenomena on the formal shape of discourse. This volume demonstrates how deeply embedded in linguistic expression subjectivity is, and how central to human discourse.},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	editor = {Stein, Dieter and Wright, Susan},
	year = {1995},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511554469},
}

@book{scheibman_point_2002,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	series = {Studies in {Discourse} and {Grammar}},
	title = {Point of {View} and {Grammar}: {Structural} patterns of subjectivity in {American} {English} conversation},
	volume = {11},
	isbn = {978-90-272-2621-1 978-1-58811-232-3 978-90-272-9615-3},
	shorttitle = {Point of {View} and {Grammar}},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027296153},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Scheibman, Joanne},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	doi = {10.1075/sidag.11},
}

@article{nandwani_review_2021,
	title = {A review on sentiment analysis and emotion detection from text},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1869-5450, 1869-5469},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13278-021-00776-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s13278-021-00776-6},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	journal = {Social Network Analysis and Mining},
	author = {Nandwani, Pansy and Verma, Rupali},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {81},
}

@article{azam_automatic_2021,
	title = {Automatic emotion recognition in healthcare data using supervised machine learning},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2376-5992},
	url = {https://peerj.com/articles/cs-751},
	doi = {10.7717/peerj-cs.751},
	abstract = {Human feelings are fundamental to perceive the conduct and state of mind of an individual. A healthy emotional state is one significant highlight to improve personal satisfaction. On the other hand, bad emotional health can prompt social or psychological well-being issues. Recognizing or detecting feelings in online health care data gives important and helpful information regarding the emotional state of patients. To recognize or detection of patient’s emotion against a specific disease using text from online sources is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a method for the automatic detection of patient’s emotions in healthcare data using supervised machine learning approaches. For this purpose, we created a new dataset named EmoHD, comprising of 4,202 text samples against eight disease classes and six emotion classes, gathered from different online resources. We used six different supervised machine learning models based on different feature engineering techniques. We also performed a detailed comparison of the chosen six machine learning algorithms using different feature vectors on our dataset. We achieved the highest 87\% accuracy using MultiLayer Perceptron as compared to other state of the art models. Moreover, we use the emotional guidance scale to show that there is a link between negative emotion and psychological health issues. Our proposed work will be helpful to automatically detect a patient’s emotion during disease and to avoid extreme acts like suicide, mental disorders, or psychological health issues. The implementation details are made publicly available at the given link:
              https://bit.ly/2NQeGET
              .},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	journal = {PeerJ Computer Science},
	author = {Azam, Nazish and Ahmad, Tauqir and Ul Haq, Nazeef},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e751},
}

@article{maithri_automated_2022,
	title = {Automated emotion recognition: {Current} trends and future perspectives},
	volume = {215},
	issn = {0169-2607},
	shorttitle = {Automated emotion recognition},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169260722000311},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106646},
	abstract = {Background
Human emotions greatly affect the actions of a person. The automated emotion recognition has applications in multiple domains such as health care, e-learning, surveillance, etc. The development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tools has led to the automated recognition of human emotions.
Objective
This review paper provides an insight into various methods employed using electroencephalogram (EEG), facial, and speech signals coupled with multi-modal emotion recognition techniques. In this work, we have reviewed most of the state-of-the-art papers published on this topic.
Method
This study was carried out by considering the various emotion recognition (ER) models proposed between 2016 and 2021. The papers were analysed based on methods employed, classifier used and performance obtained.
Results
There is a significant rise in the application of deep learning techniques for ER. They have been widely applied for EEG, speech, facial expression, and multimodal features to develop an accurate ER model.
Conclusion
Our study reveals that most of the proposed machine and deep learning-based systems have yielded good performances for automated ER in a controlled environment. However, there is a need to obtain high performance for ER even in an uncontrolled environment.},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	journal = {Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine},
	author = {Maithri, M. and Raghavendra, U. and Gudigar, Anjan and Samanth, Jyothi and {Prabal Datta Barua} and Murugappan, Murugappan and Chakole, Yashas and Acharya, U. Rajendra},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {CAD, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Facial, Human emotions, Machine learning, Voice},
	pages = {106646},
}

@article{ezhilarasi_automatic_2012,
	title = {Automatic {Emotion} {Recognition} and {Classification}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {18777058},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877705812019170},
	doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.004},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-26},
	journal = {Procedia Engineering},
	author = {Ezhilarasi, R. and Minu, R.I.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21--26},
}

@book{halliday_introduction_1985,
	title = {An {Introduction} to {Functional} {Grammar}},
	isbn = {978-1-4441-1908-4},
	url = {https://books.google.nl/books?id=JM3KAgAAQBAJ},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. and Halliday, M. and Matthiessen, C.},
	year = {1985},
}

@book{halliday_hallidays_2013,
	title = {Halliday's {Introduction} to {Functional} {Grammar}},
	isbn = {978-1-135-98341-3},
	url = {https://books.google.nl/books?id=odUqAAAAQBAJ},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M.},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{davidse_subjectification_2010,
	title = {Subjectification, {Intersubjectification} and {Grammaticalization}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-020588-6},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110226102/html},
	urldate = {2024-02-23},
	publisher = {DE GRUYTER MOUTON},
	editor = {Davidse, Kristin and Vandelanotte, Lieven and Cuyckens, Hubert},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110226102},
}

@article{guldemann_present_2003,
	title = {Present progressive vis-à-vis predication focus in {Bantu}: {A} verbal category between semantics and pragmatics},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0378-4177, 1569-9978},
	shorttitle = {Present progressive vis-à-vis predication focus in {Bantu}},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/sl.27.2.05gul},
	doi = {10.1075/sl.27.2.05gul},
	abstract = {Predication focus — a category where the predicate or a part thereof constitutes (or is part of) the sentence focus — is frequently encoded across the Bantu family by inflectional or morphosyntactic means. This phenomenon is associated with another observation which is rather unexpected at first glance. There often exists a formal parallel between marking devices of predication focus on the one hand and of present progressive on the other. This is valid across Bantu for a number of different morphological or syntactic forms. Some cases even suggest that this “isomorphism” can result from a directional grammaticalization change from predication focus toward progressive. As the formal and historical relation between the two categories cannot be viewed as accidental, an explanation is called for. Although progressivity and focus pertain to different functional domains, their relationship can indeed be motivated. The present proposal elaborates the previous hypothesis by Hyman and Watters (1984) that the progressive is an inherently focused verb category. Thus, the paper throws light in particular on the pragmatic import of progressives beyond their semantic aspect of time marking.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-02-23},
	journal = {Studies in Language},
	author = {Güldemann, Tom},
	month = oct,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {323--360},
}

@book{emenanjo_elements_1987,
	address = {Ibadan},
	title = {Elements of modern {Igbo} grammar: {A} descriptive approach},
	publisher = {Ibadan University Press},
	author = {Emenanjo, Emmanuel Nolue},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford Univ. Press},
}

@article{donabedian_evidentiel_2012,
	title = {Evidentiel et progressif: quel statut grammatical pour la saillance prédicative ?},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1244-5460, 1958-9514},
	shorttitle = {Evidentiel et progressif},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/fdl/39/1/article-p65.xml},
	doi = {10.1163/19589514-039-01-900000006},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-23},
	journal = {Faits de Langues},
	author = {Donabédian, Anaïd},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {65--82},
}

@incollection{giacalone_ramat_progressive_1997,
	address = {Berlin / New York},
	title = {Progressive periphrasis, markedness and second language data},
	booktitle = {Language and its {Ecology}. {Essays} in {Memory} of {Einar} {Haugen}},
	publisher = {Mouton De Gruyter},
	author = {Giacalone Ramat, Anna},
	editor = {Eliasson, Stig and Håkon Jahr, Ernst},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {261--285},
}

@incollection{schneider_expression_2009,
	address = {Bern},
	series = {Linguistic {Insights}},
	title = {The expression of ‘progressivity’ in {English} and in {Italian}},
	volume = {103},
	booktitle = {New {Trends} and {Methodologies} in {Applied} {English} {Language} {Research} {Diachronic}, {Diatopic} and {Contrastive} {Studies}},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	author = {Schneider, Susanne},
	editor = {Prado Alonso, José Carlos and Gomez Garcia, Lidia and Pastor Gomez, Iria and Tizón Couto, David},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {19--24},
}

@book{prado_alonso_new_2011,
	title = {New {Trends} and {Methodologies} in {Applied} {English} {Language} {Research}},
	isbn = {978-3-0351-0030-3 978-3-0343-0046-9},
	url = {https://www.peterlang.com/document/1051910},
	abstract = {This book has been shortlisted for an ESSE book award 2012 in English Language and Linguistics, Junior Scholars. This volume approaches the analysis ...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-22},
	author = {Prado Alonso, José Carlos and Gomez Garcia, Lidia and Pastor Gomez, Iria and Tizón Couto, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {ISSN: 1424-8689},
}

@book{bertinetto_tempo_1986,
	address = {Firenze},
	series = {Quaderni degli "{Studi} di grammatica italiana"},
	title = {Tempo, aspetto e azione nel verbo italiano. {Il} sistema dell'indicativo},
	publisher = {Accademia della Crusca},
	author = {Bertinetto, Pier Marco},
	year = {1986},
}

@book{durante_dal_1981,
	address = {Bologna},
	title = {Dal latino all'italiano moderno. {Saggio} di storia linguistica e culturale},
	publisher = {Zanichelli Editore},
	author = {Durante, Marcello},
	year = {1981},
}

@incollection{bertinetto_progressive_2000,
	address = {Berlin / New York},
	title = {The progressive in {Europe}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/65737381/The_progressive_in_Europe},
	abstract = {The progressive in Europe},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	booktitle = {Tense and {Aspect} in the {Languages} of {Europe}},
	publisher = {Mouton De Gruyter},
	author = {Bertinetto, Pier Marco},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {189--225},
}

@book{dahl_tense_2000,
	title = {Tense and {Aspect} in the {Languages} of {Europe}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-015752-9},
	abstract = {The series is a platform for contributions of all kinds to this rapidly developing field. General problems are studied from the perspective of individual languages, language families, language groups, or language samples. Conclusions are the result of a deepened study of empirical data. Special emphasis is given to little-known languages, whose analysis may shed new light on long-standing problems in general linguistics.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
	author = {Dahl, Östen},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: HRvoWjxF9v0C},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Grammar \& Punctuation, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Semantics, Philosophy / Language},
}

@incollection{dahl_progressive_2000,
	title = {The progressive in {Romance}, as compared with {English}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-015752-9},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110197099.4.559/html},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	booktitle = {Tense and {Aspect} in the {Languages} of {Europe}},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	author = {Bertinetto, Pier Marco},
	editor = {Dahl, Östen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110197099.4.559},
	pages = {559--604},
}

@article{fiske_universal_2007,
	title = {Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {13646613},
	shorttitle = {Universal dimensions of social cognition},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661306003299},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
	author = {Fiske, Susan T. and Cuddy, Amy J.C. and Glick, Peter},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {77--83},
}

@article{samory_call_2021,
	title = {“{Call} me sexist, but...” : {Revisiting} {Sexism} {Detection} {Using} {Psychological} {Scales} and {Adversarial} {Samples}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2021 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence},
	issn = {2334-0770},
	shorttitle = {“{Call} me sexist, but...”},
	url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/18085},
	doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18085},
	abstract = {Research has focused on automated methods to effectively detect sexism online. Although overt sexism seems easy to spot, its subtle forms and manifold expressions are not. In this paper, we outline the different dimensions of sexism by grounding them in their implementation in psychological scales. From the scales, we derive a codebook for sexism in social media, which we use to annotate existing and novel datasets, surfacing their limitations in breadth and validity with respect to the construct of sexism. Next, we leverage the annotated datasets to generate adversarial examples, and test the reliability of sexism detection methods. Results indicate that current machine learning models pick up on a very narrow set of linguistic markers of sexism and do not generalize well to out-of-domain examples. Yet, including diverse data and adversarial examples at training time results in models that generalize better and that are more robust to artifacts of data collection. By providing a scale-based codebook and insights regarding the shortcomings of the state-of-the-art, we hope to contribute to the development of better and broader models for sexism detection, including reflections on theory-driven approaches to data collection.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	journal = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
	author = {Samory, Mattia and Sen, Indira and Kohne, Julian and Flöck, Fabian and Wagner, Claudia},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Qualitative and quantitative studies of social media},
	pages = {573--584},
}

@book{macrae_stereotypes_1996,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Stereotypes and stereotyping},
	isbn = {978-1-57230-053-8},
	publisher = {Guilford Press},
	author = {Macrae, C. Neil and Stangor, Charles and Hewstone, Miles},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Stereotypes (Social psychology)},
}

@article{betti_large_2023,
	title = {Large scale analysis of gender bias and sexism in song lyrics},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {2023 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2193-1127},
	url = {https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00384-8},
	doi = {10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00384-8},
	abstract = {We employ Natural Language Processing techniques to analyse 377,808 English song lyrics from the “Two Million Song Database” corpus, focusing on the expression of sexism across five decades (1960–2010) and the measurement of gender biases. Using a sexism classifier, we identify sexist lyrics at a larger scale than previous studies using small samples of manually annotated popular songs. Furthermore, we reveal gender biases by measuring associations in word embeddings learned on song lyrics. We find sexist content to increase across time, especially from male artists and for popular songs appearing in Billboard charts. Songs are also shown to contain different language biases depending on the gender of the performer, with male solo artist songs containing more and stronger biases. This is the first large scale analysis of this type, giving insights into language usage in such an influential part of popular culture.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	journal = {EPJ Data Science},
	author = {Betti, Lorenzo and Abrate, Carlo and Kaltenbrunner, Andreas},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: SpringerOpen},
	pages = {1--22},
}

@incollection{menegatti_gender_2017,
	title = {Gender {Bias} and {Sexism} in {Language}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-022861-3},
	url = {https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-470},
	abstract = {Language is one of the most powerful means through which sexism and gender discrimination are perpetrated and reproduced. The content of gender stereotypes, according to which women should display communal/warmth traits and men should display agentic/competence traits, is reflected in the lexical choices of everyday communication. As a consequence, language subtly reproduces the societal asymmetries of status and power in favor of men, which are attached to the corresponding social roles. Moreover, the hidden yet consensual norm according to which the prototypical human being is male is embedded in the structure of many languages. Grammatical and syntactical rules are built in a way that feminine terms usually derive from the corresponding masculine form. Similarly, masculine nouns and pronouns are often used with a generic function to refer to both men and women. However, such linguistic forms have the negative effects of making women disappear in mental representations. Although the use of gender-fair linguistic expressions can effectively prevent these negative consequences and promote gender equality, there are even more implicit forms of gender bias in language that are difficult to suppress. By choosing terms at different levels of abstraction, people can affect the attributions of the receiver in a way that is consistent with their stereotypical beliefs. Linguistic abstraction, thus, is a very subtle resource used to represent women in a less favorable way and thus to enact gender discrimination without meaning to discriminate or even be aware that this linguistic behavior has discriminatory results. In order to reduce gender bias, it is necessary to change people’s linguistic habits by making them aware of the beneficial effects of gender-fair expressions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	booktitle = {Oxford {Research} {Encyclopedia} of {Communication}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Menegatti, Michela and Rubini, Monica},
	collaborator = {Menegatti, Michela and Rubini, Monica},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.470},
}

@inproceedings{bosco_overview_2018,
	title = {Overview of the {EVALITA} 2018 {Hate} {Speech} {Detection} {Task}},
	url = {https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56483142},
	booktitle = {{EVALITA}@{CLiC}-it},
	author = {Bosco, Cristina and Dell’Orletta, Felice and Poletto, Fabio and Sanguinetti, Manuela and Tesconi, Maurizio},
	year = {2018},
}

@misc{noauthor_pdf_nodate,
	title = {[{PDF}] {Overview} of the {EVALITA} 2018 {Hate} {Speech} {Detection} {Task} {\textbar} {Semantic} {Scholar}},
	url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Overview-of-the-EVALITA-2018-Hate-Speech-Detection-Bosco-Dell%E2%80%99Orletta/3eaee4b2b8d9c7de52ba2386c73bb30097ec111c},
	urldate = {2024-02-15},
}

@inproceedings{fersini_overview_2018,
	title = {Overview of the {Task} on {Automatic} {Misogyny} {Identification} at {IberEval} 2018},
	url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Overview-of-the-Task-on-Automatic-Misogyny-at-2018-Fersini-Rosso/b550270ea54715b5f587b8692c91d4b36432da13},
	abstract = {. Automatic Misogyny Identiﬁcation (AMI) is a new shared task proposed for the ﬁrst time at the IberEval 2018 evaluation campaign. The AMI task proposes misogyny identiﬁcation, misogynistic behaviour categorization and target classiﬁcation both from Spanish and English tweets. We have received a total of 32 runs for English and 24 for Spanish, submitted by 11 diﬀerent teams from 5 countries. We present here the datasets, the evaluation methodology, an overview of the proposed systems and the obtained results. Finally, we draw some conclusions and discuss future work.},
	urldate = {2024-02-15},
	author = {Fersini, E. and Rosso, Paolo and Anzovino, M.},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{bosco_detecting_2023,
	title = {Detecting racial stereotypes: {An} {Italian} social media corpus where psychology meets {NLP}},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {03064573},
	shorttitle = {Detecting racial stereotypes},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306457322002199},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103118},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-15},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	author = {Bosco, Cristina and Patti, Viviana and Frenda, Simona and Cignarella, Alessandra Teresa and Paciello, Marinella and D’Errico, Francesca},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {103118},
}

@inproceedings{chiril_be_2021,
	address = {Punta Cana, Dominican Republic},
	title = {“{Be} nice to your wife! {The} restaurants are closed”: {Can} {Gender} {Stereotype} {Detection} {Improve} {Sexism} {Classification}?},
	shorttitle = {“{Be} nice to your wife! {The} restaurants are closed”},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-emnlp.242},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.findings-emnlp.242},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-14},
	booktitle = {Findings of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics}: {EMNLP} 2021},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Chiril, Patricia and Benamara, Farah and Moriceau, Véronique},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2833--2844},
}

@article{bosco_detecting_2023-1,
	title = {Detecting racial stereotypes: {An} {Italian} social media corpus where psychology meets {NLP}},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {03064573},
	shorttitle = {Detecting racial stereotypes},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306457322002199},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103118},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-14},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	author = {Bosco, Cristina and Patti, Viviana and Frenda, Simona and Cignarella, Alessandra Teresa and Paciello, Marinella and D’Errico, Francesca},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {103118},
}

@article{goritz_reduce_2022,
	title = {To {Reduce} {Bias}, {You} {Must} {Identify} {It} {First}! {Towards} {Automated} {Gender} {Bias} {Detection}},
	url = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2022/data_analytics/data_analytics/10},
	journal = {ICIS 2022 Proceedings},
	author = {Göritz, Lorena and Stattkus, Daniel and Beinke, Jan Heinrich and Thomas, Oliver},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{tang_gender_2017,
	title = {Gender {Bias} in the {Job} {Market}: {A} {Longitudinal} {Analysis}},
	volume = {1},
	shorttitle = {Gender {Bias} in the {Job} {Market}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134734},
	doi = {10.1145/3134734},
	abstract = {For millions of workers, online job listings provide the first point of contact to potential employers. As a result, job listings and their word choices can significantly affect the makeup of the responding applicant pool. Here, we study the effects of potentially gender-biased terminology in job listings, and their impact on job applicants, using a large historical corpus of 17 million listings on LinkedIn spanning 10 years. We develop algorithms to detect and quantify gender bias, validate them using external tools, and use them to quantify job listing bias over time. We then perform a user survey over two user populations (N1=469, N2=273) to validate our findings and to quantify the end-to-end impact of such bias on applicant decisions. Our findings show gender-bias has decreased significantly over the last 10 years. More surprisingly, we find that impact of gender bias in listings is dwarfed by our respondents' inherent bias towards specific job types.},
	number = {CSCW},
	urldate = {2024-02-14},
	journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
	author = {Tang, Shiliang and Zhang, Xinyi and Cryan, Jenna and Metzger, Miriam J. and Zheng, Haitao and Zhao, Ben Y.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {gender bias, online job advertisements, quantitative analysis, user studies},
	pages = {99:1--99:19},
}

@article{gaucher_evidence_2011,
	title = {Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {1939-1315},
	doi = {10.1037/a0022530},
	abstract = {Social dominance theory (Sidanius \& Pratto, 1999) contends that institutional-level mechanisms exist that reinforce and perpetuate existing group-based inequalities, but very few such mechanisms have been empirically demonstrated. We propose that gendered wording (i.e., masculine- and feminine-themed words, such as those associated with gender stereotypes) may be a heretofore unacknowledged, institutional-level mechanism of inequality maintenance. Employing both archival and experimental analyses, the present research demonstrates that gendered wording commonly employed in job recruitment materials can maintain gender inequality in traditionally male-dominated occupations. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated the existence of subtle but systematic wording differences within a randomly sampled set of job advertisements. Results indicated that job advertisements for male-dominated areas employed greater masculine wording (i.e., words associated with male stereotypes, such as leader, competitive, dominant) than advertisements within female-dominated areas. No difference in the presence of feminine wording (i.e., words associated with female stereotypes, such as support, understand, interpersonal) emerged across male- and female-dominated areas. Next, the consequences of highly masculine wording were tested across 3 experimental studies. When job advertisements were constructed to include more masculine than feminine wording, participants perceived more men within these occupations (Study 3), and importantly, women found these jobs less appealing (Studies 4 and 5). Results confirmed that perceptions of belongingness (but not perceived skills) mediated the effect of gendered wording on job appeal (Study 5). The function of gendered wording in maintaining traditional gender divisions, implications for gender parity, and theoretical models of inequality are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	author = {Gaucher, Danielle and Friesen, Justin and Kay, Aaron C.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Place: US
Publisher: American Psychological Association},
	keywords = {Dominance, Intergroup Dynamics, Male Female Relations, Occupations, Personnel Recruitment, Sex Role Attitudes, Sexism, Social Discrimination, Social Dominance, Social Equality},
	pages = {109--128},
}

@article{bem_measurement_1974,
	title = {The measurement of psychological androgyny.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1939-2117, 0022-006X},
	url = {https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0036215},
	doi = {10.1037/h0036215},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-02-14},
	journal = {Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology},
	author = {Bem, Sandra L.},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {155--162},
}

@book{spence_personal_1978,
	address = {Washington},
	series = {{JSAS} document},
	title = {The personal attributes questionnaire: a measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity},
	shorttitle = {The personal attributes questionnaire},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Journal Supplement Abstract Service, American Psychological Association},
	author = {Spence, Janet T. and Helmreich, Robert L. and Stapp, Joy},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Section: 40 pages ; 28 cm},
}

@inproceedings{cryan_detecting_2020,
	address = {Honolulu HI USA},
	title = {Detecting {Gender} {Stereotypes}: {Lexicon} vs. {Supervised} {Learning} {Methods}},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-6708-0},
	shorttitle = {Detecting {Gender} {Stereotypes}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3313831.3376488},
	doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376488},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-14},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 {CHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Cryan, Jenna and Tang, Shiliang and Zhang, Xinyi and Metzger, Miriam and Zheng, Haitao and Zhao, Ben Y.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1--11},
}

@article{nemani_gender_2024,
	title = {Gender bias in transformers: {A} comprehensive review of detection and mitigation strategies},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {29497191},
	shorttitle = {Gender bias in transformers},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2949719123000444},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nlp.2023.100047},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-02-12},
	journal = {Natural Language Processing Journal},
	author = {Nemani, Praneeth and Joel, Yericherla Deepak and Vijay, Palla and Liza, Farhana Ferdouzi},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {100047},
}

@techreport{argentino_she_2022,
	address = {London},
	title = {She {Drops}: {How} {QAnon} {Conspiracy} {Theories} {Legitimize} {Coordinated} and {Targeted} {Gender} {Based} {Violence}},
	url = {www.isdglobal.org},
	institution = {ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue},
	author = {Argentino, Marc-André and Adnan, Raja and Gallagher, Aoife},
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{avaaz_facebooks_2020,
	title = {Facebook's {Algorithm}: {A} {Major} {Threat} to {Public} {Health}},
	url = {https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_threat_health/},
	institution = {AVAAZ - The world in Action},
	author = {AVAAZ},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {33},
}

@article{viola_editorial_2023,
	title = {Editorial: {Migration} studies and the digital: datafication, implications and methodological approaches},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2673-2726},
	shorttitle = {Editorial},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fhumd.2023.1337817/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fhumd.2023.1337817},
	urldate = {2024-01-10},
	journal = {Frontiers in Human Dynamics},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Venken, Machteld and Verheul, Jaap},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1337817},
}

@article{viola_narratives_2023,
	title = {Narratives of {Italian} {Transatlantic} (re)migration, 1897–1936},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2297-7775},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1239585/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2023.1239585},
	abstract = {Remigration is typically envisioned as the final stage of the migration experience, a one-way movement from the host country to the country of origin. This article offers a novel, intimate view of historical return migration as a more complex and discursive process. The case study is Italian American migrants at the turn of the twentieth century, one of the groups which – according to historical statistics – was most actively engaged in Transatlantic remigration; more recent readings, however, show that many of these returnees eventually re-emigrated to the US. Using for the first time immigrant newspapers against the baseline of the Italian public discourse, the article analyzes Italian migrants’ own accounts of remigration as a way to access the more subjective dimension of migration. The integration of text mining and Critical Discourse Analysis will show that migrants were experiencing migration as a sense of identity crisis manifested through feelings of being misunderstood, rejected and unappreciated. These results indicate a less material reading of (re)migration, that is beyond economic reasons, and that for many individuals remigration was a bi-directional movement, only fully concluded when they were no longer experiencing a sense of identity crisis, be it in their homeland or the host society. The article will argue that this was the visible outward sign of a much more profound issue: the Italian Government’s view of (r)emigration –mainly through the lens of domestic economic advantage –deeply underestimated the complexity of migration as a social phenomenon and as a profoundly changing psychological experience. In the long run, this error of judgment deeply damaged Italy as many of those
              ritornati
              felt misunderstood and disillusioned and crossed the Atlantic again, this time never to return.},
	urldate = {2024-01-10},
	journal = {Frontiers in Sociology},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1239585},
}

@inproceedings{venceslau_iot_2019,
	title = {{IoT} semantic interoperability: a systematic mapping study},
	volume = {1},
	shorttitle = {{IoT} semantic interoperability},
	url = {https://repositorio.ual.pt/handle/11144/4314},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	booktitle = {International {Conference} on {Enterprise} {Information} {Systems}},
	publisher = {SciTePress},
	author = {Venceslau, Amanda and Andrade, Rossana and Vidal, Vânia and Nogueira, Tales and Pequeno, Valéria},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {535--544},
}

@article{pagano_data_2013,
	title = {Data interoperability},
	volume = {12},
	url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/12/0/12_GRDI-004/_article/-char/ja/},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Data Science Journal},
	author = {Pagano, Pasquale and Candela, Leonardo and Castelli, Donatella},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: CODATA},
	pages = {GRDI19--GRDI25},
}

@inproceedings{skvortsov_meaningful_2018,
	title = {Meaningful {Data} {Interoperability} and {Reuse} among {Heterogeneous} {Scientific} {Communities}.},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2277/paper05.pdf},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	booktitle = {{DAMDID}/{RCDL}},
	author = {Skvortsov, Nikolay A.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {14--15},
}

@article{de_mello_semantic_2022,
	title = {Semantic interoperability in health records standards: a systematic literature review},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2190-7188, 2190-7196},
	shorttitle = {Semantic interoperability in health records standards},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12553-022-00639-w},
	doi = {10.1007/s12553-022-00639-w},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Health and Technology},
	author = {De Mello, Blanda Helena and Rigo, Sandro José and Da Costa, Cristiano André and Da Rosa Righi, Rodrigo and Donida, Bruna and Bez, Marta Rosecler and Schunke, Luana Carina},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {255--272},
}

@inproceedings{rosenthal_data_1994,
	title = {Data integration in the large: {The} challenge of reuse},
	shorttitle = {Data integration in the large},
	url = {https://www.vldb.org/conf/1994/P669.PDF},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	booktitle = {{VLDB}},
	author = {Rosenthal, Arnon and Seligman, Leonard J.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {669--675},
}

@article{figueiredo_data_2017,
	title = {Data sharing: convert challenges into opportunities},
	volume = {5},
	shorttitle = {Data sharing},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00327/full},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Frontiers in public health},
	author = {Figueiredo, Ana Sofia},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media SA},
	pages = {327},
}

@article{tenopir_changes_2015,
	title = {Changes in data sharing and data reuse practices and perceptions among scientists worldwide},
	volume = {10},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134826},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Tenopir, Carol and Dalton, Elizabeth D. and Allard, Suzie and Frame, Mike and Pjesivac, Ivanka and Birch, Ben and Pollock, Danielle and Dorsett, Kristina},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	pages = {e0134826},
}

@article{bote_reusing_2019,
	title = {Reusing data: {Technical} and ethical challenges.},
	volume = {39},
	shorttitle = {Reusing data},
	url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/24af/32d538d88f60468ab79a3f7666033423af95.pdf},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {DESIDOC Journal of Library \& Information Technology},
	author = {Boté, Juan-José and Termens, Miquel},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{yoon_factors_2019,
	title = {Factors of trust in data reuse},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1468-4527},
	url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OIR-01-2019-0014/full/html},
	doi = {10.1108/OIR-01-2019-0014},
	abstract = {Purpose: This study aims to quantitatively examine factors of trust in data reuse from the reusers’ perspectives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Online Information Review},
	author = {Yoon, Ayoung and Lee, Yoo Young},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1245--1262},
}

@article{yoon_factors_2019-1,
	title = {Factors of trust in data reuse},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1468-4527},
	url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OIR-01-2019-0014/full/html},
	doi = {10.1108/OIR-01-2019-0014},
	abstract = {Purpose
              The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively examine factors of trust in data reuse from the reusers’ perspectives.
            
            
              Design/methodology/approach
              This study utilized a survey method to test the proposed hypotheses and to empirically evaluate the research model, which was developed to examine the relationship each factor of trust has with reusers’ actual trust during data reuse.
            
            
              Findings
              
                This study found that the data producer (
                H1
                ) and data quality (
                H3
                ) were significant, as predicted, while scholarly community (
                H3
                ) and data intermediary (
                H4
                ) were not significantly related to reusers’ trust in data.
              
            
            
              Research limitations/implications
              Further disciplinary specific examinations should be conducted to complement the study findings and fully generalize the study findings.
            
            
              Practical implications
              The study finding presents the need for engaging data producers in the process of data curation, preferably beginning in the early stages and encouraging them to work with curation professionals to ensure data management quality. The study finding also suggests the need for re-defining the boundaries of current curation work or collaborating with other professionals who can perform data quality assessment that is related to scientific and methodological rigor.
            
            
              Originality/value
              By analyzing theoretical concepts in empirical research and validating the factors of trust, this study fills this gap in the data reuse literature.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Online Information Review},
	author = {Yoon, Ayoung and Lee, Yoo Young},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1245--1262},
}

@article{yoon_factors_2019-2,
	title = {Factors of trust in data reuse},
	volume = {43},
	url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OIR-01-2019-0014/full/html},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Online Information Review},
	author = {Yoon, Ayoung and Lee, Yoo Young},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
	pages = {1245--1262},
}

@article{curty_towards_2014,
	title = {Towards a model for research data reuse behavior},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0044-7870, 1550-8390},
	url = {https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/meet.2014.14505101072},
	doi = {10.1002/meet.2014.14505101072},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT
            This poster reports a qualitative exploratory study of data reuse processes, and factors scientists consider when deciding whether or not to reuse data. Findings from this study revealed six core theoretical variables along with 28 influential factors that were salient across interviews and supported by research literature. The synthesis of findings led to the development of a model that draws upon the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to investigate scientists’ intentions and behavior towards the reuse of research data. The proposed model offers a novel approach to the current base of knowledge that has been essentially exploratory and atheoretical in nature. It also serves as the foundation for a future larger scale research that expects to provide guidelines for policymakers, open data advocates, and data repository stakeholders to better attune policies and repositories to scientists’ expectations and needs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	author = {Curty, Renata Gonçalves and Qin, Jian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--4},
}

@article{curty_attitudes_2017,
	title = {Attitudes and norms affecting scientists’ data reuse},
	volume = {12},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189288},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Curty, Renata Gonçalves and Crowston, Kevin and Specht, Alison and Grant, Bruce W. and Dalton, Elizabeth D.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	pages = {e0189288},
}

@article{piwowar_data_2013,
	title = {Data reuse and the open data citation advantage},
	volume = {1},
	url = {https://peerj.com/articles/175/?report=reader},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {PeerJ},
	author = {Piwowar, Heather A. and Vision, Todd J.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: PeerJ Inc.},
	pages = {e175},
}

@article{kim_scientists_2017,
	title = {Scientists' data reuse behaviors: {A} multilevel analysis},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {2330-1635, 2330-1643},
	shorttitle = {Scientists' data reuse behaviors},
	url = {https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.23892},
	doi = {10.1002/asi.23892},
	abstract = {This study explores the factors that influence the data reuse behaviors of scientists and identifies the generalized patterns that occur in data reuse across various disciplines. This research employed an integrated theoretical framework combining institutional theory and the theory of planned behavior. The combined theoretical framework can apply the institutional theory at the individual level and extend the theory of planned behavior by including relevant contexts. This study utilized a survey method to test the proposed research model and hypotheses. Study participants were recruited from the Community of Science's (CoS) Scholar Database, and a total of 1,528 scientists responded to the survey. A multilevel analysis method was used to analyze the 1,237 qualified responses. This research showed that scientists' data reuse intentions are influenced by both disciplinary level factors (availability of data repositories) and individual level factors (perceived usefulness, perceived concern, and the availability of internal resources). This study has practical implications for promoting data reuse practices. Three main areas that need to be improved are identified: Educating scientists, providing internal supports, and providing external resources and supports such as data repositories.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
	author = {Kim, Youngseek and Yoon, Ayoung},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2709--2719},
}

@article{tenopir_changes_2015-1,
	title = {Changes in data sharing and data reuse practices and perceptions among scientists worldwide},
	volume = {10},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134826},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Tenopir, Carol and Dalton, Elizabeth D. and Allard, Suzie and Frame, Mike and Pjesivac, Ivanka and Birch, Ben and Pollock, Danielle and Dorsett, Kristina},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	pages = {e0134826},
}

@article{bishop_revisiting_2017,
	title = {Revisiting {Qualitative} {Data} {Reuse}: {A} {Decade} {On}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2158-2440, 2158-2440},
	shorttitle = {Revisiting {Qualitative} {Data} {Reuse}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244016685136},
	doi = {10.1177/2158244016685136},
	abstract = {Secondary analysis of qualitative data entails reusing data created from previous research projects for new purposes. Reuse provides an opportunity to study the raw materials of past research projects to gain methodological and substantive insights. In the past decade, use of the approach has grown rapidly in the United Kingdom to become sufficiently accepted that it must now be regarded as mainstream. Several factors explain this growth: the open data movement, research funders’ and publishers’ policies supporting data sharing, and researchers seeing benefits from sharing resources, including data. Another factor enabling qualitative data reuse has been improved services and infrastructure that facilitate access to thousands of data collections. The UK Data Service is an example of a well-established facility; more recent has been the proliferation of repositories being established within universities. This article will provide evidence of the growth of data reuse in the United Kingdom and in Finland by presenting both data and case studies of reuse that illustrate the breadth and diversity of this maturing research method. We use two distinct data sources that quantify the scale, types, and trends of reuse of qualitative data: (a) downloads of archived data collections held at data repositories and (b) publication citations. Although the focus of this article is on the United Kingdom, some discussion of the international environment is provided, together with data and examples of reuse at the Finnish Social Science Data Archive. The conclusion summarizes the major findings, including some conjectures regarding what makes qualitative data attractive for reuse and sharing.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	journal = {SAGE Open},
	author = {Bishop, Libby and Kuula-Luumi, Arja},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {215824401668513},
}

@book{viola_multilingual_2023,
	address = {Abingdon, Oxon New York, NY},
	series = {Digital research in the arts and humanities},
	title = {Multilingual digital humanities},
	isbn = {978-1-03-249194-3 978-1-00-339369-6},
	abstract = {"Multilingual Digital Humanities explores the impact of monolingualism - especially Anglocentrism - on digital practices in the humanities and social sciences. The volume explores a wide range of applied contexts, such as digital linguistic injustice, critical digital literacy, digital learning, digital publishing, low resourced, minoritized or endangered languages in a digital space, and multilingual historical intertextuality. These discussions are situated within wider work on language technologies, language documentation and international (in particular European) language-based infrastructure creation. Drawing on both primary and secondary research, this four-part book features thirteen diverse case-studies of infrastructural projects, pedagogical resources, computational models, interface building, and publishing initiatives in a range of languages, including: Arabic, French, Russian, Portuguese, Italian, German, Spanish, Bengali, Hindi, Malayalam, and Tamil. All the debates are contextualised within a wider cultural frame, thus bridging the gap between the linguistic focus of the multilingual initiatives and wider discussion of cultural criticism in DH. Multilingual Digital Humanities recognizes the digital as a culturally situated and organic multilingual entity embedding past, present, and future worlds, which reacts to and impacts on institutional and methodological frameworks for knowledge creation. It is essential reading for students, scholars and practitioners working in Digital Humanities and digital studies"--},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Viola, Lorella and Spence, Paul},
	year = {2023},
}

@article{landis_measurement_1977,
	title = {The {Measurement} of {Observer} {Agreement} for {Categorical} {Data}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0006341X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2529310?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/2529310},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-12-13},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {Landis, J. Richard and Koch, Gary G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1977},
	pages = {159},
}

@inproceedings{fort-etal-2012-analyzing,
	address = {Istanbul, Turkey},
	title = {Analyzing the impact of prevalence on the evaluation of a manual annotation campaign},
	url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/549_Paper.pdf},
	abstract = {This article details work aiming at evaluating the quality of the manual annotation of gene renaming couples in scientific abstracts, which generates sparse annotations. To evaluate these annotations, we compare the results obtained using the commonly advocated inter-annotator agreement coefficients such as S, κ and Ï, the less known R, the weighted coefficients κÏ and Î± as well as the F-measure and the SER. We analyze to which extent they are relevant for our data. We then study the bias introduced by prevalence by changing the way the contingency table is built. We finally propose an original way to synthesize the results by computing distances between categories, based on the produced annotations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the eighth international conference on language resources and evaluation ({LREC}'12)},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
	author = {Fort, Karën and François, Claire and Galibert, Olivier and Ghribi, Maha},
	editor = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Doğan, Mehmet Uğur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1474--1480},
}

@incollection{ide_inter-annotator_2017,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	title = {Inter-annotator {Agreement}},
	isbn = {978-94-024-0879-9 978-94-024-0881-2},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-024-0881-2_11},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-12-07},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Linguistic} {Annotation}},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	author = {Artstein, Ron},
	editor = {Ide, Nancy and Pustejovsky, James},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-024-0881-2_11},
	pages = {297--313},
}

@article{viola_use_2023,
	title = {On the use of sentiment analysis for linguistics research. {Observations} on sentiment polarity and the use of the progressive in {Italian}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2624-8212},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1101364/full},
	doi = {10.3389/frai.2023.1101364},
	abstract = {This article offers a conceptual and methodological contribution to linguistics by exploring the potential value of using sentiment analysis (SA) for research in this field. Firstly, it discusses the limitations and advantages of using SA for linguistics research including the wider epistemological implications of its application outside of its original conception as a product reviews analysis tool. Methodologically, it tests its applicability against an established linguistic case: the correlation between subjective attitudes such as surprise, irritation and discontent and the use of the progressive. The language example is Italian for which this function of the progressive form has not been analyzed yet. The analysis applies FEEL-IT, a state-of-the-art transformer-based machine learning model for emotion and sentiment classification in Italian on language samples from various sources as collected in Evalita-2014 (238,556 words). The results show statistically significant correlations between negative subjective attitudes and the use of the progressive in line with previous accounts in other languages. The article concludes with a few additional propositions for practitioners and researchers using SA.},
	urldate = {2023-11-24},
	journal = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1101364},
}

@inproceedings{Rei2016AMS,
	address = {Ljubljana, Slovenia},
	title = {A multilingual social media linguistic corpus},
	url = {https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:64033009},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {Conference} on {CMC} and {Social} {Media} {Corpora} for the {Humanities}},
	author = {Rei, Luis and Mladenić, Dunja and Krek, Simon},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
}

@article{emilio_emigrazione_1986,
	title = {L'emigrazione italiana in {Argentina} nella politica di espansione del nazionalismo e del fascismo.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Storia contemporanea},
	author = {Emilio, Gentile},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {355 -- 396},
}

@article{van_prooijen_belief_2018,
	title = {Belief in conspiracy theories: {Basic} principles of an emerging research domain},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0046-2772, 1099-0992},
	shorttitle = {Belief in conspiracy theories},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2530},
	doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2530},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              In this introduction to the
              
                EJSP
              
              Special Issue on conspiracy theories as a social psychological phenomenon, we describe how this emerging research domain has developed over the past decade and distill four basic principles that characterize belief in conspiracy theories. Specifically, conspiracy theories are
              consequential
              as they have a real impact on people's health, relationships, and safety; they are
              universal
              in that belief in them is widespread across times, cultures, and social settings; they are
              emotional
              given that negative emotions and not rational deliberations cause conspiracy beliefs; and they are
              social
              as conspiracy beliefs are closely associated with psychological motivations underlying intergroup conflict. We then discuss future research and possible policy interventions in this growing area of enquiry.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2023-11-02},
	journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
	author = {Van Prooijen, Jan‐Willem and Douglas, Karen M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {897--908},
}

@article{van_prooijen_conspiracy_2018,
	title = {Conspiracy {Theories}: {Evolved} {Functions} and {Psychological} {Mechanisms}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1745-6916, 1745-6924},
	shorttitle = {Conspiracy {Theories}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691618774270},
	doi = {10.1177/1745691618774270},
	abstract = {Belief in conspiracy theories—such as that the 9/11 terrorist attacks were an inside job or that the pharmaceutical industry deliberately spreads diseases—is a widespread and culturally universal phenomenon. Why do so many people around the globe believe conspiracy theories, and why are they so influential? Previous research focused on the proximate mechanisms underlying conspiracy beliefs but ignored the distal, evolutionary origins and functions. We review evidence pertaining to two competing evolutionary hypotheses: (a) conspiracy beliefs are a by-product of a suite of psychological mechanisms (e.g., pattern recognition, agency detection, threat management, alliance detection) that evolved for different reasons, or (b) conspiracy beliefs are part of an evolved psychological mechanism specifically aimed at detecting dangerous coalitions. This latter perspective assumes that conspiracy theories are activated after specific coalition cues, which produce functional counterstrategies to cope with suspected conspiracies. Insights from social, cultural and evolutionary psychology provide tentative support for six propositions that follow from the adaptation hypothesis. We propose that people possess a functionally integrated mental system to detect conspiracies that in all likelihood has been shaped in an ancestral human environment in which hostile coalitions—that is, conspiracies that truly existed—were a frequent cause of misery, death, and reproductive loss.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2023-11-02},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	author = {Van Prooijen, Jan-Willem and Van Vugt, Mark},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {770--788},
}

@incollection{zappavigna_twitter_2016,
	title = {Twitter},
	volume = {11},
	booktitle = {Pragmatics of social media},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
	author = {Zappavigna, Michele},
	editor = {Hoffmann, Christian R. and Bublitz, Wolfram},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH \& Co KG},
	pages = {201--224},
}

@book{hoffmann_pragmatics_2017,
	address = {Berlin ; Boston},
	series = {Handbooks of pragmatics},
	title = {Pragmatics of social media},
	isbn = {978-3-11-043969-4},
	number = {Volume 11},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
	editor = {Hoffmann, Christian R. and Bublitz, Wolfram},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Communication and technology, Language and the Internet, Network analysis, Pragmatics, Social media, Sociolinguistics},
}

@article{page_group_2019,
	title = {Group selfies and {Snapchat}: {From} sociality to synthetic collectivisation},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {2211-6958},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211695818302174},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dcm.2018.10.003},
	abstract = {This paper sets out a multimodal framework that can be used to explore the ways in which people are positioned as individuals and groups within the selfies and other kinds of representations found in video-sharing practices. Unlike earlier, monomodal accounts of selfies, the framework accounts for the visual, aural and verbal resources that are used in video-sharing. The analysis focuses on the videos and photos that are produced and consumed in the Featured Stories of Snapchat as collective accounts of public events of different kinds. The results show that, in Snapchat, constructing group identities is prominent, both in selfies and quasi-selfies. This reflects a discourse of ‘us-ness’ current in many forms of social media, and which prizes particular forms of sociality. The uses of this discourse are ideologically charged, and include the strategic use of synthetic collectivisation as an emerging form of audio-visual communication which contrives to position the individual member of the audience as if they were part of a larger group, sharing the same experience and perspective as the person creating the video. The framework is used in this paper to examine the ways in which the collective identities of fans, mourners and protestors are constructed in Featured Stories from Snapchat, but is of relevance to many other forms of multimodal communication that are shared through social media sites and services.},
	journal = {Discourse, Context \& Media},
	author = {Page, Ruth},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Selfies, Snapchat, Sociality, Synthetic collectivisation},
	pages = {79--92},
}

@article{hansson_discursive_2022,
	title = {Discursive {Strategies} of {Blaming}: {The} {Language} of {Judgment} and {Political} {Protest} {Online}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2056-3051},
	shorttitle = {Discursive {Strategies} of {Blaming}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221138753},
	doi = {10.1177/20563051221138753},
	abstract = {Modern politics is permeated by blame games—symbolic struggles over the blameworthiness or otherwise of various social actors. In this article, we develop a framework for identifying different strategies of blaming that protesters use on social media to criticize and delegitimize governments and political leaders. We draw on the systemic functional linguistic theory of Appraisal to distinguish between blame attributions based on negative judgments of the target’s (1) capacity, such as references to their incompetence and policy failures; (2) veracity, questioning their truthfulness or honesty via references to deceitful character or dishonest acts and utterances; (3) propriety, questioning their moral standing by references to, for instance, corruption; and (4) tenacity, suggesting that the politicians are not dependable due to, for example, dithering. We add to this a further threefold distinction based on whether blaming is focused on the target’s (1) bad character, (2) bad behavior, or (3) negative outcomes that the target either caused or did not prevent from happening. To illustrate the approach, we analyze a corpus of replies by Twitter users to tweets by British government ministers about two highly contentious issues, Covid-19 and Brexit, in 2020–2021. We suggest that the methodology outlined here could provide a useful avenue for systematically revealing and comparing a variety of realizations of blaming in large datasets of online conflict talk, thereby providing a more fine-grained understanding of the practices of protest and delegitimation in modern politics.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-10-26},
	journal = {Social Media + Society},
	author = {Hansson, Sten and Page, Ruth and Fuoli, Matteo},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {20563051221138753},
}

@article{page_linguistics_2012,
	title = {The linguistics of self-branding and micro-celebrity in {Twitter}: {The} role of hashtags},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1750-4813},
	shorttitle = {The linguistics of self-branding and micro-celebrity in {Twitter}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481312437441},
	doi = {10.1177/1750481312437441},
	abstract = {Twitter is a linguistic marketplace (Bourdieu, 1977) in which the processes of self-branding and micro-celebrity (Marwick, 2010) depend on visibility as a means of increasing social and economic gain. Hashtags are a potent resource within this system for promoting the visibility of a Twitter update (and, by implication, the update’s author). This study analyses the frequency, types and grammatical context of hashtags which occurred in a dataset of approximately 92,000 tweets, taken from 100 publically available Twitter accounts, comparing the discourse styles of corporations, celebrity practitioners and ‘ordinary’ Twitter members. The results suggest that practices of self-branding and micro-celebrity operate on a continuum which reflects and reinforces the social and economic hierarchies which exist in offline contexts. Despite claims that hashtags are ‘conversational’, this study suggests that participatory culture in Twitter is not evenly distributed, and that the discourse of celebrity practitioners and corporations exhibits the synthetic personalization (Fairclough, 1989) typical of mainstream media forms of broadcast talk.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-10-26},
	journal = {Discourse \& Communication},
	author = {Page, Ruth},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},
	pages = {181--201},
}

@article{eckert_think_1992,
	title = {Think {Practically} and {Look} {Locally}: {Language} and {Gender} as {Community}- {Based} {Practice}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0084-6570},
	shorttitle = {Think {Practically} and {Look} {Locally}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155996},
	urldate = {2023-10-23},
	journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
	author = {Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews},
	pages = {461--490},
}

@article{brindle_cancer_2016,
	title = {Cancer has nothing on {Islam}: a study of discourses by group elite and supporters of the {English} defence league},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1740-5904},
	shorttitle = {Cancer has nothing on {Islam}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2016.1169196},
	doi = {10.1080/17405904.2016.1169196},
	abstract = {This paper uses methods from corpus linguistics and discourse analysis to analyse discourses produced by a populist far-right movement, the English Defence League (EDL), an organisation which the group elite claim is opposed to the spread of Islamism, Sharia law and Islamic extremism in the UK. Two corpora are analysed using the online Corpus Query System, Sketch Engine [Kilgarriff, A., Rychly, P., Smrz, P., \& Tugwell, D. (2004). The sketch engine. Proceedings of Euralex (pp. 105–116). Lorient, France]; one corpus is compiled of texts published by the group leaders on their official website and the second of texts written by group supporters on the organisation’s Facebook page. Furthermore, a thread from the group’s Facebook page is studied. While the group’s mission statement declares that their aim is to oppose radical Islam, an investigation of the data demonstrates that they are an organisation opposed to all forms of Islam and immigration of Muslims to the UK. The study of group members’ texts reveals a discrimination against Muslims based on cultural otherness, intolerance and xenophobia. In addition, EDL supporters construct themselves as victims at the hands of the UK political establishment, police authorities and ethnic minorities. By investigating the discourses of racist, populist movements such as the EDL, contemporary racist ideologies, hate speech and forms of mobilisation may be more fully understood and countered.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-10-23},
	journal = {Critical Discourse Studies},
	author = {Brindle, Andrew},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2016.1169196},
	keywords = {Islamophobia, Right-wing populism, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, hate speech, the English defence league},
	pages = {444--459},
}

@book{bencivenni_italian_2016,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Italian immigrant radical culture: the idealism of the {Sovversivi} in the {United} {States}, 1890-1940},
	isbn = {978-0-8147-2318-0},
	shorttitle = {Italian immigrant radical culture},
	abstract = {Maligned by modern media and often stereotyped, Italian Americans possess a vibrant, if largely forgotten, radical past. Here, Marcella Bencivenni delves into the history of the sovversivi, a transnational generation of social rebels, and offers a fascinating portrait of their political struggle as well as their beliefs},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {New York University Press},
	author = {Bencivenni, Marcella},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 967258809},
}

@article{bucki_workers_1995,
	title = {Workers and {Politics} in the {Immigrant} {City} in the {Early} {Twentieth}-{Century} {United} {States}},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {International Labor and Working-Class History},
	author = {Bucki, Cecelia F.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ISBN: 1471-6445
Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	pages = {28--48},
}

@book{pellicano_ettore_nodate,
	title = {Ettore {Patrizi}. {Da} {Montecastrilli} a {San} {Francisco}},
	publisher = {Intermedia Edizioni},
	author = {Pellicanò, Giacomo},
}

@book{choate_emigrant_2008,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass},
	title = {Emigrant nation: the making of {Italy} abroad},
	isbn = {978-0-674-02784-8},
	shorttitle = {Emigrant nation},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	author = {Choate, Mark I.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {OCLC: ocn179801029},
	keywords = {Emigration and immigration History, Ethnic identity, Foreign countries, Italians, Italy},
}

@article{gentile_lemigrazione_1986,
	title = {L’emigrazione italiana in {Argentina} nella politica di espansione del nazionalismo e del fascismo},
	volume = {17},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Storia Contemporanea},
	author = {Gentile, Emilio},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {355--96},
}

@book{braun-strumfels_managing_2023,
	address = {Boston},
	edition = {1st},
	series = {Migrations in {History}},
	title = {Managing migration in {Italy} and the {United} {States}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-099628-9},
	number = {3},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
	editor = {Braun-Strumfels, Lauren and Marinari, Maddalena and Fiorentino, Daniele},
	year = {2023},
}

@book{wong_race_2006,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {1st ed},
	series = {Italian and {Italian} {American} studies},
	title = {Race and the nation in liberal {Italy}, 1861-1911: meridionalism, empire, and diaspora},
	isbn = {978-1-4039-7421-1},
	shorttitle = {Race and the nation in liberal {Italy}, 1861-1911},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Wong, Aliza S.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: ocm64289630},
	keywords = {1870-1914, Emigration and immigration History, Ethnic relations History, History, Italy, Italy, Northern, Italy, Southern, National characteristics, Italian, Prejudices, Racism},
}

@book{deschamps_histoire_2020,
	address = {Paris},
	series = {Aire anglophone},
	title = {Histoire de la presse italo-américaine: du {Risorgimento} à la {Grande} guerre},
	isbn = {978-2-343-20969-2},
	shorttitle = {Histoire de la presse italo-américaine},
	language = {fre},
	publisher = {l'Harmattan},
	author = {Deschamps, Bénédicte},
	year = {2020},
}

@book{balletta_emigrazione_1968,
	address = {Napoli},
	title = {L'emigrazione italiana negli {Stati} {Uniti} d'{America}: le rimesse del risparmio (1914-1925)},
	publisher = {Università degli Studi di Napoli},
	author = {Balletta, Francesco},
	year = {1968},
}

@article{gatto_rimesse_2021,
	title = {Rimesse dagli emigrati italiani negli {USA}, sviluppo e cicli economici: dalle fonti archivistiche del {Banco} di {Napoli} ai dati della {Banca} {Mondiale} (1861-2017)},
	issn = {2035794},
	shorttitle = {Rimesse dagli emigrati italiani negli {USA}, sviluppo e cicli economici},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7410/1469},
	doi = {10.7410/1469},
	abstract = {Le rimesse dall’estero sono state storicamente un volano dello sviluppo economico. In tempi recenti, le rimesse sono diventate oggetto di attenzione scientifica, imprenditoriale e della comunità internazionale specifica, stimolando una nuova letteratura economica sul tema. L’Italia, in quanto Paese a forte emigrazione, storicamente ha contato molto sulle rimesse dei suoi cittadini dall’estero, in particolare da Stati Uniti, altri paesi del Nord e Sud America e del Nord Europa. Il lavoro: i) fornisce un’analisi qualitativa dei dati e delle fonti archivistiche dei bilanci del Banco di Napoli, dei dati ISTAT, dell’Ufficio Italiano Cambi e Banca d’Italia e della Banca Mondiale, sulla base della letteratura storico-economica, economica ed econometrica sul tema. Propone, altresì, la ricostruzione e l’armonizzazione di nuove serie storiche nel lungo termine (1861-2017); ii) esamina l‘impatto della Legge 24 del 1901 sulle rimesse degli italiani emigrati negli Stati Uniti d’America, in particolare nel dodicennio 1914-1925; iii) analizza le innovazioni finanziarie apportate in questi periodi per facilitare l’uso delle rimesse e discute la rete di corrispondenti che si affiancarono al Banco di Napoli sul territorio statunitense nella raccolta e distribuzione dei patrimoni.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {Vol. 8/II n.s. (June 2021)},
	urldate = {2023-10-05},
	journal = {RiMe. Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea (ISSN 2035-794X)},
	author = {Gatto, Andrea},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {281--294},
}

@book{manzotti_polemica_1962,
	address = {Milano},
	title = {La polemica sull'emigrazione nell'{Italia} unita: (fino alla prima guerra mondiale)},
	url = {https://books.google.it/books?id=aWYRAQAACAAJ},
	publisher = {Soc. Ed. Dante Alighieri},
	author = {Manzotti, Fernando},
	year = {1962},
}

@book{wyman_round-trip_1993,
	address = {Ithaca, N.Y},
	title = {Round-trip to {America}: the immigrants return to {Europe}, 1880-1930},
	isbn = {978-0-8014-2875-3},
	shorttitle = {Round-trip to {America}},
	publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	author = {Wyman, Mark},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Emigration and immigration History, Europe, Europeans, History, Immigrants, Return migration, United States},
}

@book{gabaccia_italys_2004,
	address = {London},
	edition = {Transferred to digital printing},
	series = {Global diasporas},
	title = {Italy's many diasporas},
	isbn = {978-1-85728-583-3 978-1-85728-582-6},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Gabaccia, Donna R.},
	year = {2004},
}

@article{bonifazi_migrazioni_1996,
	title = {Le migrazioni di ritorno nel sistema emigratorio italiano: {Un} riesame},
	volume = {33},
	number = {122},
	journal = {Studi Emigrazione},
	author = {Bonifazi, Corrado and Heins, Franz},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {273--304},
}

@book{bovenkerk_sociology_1974,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	title = {The {Sociology} of {Return} {Migration}: {A} {Bibliographic} {Essay}},
	isbn = {978-94-015-0416-4 978-94-015-1037-0},
	shorttitle = {The {Sociology} of {Return} {Migration}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-015-1037-0},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-10-02},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	author = {Bovenkerk, Frank},
	year = {1974},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-015-1037-0},
}

@book{gentileschi_rientro_1983,
	address = {Napoli},
	title = {Rientro degli emigrati e territorio: risultati di inchieste regionali},
	url = {https://books.google.it/books?id=GIbKNAAACAAJ},
	publisher = {Istituto Grafico Italiano},
	author = {Gentileschi, Maria Luisa and Simoncelli, Ricciarda},
	year = {1983},
}

@article{rosoli_lemigrazione_1977,
	title = {L’emigrazione di ritorno: alla ricerca di una impostazione},
	volume = {14},
	url = {https://www.cser.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Studi-Emigrazione_1977_47_compressed.pdf},
	number = {47},
	journal = {Studi Emigrazione},
	author = {Rosoli, Gianfausto},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {235--246},
}

@book{caroli_boyd_italian_1973,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Italian {Repatriation} from the {United} {States}, 1900–1914},
	isbn = {978-0-913256-10-7},
	shorttitle = {Betty {Boyd} {Caroli}. {Italian} {Repatriation} from the {United} {States}, 1900–1914. {New} {York}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/ahr/80.4.1006},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-09-25},
	publisher = {Center for Migration Studies},
	author = {Caroli Boyd, Betty},
	year = {1973},
}

@book{ladegaard_migrant_2024,
	address = {Abingdon, Oxon},
	title = {Migrant workers' narratives of return: alienation and identity transformations},
	isbn = {978-1-00-326300-5},
	shorttitle = {Migrant workers' narratives of return},
	abstract = {"Drawing on a corpus of 113 narratives told by migrant workers who have returned to their home country, Ladegaard details Indonesian and Filipina (domestic) migrant workers' experiences of homecoming after years of work abroad, separated from their loved ones. The narratives deal with two major themes: 1) Migrant workers' experiences in the diaspora, which for many, particularly Indonesian workers, were associated with abuse and exploitation leading to trauma; and 2) migrant workers' experiences of coming home, which include both the happy reunion with the family but also concerns about not 'fitting in' and the need to reinvent themselves because they are not who they were when they left. This is particularly true for workers whose migratory journeys have failed and who have come back to their hometowns without any financial award. Chapters also explore the major difference between Filipina and Indonesian migrant workers' overseas experiences. The Filipina returnees share mostly positive stories while the Indonesian returnees uncover mostly negative stories, further illuminating what may explain these diverse migratory experiences. Finally, the book discusses how research on disenfranchised groups like (domestic) migrant workers can be used for social and political action. An excellent text that will appeal to academics, teachers and postgraduate students in the humanities and social sciences, particularly in sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, intercultural communication, anthropology, and migration studies"-- Provided by publisher},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Ladegaard, Hans J.},
	collaborator = {Moustier, Gratiane de},
	year = {2024},
	note = {OCLC: 1379240535},
}

@inproceedings{zhou_sentix_2020,
	address = {Barcelona, Spain (Online)},
	title = {{SentiX}: {A} {Sentiment}-{Aware} {Pre}-{Trained} {Model} for {Cross}-{Domain} {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	shorttitle = {{SentiX}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.49},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.49},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-09-25},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th {International} {Conference} on {Computational} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Zhou, Jie and Tian, Junfeng and Wang, Rui and Wu, Yuanbin and Xiao, Wenming and He, Liang},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {568--579},
}

@book{noauthor_what_2023,
	address = {S.l.},
	title = {{WHAT} {WE} {TEACH} {WHEN} {WE} {TEACH} {DH}: digital humanities in the classroom},
	isbn = {978-1-5179-1530-8},
	shorttitle = {{WHAT} {WE} {TEACH} {WHEN} {WE} {TEACH} {DH}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {UNIV OF MINNESOTA PRESS},
	year = {2023},
	note = {OCLC: 1374816968},
}

@article{suarez-lledo_prevalence_2021,
	title = {Prevalence of {Health} {Misinformation} on {Social} {Media}: {Systematic} {Review}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1438-8871},
	shorttitle = {Prevalence of {Health} {Misinformation} on {Social} {Media}},
	url = {http://www.jmir.org/2021/1/e17187/},
	doi = {10.2196/17187},
	abstract = {Background
              Although at present there is broad agreement among researchers, health professionals, and policy makers on the need to control and combat health misinformation, the magnitude of this problem is still unknown. Consequently, it is fundamental to discover both the most prevalent health topics and the social media platforms from which these topics are initially framed and subsequently disseminated.
            
            
              Objective
              This systematic review aimed to identify the main health misinformation topics and their prevalence on different social media platforms, focusing on methodological quality and the diverse solutions that are being implemented to address this public health concern.
            
            
              Methods
              We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published in English before March 2019, with a focus on the study of health misinformation in social media. We defined health misinformation as a health-related claim that is based on anecdotal evidence, false, or misleading owing to the lack of existing scientific knowledge. We included (1) articles that focused on health misinformation in social media, including those in which the authors discussed the consequences or purposes of health misinformation and (2) studies that described empirical findings regarding the measurement of health misinformation on these platforms.
            
            
              Results
              A total of 69 studies were identified as eligible, and they covered a wide range of health topics and social media platforms. The topics were articulated around the following six principal categories: vaccines (32\%), drugs or smoking (22\%), noncommunicable diseases (19\%), pandemics (10\%), eating disorders (9\%), and medical treatments (7\%). Studies were mainly based on the following five methodological approaches: social network analysis (28\%), evaluating content (26\%), evaluating quality (24\%), content/text analysis (16\%), and sentiment analysis (6\%). Health misinformation was most prevalent in studies related to smoking products and drugs such as opioids and marijuana. Posts with misinformation reached 87\% in some studies. Health misinformation about vaccines was also very common (43\%), with the human papilloma virus vaccine being the most affected. Health misinformation related to diets or pro–eating disorder arguments were moderate in comparison to the aforementioned topics (36\%). Studies focused on diseases (ie, noncommunicable diseases and pandemics) also reported moderate misinformation rates (40\%), especially in the case of cancer. Finally, the lowest levels of health misinformation were related to medical treatments (30\%).
            
            
              Conclusions
              The prevalence of health misinformation was the highest on Twitter and on issues related to smoking products and drugs. However, misinformation on major public health issues, such as vaccines and diseases, was also high. Our study offers a comprehensive characterization of the dominant health misinformation topics and a comprehensive description of their prevalence on different social media platforms, which can guide future studies and help in the development of evidence-based digital policy action plans.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
	author = {Suarez-Lledo, Victor and Alvarez-Galvez, Javier},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e17187},
}

@article{dykens_gender_2023,
	title = {Gender neutral {HPV} vaccination programs: {Reconsidering} policies to expand cancer prevention globally},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2296-2565},
	shorttitle = {Gender neutral {HPV} vaccination programs},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1067299/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2023.1067299},
	abstract = {Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for many cancers in both women and men. Cervical cancer, caused by HPV, is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, even though it is one of the most preventable cancers. Prevention efforts include HPV vaccination, however these programs remain nascent in many countries. In 2020 the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Strategy for cervical cancer elimination including a goal to fully vaccinate 90\% of girls with the HPV vaccine by the age of 15. However, very few countries have reached even 70\% coverage. Increased vaccine availability in the future may allow the opportunity to vaccinate more people. This could add to the feasibility of introducing gender-neutral HPV vaccination programs. Adopting a gender-neutral HPV vaccine approach will reduce HPV infections transmitted among the population, combat misinformation, minimize vaccine-related stigma, and promote gender equity. We propose approaching programmatic research through a gender-neutral lens to reduce HPV infections and cancers and promote gender equality. In order to design more effective policies and programs, a better understanding of the perspectives of clients, clinicians, community leaders, and policy-makers is needed. A clear, multi-level understanding of these stakeholders' views will facilitate the development of target policy and programs aimed at addressing common barriers and optimizing uptake. Given the benefit of developing gender-neutral HPV vaccination programs to eliminate cervical cancer and address other HPV associated cancers, we must build knowledge through implementation research around this topic to inform policy-makers and funders for future policy shifts.},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
	author = {Dykens, J. Andrew and Peterson, Caryn E. and Holt, Hunter K. and Harper, Diane M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1067299},
}

@article{massey_dimensions_2020,
	title = {Dimensions of {Misinformation} {About} the {HPV} {Vaccine} on {Instagram}: {Content} and {Network} {Analysis} of {Social} {Media} {Characteristics}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1438-8871},
	shorttitle = {Dimensions of {Misinformation} {About} the {HPV} {Vaccine} on {Instagram}},
	url = {https://www.jmir.org/2020/12/e21451},
	doi = {10.2196/21451},
	abstract = {Background
              The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is a major advancement in cancer prevention and this primary prevention tool has the potential to reduce and eliminate HPV-associated cancers; however, the safety and efficacy of vaccines in general and the HPV vaccine specifically have come under attack, particularly through the spread of misinformation on social media. The popular social media platform Instagram represents a significant source of exposure to health (mis)information; 1 in 3 US adults use Instagram.
            
            
              Objective
              The objective of this analysis was to characterize pro- and anti-HPV vaccine networks on Instagram, and to describe misinformation within the anti-HPV vaccine network.
            
            
              Methods
              From April 2018 to December 2018, we collected publicly available English-language Instagram posts containing hashtags \#HPV, \#HPVVaccine, or \#Gardasil using Netlytic software (n=16,607). We randomly selected 10\% of the sample and content analyzed relevant posts (n=580) for text, image, and social media features as well as holistic attributes (eg, sentiments, personal stories). Among antivaccine posts, we organized elements of misinformation within four broad dimensions: 1) misinformation theoretical domains, 2) vaccine debate topics, 3) evidence base, and 4) health beliefs. We conducted univariate, bivariate, and network analyses on the subsample of posts to quantify the role and position of individual posts in the network.
            
            
              Results
              Compared to provaccine posts (324/580, 55.9\%), antivaccine posts (256/580, 44.1\%) were more likely to originate from individuals (64.1\% antivaccine vs 25.0\% provaccine; P{\textless}.001) and include personal narratives (37.1\% vs 25.6\%; P=.003). In the antivaccine network, core misinformation characteristics included mentioning \#Gardasil, purporting to reveal a lie (ie, concealment), conspiracy theories, unsubstantiated claims, and risk of vaccine injury. Information/resource posts clustered around misinformation domains including falsification, nanopublications, and vaccine-preventable disease, whereas personal narrative posts clustered around different domains of misinformation, including concealment, injury, and conspiracy theories. The most liked post (6634 likes) in our full subsample was a positive personal narrative post, created by a non-health individual; the most liked post (5604 likes) in our antivaccine subsample was an informational post created by a health individual.
            
            
              Conclusions
              Identifying characteristics of misinformation related to HPV vaccine on social media will inform targeted interventions (eg, network opinion leaders) and help sow corrective information and stories tailored to different falsehoods.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
	author = {Massey, Philip M and Kearney, Matthew D and Hauer, Michael K and Selvan, Preethi and Koku, Emmanuel and Leader, Amy E},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {e21451},
}

@article{massey_dimensions_2020-1,
	title = {Dimensions of {Misinformation} {About} the {HPV} {Vaccine} on {Instagram}: {Content} and {Network} {Analysis} of {Social} {Media} {Characteristics}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1438-8871},
	shorttitle = {Dimensions of {Misinformation} {About} the {HPV} {Vaccine} on {Instagram}},
	url = {https://www.jmir.org/2020/12/e21451},
	doi = {10.2196/21451},
	abstract = {Background
              The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is a major advancement in cancer prevention and this primary prevention tool has the potential to reduce and eliminate HPV-associated cancers; however, the safety and efficacy of vaccines in general and the HPV vaccine specifically have come under attack, particularly through the spread of misinformation on social media. The popular social media platform Instagram represents a significant source of exposure to health (mis)information; 1 in 3 US adults use Instagram.
            
            
              Objective
              The objective of this analysis was to characterize pro- and anti-HPV vaccine networks on Instagram, and to describe misinformation within the anti-HPV vaccine network.
            
            
              Methods
              From April 2018 to December 2018, we collected publicly available English-language Instagram posts containing hashtags \#HPV, \#HPVVaccine, or \#Gardasil using Netlytic software (n=16,607). We randomly selected 10\% of the sample and content analyzed relevant posts (n=580) for text, image, and social media features as well as holistic attributes (eg, sentiments, personal stories). Among antivaccine posts, we organized elements of misinformation within four broad dimensions: 1) misinformation theoretical domains, 2) vaccine debate topics, 3) evidence base, and 4) health beliefs. We conducted univariate, bivariate, and network analyses on the subsample of posts to quantify the role and position of individual posts in the network.
            
            
              Results
              Compared to provaccine posts (324/580, 55.9\%), antivaccine posts (256/580, 44.1\%) were more likely to originate from individuals (64.1\% antivaccine vs 25.0\% provaccine; P{\textless}.001) and include personal narratives (37.1\% vs 25.6\%; P=.003). In the antivaccine network, core misinformation characteristics included mentioning \#Gardasil, purporting to reveal a lie (ie, concealment), conspiracy theories, unsubstantiated claims, and risk of vaccine injury. Information/resource posts clustered around misinformation domains including falsification, nanopublications, and vaccine-preventable disease, whereas personal narrative posts clustered around different domains of misinformation, including concealment, injury, and conspiracy theories. The most liked post (6634 likes) in our full subsample was a positive personal narrative post, created by a non-health individual; the most liked post (5604 likes) in our antivaccine subsample was an informational post created by a health individual.
            
            
              Conclusions
              Identifying characteristics of misinformation related to HPV vaccine on social media will inform targeted interventions (eg, network opinion leaders) and help sow corrective information and stories tailored to different falsehoods.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
	author = {Massey, Philip M and Kearney, Matthew D and Hauer, Michael K and Selvan, Preethi and Koku, Emmanuel and Leader, Amy E},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {e21451},
}

@article{daley_feminization_2016,
	title = {The {Feminization} of {HPV}: {Reversing} {Gender} {Biases} in {US} {Human} {Papillomavirus} {Vaccine} {Policy}},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048},
	shorttitle = {The {Feminization} of {HPV}},
	url = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303122},
	doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2016.303122},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
	author = {Daley, Ellen M. and Vamos, Cheryl A. and Zimet, Gregory D. and Rosberger, Zeev and Thompson, Erika L. and Merrell, Laura},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {983--984},
}

@article{kornides_exploring_2023,
	title = {Exploring content of misinformation about {HPV} vaccine on twitter},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0160-7715, 1573-3521},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10865-022-00342-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10865-022-00342-1},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Journal of Behavioral Medicine},
	author = {Kornides, Melanie L. and Badlis, Sarah and Head, Katharine J. and Putt, Mary and Cappella, Joseph and Gonzalez-Hernadez, Graciela},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {239--252},
}

@article{calo_misinformation_2021,
	title = {Misinformation and other elements in {HPV} vaccine tweets: an experimental comparison},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0160-7715, 1573-3521},
	shorttitle = {Misinformation and other elements in {HPV} vaccine tweets},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10865-021-00203-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s10865-021-00203-3},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Journal of Behavioral Medicine},
	author = {Calo, William A. and Gilkey, Melissa B. and Shah, Parth D. and Dyer, Anne-Marie and Margolis, Marjorie A. and Dailey, Susan Alton and Brewer, Noel T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {310--319},
}

@article{chen_effects_2021,
	title = {Effects of {Vaccine}-{Related} {Conspiracy} {Theories} on {Chinese} {Young} {Adults}’ {Perceptions} of the {HPV} {Vaccine}: {An} {Experimental} {Study}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1041-0236, 1532-7027},
	shorttitle = {Effects of {Vaccine}-{Related} {Conspiracy} {Theories} on {Chinese} {Young} {Adults}’ {Perceptions} of the {HPV} {Vaccine}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10410236.2020.1751384},
	doi = {10.1080/10410236.2020.1751384},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Health Communication},
	author = {Chen, Li and Zhang, Yafei and Young, Rachel and Wu, Xianwei and Zhu, Ge},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1343--1353},
}

@article{daley_feminization_2017,
	title = {The feminization of {HPV}: {How} science, politics, economics and gender norms shaped {U}.{S}. {HPV} vaccine implementation},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {24058521},
	shorttitle = {The feminization of {HPV}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405852116300593},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pvr.2017.04.004},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Papillomavirus Research},
	author = {Daley, Ellen M. and Vamos, Cheryl A. and Thompson, Erika L. and Zimet, Gregory D. and Rosberger, Zeev and Merrell, Laura and Kline, Nolan S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {142--148},
}

@article{grimes_health_2020,
	title = {Health disinformation \& social media: {The} crucial role of information hygiene in mitigating conspiracy theory and infodemics},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1469-221X, 1469-3178},
	shorttitle = {Health disinformation \& social media},
	url = {https://www.embopress.org/doi/10.15252/embr.202051819},
	doi = {10.15252/embr.202051819},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {EMBO reports},
	author = {Grimes, David Robert},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {e51819},
}

@article{viola_use_2022,
	title = {On the use of \textit{sì?} (‘yes?’) as invariant follow-up in {Italian}: {A} historical corpus-based account of pragmatic language change},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1566-5852, 1569-9854},
	shorttitle = {On the use of {\textless}i{\textgreater}sì?},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jhp.18007.vio},
	doi = {10.1075/jhp.18007.vio},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Follow-ups are elliptical interrogative forms typically constituting an utterance in their own right. They are
                    used to signal attention to the interlocutor, to encourage them to continue or as a reply to a call. This paper investigates the
                    invariant follow-up
              sì?
              (‘yes?’) in Italian and it argues that it represents a case of pragmatic language change.
                    To this end, it investigates the diachronic distribution, collocation and contexts of usage of
              sì?
              in a variety
                    of language sources in relation to plausible, equivalent expressions (i.e.,
              dimmi
              and
              dica
              [‘tell me’]). The analysis will show that since its earliest record of use in films in 1960, the frequency of occurrence of this
                    form has dramatically increased to the point that, today, it is the preferred device. The study will also provide solid evidence
                    of positive correlations between the use of
              yes?
              in English language audio-visual products and the use of
              sì?
              in scripted and real-use Italian, strongly suggesting that the marker would in fact be a case of
                    pragmatic borrowing from English.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-08-23},
	journal = {Journal of Historical Pragmatics},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {175--203},
}

@article{taboada_sentiment_2016,
	title = {Sentiment {Analysis}: {An} {Overview} from {Linguistics}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2333-9683, 2333-9691},
	shorttitle = {Sentiment {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011415-040518},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011415-040518},
	abstract = {Sentiment analysis is a growing field at the intersection of linguistics and computer science that attempts to automatically determine the sentiment contained in text. Sentiment can be characterized as positive or negative evaluation expressed through language. Common applications of sentiment analysis include the automatic determination of whether a review posted online (of a movie, a book, or a consumer product) is positive or negative toward the item being reviewed. Sentiment analysis is now a common tool in the repertoire of social media analysis carried out by companies, marketers, and political analysts. Research on sentiment analysis extracts information from positive and negative words in text, from the context of those words, and from the linguistic structure of the text. This brief review examines in particular the contributions that linguistic knowledge can make to the task of automatically determining sentiment.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-08-16},
	journal = {Annual Review of Linguistics},
	author = {Taboada, Maite},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {325--347},
}

@article{anthonissen_inter_2019,
	title = {({Inter}) subjective uses of the {Dutch} progressive constructions},
	volume = {57},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Linguistics},
	author = {Anthonissen, Lynn and De Wit, Astrid and Mortelmans, Tanja},
	year = {2019},
	note = {ISBN: 1613-396X
Publisher: De Gruyter},
	pages = {1111--1159},
}

@article{xiao_towards_2022,
	title = {Towards {Lean} {Automation}: {Fine}-{Grained} sentiment analysis for customer value identification},
	volume = {169},
	issn = {0360-8352},
	shorttitle = {Towards {Lean} {Automation}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036083522200256X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cie.2022.108186},
	abstract = {That customer value should drive product development and production is a basic tenet of the Toyota Production System and Lean. Traditional means to extract what the customer wants often focus on customer surveys. But surveys are time consuming and costly. At the same time, there exists a large amount of customer comments in online reviews that is easily accessible, whilst the advances of data science, for example as part of Lean Automation, provide new means to extract information from this data. In this context, a new approach to fine-grained sentiment analysis of Chinese consumer data is developed. The new approach integrates pre-training language model, conditional random field model and linguistic knowledge model. The new approach is shown to outperform traditional approaches in a comparison experiment, while an ablation experiment shows that our new approach is parsimonious, i.e., all three constituting components are needed. Finally, a use case is presented that exemplifies how our new approach can support managers in identifying customer value (through positive evaluations), and most importantly guide Lean improvement, through detailed information on characteristics that are evaluated negatively, ranked according to customer importance. Findings have important implications for research and practice.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	journal = {Computers \& Industrial Engineering},
	author = {Xiao, Yan and Li, Congdong and Thürer, Matthias and Liu, Yide and Qu, Ting},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Case Study, Deep Learning, Fine-grained Sentiment Analysis, Product Development},
	pages = {108186},
}

@article{schouten_survey_2015,
	title = {Survey on aspect-level sentiment analysis},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	journal = {IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering},
	author = {Schouten, Kim and Frasincar, Flavius},
	year = {2015},
	note = {ISBN: 1041-4347
Publisher: IEEE},
	pages = {813--830},
}

@inproceedings{pontiki_semeval-2016_2016,
	title = {Semeval-2016 task 5: {Aspect} based sentiment analysis},
	isbn = {1-941643-95-7},
	booktitle = {{ProWorkshop} on {Semantic} {Evaluation} ({SemEval}-2016)},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Pontiki, Maria and Galanis, Dimitris and Papageorgiou, Haris and Androutsopoulos, Ion and Manandhar, Suresh and AL-Smadi, Mohammed and Al-Ayyoub, Mahmoud and Zhao, Yanyan and Qin, Bing and De Clercq, Orphée},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {19--30},
}

@article{jahanbin_using_2022,
	title = {Using twitter and web news mining to predict the monkeypox outbreak},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1995-7645},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/aptm/Fulltext/2022/15050/Using_twitter_and_web_news_mining_to_predict_the.9.aspx},
	doi = {10.4103/1995-7645.346083},
	abstract = {An abstract is unavailable.},
	language = {en-US},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine},
	author = {Jahanbin, Kia and Jokar, Mohammad and Rahmanian, Vahid},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {236},
}

@techreport{ogbuokiri_vaccine_2022,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Vaccine {Hesitancy} {Hotspots} in {Africa}: {An} {Insight} from {Geotagged} {Twitter} {Posts}},
	shorttitle = {Vaccine {Hesitancy} {Hotspots} in {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/Vaccine_Hesitancy_Hotspots_in_Africa_An_Insight_from_Geotagged_Twitter_Posts/20720740/1},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}In this research, we collected 70,000 COVID–19 vaccine-related geotagged Twitter posts from nine African countries. The duration is from December 2020 to February 2022. We used VADER to classify the tweets into three sentiment classes (positive, negative, and neutral). The outputs were validated using machine learning classification algorithms, including, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, Decision Tree, and K-Nearest Neighbour. We identified hotspots by clustering the sentiment of these tweets using the point-based location technique. These hotspots were visualised on the map using ArcGIS Online. On the map, we used green to represent positive sentiment dominance, red to represent negative sentiment dominance, and grey to represent neutral sentiment dominance. The outcome of this research shows that social media data can be used to complement existing data in identifying hotspots during future outbreaks, especially in the areas where there is little or no available data. It can also be used to inform health policy in managing vaccine hesitancy.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}
{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	author = {Ogbuokiri, Blessing and Ahmadi, Ali and Nia, Zahra Movahedi and Mellado, Bruce and Wu, Jianhong and Orbinski, James and Asgary, Ali and Kong, Jude},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.36227/techrxiv.20720740.v1},
}

@article{praveen_analyzing_2021,
	title = {Analyzing {Indian} general public's perspective on anxiety, stress and trauma during {Covid}-19 - {A} machine learning study of 840,000 tweets},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1878-0334},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.016},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.016},
	abstract = {Background and aimsEver since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO in late March 2020, more and more people began to share their opinions online about the anxiety, stress, and trauma they suffered because of the pandemic. However, very few studies were conducted to analyze the general public's perception of what causes stress, anxiety, and trauma during COVID-19. This study focuses particularly on understanding Indian citizens.MethodsBy using Machine learning techniques, particularly Natural language processing, this study focuses on understanding the attitude of Indian citizens while discussing the anxiety, stress, and trauma created because of COVID-19 and the major reasons that cause it. We used Tweets as data for this study. We have used 840,000 tweets for this study.ResultsOur sentiment analysis study revealed the interesting fact that, even while discussing about the stress, anxiety, and trauma caused by COVID-19, most of the tweets were in neutral sentiments. Death and Lockdown caused by the COVID-19 were the two most important aspects that cause stress, anxiety, and Trauma among Indian citizens.ConclusionIt is important for policymakers and health professionals to understand common citizen's perspectives of what causes them stress, anxiety, and trauma to formulate policies and treat the patients. Our study shows that Indian citizens use social media to share their opinions about COVID-19 and as a coping mechanism in unprecedented time.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	journal = {Diabetes \& metabolic syndrome},
	author = {Praveen, S V and Ittamalla, Rajesh and Deepak, Gerard},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {33813239},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Covid-19, Mental health, Stress, Text Analysis, Trauma},
	pages = {667--671},
}

@article{meena_categorizing_2022,
	title = {Categorizing {Sentiment} {Polarities} in {Social} {Networks} {Data} {Using} {Convolutional} {Neural} {Network}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2662-995X, 2661-8907},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s42979-021-00993-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s42979-021-00993-y},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	journal = {SN Computer Science},
	author = {Meena, Gaurav and Mohbey, Krishna Kumar and Indian, Ajay},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {116},
}

@article{li_roman_2022,
	title = {Roman {Urdu} {Sentiment} {Analysis} {Using} {Transfer} {Learning}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2076-3417},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/20/10344},
	doi = {10.3390/app122010344},
	abstract = {Numerous studies have been conducted to meet the growing need for analytic tools capable of processing increasing amounts of textual data available online, and sentiment analysis has emerged as a frontrunner in this field. Current studies are focused on the English language, while minority languages, such as Roman Urdu, are ignored because of their complex syntax and lexical varieties. In recent years, deep neural networks have become the standard in this field. The entire potential of DL models for text SA has not yet been fully explored, despite their early success. For sentiment analysis, CNN has surpassed in accuracy, although it still has some imperfections. To begin, CNNs need a significant amount of data to train. Second, it presumes that all words have the same impact on the polarity of a statement. To fill these voids, this study proposes a CNN with an attention mechanism and transfer learning to improve SA performance. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our proposed model appears to have achieved greater classification accuracy in experiments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	journal = {Applied Sciences},
	author = {Li, Dun and Ahmed, Kanwal and Zheng, Zhiyun and Mohsan, Syed Agha Hassnain and Alsharif, Mohammed H. and Hadjouni, Myriam and Jamjoom, Mona M. and Mostafa, Samih M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {10344},
}

@article{ahmed_exploiting_2022,
	title = {Exploiting {Stacked} {Autoencoders} for {Improved} {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2076-3417},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/23/12380},
	doi = {10.3390/app122312380},
	abstract = {Sentiment analysis is an ongoing research field within the discipline of data mining. The majority of academics employ deep learning models for sentiment analysis due to their ability to self-learn and process vast amounts of data. However, the performance of deep learning models depends on the values of the hyperparameters. Determining suitable values for hyperparameters is a cumbersome task. The goal of this study is to increase the accuracy of stacked autoencoders for sentiment analysis using a heuristic optimization approach. In this study, we propose a hybrid model GA(SAE)-SVM using a genetic algorithm (GA), stacked autoencoder (SAE), and support vector machine (SVM) for fine-grained sentiment analysis. Features are extracted using continuous bag-of-words (CBOW), and then input into the SAE. In the proposed GA(SAE)-SVM, the hyperparameters of the SAE algorithm are optimized using GA. The features extracted by SAE are input into the SVM for final classification. A comparison is performed with a random search and grid search for parameter optimization. GA optimization is faster than grid search, and selects more optimal values than random search, resulting in improved accuracy. We evaluate the performance of the proposed model on eight benchmark datasets. The proposed model outperformed when compared to the baseline and state-of-the-art techniques.},
	language = {en},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	journal = {Applied Sciences},
	author = {Ahmed, Kanwal and Nadeem, Muhammad Imran and Li, Dun and Zheng, Zhiyun and Ghadi, Yazeed Yasin and Assam, Muhammad and Mohamed, Heba G.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {12380},
}

@incollection{shi_sentiment_2017,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Sentiment {Analysis} of {Movie} {Reviews} {Based} on {CNN}-{BLSTM}},
	volume = {510},
	isbn = {978-3-319-68120-7 978-3-319-68121-4},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-68121-4_17},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	booktitle = {Intelligence {Science} {I}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Shen, Qianzi and Wang, Zijian and Sun, Yaoru},
	editor = {Shi, Zhongzhi and Goertzel, Ben and Feng, Jiali},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-68121-4_17},
	note = {Series Title: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
	pages = {164--171},
}

@article{hassan_deep_2017,
	title = {Deep {Learning} approach for sentiment analysis of short texts},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7942788/},
	doi = {10.1109/ICCAR.2017.7942788},
	abstract = {Unstructured text data produced on the internet grows rapidly, and sentiment analysis for short texts becomes a challenge because of the limit of the contextual information they usually contain. Learning good vector representations for sentences is a challenging task and an ongoing research area. Moreover, learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent is difficult in neural network language model because of the vanishing gradients problem. Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems traditionally treat words as discrete atomic symbols; the model can leverage small amounts of information regarding the relationship between the individual symbols. In this paper, we propose ConvLstm, neural network architecture that employs Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) on top of pre-trained word vectors. In our experiments, ConvLstm exploit LSTM as a substitute of pooling layer in CNN to reduce the loss of detailed local information and capture long term dependencies in sequence of sentences. We validate the proposed model on two sentiment datasets IMDB, and Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SSTb). Empirical results show that ConvLstm achieved comparable performances with less parameters on sentiment analysis tasks.},
	urldate = {2023-07-18},
	journal = {2017 3rd International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics (ICCAR)},
	author = {Hassan, Abdalraouf and Mahmood, Ausif},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Conference Name: 2017 3rd International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics (ICCAR)
ISBN: 9781509060887
Place: Nagoya, Japan
Publisher: IEEE},
	pages = {705--710},
}

@book{dik_functional_1978,
	address = {Berlin ; Boston},
	edition = {3., rev. ed., Reprint 2021},
	title = {Functional {Grammar}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-242012-6},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Dik, Simon C.},
	year = {1978},
	note = {OCLC: 1245339183},
}

@book{dik_theory_1989,
	title = {The theory of functional grammar: the structure of the clause},
	isbn = {3-11-015404-8},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
	author = {Dik, Simon C.},
	year = {1989},
}

@article{meena_hybrid_2023,
	title = {A hybrid deep learning approach for detecting sentiment polarities and knowledge graph representation on monkeypox tweets},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {27726622},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2772662223000838},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100243},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-07-10},
	journal = {Decision Analytics Journal},
	author = {Meena, Gaurav and Mohbey, Krishna Kumar and Kumar, Sunil and Lokesh, K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {100243},
}

@article{chen_using_2023,
	title = {Using social media images as data in social science research},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211038761},
	doi = {10.1177/14614448211038761},
	abstract = {We conducted a scoping review to identify and describe trends in the use of social media images as data sources to inform social science research in published articles from 2015 to 2019. The identified trends include the following: (1) there is increasing interest in social media images as research data, especially in disciplines like sociology, cultural studies, communication and environmental studies; (2) the photo sample size is often smaller than that is typically used in text-based social media analysis and usually is collected manually; (3) thematic coding, object recognition and narrative analysis are the most popular analysis methods that are often conducted manually; (4) computer vision and machine-learning technologies have been increasingly but still infrequently used and are not fit for all purposes; and (5) relatively few papers mention ethics and privacy issues, or apply strategies to address ethical issues. We identify noteworthy research gaps, and opportunities to address limitations and challenges.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-07-10},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Chen, Yan and Sherren, Kate and Smit, Michael and Lee, Kyung Young},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {849--871},
}

@article{meena_categorizing_2021,
	title = {Categorizing {Sentiment} {Polarities} in {Social} {Networks} {Data} {Using} {Convolutional} {Neural} {Network}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2661-8907},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00993-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s42979-021-00993-y},
	abstract = {Social media and networks are essential in today’s world of communication technology. Because most people utilize social networking platforms to communicate their sentiments and emotions, each click generates vast data. As a result, we need particularly efficient ways to extract useful information from user data acquired from various social networking platforms such as Twitter. This research focuses on categorizing the different reviews offered by persons of various ethnic groups. The trials were conducted using real-time data obtained from a social media network. To classify opinions, sentiment polarities such as positive, negative, and neutral were used. Furthermore, the Convolutional Neural Network approach was utilized to conduct experiments, and the results were compared to other machine learning algorithms. The results reveal that the Convolutional Neural Network model can achieve accuracy levels of up to 94.47 \%, 95.4 \%, and 94 \%, respectively, when evaluated using Phone, Laptop, and TV review datasets. The proposed framework can be utilized to develop a strong relationship between commercial businesses and their clients. In addition, this study discusses the different applications of sentiment analysis techniques, particularly in social networking and security.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-07-10},
	journal = {SN Computer Science},
	author = {Meena, Gaurav and Mohbey, Krishna Kumar and Indian, Ajay},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {CNN, Deep learning, Emotions, LSTM, Security, Sentiment analysis, Social networks},
	pages = {116},
}

@article{peukert_curating_2017,
	title = {Curating {Humanities} {Research} {Data}: {Managing} {Workflows} for {Adjusting} a {Repository} {Framework}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1746-8256},
	shorttitle = {Curating {Humanities} {Research} {Data}},
	url = {http://www.ijdc.net/article/view/571},
	doi = {10.2218/ijdc.v12i2.571},
	abstract = {Handling heterogeneous data, subject to minimal costs, can be perceived as a classic management problem. The approach at hand applies established managerial theorizing to the field of data curation. It is argued, however, that data curation cannot merely be treated as a standard case of applying management theory in a traditional sense. Rather, the practice of curating humanities research data, the specifications and adjustments of the model suggested here reveal an intertwined process, in which knowledge of both strategic management and solid information technology have to be considered. Thus, suggestions on the strategic positioning of research data, which can be used as an analytical tool to understand the proposed workflow mechanisms, and the definition of workflow modules, which can be flexibly used in designing new standard workflows to configure research data repositories, are put forward.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-06-26},
	journal = {International Journal of Digital Curation},
	author = {Peukert, Hagen},
	year = {2017},
}

@incollection{crowder_digital_2020,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Digital {Workflow} in the {Humanities} and {Social} {Sciences}: {A} {Data} {Ethnography}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-24924-3 978-3-030-24925-0},
	shorttitle = {Digital {Workflow} in the {Humanities} and {Social} {Sciences}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-24925-0_4},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-23},
	booktitle = {Anthropological {Data} in the {Digital} {Age}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Antonijević, Smiljana},
	editor = {Crowder, Jerome W. and Fortun, Mike and Besara, Rachel and Poirier, Lindsay},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-24925-0_4},
	pages = {59--83},
}

@techreport{sherman_tickaroo_2022,
	title = {A {Tickaroo} {Study} - {How} {UK} {Adults} {Consume} the {News}},
	url = {https://blog.tickaroo.com/en/a-tickaroo-study-how-uk-adults-consume-the-news},
	abstract = {Tickaroo created a study to see how UK adults consume news today. Here are some of those results.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-21},
	author = {Sherman, Kate},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{ulbrich_metaverse_2022,
	title = {Metaverse and the future of fake news},
	url = {https://newdigitalage.co/technology/metaverse-and-the-future-of-fake-news/},
	abstract = {It’s been over a year since Facebook’s CEO Mark Zuckerberg first announced his grand plans to develop the Metaverse. While many people probably heard this term for the first time at that moment, the concept of the “metaverse” is not new but first mentioned by Neil Stevenson in his 1992 novel “Snow Crash” where people used digital avatars to escape reality.},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2023-06-21},
	journal = {New Digital Age},
	author = {Ulbrich, Matthew},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{henz_societal_2022,
	title = {The societal impact of the metaverse},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2731-0809},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-022-00032-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s44163-022-00032-6},
	abstract = {In the 1920s developed a new artistic and cultural movement called “Surrealism”, which not only included the revolutionary paintings and sculptures, but also philosophical texts and novels. Around 100 years later, the arrival of the Metaverse with its independence of physical laws promises to bring Surrealism to a next level. On the other hand, the pure market power of some of the companies developing their concepts may limit this potential freedom for the users. As observed with social media platforms, inside the initial competition, various providers had to close their platforms, leading to today’s oligopoly. This means less choice for the users and a stronger position of the providers to create solutions maximizing their economic benefit. Today, independent companies work on their visions of the Metaverse, but unequal starting positions may make it difficult for them to compete with the established competitors. Similar to the attractivity of social media, also the Metaverse requires a high number of active users and service providers (private companies, but also governmental offices), fostering the tendency to an oligopoly. Based on literature, economy, psychology, and art, this paper discusses the opportunities and risks of the Metaverse, including an outlook on a predicted societal impact, especially laying its focus on the holistic connections of the different points of view. As the Metaverse only appeared in smaller parts yet, academic papers are still lacking. One aim of this article is to start an academic discussion. So far, actual concepts had been widely inspired by popular science fiction novels, ignoring Ray Bradbury’s thoughts: “It’s ‘prevent the future,’ that’s the way I put it. Not predict it, prevent it”.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-06-21},
	journal = {Discover Artificial Intelligence},
	author = {Henz, Patrick},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {19},
}

@article{trunfio_advances_2022,
	title = {Advances in {Metaverse} {Investigation}: {Streams} of {Research} and {Future} {Agenda}},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2813-2084},
	shorttitle = {Advances in {Metaverse} {Investigation}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/1/2/7},
	doi = {10.3390/virtualworlds1020007},
	abstract = {The metaverse has increasingly attracted the attention of academics and practitioners, who attempt to better understand its theoretical foundations and business application areas. This paper provides an overarching picture of what has already been studied and investigated in metaverse academic investigation. It adopts a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis. The study designs a thematic map of the metaverse research. It proposes four streams of research (metaverse technologies, metaverse areas of application, marketing and consumer behaviour and sustainability) for future investigation, which academics and practitioners should explore. It also contributes towards a systematic advancement of knowledge in the field, provides some preliminary theoretical contributions by shedding light on future research avenues, and offers insights for business.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-06-21},
	journal = {Virtual Worlds},
	author = {Trunfio, Mariapina and Rossi, Simona},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 2
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Bibliometrix, immersive technologies, marketing, metaverse, sustainability, virtual reality},
	pages = {103--129},
}

@book{osullivan_bloomsbury_2022,
	address = {New York},
	series = {Bloomsbury {Handbooks}},
	title = {The {Bloomsbury} {Handbook} to the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	isbn = {978-1-350-23211-2 978-1-350-23210-5},
	abstract = {"The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities reconsiders key debates, methods, possibilities, and failings from across the digital humanities, offering a timely interrogation of the present and future of the arts and humanities in the digital age. Comprising 43 essays from some of the field's leading scholars and practitioners, this comprehensive collection examines, among its many subjects, the emergence and ongoing development of DH, postcolonial digital humanities, feminist digital humanities, race and DH, multilingual digital humanities, media studies as DH, the failings of DH, critical digital humanities, the future of text encoding, cultural analytics, natural language processing, open access and digital publishing, digital cultural heritage, archiving and editing, sustainability, DH pedagogy, labour, artificial intelligence, the cultural economy, and the role of the digital humanities in climate change. The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities: Surveys key contemporary debates within DH, focusing on pressing issues of perspective, methodology, access, capacity, and sustainability. Reconsiders and reimagines the past, present, and future of the digital humanities. Features an intuitive structure which divides topics across five sections: "Perspectives \& Polemics", "Methods, Tools \& Techniques", "Public Digital Humanities", "Institutional Contexts", and "DH Futures". Comprehensive in scope and accessibility written, this book is essential reading for students, scholars, and practitioners working across the digital humanities and wider arts and humanities. Featuring contributions from pre-eminent scholars and radical thinkers both established and emerging, The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities should long serve as a roadmap through the myriad formulations, methodologies, opportunities, and limitations of DH. Comprehensive in its scope, pithy in style yet forensic in its scholarship, this book is essential reading for students, scholars, and practitioners working across the digital humanities, whatever DH might be, and whatever DH might become"--},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	editor = {O'Sullivan, James},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{galina_russell_geographical_2014,
	title = {Geographical and linguistic diversity in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0268-1145, 1477-4615},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/llc/fqu005},
	doi = {10.1093/llc/fqu005},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-06-19},
	journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing},
	author = {Galina Russell, I.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {307--316},
}

@article{fiormonte_zu_2012,
	title = {Zu einer {Kulturkritik} der {Digitalen} {GeisteswissenschaftenTowards} a {Cultural} {Critique} of the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {No. 3},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	issn = {0172-6404},
	url = {http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/37852},
	doi = {10.12759/HSR.37.2012.3.59-76},
	abstract = {In this article the author tries to articulate a critical assessment of the current geopolitical assets of Digital Humanities. This critique is based firstly on data about the composition of various government organs, institutions and the principal journals in the field, and secondly on a general reflection on the cultural, political and linguistic bias of digital standards, protocols and interfaces. These reflections suggest that DH is not only a discipline and an academic discourse dominated materially by an Anglo-American élite and intellectually by a mono-cultural view, but also that it lacks a theoretical model for reflecting critically on its own instruments. The author concludes by proposing the elaboration of a different model of DH, based on the concept of knowledge as a commons and the cultivation of cultural margins, as opposed to its present obsession with large-scale digitization projects and 'archiving fever', that leads to an increase in our dependency on the products of private industry and, of course, on their funding.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-19},
	journal = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Historical Social Research Vol. 37},
	author = {Fiormonte, Domenico},
	collaborator = {GESIS-Leibniz-Institut Für Sozialwissenschaften},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: HSR (GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)
Version Number: 1},
	keywords = {Computer, Digitalisierung, Geisteswissenschaft, Geopolitik, Globalisierung, Krise, Kulturkritik, Linguistik, Netzwerk, Sprache, Standardisierung, Ungleichheit, Western world, Wissen, computer, crisis, cultural criticism, cultural diversity, digitalization, geopolitics, globalization, historical development, historische Entwicklung, humanities, inequality, knowledge, kulturelle Vielfalt, language, linguistics, network, standardization (meth.), westliche Welt},
	pages = {Volumes per year: 1{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
}

@article{spence_towards_2021,
	title = {Towards {Language} {Sensitivity} and {Diversity} in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1918-3666},
	url = {https://www.digitalstudies.org/article/id/8098/},
	doi = {10.16995/dscn.8098},
	abstract = {English Recent years have seen a growing focus on diversity in the digital humanities, and yet there has been rather less work on geolinguistic diversity, and the research which has been carried out often focuses on the structures of geographic representation in the field or has viewed ‘language’ as a technical or linguistic problem to solve. This article takes a different view, namely that we need to consider this diversity through multiple ‘frames’ of digitally-mediated language and culture, and that this is not just a question of epistemic justice or community manners, but that the digital humanities also need to address more actively challenges around global dynamics of digital multilingualism, transcultural exchange and geodiversity in its research agenda. This paper explores these questions through the prism of ‘language indifference’ in digital studies and, responding to Galina’s call for better data on the state of geolinguistic diversity in DH (2014), it articulates possible frameworks for addressing this diversity in a strategic, programmatic and research-led manner. We conclude by exploring the role of a greater multilingual focus in what Liu calls ‘the techne of diversity’ in digital humanities (2020), and contend that the digital humanities has much to gain, and much to offer, in engaging more fully with the languages-related cultural challenges of our era.\&nbsp;RésuméCes dernières années l’accent a été mis de plus en plus sur la diversité dans les sciences humaines numériques, et pourtant il y a plutôt eu moins de travaux sur la diversité geo linguistique, et les recherches qui ont été menées portent souvent sur les structures de la représentation géographique sur le terrain, ou estiment le ‘langage’ comme un problème technique ou linguistique à résoudre. Cet article adopte un point différent, à savoir que nous devons considérer cette diversité à travers plusieurs ‘cadres’ de culture et de language à médiation numérique, cela n’étant pas uniquement une question de justice ou de savoir-faire communautaire, mais que, dans son programme de recherches, les sciences humaines numériques doivent également relever plus activement les défis à la dynamique mondiale du multilinguisme numérique, aux échanges transculturels et à la geo diversité. Ce document explore ces questions à travers le prisme de ‘l’indifférence linguistique’ dans les études numériques et, en réponse à l’appel de Galina pour de meilleures données sur l’état de la diversité geo linguistique dans DH (2014), il définit des systèmes possibles pour faire face à cette diversité de manière stratégique, programmatique et axée sur la recherche. Nous en concluons qu’en explorant le rôle d’une meilleure focalisation sur le multilinguisme dans les humanités numériques de ce que Liu appelle ‘la tech de la diversité’ (2020) et nous soutenons que les sciences humaines numériques ont beaucoup à gagner en s’engageant pleinement dans les défis culturels liés aux langues de notre époque.Mots-clés:\&nbsp;Humanités numériques multilingues, Diversité linguistique et culturelle, Langues modernes numériques, Indifférence linguistique, Perturber le monolinguisme numérique},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-06-19},
	journal = {Digital Studies / Le champ numérique},
	author = {Spence, Paul Joseph and Brandao, Renata},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{noauthor_google_2022,
	title = {Google {Docs} stuck on "\{{Updating}\}"},
	url = {https://forums.zotero.org/discussion/97993/google-docs-stuck-on-updating},
	abstract = {Zotero is a powerful, easy-to-use research tool that helps you gather, organize, and analyze sources and then share the results of your research.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-14},
	journal = {Zotero Forums},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{padovani_condizioni_1909,
	title = {Le condizioni igienico-sanitarie dell’emigrazione transoceanica italiana},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Rivista di emigrazione},
	author = {Padovani, Emilio},
	year = {1909},
}

@incollection{zotzmann_critical_2016,
	address = {London},
	title = {Critical discourse analysis and identity},
	isbn = {978-1-315-66981-6},
	abstract = {Critical discourse analysis and identity - 1},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Language} and {Identity}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Zotzmann, Karin and O’Regan, John P.},
	editor = {Preece, Siân},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Num Pages: 15},
}

@incollection{bunout_tracing_2022,
	title = {Tracing {Discourses} in {Digital} {Newspaper} {Collections}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-072921-4},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110729214-007/html},
	urldate = {2023-03-08},
	booktitle = {Digitised {Newspapers} – {A} {New} {Eldorado} for {Historians}?},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Oberbichler, Sarah and Pfanzelter, Eva},
	editor = {Bunout, Estelle and Ehrmann, Maud and Clavert, Frédéric},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110729214-007},
	pages = {125--152},
}

@article{vecoli_italian_2006,
	title = {Italian {Immigrants} and {Working}-{Class} {Movements} in the {United} {States}: {A} {Personal} {Reflection} on {Class} and {Ethnicity}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1712-6274, 0847-4478},
	shorttitle = {Italian {Immigrants} and {Working}-{Class} {Movements} in the {United} {States}},
	url = {http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/                 031067ar},
	doi = {10.7202/031067ar},
	abstract = {The article argues that the locus of the most interesting and important work in the fields of immigration and labor history lies precisely at the intersection of class and ethnicity. In developing this thesis, particularly with respect to Italian immigrant working-class movements in the United States, the author draws on his experiences as a working-class ethnic and historian as well as his readings of the literature.
            In the course of his research on Italian immigrants in Chicago, the author stumbled upon the submerged, indeed suppressed, history of the Italian American left. Italian-American working-class history has since been the focus of his work. Since mainstream institutions had neglected the records of this history, the recovery of rich documentation on Italian American radicalism has been a source of particular satisfaction. These movements had also been "forgotten" by the Italian Americans themselves. Despite important work by a handful of American scholars, relatively few Italian American historians have given attention to this dimension of the Italian American experience. Curiously the topic has received more attention from scholars in Italy.
            Mass emigration as much as revolutionary movements was an expression of the social upheavals of turn-of-the-century Italy. As participants in those events, the immigrants brought more or less inchoate ideas of class and ethnicity to America with them. Here they developed class and ethnic identities as Italian-American workers. The construction of those identities has been a process in which the Italian immigrants have been protagonists, filtering cultural messages through the sieve of their own experiences, memories, and values. Historians of labor and immigration need to plumb the sources of class and ethnic identity more imaginatively and sensitively, recognizing that personal identity is a whole of which class and ethnicity are inseparable aspects. The author calls upon historians to salvage and restore the concepts of class and ethnicity as useful categories of analysis.
          , 
            Cet article avance que les questionnements les plus intéressants dans les domaines de I’histoire de l'immigration et de l'histoire ouvrière se situent précisément à l'intersection des problèmes de classe et d'ethnicité. Pour développer son propos, l’auteur met à profit son expérience, comme membre de la classe ouvrière et d'un group ethnique, de même que sa formation d'historien et sa lecture de littérature.
            C'est au cours de recherches sur les immigrants italiens de Chicago que l'auteur a trébuché sur l'histoire de la gauche italo-américaine, un tranche du passé étouffée, pour ne pas direr supprimée. Depuis lors, l'histoire de la classe ouvrière italo-américaine occupe le centre de son attention. Ces mouvements avaient disparu de la mémoire même des italo-américains et, malgré les importantes études de quelques professeurs américains, peu d'histoire italo-américains se sont penchés sur cette dimension de l'expérience de leur groupe. Le sujet, curieusement, a reçu davantage d'attention de la part auteurs italiens. Comme les sources de cette histoire avaient souffert d'un manque d'intérêt de la part des institutions importantes, la récupération d'une riche documentation sur le radicalisme italo-américain lui a procuré une source de satisfaction particulière.
            Pour l'Italie du tournant du siècle, autant que les mouvements révolutionnaires, l'émigration de masse a contitué l'expression de bouleversements. En tant que participants à ces événements, les immigrants ont glissé, dans leurs bagages pour l'Amérique, des idées plus ou moins cohérentes sur les classes et sur l'ethnicité. Arrivés ici, ils ont construit des identités de classe et d'ethnie le long d'un processus par lequel ils ont reçu les messages culturels à travers le filtre de leurs propres expériences, leurs souvenirs et leurs valeurs. Les historiens du travail et de l'immigration devraient mettre à profit les sources de l'identité de classe et d'ethnie de façon plus imaginative et sensible en reconnaissant que l'identité est un tout dont ces deux dimensions constituent des aspect inséparables. L'auteur en appelle à la réhabilitation des concepts de classe et d'ethnicité comme d'utiles et d'importantes catégories d'analyse.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-07},
	journal = {Journal of the Canadian Historical Association},
	author = {Vecoli, Rudolph J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {293--305},
}

@incollection{bjork_ethnic_2013,
	address = {Hoboken},
	title = {Ethnic press},
	booktitle = {History of the {Mass} {Media} in the {US}: {An} {Encyclopedia}.},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Bjork, UlfJonas},
	editor = {Blanchard, Margaret A.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {207--209},
}

@book{blanchard_history_2013,
	title = {History of the mass media in the {United} {States}: {An} encyclopedia},
	isbn = {1-135-91742-6},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Blanchard, Margaret A.},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{united_states_bureau_of_immigration_and_naturalization_annual_1908,
	title = {Annual {Report} of the {Commissioner}-{General} of {Immigration} to the {Secretary} of {Commerce} and {Labor} for the {Fiscal} {Year} {Ended} ...},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	author = {United States Bureau of Immigration {and} Naturalization},
	year = {1908},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: mJNPAAAAYAAJ},
}

@article{beneduce_sul_1910,
	title = {Sul movimento dei rimpatriati dalle {Americhe}},
	volume = {41 (Anno 21)},
	issn = {1125-2863},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23223474},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2023-03-03},
	journal = {Giornale degli Economisti e Rivista di Statistica},
	author = {Beneduce, Alberto},
	year = {1910},
	note = {Publisher: EGEA SpA},
	pages = {225--258},
}

@article{dustmann_economics_2016,
	title = {The economics of temporary migrations},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
	author = {Dustmann, Christian and Görlach, Joseph-Simon},
	year = {2016},
	note = {ISBN: 0022-0515
Publisher: American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203-2425},
	pages = {98--136},
}

@article{bandiera_making_2013,
	title = {The making of modern {America}: migratory flows in the age of mass migration},
	volume = {102},
	journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
	author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Rasul, Imran and Viarengo, Martina},
	year = {2013},
	note = {ISBN: 0304-3878
Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {23--47},
}

@article{gould_european_1980,
	title = {European inter-continental emigration. {The} road home: {Return} migration from the {USA}},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of European Economic History},
	author = {Gould, John D.},
	year = {1980},
	note = {ISBN: 0391-5115
Publisher: Banco di Roma},
	pages = {41},
}

@article{abramitzky_new_2019,
	title = {To the {New} {World} and back again: return migrants in the age of mass mifration},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0019-7939},
	shorttitle = {{TO} {THE} {NEW} {WORLD} {AND} {BACK} {AGAIN}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7508455/},
	doi = {10.1177/0019793917726981},
	abstract = {The authors compile large data sets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1913). Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held lower-paid occupations than did Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the United States, both before and after their first transatlantic migration, suggesting they were negatively selected from the migrant pool. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations relative to Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants had been able to accumulate savings and could improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-03-03},
	journal = {Industrial \& labor relations review},
	author = {Abramitzky, Ran and Boustan, Leah and Eriksson, Katherine},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {32968324},
	pmcid = {PMC7508455},
	pages = {300--322},
}

@techreport{commissariato_generale_dellemigrazione_rimesse_1925,
	title = {Le rimesse degli emigranti},
	institution = {Commissariato Generale dell'Emigrazione},
	author = {{Commissariato Generale dell'Emigrazione}},
	year = {1925},
	pages = {3--22},
}

@book{crispi_discorsi_1915,
	title = {Discorsi parlamentari},
	language = {it},
	publisher = {Tip. della Camera dei deputati},
	author = {Crispi, Francesco},
	year = {1915},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: 3BL2swEACAAJ},
}

@book{societa_geografica_italiana_memorie_1888,
	title = {Memorie della {Società} {Geografica} {Italiana}, {Vol}. 4: {Indagini} {Sulla} {Emigrazione} {Italiana} all'{Estero} {Fatte} per {Cura} della {Società}},
	isbn = {978-0-483-68441-6},
	shorttitle = {Memorie della {Società} {Geografica} {Italiana}, {Vol}. 4},
	abstract = {Excerpt from Memorie della Società Geografica Italiana, Vol. 4: Indagini Sulla Emigrazione Italiana all'Estero Fatte per Cura della Società (1888-1889)Non essendosi ciò potuto tradurre in atto, almeno così prestamente e facilmente come sarebbe stato desiderarsi, essa crede utile tuttavia di pubblicare frattanto le risultanze delle sue ricerche.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Forgotten Books},
	author = {{Società Geografica Italiana}},
	year = {1888},
}

@techreport{bertani_atti_1886,
	title = {Atti della {Giunta} per l'inchiesta agraria sulle condizioni della classe agricola (rist. anast. 1881-86). {Vol}. 10: {Relazione} (porto {Maurizio}, {Genova}, {Massa} {Carrara})},
	shorttitle = {Atti della {Giunta} per l'inchiesta agraria sulle condizioni della classe agricola (rist. anast. 1881-86). {Vol}. 10},
	url = {https://www.unilibro.it/libro/bertani-a-cur-/atti-giunta-inchiesta-agraria-sulle-condizioni-classe-agricola-rist-anast-1881-86-vol-10-relazione-porto-maurizio-genova-massa-carrara-/9788827159606},
	abstract = {Atti della Giunta per l'inchiesta agraria sulle condizioni della classe agricola (rist. anast. 1881-86). Vol. 10: Relazione (porto Maurizio, Genova, Massa Carrara)},
	language = {it-IT},
	urldate = {2023-03-03},
	author = {Bertani, Agostino},
	year = {1886},
}

@techreport{jacini_inchiesta_1885,
	address = {Rome},
	title = {Inchiesta {Jacini}. {Atti} della giunta per la inchiesta agraria e sulle condizioni delle classi agricole},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
	abstract = {L'inchiesta Jacini fu una inchiesta parlamentare del Regno d'Italia condotta dal 1877 al 1886 per esaminare le condizioni dell'agricoltura nel paese. L'inchiesta prende il nome da Stefano Jacini, che diresse la commissione a partire dal 1877.},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2023-03-02},
	author = {Jacini, Stefano},
	year = {1885},
	note = {Page Version ID: 124398781},
}

@book{carpi_dellemigrazione_1871,
	title = {Dell'emigrazione italiana all'estero nei suoi rapporti coll'agricoltura, coll'industria e col commercio},
	language = {it},
	publisher = {Stabilimento Giuseppe Civelli},
	author = {Carpi, Leone},
	year = {1871},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: \_UBQMQAACAAJ},
}

@book{carpi_statistica_1878,
	title = {Statistica illustrata della emigrazione all'estero del triennio 1874-76 nei suoi rapporti economico-sociali monografia di {Leone} {Carpi}},
	language = {it},
	publisher = {tip. del Popolo romano},
	author = {Carpi, Leone},
	year = {1878},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: pAoh\_\_6eEMIC},
}

@incollection{golini_sguardo_2001,
	address = {Roma},
	title = {Uno sguardo a un secolo e mezzo di emigrazione italiana},
	volume = {1. Partenze},
	isbn = {978-88-7989-655-9},
	booktitle = {Storia dell’emigrazione italiana},
	publisher = {Donzelli},
	author = {Golini, Antonio and Amato, Flavia},
	editor = {Bevilacqua, Piero and De Clementi, Andreina and Franzina, Emilio},
	year = {2001},
}

@book{bevilacqua_storia_2001,
	address = {Roma},
	series = {Virgola},
	title = {Storia dell'emigrazione italiana},
	isbn = {978-88-6036-422-7},
	language = {ita},
	number = {62},
	publisher = {Donzelli},
	editor = {Bevilacqua, Piero and De Clementi, Andreina and Franzina, Emilio},
	year = {2001},
}

@incollection{ostuni_leggi_2001,
	address = {Roma},
	title = {Leggi e politiche di governo nell’{Italia} liberale e fascista},
	volume = {I. Partenze},
	isbn = {978-88-7989-655-9},
	booktitle = {Storia dell’emigrazione italiana},
	publisher = {Donzelli},
	author = {Ostuni, Maria Rosaria},
	editor = {Bevilacqua, Piero and De Clementi, Andreina and Franzina, Emilio},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {309--319},
}

@book{marchese_di_cosentino_sguardo_1873,
	address = {Rome},
	title = {Uno sguardo alla emigrazione italiana ed estera},
	publisher = {Pallotta},
	author = {{Marchese di Cosentino}},
	year = {1873},
}

@article{viola_italy_2022,
	title = {“{Italy}, for {Example}, {Is} {Just} {Incredibly} {Stupid} {Now}”. {European} {Crisis} {Narrations} in {Relation} to {Italy}'s {Response} to {COVID}-19},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2297-900X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2022.757847/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fcomm.2022.757847},
	abstract = {Crisis narratives shape public understanding and, consequently, the response to the crisis itself. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when in February 2020 Italy was experiencing more cases than any other country, the Italian response to the crisis originated debates over how to best respond to the outbreak. Informed by Critical Discourse Analysis theory and using narrative networks as a framework for the critical analysis of narratives, this study analyzes the discourse strategies employed by experts, politicians and other social actors from Spain, France, the Netherlands, and the UK when presenting their domestic measures in relation to Italy's response to coronavirus. The analysis shows that the narratives attached to nation-specific decisions were highly culturalized and connected to country-specific shared experiences, such as a sense of national exceptionalism built in opposition with the denigration of Italy as the Other-identity. Attribution of blame and blameworthiness was also found to be a common pattern across countries according to which Italians were framed as wrongdoers but also as deserving blame. The article also presents a comprehensive “timeline of narratives” which opens avenues for a critical reflection on the impact such narratives may have had on the understanding of the crisis, including the creation of a negative climate of division and inappropriate crisis responses.},
	urldate = {2022-03-08},
	journal = {Frontiers in Communication},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {757847},
}

@article{cassarino_theorising_2004,
	title = {Theorising {Return} {Migration}: {The} {Conceptual} {Approach} to {Return} {Migrants} {Revisited}},
	volume = {6},
	url = {https://hal.science/hal-01237439/document},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International Journal on Multicultural Societies},
	author = {Cassarino, Jean-Pierre},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {253--279},
}

@book{saloutos_they_1956,
	title = {They {Remember} {America}: {The} {Story} of the {Repatriated} {Greek}-{Americans}},
	copyright = {Available worldwide},
	isbn = {978-0-520-35000-7},
	shorttitle = {They {Remember} {America}},
	abstract = {This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1956.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-15},
	publisher = {UCL Press},
	author = {Saloutos, Theodore},
	year = {1956},
}

@article{rogers_return_1983,
	title = {Return {Migration} in {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0197-9183},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838301701S40},
	doi = {10.1177/019791838301701S40},
	language = {en},
	number = {1\_suppl},
	urldate = {2023-02-15},
	journal = {International Migration Review},
	author = {Rogers, Rosemarie},
	month = jan,
	year = {1983},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {277--299},
}

@book{kubat_politics_1984,
	address = {Roma : New York},
	title = {The politics of return: international return migration in {Europe}: proceedings of the {First} {European} {Conference} on {International} {Return} {Migration} ({Rome}, {November} 11-14, 1981)},
	isbn = {978-0-913256-68-8},
	shorttitle = {The politics of return},
	publisher = {Centro studi emigrazione ; Center for Migration Studies},
	editor = {Kubát, Daniel and Center for Migration Studies (U.S.)},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Meeting Name: European Conference on International Return Migration},
	keywords = {Congresses, Europe, Foreign workers, Return migration},
}

@article{bohning_thoughts_1975,
	title = {Some thoughts on emigration from the {Mediterranean} basin},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0020-7780},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Labour Review},
	author = {Bohning, W. R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {12265633},
	keywords = {Demographic Factors, Demography, Developed Countries, Development Planning, Economic Development, Economic Factors, Economics, Emigration and Immigration, Employment, Employment Status, Europe, Health Workforce, Human Resources, Income, International Migration, Labor Force, Mediterranean Countries, Migration, Migration Policy, Policy, Population, Population Dynamics, Population Policy, Public Policy, Social Change, Social Class, Social Planning, Social Policy, Socioeconomic Factors, Socioeconomic Status, Southern Europe, Yugoslavia},
	pages = {251--277},
}

@article{musillo_retour_1981,
	title = {Retour et emploi des migrants dans le {Mezzogiorno} : enquête sur un échantillon de migrants italiens},
	shorttitle = {Retour et emploi des migrants dans le {Mezzogiorno}},
	url = {https://ideas.repec.org//p/ilo/ilowps/992106593402676.html},
	abstract = {Working paper on a comparison of two surveys (1969-70 and 1979-80) of return migration and employment in the mezzogiorno regional level area of Italy - studies reasons for return of Italian migrant workers (free circulation in EC countries, end of the migration wave, etc.) And data available on labour market reentry, and presents research results detailing age, marital status, educational level, motivations, unemployment, etc. Bibliography pp. 61 to 64.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-15},
	journal = {ILO Working Papers},
	author = {Musillo, Italo},
	year = {1981},
	note = {Number: 992106593402676
Publisher: International Labour Organization},
	keywords = {Italian, Italien, age., chômage, desempleo, edad, educational level, empleo, emploi, employment, estado civil, investigación, italiano, marital status, migrant workers., migration de retour, motivación, motivation, motivation., niveau d'enseignement, niveau régional, nivel educativo, nivel regional, recherche, regional level, research, retorno de los migrantes, return migration, situation matrimoniale, trabajador migrante, travailleur migrant, unemployment, âge},
}

@book{viola_humanities_2023,
	address = {S.l.},
	title = {The {Humanities} in the {Digital}: {Beyond} {Critical} {Digital} {Humanities}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-16949-6},
	shorttitle = {{HUMANITIES} {IN} {THE} {DIGITAL}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2023},
	note = {OCLC: 1341438097},
}

@article{von_stumm_hungry_2011,
	title = {The {Hungry} {Mind}: {Intellectual} {Curiosity} {Is} the {Third} {Pillar} of {Academic} {Performance}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1745-6916, 1745-6924},
	shorttitle = {The {Hungry} {Mind}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691611421204},
	doi = {10.1177/1745691611421204},
	abstract = {Over the past century, academic performance has become the gatekeeper to institutions of higher education, shaping career paths and individual life trajectories. Accordingly, much psychological research has focused on identifying predictors of academic performance, with intelligence and effort emerging as core determinants. In this article, we propose expanding on the traditional set of predictors by adding a third agency: intellectual curiosity. A series of path models based on a meta-analytically derived correlation matrix showed that (a) intelligence is the single most powerful predictor of academic performance; (b) the effects of intelligence on academic performance are not mediated by personality traits; (c) intelligence, Conscientiousness (as marker of effort), and Typical Intellectual Engagement (as marker of intellectual curiosity) are direct, correlated predictors of academic performance; and (d) the additive predictive effect of the personality traits of intellectual curiosity and effort rival that the influence of intelligence. Our results highlight that a “hungry mind” is a core determinant of individual differences in academic achievement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	author = {von Stumm, Sophie and Hell, Benedikt and Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {574--588},
}

@misc{noauthor_curiosity_nodate,
	title = {Curiosity is critical to academic performance},
	url = {https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111027150211.htm},
	abstract = {Curiosity may have killed the cat, but it's good for the student. Personality traits like curiosity seem to be as important as intelligence in determining how well students do in school, according to new research.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	journal = {ScienceDaily},
}

@misc{robinson_sir_2013,
	title = {Sir {Ken} {Robinson}: {How} to escape education's death valley {\textbar} {TED} {Talk}},
	shorttitle = {Sir {Ken} {Robinson}},
	url = {https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_how_to_escape_education_s_death_valley/transcript},
	abstract = {Sir Ken Robinson outlines 3 principles crucial for the human mind to flourish -- and how current education culture works against them. In a funny, stirring talk he tells us how to get out of the educational "death valley" we now face, and how to nurture our youngest generations with a climate of possibility.},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	author = {Robinson, Sir Ken},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{cook_how_2009,
	address = {New York},
	title = {How to recruit and retain higher education students: a handbook of good practice},
	isbn = {978-0-415-99088-2 978-0-415-99089-9 978-0-203-87730-2},
	shorttitle = {How to recruit and retain higher education students},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Cook, Anthony E. and Rushton, Brian S.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {College attendance, College dropouts, College students, Prevention, Recruiting, United States},
}

@misc{noauthor_how_nodate,
	title = {How to {Recruit} and {Retain} {Higher} {Education} {Students}: {A} {Handbook} of {Good} {Practice}},
	shorttitle = {How to {Recruit} and {Retain} {Higher} {Education} {Students}},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/How-to-Recruit-and-Retain-Higher-Education-Students-A-Handbook-of-Good/Cook-Rushton/p/book/9780415990899},
	abstract = {How to Recruit and Retain Higher Education Students is an invaluable resource for academic staff, administrators and policy makers involved in student recruitment and improving student retention. It offers practical advice on how universities can influence the expectations of prospective students, allowing them to make sensible decisions about careers, courses and institutions. 
Many surveys of students who drop out of university show that most do so out of disappointment. Failing to understand},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	journal = {Routledge \& CRC Press},
}

@article{penrose_academic_2002,
	title = {Academic {Literacy} {Perceptions} and {Performance}: {Comparing} {First}-{Generation} and {Continuing}-{Generation} {College} {Students}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0034-527X},
	shorttitle = {Academic {Literacy} {Perceptions} and {Performance}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/40171585},
	abstract = {Motivated by case study reports of first-generation students' discomfort in the academic community, this quantitative descriptive study examines first-generation students' perceptions of their academic literacy skills and their performance and persistence in college. These analyses are situated in a review of the quantitative research base in higher education, which provides substantial grounding for case study reports of first-generation students' weaker academic preparation, tenuous social support, and high risk of attrition, but challenges the common characterization of these students as less confident or less likely to succeed academically In the current study first-generation and continuing-generation students were compared on measures of high school preparation (SATV, SATM, HSGPA) and college performance (grades in freshman composition, GPA upon graduation, attrition rates). Self-assessment items on college orientation surveys were used as a measure of students' perceptions of their verbal and mathematical abilities. First-generation students were found to differ from their continuing-generation peers in general academic preparedness, in retention rates, and in their perceptions of their academic literacy skills, but not in college performance. Results indicate that first-generation students' self-perceptions represent critical factors in the college experience, underscoring the importance of helping students forge identities as members of academic communities.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	journal = {Research in the Teaching of English},
	author = {Penrose, Ann M.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: National Council of Teachers of English},
	pages = {437--461},
}

@article{krause_university_2001,
	title = {The {University} {Essay} {Writing} {Experience}: {A} pathway for academic integration during transition},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0729-4360},
	shorttitle = {The {University} {Essay} {Writing} {Experience}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360123586},
	doi = {10.1080/07294360123586},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to explore ways in which students' experiences during the writing process can contribute to their academic integration. Students ( n = 46) were surveyed on their experiences before, during and after completion of their first major writing assignment. They were also interviewed in focus groups. Data indicate that students perceived several factors that may potentially inhibit their academic integration—some within the broader university context and others pertaining to completion of the written assignment. Findings suggest that interactions with staff and peers during the assignment writing process can provide significant opportunities for integration, provided these interactions are supportive. The study has implications for those who plan, support and deliver first year university courses, particularly those courses involving academic writing assignments.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	journal = {Higher Education Research \& Development},
	author = {Krause, Kerri-Lee},
	month = jul,
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360123586},
	pages = {147--168},
}

@article{griffith_assessing_2016,
	title = {Assessing {Intercultural} {Competence} in {Higher} {Education}: {Existing} {Research} and {Future} {Directions}: {Accessing} {Intercultural} {Competence} in {Higher} {Education}},
	volume = {2016},
	issn = {23308516},
	shorttitle = {Assessing {Intercultural} {Competence} in {Higher} {Education}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ets2.12112},
	doi = {10.1002/ets2.12112},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	journal = {ETS Research Report Series},
	author = {Griffith, Richard L. and Wolfeld, Leah and Armon, Brigitte K. and Rios, Joseph and Liu, Ou Lydia},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1--44},
}

@article{griffith_assessing_2016-1,
	title = {Assessing {Intercultural} {Competence} in {Higher} {Education}: {Existing} {Research} and {Future} {Directions}},
	volume = {2016},
	issn = {2330-8516},
	shorttitle = {Assessing {Intercultural} {Competence} in {Higher} {Education}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ets2.12112},
	doi = {10.1002/ets2.12112},
	abstract = {The modern wave of globalization has created a demand for increased intercultural competence (ICC) in college graduates who will soon enter the 21st-century workforce. Despite the wide attention to the concepts and assessment of ICC, few assessments meet the standards for a next-generation assessment in areas of construct clarity, innovative item types, response processes, and validity evidence. The objectives of this report are to identify current conceptualizations of ICC, review existing assessments and their validity evidence, propose a new framework for a next-generation ICC assessment, and discuss key assessment considerations. To summarize, we found the current state of the literature to be murky in terms of the clarity of the ICC construct. Definitions of the construct vary considerably as to whether it is a trait, skill, or performance outcome. In addition, current measurements of ICC overly rely on self-report methods, which have a number of flaws that result in less than optimal assessment. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on a model of the social thinking process developed by Grossman and colleagues that describes the knowledge, skills, and abilities that promote success in complex social situations. From this social process model, as well as Earley and Peterson's definition of ICC (a person's capability to gather, interpret, and act upon these radically different cues to function effectively across cultural settings or in a multicultural situation), three stages are developed: approach, analyze, and act. Guided by this framework, we discuss assessment considerations such as innovative task types and multiple response formats to help translate the framework to an assessment of ICC.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-12-15},
	journal = {ETS Research Report Series},
	author = {Griffith, Richard L. and Wolfeld, Leah and Armon, Brigitte K. and Rios, Joseph and Liu, Ou Lydia},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ets2.12112},
	keywords = {Intercultural competence, cross-cultural competence, global competence, international higher education, measurement},
	pages = {1--44},
}

@book{europarat_descriptors_2018,
	address = {Strasbourg},
	series = {Reference framework of competences for democratic culture / {Council} of {Europe}},
	title = {Descriptors of competences for democratic culture},
	isbn = {978-92-871-8573-0},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	publisher = {Council of Europe},
	author = {Europarat},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{sadler_impact_2006,
	title = {The impact of self- and peer-grading on student learning},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1532-6977},
	doi = {10.1207/s15326977ea1101_1},
	abstract = {The 2001 U.S. Supreme Court Case of Falvo v. Owasso School System (Owasso Independent School District No I-011 v. Falvo) has focused national attention on the common classroom practice of peer-grading. In a unanimous decision the court reaffirmed the popular view that students grading each others' tests is valuable, saving teachers' time and augmenting student learning. Our study puts these presumed benefits to the test in 4 middle school science classrooms. We compared teacher-assigned grades to those awarded either by students to themselves or by their peers. By training students to grade with the help of a scoring rubric, a very high correlation was obtained between students and their teacher on test questions (r = 0.91 to 0.94). We found patterns of bias when students assigned grades. When grading others, students awarded lower grades to the best performing students than their teacher did. When grading themselves, lower performing students tended to inflate their own low scores. Performance on an unannounced, 2nd administration of the same test 1 week later measured the degree to which student-grading resulted in any increased understanding. Students who graded their peers' tests did not gain significantly more than a control group of students who did not correct any papers but simply took the same test again. Those students who corrected their own tests improved dramatically. Self-grading and peer-grading appear to be reasonable aids to saving teachers' time. Self-grading appears to result in increased student learning; peer-grading does not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	journal = {Educational Assessment},
	author = {Sadler, Philip M. and Good, Eddie},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Place: US
Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum},
	keywords = {Classroom Environment, Grading (Educational), Middle School Students, Peer Evaluation, School Learning, Student Attitudes, Teaching Methods},
	pages = {1--31},
}

@book{ramsden_learning_2003,
	address = {London ; New York},
	edition = {2nd ed},
	title = {Learning to teach in higher education},
	isbn = {978-0-415-30344-6 978-0-415-30345-3},
	publisher = {RoutledgeFalmer},
	author = {Ramsden, Paul},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: ocm50840905},
	keywords = {Australia, Case studies, College teaching, Great Britain},
}

@book{biggs_teaching_2011,
	address = {Maidenhead, England New York, NY},
	edition = {4th edition},
	series = {{SRHE} and {Open} {University} {Press} imprint},
	title = {Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does},
	isbn = {978-0-335-24275-7},
	shorttitle = {Teaching for quality learning at university},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill, Society for Research into Higher Education \& Open University Press},
	author = {Biggs, John B. and Tang, Catherine So-kum},
	collaborator = {Society for Research into Higher Education},
	year = {2011},
}

@book{biggs_teaching_2011-1,
	address = {Maidenhead, England New York, NY},
	edition = {4th edition},
	series = {{SRHE} and {Open} {University} {Press} imprint},
	title = {Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does},
	isbn = {978-0-335-24275-7},
	shorttitle = {Teaching for quality learning at university},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill, Society for Research into Higher Education \& Open University Press},
	author = {Biggs, John B. and Tang, Catherine So-kum},
	collaborator = {Society for Research into Higher Education},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{macgregor_best_2018,
	title = {Best {Practices} in {Teaching} {International} {Students} in {Higher} {Education}: {Issues} and {Strategies}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {10567941},
	shorttitle = {Best {Practices} in {Teaching} {International} {Students} in {Higher} {Education}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tesj.324},
	doi = {10.1002/tesj.324},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	journal = {TESOL Journal},
	author = {Macgregor, Alexander and Folinazzo, Giacomo},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {299--329},
}

@book{carroll_teaching_2006,
	address = {London},
	edition = {Transferred to digital printing},
	series = {The staff and educational development series},
	title = {Teaching international students: improving learning for all},
	isbn = {978-0-415-35066-2 978-0-415-35065-5},
	shorttitle = {Teaching international students},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Carroll, Jude},
	year = {2006},
}

@book{carroll_teaching_2006-1,
	address = {London},
	edition = {Transferred to digital printing},
	series = {The staff and educational development series},
	title = {Teaching international students: improving learning for all},
	isbn = {978-0-415-35066-2 978-0-415-35065-5},
	shorttitle = {Teaching international students},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Carroll, Jude},
	year = {2006},
}

@article{ballinger_bridging_2003,
	title = {Bridging the {Gap} between {A} {Level} and {Degree}: {Some} observations on managing the transitional stage in the study of {English} {Literature}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1474-0222, 1741-265X},
	shorttitle = {Bridging the {Gap} between {A} {Level} and {Degree}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1474022203002001009},
	doi = {10.1177/1474022203002001009},
	abstract = {This article examines the teaching of Advanced level students in both years of their studies at two secondary schools in the Staffordshire area. The purpose of the investigation is to compare the tuition of A level students to the teaching of first year undergraduates at Keele University, specifically in relation to concerns raised by the undergraduates during the potentially disorientating period at the start of their degree studies. The question of whether there is a need to manage the students’ transition to higher education more effectively is considered.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	journal = {Arts and Humanities in Higher Education},
	author = {Ballinger, Gillian J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {99--109},
}

@article{briggs_building_2012,
	title = {Building bridges: understanding student transition to university},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1353-8322, 1470-1081},
	shorttitle = {Building bridges},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13538322.2011.614468},
	doi = {10.1080/13538322.2011.614468},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	journal = {Quality in Higher Education},
	author = {Briggs, A.R.J. and Clark, J. and Hall, I.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {3--21},
}

@article{thompson_navigating_2021,
	title = {Navigating entry into higher education: the transition to independent learning and living},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0309-877X, 1469-9486},
	shorttitle = {Navigating entry into higher education},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1933400},
	doi = {10.1080/0309877X.2021.1933400},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	journal = {Journal of Further and Higher Education},
	author = {Thompson, Miles and Pawson, Chris and Evans, Bethan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1398--1410},
}

@incollection{carroll_multicultural_2005,
	title = {Multicultural groups for discipline-specific tasks: can a new approach be more effective?},
	isbn = {978-0-203-69613-2},
	shorttitle = {Multicultural groups for discipline-specific tasks},
	abstract = {As Western universities admit more international students, the one place where
students from a range of cultural backgrounds are likely to encounter each other is
when asked to work together in groups. By setting group tasks, teachers create the
nexus where student diversity can challenge the learning opportunities for all
members of the group and provide a chance for them genuinely to learn from and
with each other as described in Chapter 8. In the previous chapter, the author
described how the group’s task itself focused on students’ cultural difference.
Whilst not as straightforward as the many issues raised made clear, this kind of
group work at least makes explicit the international and intercultural dimensions
of the task and foregrounds the students’ cultural backgrounds.},
	booktitle = {Teaching {International} {Students}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Carroll, Jude},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Num Pages: 8},
}

@incollection{de_vita_fostering_2005,
	title = {Fostering intercultural learning through multicultural group work},
	isbn = {978-0-203-69613-2},
	abstract = {It is becoming increasingly clear that despite paying lip service to various aspects
of internationalisation, many higher education institutions keen to increase
recruitment of international students and expand their financial base are failing to
make the most of the opportunities that student diversity provides: promoting
genuine internationalism and fostering intercultural learning. Wright and Lander
(2003) recently commented on the difference between having a culturally diverse
student population and having those students engaged in positive interaction by
stating that ‘universities are deluding themselves if they believe that the presence
of international students on campus contributes to the internationalisation of
higher education’ (p. 250). In short, the rhetoric of education internationalisation
hides the fact that intercultural interaction, in and outside the classroom, is not
developing naturally, and is at best limited, among students from culturally
diverse backgrounds.},
	booktitle = {Teaching {International} {Students}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {De Vita, Mr Glauco},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Num Pages: 9},
}

@article{gurin_diversity_2002,
	title = {Diversity and {Higher} {Education}: {Theory} and {Impact} on {Educational} {Outcomes}},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0017-8055, 1943-5045},
	shorttitle = {Diversity and {Higher} {Education}},
	url = {https://meridian.allenpress.com/her/article/72/3/330/31808/Diversity-and-Higher-Education-Theory-and-Impact},
	doi = {10.17763/haer.72.3.01151786u134n051},
	abstract = {In the current context of legal challenges to affirmative action and race-based considerations in college admissions, educators have been challenged to articulate clearly the educational purposes and benefits of diversity. In this article, Patricia Gurin, Eric Dey, Sylvia Hurtado, and Gerald Gurin explore the relationship between students' experiences with diverse peers in the college or university setting and their educational outcomes. Rooted in theories of cognitive development and social psychology, the authors present a framework for understanding how diversity introduces the relational discontinuities critical to identity construction and its subsequent role in fostering cognitive growth. Using both single- and multi-institutional data from the University of Michigan and the Cooperative Institutional Research Program, the authors go on to examine the effects of classroom diversity and informal interaction among African American, Asian American, Latino/a, and White students on learning and democracy outcomes. The results of their analyses underscore the educational and civic importance of informal interaction among different racial and ethnic groups during the college years. The authors offer their findings as evidence of the continuing importance of affirmative action and diversity efforts by colleges and universities, not only as a means of increasing access to higher education for greater numbers of students, but also as a means of fostering students' academic and social growth.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	journal = {Harvard Educational Review},
	author = {Gurin, Patricia and Dey, Eric and Hurtado, Sylvia and Gurin, Gerald},
	month = sep,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {330--367},
}

@techreport{schofield_maximizing_2001,
	title = {Maximizing the {Benefits} of {Student} {Diversity}: {Lessons} from {School} {Desegregation} {Research}},
	shorttitle = {Maximizing the {Benefits} of {Student} {Diversity}},
	url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED456195},
	abstract = {This chapter considers the implications for higher education of existing research on the effects of desegregation at the elementary and secondary school level. Research shows that school desegregation enhances the academic progress of African American students, increases suspension rates but cuts dropout rates among minority students, positively impacts long-term occupational consequences for African Americans, and breaks the cycle of racial isolation. Although some benefits are common outcomes of attending racially/ethnically diverse schools, the mere fact of having a diverse student body does not automatically lead to them. The specific nature of the educational situation and process significantly impacts a wide range of student outcomes. Desegregated schools have one of four  orientations, each with important implications for students: business as usual, assimilation, pluralistic coexistence, and integrated pluralism. Integrated pluralism is the most likely to produce positive outcomes of desegregation. Research on K-12 desegregation underlines the importance of anticipating the possibility of resegregation and of implementing active policies to prevent it. The first three institutional approaches to desegregation are associated with resegregation. Factors conducive to achieving integrated pluralism include support of relevant authorities, cooperation toward mutually valued goals, and equal status for members of all groups. (Contains 37 references.) (SM)},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	author = {Schofield, Janet Ward},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ERIC Number: ED456195},
	keywords = {Black Students, Cultural Pluralism, Diversity (Student), Elementary Secondary Education, Equal Education, Higher Education, Minority Group Children, Outcomes of Education, Racial Integration, Racial Segregation, School Desegregation},
}

@article{quintero_elevating_2017,
	title = {Elevating {Relationships}: {How} {Collaboration} {Shapes} {Teaching} and {Learning}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0148-432X},
	shorttitle = {Elevating {Relationships}},
	url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1145645},
	abstract = {This article begins with the following quote from Harvard professor, Susan Moore Johnson: "Whatever level of human capital schools acquire through hiring can subsequently be developed through activities such as grade-level or subject-based teams of teachers, faculty committees, professional development, coaching, evaluation, and informal interactions. As teachers join together to solve problems and learn from one another, the school's instructional capacity becomes greater than the sum of its parts." While it may make perfect sense to you, author Esther Quintero notes in this article that our systems and organizations are largely structured around individual values. She argues that as such, a primary goal is to optimize and reward at the individual level. While some might agree that a team's capacity can exceed the sum of individual members' capacity, team members generally have a difficult time translating that knowledge into action. Quintero maintains that there is still a lot to learn about how teamwork and collaboration are effectively nurtured. Context, relationships, and collaboration aren't magicical, but as research synthesized, in "Teaching in Context: The Social Side of Education Reform" (edited by Quintero) reveals, these factors are at least as important as individual teacher quality and technical aspects of improvement. The remainder of this article shares some findings from the book that educators and policymakers would do well to consider in order to nurture the kinds of collaborative school cultures and systems that drive and sustain improvement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	journal = {American Educator},
	author = {Quintero, Esther},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: American Federation of Teachers
ERIC Number: EJ1145645},
	keywords = {Collegiality, Cooperative Learning, Teacher Collaboration, Teacher Effectiveness, Team Teaching, Teamwork},
	pages = {18--21},
}

@book{noauthor_creative_nodate,
	title = {Creative {Collaboration} in {Teaching}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137545978},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
}

@article{iantorno_introducing_2014,
	title = {Introducing {Digital} {Humanities} {Pedagogy}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {2327-5898},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/cea_critic/v076/76.2.iantorno.html},
	doi = {10.1353/cea.2014.0015},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	journal = {CEA Critic},
	author = {Iantorno, Luke A.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {140--146},
}

@book{kreber_authenticity_2013,
	address = {London},
	edition = {1. publ},
	title = {Authenticity in and through teaching in higher education: the transformative potential of the scholarship of teaching},
	isbn = {978-0-415-52008-9 978-0-415-52007-2},
	shorttitle = {Authenticity in and through teaching in higher education},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Kreber, Carolin},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{kreber_authenticity_2013-1,
	address = {London},
	edition = {1. publ},
	title = {Authenticity in and through teaching in higher education: the transformative potential of the scholarship of teaching},
	isbn = {978-0-415-52008-9 978-0-415-52007-2},
	shorttitle = {Authenticity in and through teaching in higher education},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Kreber, Carolin},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{hirsch_digital_2012,
	title = {Digital {Humanities} {Pedagogy}: {Practices}, {Principles} and {Politics}},
	isbn = {978-1-909254-25-1 978-1-909254-26-8 978-1-909254-27-5 978-1-80064-451-9 978-1-909254-28-2 978-1-909254-29-9},
	shorttitle = {Digital {Humanities} {Pedagogy}},
	url = {https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0024},
	abstract = {The essays in this collection offer a timely intervention in digital humanities scholarship. Bringing together established and emerging scholars from a variety of humanities disciplines, the book offers views on the practical realities of teaching digital humanities at undergraduate and graduate level, proposes strategies for teaching foundational digital humanities methods across a variety of disciplines, and engages with wider debates about the place of digital humanities in the academy. Broadening the ways in which both scholars and practitioners can think about this emerging discipline, this book makes an important contribution to its ongoing development, vitality and long-term sustainability.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2022-11-24},
	publisher = {Open Book Publishers},
	author = {Hirsch, Brett D.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.11647/obp.0024},
}

@inproceedings{sprugnoli_multiemotions-it_2021,
	address = {Bologna, Italy},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {{MultiEmotions}-{It}: a {New} {Dataset} for {Opinion} {Polarity} and {Emotion} {Analysis} for {Italian}},
	volume = {2769},
	shorttitle = {{MultiEmotions}-{It}},
	url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2769/#8},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-11-17},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Seventh} {Italian} {Conference} on {Computational} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Sprugnoli, Rachele},
	editor = {Monti, Johanna and Dell'Orletta, Felice and Tamburini, Fabio},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
}

@article{de_wit_standing_2020,
	title = {Standing out with the progressive},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0022-2267, 1469-7742},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022226719000501/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022226719000501},
	abstract = {In this paper we demonstrate on the basis of diachronic and synchronic data from a variety of languages that progressives are particularly liable to be used for the expression of extravagance. We define extravagant language use as a signaling mechanism that consists in the exploitation of an unconventional construction in a given context as a way for speakers to indicate that there is something non-canonical about the situation that they are reporting. Novel constructions naturally lend themselves to such extravagant exploitation, since they are by definition to a certain extent unconventional. This is why, as we will demonstrate, the English, Dutch and French progressives were notably often recruited in extravagant contexts at the onset of their development. However, our synchronic data reveal that Present-day English, Dutch and French progressives continue to be used for extravagant purposes, which suggests that there is something inherent about progressive aspect that makes it liable to such expressive usage. This is confirmed by data from other, typologically diverse languages. We offer a cognitive-semantic analysis in terms of epistemic contingency in order to account for this intrinsic association of progressive aspect and extravagance across languages. Our analysis thus reveals that extravagance is not a transient property of emerging progressives, but that, instead, the semantics of these constructions makes them particularly liable to be recruited for extravagant purposes. It also demonstrates that in order to analyze the range of uses of progressive constructions in a unified fashion, we need to look beyond the temporal import of  these constructions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
	author = {De Wit, Astrid and Petré, Peter and Brisard, Frank},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {479--514},
}

@article{de_wit_modality_2013,
	title = {Modality, aspect and the progressive: {The} semantics of the present progressive in {French} in comparison with {English}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1387-6759, 1569-9897},
	shorttitle = {Modality, aspect and the progressive},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lic.13.1.06wit},
	doi = {10.1075/lic.13.1.06wit},
	abstract = {This paper proffers a corpus-based study of the semantics of the French present progressive in comparison with its English equivalent. We describe the temporal and modal uses of ‘be + -ing’ and investigate to what extent they overlap with the uses of
              être
              +
              en train de
              . The observation that the use of the French present progressive is not obligatory and more restricted than that of the present progressive in English is taken as a sign of a less advanced stage of grammaticalization of the former. On the other hand, the two progressive constructions are alike in that they turn out to share the same basic, modal meaning, which we define as epistemic contingency in current reality. This meaning is, among other things, reflected in the (inter)subjective connotations that are often associated with the progressives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	journal = {Languages in Contrast},
	author = {De Wit, Astrid and Patard, Adeline},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {113--132},
}

@incollection{stein_subjectification_1995,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Subjectification in grammaticalisation},
	isbn = {978-0-521-47039-1},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/subjectivity-and-subjectivisation/subjectification-in-grammaticalisation/9AFFD3E89CD5544A6727BFC4D8D43344},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	booktitle = {Subjectivity and {Subjectivisation}: {Linguistic} {Perspectives}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Traugott, Elizabeth Closs},
	editor = {Stein, Dieter and Wright, Susan},
	year = {1995},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511554469.003},
	pages = {31--54},
}

@article{traugott_rise_1989,
	title = {On the {Rise} of {Epistemic} {Meanings} in {English}: {An} {Example} of {Subjectification} in {Semantic} {Change}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0097-8507},
	shorttitle = {On the {Rise} of {Epistemic} {Meanings} in {English}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/414841},
	doi = {10.2307/414841},
	abstract = {This paper outlines three general tendencies in semantic change, and focuses on the third: meanings tend to become increasingly situated in the speaker's subjective belief state or attitude toward the proposition. Examples are drawn from the development of epistemic, including evidential, meanings in English in three domains: modal auxiliaries (e.g. must), assertive speech act verbs (e.g. insist that), and modal adverbs (e.g. apparently). It is shown that epistemics develop from less to more strongly subjective epistemicity. The process of change involved in the development of epistemics is hypothesized to be strengthening of pragmatic inferences to relevance, not, as has sometimes been suggested, generalization, bleaching, or metaphor.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	journal = {Language},
	author = {Traugott, Elizabeth Closs},
	year = {1989},
	note = {Publisher: Linguistic Society of America},
	pages = {31--55},
}

@article{swan_english_2011,
	title = {English {Sentence} {Adverbials} in a {Discourse} and {Cognitive} {Perspective}},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {0013-838X, 1744-4217},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0013838X.2011.604917},
	doi = {10.1080/0013838X.2011.604917},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	journal = {English Studies},
	author = {Swan, Toril and Breivik, Leiv Egil},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {679--692},
}

@incollection{hickey_subject-oriented_1997,
	address = {Berlin, New York},
	edition = {1997},
	title = {Subject-oriented adverbs in a diachronic and contrastive perspective},
	volume = {101},
	isbn = {978-3-11-014504-5 978-3-11-082075-1},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110820751.395/html},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	booktitle = {Language {History} and {Linguistic} {Modelling}},
	publisher = {DE GRUYTER MOUTON},
	author = {Swan, Toril and Breivik, Leiv Egil},
	editor = {Hickey, Raymond and Puppel, Stanislav},
	month = jun,
	year = {1997},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110820751.395},
	note = {Series Title: Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs},
	pages = {395--422},
}

@article{de_wit_standing_2020-1,
	title = {Standing out with the progressive},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0022-2267, 1469-7742},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022226719000501/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022226719000501},
	abstract = {In this paper we demonstrate on the basis of diachronic and synchronic data from a variety of languages that progressives are particularly liable to be used for the expression of extravagance. We define extravagant language use as a signaling mechanism that consists in the exploitation of an unconventional construction in a given context as a way for speakers to indicate that there is something non-canonical about the situation that they are reporting. Novel constructions naturally lend themselves to such extravagant exploitation, since they are by definition to a certain extent unconventional. This is why, as we will demonstrate, the English, Dutch and French progressives were notably often recruited in extravagant contexts at the onset of their development. However, our synchronic data reveal that Present-day English, Dutch and French progressives continue to be used for extravagant purposes, which suggests that there is something inherent about progressive aspect that makes it liable to such expressive usage. This is confirmed by data from other, typologically diverse languages. We offer a cognitive-semantic analysis in terms of epistemic contingency in order to account for this intrinsic association of progressive aspect and extravagance across languages. Our analysis thus reveals that extravagance is not a transient property of emerging progressives, but that, instead, the semantics of these constructions makes them particularly liable to be recruited for extravagant purposes. It also demonstrates that in order to analyze the range of uses of progressive constructions in a unified fashion, we need to look beyond the temporal import of  these constructions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-11-15},
	journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
	author = {De Wit, Astrid and Petré, Peter and Brisard, Frank},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {479--514},
}

@book{scheffer_progressive_1975,
	title = {The progressive in {English}},
	isbn = {978-0-444-10770-1},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/progressiveineng0000sche},
	abstract = {xii, 397 p. : 23 cm; Includes index; Bibliography: p. 363-387},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2022-11-15},
	publisher = {Amsterdam : North-Holland Pub. Co. ; New York : American Elsevier Publishing Company},
	author = {Scheffer, Johannes},
	collaborator = {{Internet Archive}},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {English language -- Tense},
}

@book{smitterberg_progressive_2005,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	series = {Language and computers},
	title = {The progressive in 19th-century {English}: a process of integration},
	isbn = {978-90-420-1735-1},
	shorttitle = {The progressive in 19th-century {English}},
	language = {eng},
	number = {N° 54},
	publisher = {Rodopi},
	author = {Smitterberg, Erik},
	year = {2005},
}

@article{hoffmann_review_2007,
	title = {Review of {Smitterberg} (2005): {The} {Progressive} in {Nineteenth}-{Century} {English}. {A} {Process} of {Integration}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1566-5852, 1569-9854},
	shorttitle = {Review of {Smitterberg} (2005)},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jhp.8.1.11hof},
	doi = {10.1075/jhp.8.1.11hof},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-15},
	journal = {Journal of Historical Pragmatics},
	author = {Hoffmann, Sebastian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {146--152},
}

@article{bland_present_1988,
	title = {The {Present} {Progressive} in {Discourse}: {Grammar} versus {Usage} {Revisited}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {00398322},
	shorttitle = {The {Present} {Progressive} in {Discourse}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3587061?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/3587061},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-15},
	journal = {TESOL Quarterly},
	author = {Bland, Susan Kesner},
	month = mar,
	year = {1988},
	pages = {53},
}

@article{Freund2016RecentCI,
	title = {Recent change in the use of stative verbs in the progressive form in british english : {I} ’ m loving it},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2040-3461},
	url = {https://cms9-prod.rdg.ac.uk/elal/-/media/project/uor-main/schools-departments/elal/lswp/lswp-7/elal_7_freund.pdf?la=en&hash=C1403C6C7805F3F1CDA6E1F5E5CC4BEE},
	journal = {Language Studies Working Papers},
	author = {Freund, Nina},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {50--61},
}

@article{martinez-vazquez_im_2018,
	title = {\textit{{I}’m loving it!} {A} {Corpus}-{Based} {Study} of the {Progress} of \textit{love}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0075-4242, 1552-5457},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0075424218765609},
	doi = {10.1177/0075424218765609},
	abstract = {The English progressive construction is thriving. Even stative verbs, traditionally considered incompatible with the be+- ing form, are being increasingly used in the progressive. To fully understand these emerging uses of the so-called “progressive states,” we must consider the syntactic elements of the construction and the meaning and pragmatics of the so-called “stative” verb. In this paper, I perform a large-scale corpus analysis of love in the progressive (e.g., “I’m loving your blog!”) to investigate the new functions of this construction. My data confirm a tendency toward colloquialization (Mair \& Hundt 1995; Mair 1997; Smitterberg 2005; Leech et al. 2009; Collins 2013; Levin 2013) and suggest an ongoing shift toward a more grammatical status. The core phenomenal meaning of the progressive construction and its heavy reliance on contextual information promotes the extension of the be- loving construction to a greater number of contexts and functions, including more subjective readings, which is missing in the corresponding non-progressive construction.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-11-15},
	journal = {Journal of English Linguistics},
	author = {Martínez-Vázquez, Montserrat},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {140--166},
}

@article{jini_jojo_stephen_detecting_2019,
	title = {Detecting the magnitude of depression in {Twitter} users using sentiment analysis},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2088-8708, 2088-8708},
	url = {http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE/article/view/16306},
	doi = {10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp3247-3255},
	abstract = {Today the different social networking sites have enabled everyone to easily express and share their feelings with people around the world. A lot of people use text for communicating, which can be done through different social media messaging platforms available today such as Twitter, Facebook etc, as they ﬁnd it easier to express their feelings through text instead of speaking them out. Many people who also suffer from stress ﬁnd it easier to express their feelings on online platform, as over there they can express themselves very easily. So if they are alerted beforehand, there are ways to overcome the mental problems and stress they are suffering from. Depression stands out to be one of the most well known mental health disorders and a major issue for medical and mental health practitioners. Legitimate checking can help in its discovery, which could be useful to anticipate and prevent depression all-together.Hence there is a need for a system, which can cater to such issues and help the user. The purpose of this paper is to propose an efﬁcient method that can detect the level of depression in Twitter users. Sentiment scores calculated can be combined with different emotions to provide a better method to calculate depression scores. This process will help underscore various aspects of depression that have not been understood previously. The main aim is to provide a sense of understanding regarding depression levels in different users and how the scores can be correlated to the main data.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-11-15},
	journal = {International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)},
	author = {{Jini Jojo Stephen} and Prabu, P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3247},
}

@article{kawade_sentiment_2017,
	title = {Sentiment analysis: machine learning approach},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Journal of Engineering and Technology},
	author = {Kawade, Dipak R. and Oza, Kavita S.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2183--2186},
}

@misc{munikar_fine-grained_2019,
	title = {Fine-grained {Sentiment} {Classification} using {BERT}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03474},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1910.03474},
	abstract = {Sentiment classification is an important process in understanding people's perception towards a product, service, or topic. Many natural language processing models have been proposed to solve the sentiment classification problem. However, most of them have focused on binary sentiment classification. In this paper, we use a promising deep learning model called BERT to solve the fine-grained sentiment classification task. Experiments show that our model outperforms other popular models for this task without sophisticated architecture. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of transfer learning in natural language processing in the process.},
	urldate = {2022-11-15},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Munikar, Manish and Shakya, Sushil and Shrestha, Aakash},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	note = {arXiv:1910.03474 [cs, stat]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Statistics - Machine Learning},
}

@inproceedings{bobicev_inter-annotator_2017,
	title = {Inter-{Annotator} {Agreement} in {Sentiment} {Analysis}: {Machine} {Learning} {Perspective}},
	isbn = {978-954-452-049-6},
	shorttitle = {Inter-{Annotator} {Agreement} in {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	url = {http://www.acl-bg.org/proceedings/2017/RANLP%202017/pdf/RANLP015.pdf},
	doi = {10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_015},
	urldate = {2021-06-16},
	booktitle = {{RANLP} 2017 - {Recent} {Advances} in {Natural} {Language} {Processing} {Meet} {Deep} {Learning}},
	publisher = {Incoma Ltd. Shoumen, Bulgaria},
	author = {Bobicev, Victoria and Sokolova, Marina},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {97--102},
}

@article{karppi_social_2016,
	title = {Social {Media}, {Financial} {Algorithms} and the {Hack} {Crash}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0263-2764, 1460-3616},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263276415583139},
	doi = {10.1177/0263276415583139},
	abstract = {‘@AP: Breaking: Two Explosions in the White House and Barack Obama is injured’. So read a tweet sent from a hacked Associated Press Twitter account @AP, which affected financial markets, wiping out \$136.5 billion of the Standard \& Poor’s 500 Index’s value. While the speed of the Associated Press hack crash event and the proprietary nature of the algorithms involved make it difficult to make causal claims about the relationship between social media and trading algorithms, we argue that it helps us to critically examine the volatile connections between social media, financial markets, and third parties offering human and algorithmic analysis. By analyzing the commentaries of this event, we highlight two particular currents: one formed by computational processes that mine and analyze Twitter data, and the other being financial algorithms that make automated trades and steer the stock market. We build on sociology of finance together with media theory and focus on the work of Christian Marazzi, Gabriel Tarde and Tony Sampson to analyze the relationship between social media and financial markets. We argue that Twitter and social media are becoming more powerful forces, not just because they connect people or generate new modes of participation, but because they are connecting human communicative spaces to automated computational spaces in ways that are affectively contagious and highly volatile.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {Karppi, Tero and Crawford, Kate},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {73--92},
}

@article{burscher_frames_2016,
	title = {Frames {Beyond} {Words}: {Applying} {Cluster} and {Sentiment} {Analysis} to {News} {Coverage} of the {Nuclear} {Power} {Issue}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0894-4393},
	shorttitle = {Frames {Beyond} {Words}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439315596385},
	doi = {10.1177/0894439315596385},
	abstract = {Methods to automatically analyze media content are advancing significantly. Among others, it has become increasingly popular to analyze the framing of news articles by means of statistical procedures. In this article, we investigate the conceptual validity of news frames that are inferred by a combination of k-means cluster analysis and automatic sentiment analysis. Furthermore, we test a way of improving statistical frame analysis such that revealed clusters of articles reflect the framing concept more closely. We do so by only using words from an article?s title and lead and by excluding named entities and words with a certain part of speech from the analysis. To validate revealed frames, we manually analyze samples of articles from the extracted clusters. Findings of our tests indicate that when following the proposed feature selection approach, the resulting clusters more accurately discriminate between articles with a different framing. We discuss the methodological and theoretical implications of our findings.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
	author = {Burscher, Bjorn and Vliegenthart, Rens and Vreese, Claes H. de},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {530--545},
}

@article{amarasekara_exploring_2019,
	title = {Exploring the {YouTube} science communication gender gap: {A} sentiment analysis},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0963-6625},
	shorttitle = {Exploring the {YouTube} science communication gender gap},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662518786654},
	doi = {10.1177/0963662518786654},
	abstract = {YouTube has become the second most popular web search engine (see Alexa.com) and the primary website for individuals and organisations to freely distribute video content. Popularity statistics indicate that Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics?related content is of significant interest to YouTube audiences, yet analysis of the 391 most popular science, engineering and mathematics?themed channels reveals a conspicuous absence of female communicators, with the hosts of just 32 of these channels presenting as female. To help understand potential causes of this gap, analysis was conducted on popularity indicators and audience sentiments of 450 videos from 90 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics?related channels. Female hosted channels were found to accumulate more comments per view, and significantly higher proportions of appearance, hostile, critical/negative and sexist/sexual commentary.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
	author = {Amarasekara, Inoka and Grant, Will J},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {68--84},
}

@incollection{sloan_sentiment_2016,
	address = {1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP},
	title = {Sentiment {Analysis}},
	isbn = {978-1-4739-1632-6 978-1-4739-8384-7},
	url = {http://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-social-media-research-methods/i4097.xml},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	booktitle = {The {SAGE} {Handbook} of {Social} {Media} {Research} {Methods}},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {Thelwall, Mike},
	collaborator = {Sloan, Luke and Quan-Haase, Anabel},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.4135/9781473983847.n32},
	pages = {545--556},
}

@incollection{thelwall_sage_2022,
	address = {55 City Road},
	title = {The {SAGE} {Handbook} of {Social} {Media} {Research} {Methods}},
	url = {https://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-social-media-research-methods},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {Thelwall, Mike},
	collaborator = {{pages 545-556}},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.4135/9781473983847},
}

@incollection{thelwall_sage_2022-1,
	address = {55 City Road},
	title = {The {SAGE} {Handbook} of {Social} {Media} {Research} {Methods}},
	url = {https://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-social-media-research-methods},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {Thelwall, Mike},
	collaborator = {{pages 545-556}},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.4135/9781473983847},
}

@inproceedings{moreno-ortiz_lingmotif_2017,
	address = {Valencia, Spain},
	title = {Lingmotif: {Sentiment} {Analysis} for the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	shorttitle = {Lingmotif},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/E17-3019},
	abstract = {Lingmotif is a lexicon-based, linguistically-motivated, user-friendly, GUI-enabled, multi-platform, Sentiment Analysis desktop application. Lingmotif can perform SA on any type of input texts, regardless of their length and topic. The analysis is based on the identification of sentiment-laden words and phrases contained in the application's rich core lexicons, and employs context rules to account for sentiment shifters. It offers easy-to-interpret visual representations of quantitative data (text polarity, sentiment intensity, sentiment profile), as well as a detailed, qualitative analysis of the text in terms of its sentiment. Lingmotif can also take user-provided plugin lexicons in order to account for domain-specific sentiment expression. Lingmotif currently analyzes English and Spanish texts.},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Software} {Demonstrations} of the 15th {Conference} of the {European} {Chapter} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Moreno-Ortiz, Antonio},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {73--76},
}

@incollection{schmidt_thomas_senttext_2021,
	title = {{SentText}: {A} {Tool} for {Lexicon}-based {Sentiment} {Analysis} in {Digital} {Humanities}},
	shorttitle = {{SentText}},
	url = {https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/id/eprint/44943},
	abstract = {We present SentText, a web-based tool to perform and explore lexicon-based sentiment analysis on texts, specifically developed for the Digital Humanities (DH) community. The tool was developed integrating ideas of the user-entered design process and we gathered requirements via semi-structured interviews. The tool offers the functionality to perform sentiment analysis with predefined sentiment lexicons or self-adjusted lexicons. Users can explore results of sentiment analysis via various visualizations like bar or pie charts and word clouds. It is also possible to analyze and compare collections of documents. Furthermore, we have added a close reading function enabling researchers to examine the applicability of sentiment lexicons for specific text sorts. We report upon the first usability tests with positive results. We argue that the tool is beneficial to explore lexicon-based sentiment analysis in the DH but can also be integrated in DH-teaching.},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	publisher = {Universität Regensburg},
	author = {Schmidt, Thomas and Dangel, Johanna and Wolff, Christian},
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.5283/EPUB.44943},
	keywords = {020 Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft, sentiment analysis; dictionary-based approaches; Digital Humanities; usability; tool; user-centered design; lexicon-based approaches},
}

@article{bhat_sentiment_2020,
	title = {Sentiment analysis of social media response on the {Covid19} outbreak},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0889-1591},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207131/},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.006},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Brain, Behavior, and Immunity},
	author = {Bhat, Muzafar and Qadri, Monisa and Beg, Noor-ul-Asrar and Kundroo, Majid and Ahanger, Naffi and Agarwal, Basant},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32418721},
	pmcid = {PMC7207131},
	pages = {136--137},
}

@inproceedings{karamibekr_sentiment_2012,
	title = {Sentiment {Analysis} of {Social} {Issues}},
	doi = {10.1109/SocialInformatics.2012.49},
	abstract = {Sentiment analysis refers to a broad range of fields of natural language processing, computational linguistics, and text mining. Sentiment classification of reviews and comments has emerged as the most useful application in the area of sentiment analysis. Bag of words and feature based sentiment are the most popular approaches used by researchers to deal with sentiment analysis of opinions about products such as movies, electronics, cars etc. Up until recently most researches have been done on the sentiment analysis of products and services. This paper focuses on the sentiment analysis of social issues. In this paper we initially conduct a statistical investigation on the differences between sentiment analysis of products and social issues. Then, based on our findings, we propose an approach to take into account the role of verb as the most important term in expressing opinions regarding the social issues. Statistical and experimental results show that considering verbs not only is required and undeniable, but also improves the performance of sentiment analysis.},
	booktitle = {2012 {International} {Conference} on {Social} {Informatics}},
	author = {Karamibekr, Mostafa and Ghorbani, Ali A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Dictionaries, Feature extraction, Opinion Mining, Portable media players, Semantics, Sentiment Analysis, Sentiment Classification, Sentiment analysis, Social Issues, Syntactics, Text mining, Verb Oriented},
	pages = {215--221},
}

@article{nguyen_how_2020,
	title = {How {We} {Do} {Things} {With} {Words}: {Analyzing} {Text} as {Social} and {Cultural} {Data}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2624-8212},
	shorttitle = {How {We} {Do} {Things} {With} {Words}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2020.00062},
	abstract = {In this article we describe our experiences with computational text analysis involving rich social and cultural concepts. We hope to achieve three primary goals. First, we aim to shed light on thorny issues not always at the forefront of discussions about computational text analysis methods. Second, we hope to provide a set of key questions that can guide work in this area. Our guidance is based on our own experiences and is therefore inherently imperfect. Still, given our diversity of disciplinary backgrounds and research practices, we hope to capture a range of ideas and identify commonalities that resonate for many. This leads to our final goal: to help promote interdisciplinary collaborations. Interdisciplinary insights and partnerships are essential for realizing the full potential of any computational text analysis involving social and cultural concepts, and the more we bridge these divides, the more fruitful we believe our work will be.},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence},
	author = {Nguyen, Dong and Liakata, Maria and DeDeo, Simon and Eisenstein, Jacob and Mimno, David and Tromble, Rebekah and Winters, Jane},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{matalon_using_2021,
	title = {Using sentiment analysis to predict opinion inversion in {Tweets} of political communication},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86510-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-86510-w},
	abstract = {Social media networks have become an essential tool for sharing information in political discourse. Recent studies examining opinion diffusion have highlighted that some users may invert a message's content before disseminating it, propagating a contrasting view relative to that of the original author. Using politically-oriented discourse related to Israel with focus on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, we explored this Opinion Inversion (O.I.) phenomenon. From a corpus of approximately 716,000 relevant Tweets, we identified 7147 Source–Quote pairs. These Source–Quote pairs accounted for 69\% of the total volume of the corpus. Using a Random Forest model based on the Natural Language Processing features of the Source text and user attributes, we could predict whether a Source will undergo O.I. upon retweet with an ROC-AUC of 0.83. We found that roughly 80\% of the factors that explain O.I. are associated with the original message's sentiment towards the conflict. In addition, we identified pairs comprised of Quotes related to the domain while their Sources were unrelated to the domain. These Quotes, which accounted for 14\% of the Source–Quote pairs, maintained similar sentiment levels as the Source. Our case study underscores that O.I. plays an important role in political communication on social media. Nevertheless, O.I. can be predicted in advance using simple artificial intelligence tools and that prediction might be used to optimize content propagation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Matalon, Yogev and Magdaci, Ofir and Almozlino, Adam and Yamin, Dan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Complex networks, Scientific data},
	pages = {7250},
}

@article{ansari_analysis_2020,
	title = {Analysis of {Political} {Sentiment} {Orientations} on {Twitter}},
	volume = {167},
	issn = {18770509},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877050920306669},
	doi = {10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.201},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Procedia Computer Science},
	author = {Ansari, Mohd Zeeshan and Aziz, M.B. and Siddiqui, M.O. and Mehra, H. and Singh, K.P.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1821--1828},
}

@article{haselmayer_sentiment_2017,
	title = {Sentiment analysis of political communication: combining a dictionary approach with crowdcoding},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1573-7845},
	shorttitle = {Sentiment analysis of political communication},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0412-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s11135-016-0412-4},
	abstract = {Sentiment is important in studies of news values, public opinion, negative campaigning or political polarization and an explosive expansion of digital textual data and fast progress in automated text analysis provide vast opportunities for innovative social science research. Unfortunately, tools currently available for automated sentiment analysis are mostly restricted to English texts and require considerable contextual adaption to produce valid results. We present a procedure for collecting fine-grained sentiment scores through crowdcoding to build a negative sentiment dictionary in a language and for a domain of choice. The dictionary enables the analysis of large text corpora that resource-intensive hand-coding struggles to cope with. We calculate the tonality of sentences from dictionary words and we validate these estimates with results from manual coding. The results show that the crowdbased dictionary provides efficient and valid measurement of sentiment. Empirical examples illustrate its use by analyzing the tonality of party statements and media reports.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Quality \& Quantity},
	author = {Haselmayer, Martin and Jenny, Marcelo},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Crowdcoding, Media negativity, Negative campaigning, Political communication, Sentiment analysis},
	pages = {2623--2646},
}

@article{zhong_using_2022,
	title = {Using sentiment analysis to study the relationship between subjective expression in financial reports and company performance},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.949881/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.949881},
	abstract = {In recent years, with the development and progress of text information research, the disclosure of non-financial and qualitative information has often be found to have an incremental function. Financial reports, including financial statements and other relevant information, provide important insights on an enterprise’s financial status, operating results, and cash flow. Faced with a large number of financial reports, readers often do not know where to start, and as financial statements are prepared based on past transactions, they cannot fully reflect the past, present, and future economic conditions of the company. Information asymmetry and uncertainty make the text mining of financial reports of great significance to enterprise stakeholders. Accordingly, this paper takes financial reports as the research object and builds a research framework on the relationship between subjective expression in financial reports and company performance. Through natural language processing, sentiment analysis, and other text-mining technologies, the paper quantifies the subjective expression in financial reports and introduces intermediaries. Variables, moderating variables, and control variables are used to construct a multiple regression model. The empirical results show that the underlying emotional tendencies in subjective expressions substantially impact on the future development of listed companies. This paper enriches understanding of the multi-dimensional relationship between financial report text and company performance, and provides ideas for further exploring this relationship. It is of great practical significance to help them make rational decisions and ensure the normal operation of the company and the preservation and appreciation of capital.},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Zhong, Ni and Ren, JunBao},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {949881},
}

@incollection{alor-hernandez_sentiment_2017,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Sentiment {Analysis} {Based} on {Psychological} and {Linguistic} {Features} for {Spanish} {Language}},
	volume = {120},
	isbn = {978-3-319-51904-3 978-3-319-51905-0},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-51905-0_4},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	booktitle = {Current {Trends} on {Knowledge}-{Based} {Systems}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Salas-Zárate, María Pilar and Paredes-Valverde, Mario Andrés and Rodríguez-García, Miguel Ángel and Valencia-García, Rafael and Alor-Hernández, Giner},
	editor = {Alor-Hernández, Giner and Valencia-García, Rafael},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-51905-0_4},
	note = {Series Title: Intelligent Systems Reference Library},
	pages = {73--92},
}

@article{liu_analysis_2022,
	title = {Analysis of psychological characteristics and emotional expression based on deep learning in higher vocational music education},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981738/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981738},
	abstract = {Sentiment analysis is one of the important tasks of online opinion analysis and an important means to guide the direction of online opinion and maintain social stability. Due to the multiple characteristics of linguistic expressions, ambiguity, multiple meanings of words, and the increasing speed of new words, it is a great challenge for the task of text sentiment analysis. Commonly used machine learning methods suffer from inadequate text feature extraction, and the emergence of deep learning has brought a turnaround for this purpose. In this paper, we investigate the problem of text sentiment analysis using methods related to deep learning. In order to incorporate user and product information in a more diverse way in the model, this paper proposes a model based on a deep bidirectional long-and short-term memory network-self-attention mechanism-custom classifier. The model first identifies contextual associations and acquires deep text features through a deep bidirectional long- and short-term memory network and then captures important features in the text using a self-attentive mechanism. The model finally combines user information and product information to build a custom classifier module and uses context-aware attention mechanisms to assign specific parameters to user information and product information, which improves the performance of the model on public datasets compared with current common models. The results show that the accuracy of the algorithm in this paper is high, and it is about 5\% lower than the traditional algorithm. The method can reduce the number of iterations and the running time of the algorithm.},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Liu, Xin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {981738},
}

@article{pang_opinion_2008,
	title = {Opinion {Mining} and {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1554-0669, 1554-0677},
	url = {http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/INR-011},
	doi = {10.1561/1500000011},
	language = {en},
	number = {1–2},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval},
	author = {Pang, Bo and Lee, Lillian},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1--135},
}

@article{gonzalez-bailon_signals_2015,
	title = {Signals of {Public} {Opinion} in {Online} {Communication}: {A} {Comparison} of {Methods} and {Data} {Sources}},
	volume = {659},
	issn = {0002-7162, 1552-3349},
	shorttitle = {Signals of {Public} {Opinion} in {Online} {Communication}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716215569192},
	doi = {10.1177/0002716215569192},
	abstract = {This study offers a systematic comparison of automated content analysis tools. The ability of different lexicons to correctly identify affective tone (e.g., positive vs. negative) is assessed in different social media environments. Our comparisons examine the reliability and validity of publicly available, off-the-shelf classifiers. We use datasets from a range of online sources that vary in the diversity and formality of the language used, and we apply different classifiers to extract information about the affective tone in these datasets. We first measure agreement (reliability test) and then compare their classifications with the benchmark of human coding (validity test). Our analyses show that validity and reliability vary with the formality and diversity of the text; we also show that ready-to-use methods leave much space for improvement when analyzing domain-specific content and that a machine-learning approach offers more accurate predictions across communication domains.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-14},
	journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	author = {González-Bailón, Sandra and Paltoglou, Georgios},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {95--107},
}

@article{killie_subjectivity_2004,
	title = {Subjectivity and the {English} progressive},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1360-6743, 1469-4379},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1360674304001236/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S1360674304001236},
	abstract = {According to Wright (1994a), subjectivity in the English progressive is typically associated with specific linguistic features. In particular, subjective progressives are said normally to occur in main clauses and to involve an adverb(ial) of the type
              always
              , a first- or second-person pronominal subject and a private or cognitive verb in the present tense. This study tests Wright's claim against a corpus of Early Modern English prose. The focus is on the kind of subjective progressives that are claimed by Wright to be most subjective of all, namely collocations of the progressive with adverbs such as
              always
              . It is shown that the ‘
              always
              progressives’ in the corpus are typically found in a subclause, in collocation with an activity verb, and that they commonly occur with different types of subjects and tense/mood combinations. The conclusion is therefore that Wright's predictions concerning typical linguistic contexts for subjective progressives are not borne out.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-09},
	journal = {English Language and Linguistics},
	author = {Killie, Kristin},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {25--46},
}

@article{anthonissen_aspect_2016,
	title = {Aspect {Meets} {Modality}: {A} {Semantic} {Analysis} of the {German} \textit{{Am}} -{Progressive}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1470-5427, 1475-3014},
	shorttitle = {Aspect {Meets} {Modality}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1470542715000185/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S1470542715000185},
	abstract = {This paper presents a corpus-based analysis of the semantics of the German
              am
              V-inf
              sein
              construction, or
              am
              -progressive. Like its English counterpart and many other progressive constructions in the world's languages, the
              am
              -progressive is shown to convey not only a variety of aspecto-temporal meanings, but also a range of (inter)subjective qualifications, such as intensification, irritation, and evasiveness. These (inter)subjective connotations are argued to reflect the
              am
              -progressive's core meaning of epistemic contingency, which we believe is instantiated in all of its uses.
              *},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-09},
	journal = {Journal of Germanic Linguistics},
	author = {Anthonissen, Lynn and De Wit, Astrid and Mortelmans, Tanja},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1--30},
}

@article{anthonissen_intersubjective_2019,
	title = {({Inter})subjective uses of the {Dutch} progressive constructions},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1613-396X, 0024-3949},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ling-2019-0019/html},
	doi = {10.1515/ling-2019-0019},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              This paper addresses the (inter)subjective functions of progressive aspect in Dutch. While the aspectual profile of the various Dutch progressive constructions has received considerable attention in the last few years, much less attention has been paid to their non-aspectual uses. As we will demonstrate in this paper on the basis of a corpus study of spoken Dutch, complemented with native-speaker elicitations, the Dutch progressive constructions can be specifically recruited to express (inter)subjective meanings such as surprise, irritation and intensity, and they differ in this respect from their simplex counterparts. Our analysis of progressive aspect in terms of backgrounded boundaries provides an explanation for (i) the general association of progressive aspect with (inter)subjectivity and (ii) our observation that some Dutch progressive constructions are more prone to such (inter)subjective exploitation than others. This semantic account also underlies the last part of this contribution, in which we discuss cases of what we call “(inter)subjective reinforcement” in complex progressive constructions, that is, the embedding of progressive constructions in other constructions that are also semantically affiliated to (inter)subjectivity (e.g. the perfect,
              gaan/komen
              ‘go/come’, modals and the bare infinitive construction), which has been largely neglected in the literature.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-11-07},
	journal = {Linguistics},
	author = {Anthonissen, Lynn and De Wit, Astrid and Mortelmans, Tanja},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1111--1159},
}

@article{killie_subjectivity_2004-1,
	title = {Subjectivity and the {English} progressive},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1360-6743, 1469-4379},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1360674304001236/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S1360674304001236},
	abstract = {According to Wright (1994a), subjectivity in the English progressive is typically associated with specific linguistic features. In particular, subjective progressives are said normally to occur in main clauses and to involve an adverb(ial) of the type
              always
              , a first- or second-person pronominal subject and a private or cognitive verb in the present tense. This study tests Wright's claim against a corpus of Early Modern English prose. The focus is on the kind of subjective progressives that are claimed by Wright to be most subjective of all, namely collocations of the progressive with adverbs such as
              always
              . It is shown that the ‘
              always
              progressives’ in the corpus are typically found in a subclause, in collocation with an activity verb, and that they commonly occur with different types of subjects and tense/mood combinations. The conclusion is therefore that Wright's predictions concerning typical linguistic contexts for subjective progressives are not borne out.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-11-07},
	journal = {English Language and Linguistics},
	author = {Killie, Kristin},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {25--46},
}

@article{hancil_subjectivity_2008,
	title = {Subjectivity and the progressive form in early eighteenth-century spoken discourse},
	issn = {1278-3331, 2427-0466},
	url = {http://journals.openedition.org/anglophonia/1003},
	doi = {10.4000/anglophonia.1003},
	number = {12 (24)},
	urldate = {2022-11-07},
	journal = {Anglophonia},
	author = {Hancil, Sylvie},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {197--218},
}

@inproceedings{wagner_misp_2016,
	address = {Vienna Austria},
	title = {{MISP}: {The} {Design} and {Implementation} of a {Collaborative} {Threat} {Intelligence} {Sharing} {Platform}},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-4565-1},
	shorttitle = {{MISP}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2994539.2994542},
	doi = {10.1145/2994539.2994542},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-10-24},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {ACM} on {Workshop} on {Information} {Sharing} and {Collaborative} {Security}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Wagner, Cynthia and Dulaunoy, Alexandre and Wagener, Gérard and Iklody, Andras},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {49--56},
}

@inproceedings{wagner_misp_2016-1,
	address = {Vienna Austria},
	title = {{MISP}: {The} {Design} and {Implementation} of a {Collaborative} {Threat} {Intelligence} {Sharing} {Platform}},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-4565-1},
	shorttitle = {{MISP}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2994539.2994542},
	doi = {10.1145/2994539.2994542},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-10-24},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {ACM} on {Workshop} on {Information} {Sharing} and {Collaborative} {Security}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Wagner, Cynthia and Dulaunoy, Alexandre and Wagener, Gérard and Iklody, Andras},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {49--56},
}

@techreport{dempsey_information_2011,
	address = {Gaithersburg, MD},
	title = {Information {Security} {Continuous} {Monitoring} ({ISCM}) for federal information systems and organizations},
	url = {https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-137.pdf},
	language = {en},
	number = {NIST SP 800-137},
	urldate = {2022-10-19},
	institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	author = {Dempsey, K L and Chawla, N S and Johnson, L A and Johnston, R and Jones, A C and Orebaugh, A D and Scholl, M A and Stine, K M},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.6028/NIST.SP.800-137},
	note = {Edition: 0},
	pages = {NIST SP 800--137},
}

@article{scott_fringe_2022,
	title = {Fringe social media networks sidestep online content rules},
	url = {https://www.politico.eu/article/fringe-social-media-telegram-extremism-far-right/},
	abstract = {Platforms like Telegram, Odysee and BitChute have become go-to destinations for extremists and conspiracy theorists worldwide.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-10-19},
	journal = {Politico},
	author = {Scott, Mark},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{behr_radicalisation_2013,
	title = {Radicalisation in the digital era: {The} use of the internet in 15 cases of terrorism and extremism},
	language = {en},
	institution = {RAND},
	author = {Behr, Ines Von and Reding, Anais and Edwards, Charlie and Gribbon, Luke},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {76},
}

@article{benson_why_2014,
	title = {Why the {Internet} {Is} {Not} {Increasing} {Terrorism}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0963-6412, 1556-1852},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09636412.2014.905353},
	doi = {10.1080/09636412.2014.905353},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-10-18},
	journal = {Security Studies},
	author = {Benson, David C.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {293--328},
}

@book{reichardt_misstrauensgemeinschaft_2022,
	address = {Bonn},
	edition = {Sonderausgabe für die Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung},
	series = {Schriftenreihe},
	title = {Die {Misstrauensgemeinschaft} der "{Querdenker}": die {Corona}-{Proteste} aus kultur- und sozialwissenschaftlicher {Perspektive}},
	isbn = {978-3-7425-0857-7},
	shorttitle = {Die {Misstrauensgemeinschaft} der "{Querdenker}"},
	abstract = {Die Corona-Pandemie und die darauf reagierende Infektionsschutzpolitik der Bundesregierung haben eine neue Bewegung hervorgebracht: die »Querdenker«. Über die soziale Zusammensetzung, das Mediennutzungsverhalten und die Wissenspraktiken dieser Gruppe ist bisher wenig bekannt. Erstmals hat eine interdisziplinäre Gruppe von Sozialwissenschaftler\_innen diese Proteste umfassend untersucht, um zu verstehen, warum die Bewegung entstanden ist, was sie bewegt und wie sie agiert. Das Buch behandelt umfassend die unterschiedlichen Protestgruppen von wirtschaftlich Betroffenen über Impfgegner\_innen und Esoteriker\_innen bis hin zu Verschwörungstheoretiker\_innen und rechtsradikalen Protestierenden und gibt einen faszinierenden Einblick in die Welt der Querdenker, ihre Motivationen, Argumentationen und Verhaltensweisen},
	language = {ger},
	number = {Band 10857},
	publisher = {Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung},
	editor = {Reichardt, Sven},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{amlinger_gekrankte_2022,
	address = {Berlin},
	edition = {Originalausgabe, erste Auflage},
	title = {Gekränkte {Freiheit}: {Aspekte} des libertären {Autoritarismus}},
	isbn = {978-3-518-43071-2},
	shorttitle = {Gekränkte {Freiheit}},
	language = {ger},
	publisher = {Suhrkamp},
	author = {Amlinger, Carolin and Nachtwey, Oliver},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{amlinger_gekrankte_2022-1,
	address = {Berlin},
	edition = {Originalausgabe, erste Auflage},
	title = {Gekränkte {Freiheit}: {Aspekte} des libertären {Autoritarismus}},
	isbn = {978-3-518-43071-2},
	shorttitle = {Gekränkte {Freiheit}},
	language = {ger},
	publisher = {Suhrkamp},
	author = {Amlinger, Carolin and Nachtwey, Oliver},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{hodges_when_2020,
	address = {Stanford, California},
	title = {When words trump politics: resisting a hostile regime of language},
	isbn = {978-1-5036-1079-8},
	shorttitle = {When words trump politics},
	abstract = {"Trumpism has not only ushered in a new political regime, but also a new regime of language--one that cries out for intelligent and informed analysis. When Words Trump Politics takes insights from linguistic anthropology and related fields to decode, understand, and ultimately provide non-expert readers with easily digestible tools to resist the politics of division and hate. Adam Hodges's short essays address Trump's Twitter insults, racism and white nationalism, "truthiness" and "alternative facts," \#FakeNews and conspiracy theories, Supreme Court politics and \#MeToo, Islamophobia, political theater, and many other timely and controversial discussions. Hodges breaks down the specific linguistic techniques and processes that make Trump's rhetoric successful in our contemporary political landscape. He identifies the language ideologies, word choices, and recurring metaphors that underlie Trumpian rhetoric. Trumpian discourse works in tandem with media discourse--Hodges shows how Trump often induces journalists and social media agents to recycle and strengthen his spectacular and misleading claims. Those who study democracy have long emphasized the need for an informed electorate. But being informed on political issues also demands a keen understanding of the way language is used to convey, discuss, debate, and contest those issues. When Words Trump Politics analyzes the political rhetoric of today. The actionable insights in this book give journalists, politicians, and all Americans the successful tools they need to respond to the politics of hate. When Words Trump Politics is an essential resource for political resistance, for anyone who cares about freeing democracy from the spell of demagoguery."--},
	publisher = {Stanford Briefs, an imprint of Stanford University Press},
	author = {Hodges, Adam},
	year = {2020},
	note = {OCLC: on1084500173},
	keywords = {2017-, Communication in politics, Language, Language and languages, Mass media, Political aspects, Politics and government, Since 2017, Trump, Donald, United States},
}

@article{hsu_misinformation_2022,
	title = {Misinformation {Swirls} in {Non}-{English} {Languages} {Ahead} of {Midterms} - {The} {New} {York} {Times}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/business/media/midterms-foreign-language-misinformation.html},
	urldate = {2022-10-17},
	journal = {New York Times},
	author = {Hsu, Tiffany},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{das_rethinking_2022,
	title = {Rethinking {Fake} {News}: {Disinformation} and {Ideology} during the time of {COVID}-19 {Global} {Pandemic}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2277-9752},
	shorttitle = {Rethinking {Fake} {News}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/22779752211027382},
	doi = {10.1177/22779752211027382},
	abstract = {Digital media and citizen journalism has escalated the infiltration of fake news attempting to create a post truth society (Lazer et al., 2018). The COVID-19 pandemic has seen a surge of misinformation leading to anti-mask, anti-vaccine and anti-5G protests on a global scale. Although the term ?misinformation? has been generalized in media and scholarly work, there is a fundamental difference between how misinformation impacts society, compared to more strategically planned disinformation attacks. In this study we explore the ideological constructs of citizens towards acceptance or rejection of disinformation during the heightened time of a COVID-19 global health crisis. Our analysis follows two specific disinformation propagandas evaluated through social network analysis of Twitter data in addition to qualitative insights generated from tweets and in-depth interviews.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
	journal = {IIM Kozhikode Society \& Management Review},
	author = {Das, Ronnie and Ahmed, Wasim},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications India},
	pages = {146--159},
}

@article{vosoughi_spread_2018,
	title = {The spread of true and false news online},
	volume = {359},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap9559},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aap9559},
	abstract = {Lies spread faster than the truth
            
              There is worldwide concern over false news and the possibility that it can influence political, economic, and social well-being. To understand how false news spreads, Vosoughi
              et al.
              used a data set of rumor cascades on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. About 126,000 rumors were spread by ∼3 million people. False news reached more people than the truth; the top 1\% of false news cascades diffused to between 1000 and 100,000 people, whereas the truth rarely diffused to more than 1000 people. Falsehood also diffused faster than the truth. The degree of novelty and the emotional reactions of recipients may be responsible for the differences observed.
            
            
              Science
              , this issue p.
              1146
            
          , 
            A large-scale analysis of tweets reveals that false rumors spread further and faster than the truth.
          , 
            We investigated the differential diffusion of all of the verified true and false news stories distributed on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. The data comprise {\textasciitilde}126,000 stories tweeted by {\textasciitilde}3 million people more than 4.5 million times. We classified news as true or false using information from six independent fact-checking organizations that exhibited 95 to 98\% agreement on the classifications. Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information, and the effects were more pronounced for false political news than for false news about terrorism, natural disasters, science, urban legends, or financial information. We found that false news was more novel than true news, which suggests that people were more likely to share novel information. Whereas false stories inspired fear, disgust, and surprise in replies, true stories inspired anticipation, sadness, joy, and trust. Contrary to conventional wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and false news at the same rate, implying that false news spreads more than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely to spread it.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6380},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Vosoughi, Soroush and Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1146--1151},
}

@misc{noauthor_spread_nodate,
	title = {The spread of true and false news online {\textbar} {Science}},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap9559},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
}

@article{braddock_utility_2015,
	title = {The utility of narratives for promoting radicalization: {The} case of the {Animal} {Liberation} {Front}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1746-7586},
	shorttitle = {The utility of narratives for promoting radicalization},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2014.968794},
	doi = {10.1080/17467586.2014.968794},
	abstract = {Although terrorism scholars have begun to recognize the role of communication in the promotion of radicalization, there have been few (if any) studies to explore the radicalizing effects of specific types of communication. To redress this oversight, this study seeks to investigate one of the most prevalent types of communication used by terrorist groups – narratives. Specifically, this study features a theme analysis of narratives disseminated by a specific terrorist group, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), and a discussion of the ways in which the ALF's narrative themes may promote the adoption of beliefs, attitudes, and intentions that are consistent with the group's ideology. Results demonstrate that the ALF narratives are primarily comprised of 10 themes that may promote radicalization through identification with story characters, elicitation of emotional responses, and distinction of in-groups and out-groups. Future avenues of research, including the development of counter-narratives, are also discussed.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
	journal = {Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict},
	author = {Braddock, Kurt},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2014.968794},
	keywords = {Animal Liberation Front, narratives, radicalization, theme analysis},
	pages = {38--59},
}

@incollection{oshaughnessy_disinformation_2020,
	address = {55 City Road},
	title = {From {Disinformation} to {Fake} {News}: {Forwards} into the {Past}},
	shorttitle = {From {Disinformation} to {Fake} {News}},
	url = {https://sk.sagepub.com/books/the-sage-handbook-of-propaganda/i876.xml},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
	booktitle = {The {SAGE} {Handbook} of {Propaganda}},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {O'Shaughnessy, Nicholas},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.4135/9781526477170},
	pages = {55--70},
}

@article{bennett_disinformation_2018,
	title = {The disinformation order: {Disruptive} communication and the decline of democratic institutions},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0267-3231},
	shorttitle = {The disinformation order},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317},
	doi = {10.1177/0267323118760317},
	abstract = {Many democratic nations are experiencing increased levels of false information circulating through social media and political websites that mimic journalism formats. In many cases, this disinformation is associated with the efforts of movements and parties on the radical right to mobilize supporters against centre parties and the mainstream press that carries their messages. The spread of disinformation can be traced to growing legitimacy problems in many democracies. Declining citizen confidence in institutions undermines the credibility of official information in the news and opens publics to alternative information sources. Those sources are often associated with both nationalist (primarily radical right) and foreign (commonly Russian) strategies to undermine institutional legitimacy and destabilize centre parties, governments and elections. The Brexit campaign in the United Kingdom and the election of Donald Trump in the United States are among the most prominent examples of disinformation campaigns intended to disrupt normal democratic order, but many other nations display signs of disinformation and democratic disruption. The origins of these problems and their implications for political communication research are explored.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
	journal = {European Journal of Communication},
	author = {Bennett, W Lance and Livingston, Steven},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {122--139},
}

@article{lazer_science_2018,
	title = {The science of fake news},
	volume = {359},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2998},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aao2998},
	number = {6380},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Lazer, David M. J. and Baum, Matthew A. and Benkler, Yochai and Berinsky, Adam J. and Greenhill, Kelly M. and Menczer, Filippo and Metzger, Miriam J. and Nyhan, Brendan and Pennycook, Gordon and Rothschild, David and Schudson, Michael and Sloman, Steven A. and Sunstein, Cass R. and Thorson, Emily A. and Watts, Duncan J. and Zittrain, Jonathan L.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {1094--1096},
}

@techreport{cef_connecting_europe_facility_improving_2016,
	type = {Cyber security},
	title = {Improving {MISP} as building blocks for next-generation information sharing},
	url = {https://www.misp-project.org/compliance/GDPR/#does-the-gdpr-allow-csirts-to-share-information-through-misp},
	institution = {CEF-TC-2016-3},
	author = {CEF Connecting Europe Facility},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{diaz_ruiz_disinformation_2022,
	title = {Disinformation and {Echo} {Chambers}: {How} {Disinformation} {Circulates} on {Social} {Media} {Through} {Identity}-{Driven} {Controversies}},
	issn = {0743-9156},
	shorttitle = {Disinformation and {Echo} {Chambers}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/07439156221103852},
	doi = {10.1177/07439156221103852},
	abstract = {This article investigates how disinformation circulates on social media as adversarial narratives embedded in identity-driven controversies. Empirically, the article reports on the flat Earth echo chamber on YouTube, a controversial group arguing that the earth is a plane, not a sphere. By analyzing how they weave their arguments, this study demonstrates that disinformation circulates through identity-based grievances. As grudges intensify, back-and-forth argumentation becomes a form of knowing that solidifies viewpoints. Moreover, the argument resists fact-checking because it stokes the contradictions of identity work through grievances (pathos) and group identification (ethos). The conceptual contribution proposes a two-phase framework for how disinformation circulates on social media. The first phase, ?seeding,? is when malicious actors strategically insert deceptions by masquerading their legitimacy (e.g., fake news). The second phase, ?echoing,? enlists participants to cocreate the contentious narratives that disseminate disinformation. A definition of disinformation is proposed: Disinformation is an adversarial campaign that weaponizes multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing?including not only falsehoods but also truths, half-truths, and value-laden judgments?to exploit and amplify identity-driven controversies. Finally, the paper has implications for policy makers in handling the spread of disinformation on social media.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-10-14},
	journal = {Journal of Public Policy \& Marketing},
	author = {Diaz Ruiz, Carlos and Nilsson, Tomas},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {07439156221103852},
}

@article{rochert_networked_2021,
	title = {The {Networked} {Context} of {COVID}-19 {Misinformation}: {Informational} {Homogeneity} on {YouTube} at the {Beginning} of the {Pandemic}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {24686964},
	shorttitle = {The {Networked} {Context} of {COVID}-19 {Misinformation}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S246869642100046X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100164},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-10-07},
	journal = {Online Social Networks and Media},
	author = {Röchert, Daniel and Shahi, Gautam Kishore and Neubaum, German and Ross, Björn and Stieglitz, Stefan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {100164},
}

@inproceedings{hohn_examining_2021,
	address = {Cham},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	title = {Examining {Linguistic} {Biases} in {Telegram} with a {Game} {Theoretic} {Analysis}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-87031-7},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-87031-7_2},
	abstract = {Selective formulations and selective reporting of facts in political news are deliberately used to create particular identities of different political sides. This becomes evident in media dialogue reporting about political conflicts. In contrast to most NLP-based studies of linguistic bias, we engage critically with its nature, aiming at a later de-biasing or at least raising awareness about linguistic bias in political news. We found inspiration in conversation analysis (CA), membership categorisation analysis (MCA) and a game-theoretic approach to discourse called epistemic message exchange (ME) games. We identified three types of bias: selective reports about facts, selective formulations when reporting about the same facts, and different histories built up by the differences in the first two. We extend the epistemic ME games model with findings from a qualitative study.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Disinformation in {Open} {Online} {Media}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Höhn, Sviatlana and Asher, Nicholas and Mauw, Sjouke},
	editor = {Bright, Jonathan and Giachanou, Anastasia and Spaiser, Viktoria and Spezzano, Francesca and George, Anna and Pavliuc, Alexandra},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Epistemic message exchange games, Linguistic bias, Membership categorization analysis, Political news},
	pages = {16--32},
}

@incollection{bright_examining_2021,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Examining {Linguistic} {Biases} in {Telegram} with a {Game} {Theoretic} {Analysis}},
	volume = {12887},
	isbn = {978-3-030-87030-0 978-3-030-87031-7},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-87031-7_2},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-10-07},
	booktitle = {Disinformation in {Open} {Online} {Media}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Höhn, Sviatlana and Asher, Nicholas and Mauw, Sjouke},
	editor = {Bright, Jonathan and Giachanou, Anastasia and Spaiser, Viktoria and Spezzano, Francesca and George, Anna and Pavliuc, Alexandra},
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-87031-7_2},
	note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	pages = {16--32},
}

@article{hohn_belelect_2022,
	title = {{BelElect}: {A} {New} {Dataset} for {Bias} {Research} from a “{Dark}” {Platform}},
	volume = {16},
	url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19378},
	abstract = {New social networks and platforms such as Telegram, Gab and Parler offer a stage for extremist, racist and aggressive content, but also provide a safe space for freedom fighters in authoritarian regimes. Data from such platforms offer excellent opportunities for research on issues such as linguistic bias and toxic language detection. However, only a few, mostly unannotated, English-only corpora from such platforms exist. This article presents a new Telegram corpus in Russian and Belorussian languages tailored for research on linguistic bias in political news. In addition, we created a repository to make all currently available corpora from so-called \&quot;dark\&quot; platforms accessible in one place.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-10-07},
	journal = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
	author = {Höhn, Sviatlana and Mauw, Sjouke and Asher, Nicholas},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Section: Dataset Papers},
	pages = {1268--1274},
}

@article{pozen_mosaic_2005,
	title = {The {Mosaic} {Theory}, {National} {Security}, and the {Freedom} of {Information} {Act}},
	url = {https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/1383},
	journal = {Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115, p. 628, 2005},
	author = {Pozen, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
}

@inproceedings{viola_dexter_2022,
	address = {Tokyo},
	title = {{DeXTER}: {A} post-authentic approach to heritage visualisation},
	url = {https://dh2022.dhii.asia/dh2022bookofabsts.pdf},
	booktitle = {Responding to {Asian} {Diversity}},
	publisher = {University of Tokyo},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {393--396},
}

@article{viola_review_2022,
	title = {Review: {Newspaper} {Navigator}},
	volume = {III},
	shorttitle = {Review},
	url = {https://reviewsindh.pubpub.org/pub/newspaper-navigator},
	doi = {10.21428/3e88f64f.e86411ad},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-10-05},
	journal = {Reviews in Digital Humanities},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	collaborator = {Lee, Benjamin Charles Germain and Hughes, Miranda and Risam, Roopika and Guiliano, Jennifer},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{viola_humanities_2022,
	title = {‪{The} {Humanities} in a {Digital} {World}‬},
	volume = {4},
	url = {https://journal.dhbenelux.org/volume-4-the-humanities-in-a-digital-world/},
	doi = {10.17613/03ds-9973},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-10-05},
	journal = {DHBenelux Journal},
	editor = {Viola, Lorella and Prokic, Jelena and Fokkens, Antske and Caselli, Tommaso},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{verheul_using_2022,
	title = {Using word vector models to trace conceptual change over time and space in historical newspapers, 1840–1914},
	volume = {016},
	issn = {1938-4122},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Verheul, Jaap and Salmi, Hannu and Riedl, Martin and Nivala, Asko and Viola, Lorella and Keck, Jana and Bell, Emily},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{kirchner_countering_2020,
	title = {Countering {Fake} {News}: {A} {Comparison} of {Possible} {Solutions} {Regarding} {User} {Acceptance} and {Effectiveness}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2573-0142},
	shorttitle = {Countering {Fake} {News}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415211},
	doi = {10.1145/3415211},
	language = {en},
	number = {CSCW2},
	urldate = {2022-10-03},
	journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
	author = {Kirchner, Jan and Reuter, Christian},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1--27},
}

@article{douglas_psychology_2017,
	title = {The {Psychology} of {Conspiracy} {Theories}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0963-7214, 1467-8721},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963721417718261},
	doi = {10.1177/0963721417718261},
	abstract = {What psychological factors drive the popularity of conspiracy theories, which explain important events as secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups? What are the psychological consequences of adopting these theories? We review the current research and find that it answers the first of these questions more thoroughly than the second. Belief in conspiracy theories appears to be driven by motives that can be characterized as epistemic (understanding one’s environment), existential (being safe and in control of one’s environment), and social (maintaining a positive image of the self and the social group). However, little research has investigated the consequences of conspiracy belief, and to date, this research does not indicate that conspiracy belief fulfills people’s motivations. Instead, for many people, conspiracy belief may be more appealing than satisfying. Further research is needed to determine for whom, and under what conditions, conspiracy theories may satisfy key psychological motives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-10-03},
	journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
	author = {Douglas, Karen M. and Sutton, Robbie M. and Cichocka, Aleksandra},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {538--542},
}

@book{birchall_conspiracy_2022,
	address = {London},
	edition = {1},
	title = {Conspiracy {Theories} in the {Time} of {Covid}-19},
	isbn = {978-1-00-331543-8},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003315438},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-10-03},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Birchall, Clare and Knight, Peter},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003315438},
}

@article{oliveira_rtl_2021,
	title = {{RTL} {Today} - {Luxembourg} {City}: {Covid}-19 protestors clash with police at {Christmas} market},
	url = {https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1827992.html?fbclid=IwAR2H-xenNh7n92ujZF8AmtvgLm4kPhG-o3DN5cZjb8DD-R3kjcakIy65OKE},
	urldate = {2022-10-03},
	journal = {RTL Today},
	author = {Oliveira, Domingos},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{artlabs_anonympy_nodate,
	title = {anonympy: {A} {Data} {Anonymization} package for tabular, image and {PDF} data},
	copyright = {BSD License},
	shorttitle = {anonympy},
	url = {https://github.com/ArtLabss/open-data-anonimizer},
	urldate = {2022-09-30},
	author = {ArtLabs},
	keywords = {Scientific/Engineering - Artificial Intelligence, Security - Cryptography, anonympy},
}

@article{johnson_online_2020,
	title = {The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views},
	volume = {582},
	issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2281-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1},
	language = {en},
	number = {7811},
	urldate = {2022-09-30},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Johnson, Neil F. and Velásquez, Nicolas and Restrepo, Nicholas Johnson and Leahy, Rhys and Gabriel, Nicholas and El Oud, Sara and Zheng, Minzhang and Manrique, Pedro and Wuchty, Stefan and Lupu, Yonatan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {230--233},
}

@article{schlegel_yes_2020,
	title = {“{Yes}, {I} can”: what is the role of perceived self-efficacy in violent online-radicalisation processes of “homegrown” terrorists?},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1746-7586},
	shorttitle = {“{Yes}, {I} can”},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1700539},
	doi = {10.1080/17467586.2019.1700539},
	abstract = {Radicalisation is influenced by a multitude of factors such as situational, social and psychological factors, including social-cognitive processes. This article explores how homegrown extremists are influenced by their perceived agency and how the beliefs of their own abilities to change their situation are directly shaped by the online-propaganda they consume using ISIS propaganda as a case study. The article serves as an exploratory analysis of the potential explanatory qualities of Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy. This preliminary theoretical work explores how online-propaganda seeks to increase perceived personal self-efficacy to inspire action. The findings indicate that an increased focus on agency beliefs may facilitate a more holistic understanding of the psycho-social processes influencing radicalization and factors driving certain individuals to perpetrate violence while others do not. More research needs to be conducted, but this work is a first exploratory step in advancing our understanding of self-efficacy beliefs in the radicalization of homegrown extremists.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-09-26},
	journal = {Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict},
	author = {Schlegel, Linda},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1700539},
	keywords = {Bandura, Self-efficacy, agency, radicalisation, terrorism},
	pages = {212--229},
}

@article{bastick_would_2021,
	title = {Would you notice if fake news changed your behavior? {An} experiment on the unconscious effects of disinformation},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0747-5632},
	shorttitle = {Would you notice if fake news changed your behavior?},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563220303800},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2020.106633},
	abstract = {A growing literature is emerging on the believability and spread of disinformation, such as fake news, over social networks. However, little is known about the degree to which malicious actors can use social media to covertly affect behavior with disinformation. A lab-based randomized controlled experiment was conducted with 233 undergraduate students to investigate the behavioral effects of fake news. It was found that even short (under 5-min) exposure to fake news was able to significantly modify the unconscious behavior of individuals. This paper provides initial evidence that fake news can be used to covertly modify behavior, it argues that current approaches to mitigating fake news, and disinformation in general, are insufficient to protect social media users from this threat, and it highlights the implications of this for democracy. It raises the need for an urgent cross-sectoral effort to investigate, protect against, and mitigate the risks of covert, widespread and decentralized behavior modification over online social networks.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-26},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	author = {Bastick, Zach},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Behavior, Disinformation, Emotions, Fake news, Finger tapping, Misinformation},
	pages = {106633},
}

@techreport{allington_conspiracy_2020,
	address = {London},
	title = {Conspiracy {Theories}, {Radicalisation} and {Digital} {Media}},
	institution = {Global Network on Extremism and Technology},
	author = {Allington, Daniel},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{schlegel_yes_2020,
	title = {“{Yes}, {I} can”: what is the role of perceived self-efficacy in violent online-radicalisation processes of “homegrown” terrorists?},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1746-7586, 1746-7594},
	shorttitle = {“{Yes}, {I} can”},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17467586.2019.1700539},
	doi = {10.1080/17467586.2019.1700539},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict},
	author = {Schlegel, Linda},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {212--229},
}

@article{herath_online_2021,
	title = {Online {Radicalisation}: {Moving} beyond a {Simple} {Dichotomy}},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0954-6553},
	shorttitle = {Online {Radicalisation}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1998008},
	doi = {10.1080/09546553.2021.1998008},
	abstract = {Online radicalisation to terrorism has become a pervasive policy concern over the last decade. However, as a concept it lacks clarity and empirical support. In this article, we add an empirical and theoretical lens to this problem by analysing the trajectories of 231 Islamic State terrorists. We use cluster analyses to create typologies of individuals’ different online and offline antecedent behaviours, including the ways in which they engaged in networks with co-ideologues and how they prepared for their events. The findings suggest four types of pathway within our dataset: 1) The “Integrated” pathway which has high network engagement both online and offline, mostly made up of individuals that plotted as part of a group; 2) The “Encouraged” pathway contains individuals that acted more in the online domain at the expense of offline; 3) Terrorists in the “Isolated” pathway are defined by a lack of interaction across either domain; 4) The “Enclosed” pathway encompassed actors that displayed greater offline network activity, but still utilised the Internet for planning their activity. These typologies help to move beyond the dichotomy of online or offline radicalisation; there remain few individuals that either exclusively use the Internet or do not use it at all. Rather, we can conceptualise Internet usage on a spectrum in which these four typologies all sit.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Terrorism and Political Violence},
	author = {Herath, Chamin and Whittaker, Joe},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1998008},
	keywords = {Terrorism, extremism, online radicalisation, radicalisation},
	pages = {1--22},
}

@techreport{bjorgo_extreme-right_2019,
	title = {Extreme-{Right} {Violence} and {Terrorism}: {Concepts}, {Patterns}, and {Responses}},
	shorttitle = {Extreme-{Right} {Violence} and {Terrorism}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19624},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	institution = {International Centre for Counter-Terrorism},
	author = {Bjørgo, Tore and Ravndal, Jacob Aasland},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{molmen_mechanisms_2021,
	title = {Mechanisms of online radicalisation: how the internet affects the radicalisation of extreme-right lone actor terrorists},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {1943-4472},
	shorttitle = {Mechanisms of online radicalisation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2021.1993302},
	doi = {10.1080/19434472.2021.1993302},
	abstract = {How does the internet affect the radicalisation of extreme-right lone actor terrorists? In the absence of an established theoretical model, this article identifies six mechanisms seen as particularly relevant for explaining online radicalisation. Having first reviewed a larger set of relevant lone actor terrorists, the study traces these mechanisms in three selected cases where the internet was reportedly used extensively during radicalisation. The findings show that the internet primarily facilitated radicalisation through information provision, as well as amplifying group polarisation and legitimising extreme ideology and violence through echoing. In all three cases, radicalisation was also affected considerably by offline push-factors that through their presence made extreme online messages more impactful. The results challenge the view that offline interaction is necessary for radicalisation to occur but also the view that online influence itself is sufficient.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression},
	author = {Mølmen, Guri Nordtorp and Ravndal, Jacob Aasland},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2021.1993302},
	keywords = {Online radicalisation, causal mechanisms, extreme-right, lone actor terrorism},
	pages = {1--25},
}

@article{torok_developing_2013,
	title = {Developing an explanatory model for the process of online radicalisation and terrorism},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2190-8532},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-8532-2-6},
	doi = {10.1186/2190-8532-2-6},
	abstract = {While the use of the internet and social media as a tool for extremists and terrorists has been well documented, understanding the mechanisms at work has been much more elusive. This paper begins with a grounded theory approach guided by a new theoretical approach to power that utilizes both terrorism cases and extremist social media groups to develop an explanatory model of radicalization. Preliminary hypotheses are developed, explored and refined in order to develop a comprehensive model which is then presented. This model utilizes and applies concepts from social theorist Michel Foucault, including the use of discourse and networked power relations in order to normalize and modify thoughts and behaviors. The internet is conceptualized as a type of institution in which this framework of power operates and seeks to recruit and radicalize. Overall, findings suggest that the explanatory model presented is a well suited, yet still incomplete in explaining the process of online radicalization.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Security Informatics},
	author = {Torok, Robyn},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Foucault, Normalization, Online radicalization, Power relations, Psychiatric power, Terrorism},
	pages = {6},
}

@inproceedings{bermingham_combining_2009,
	address = {Athens, Greece},
	title = {Combining {Social} {Network} {Analysis} and {Sentiment} {Analysis} to {Explore} the {Potential} for {Online} {Radicalisation}},
	isbn = {978-0-7695-3689-7},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5231878/},
	doi = {10.1109/ASONAM.2009.31},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	booktitle = {2009 {International} {Conference} on {Advances} in {Social} {Network} {Analysis} and {Mining}},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Bermingham, Adam and Conway, Maura and McInerney, Lisa and O'Hare, Neil and Smeaton, Alan F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {231--236},
}

@article{nanz_learning_2020,
	title = {Learning from {Incidental} {Exposure} to {Political} {Information} in {Online} {Environments}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0021-9916, 1460-2466},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/70/6/769/6041069},
	doi = {10.1093/joc/jqaa031},
	abstract = {Abstract
            This article aims to explain learning outcomes of incidental exposure (IE) to political information in online environments. Drawing on the Political Incidental News Exposure Model, we predict learning outcomes by distinguishing between first-level (i.e., scanning of incidentally encountered information) and second-level IE (i.e., effortful processing of incidentally encountered information appraised as relevant). Furthermore, we conceptualize intention-based IE (i.e., while looking for non-political content) and topic-based IE (i.e., while looking for different political content). In a 2x2 experiment (N = 290), we manipulated respondents’ initial processing goal (i.e., political or non-political information) and low (i.e., first-level IE) versus high (i.e., second-level IE) relevance of the incidentally encountered information. Results show stronger learning effects for second level than for first-level IE. Learning effects do not differ between topic-based and intention-based IE, but second-level IE decreases learning related to the initial processing goal. Theoretical implications are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	author = {Nanz, Andreas and Matthes, Jorg},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {769--793},
}

@article{lu_stumbling_2019,
	title = {Stumbling upon the other side: {Incidental} learning of counter-attitudinal political information on {Facebook}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
	shorttitle = {Stumbling upon the other side},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818793421},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444818793421},
	abstract = {Drawing on a panel survey and a laboratory experiment, this study investigates incidental exposure to counter-attitudinal political information on Facebook. The frequency of Facebook use is found positively associated with incidental exposure to counter-attitudinal political information, suggesting the important role of Facebook in exposing users to political disagreement. In addition, the findings of the experiment indicate that individuals coming across counter-attitudinal Facebook posts are able to recognize the information of these posts. This study suggests that incidental exposure is an important mechanism through which social media users encounter and learn about counter-attitudinal political information. Implications are discussed in terms of the influence of social media use on democracy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Lu, Yanqin and Lee, Jae Kook},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {248--265},
}

@article{lee_incidental_2022,
	title = {Incidental news exposure via social media and political participation: {Evidence} of reciprocal effects},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
	shorttitle = {Incidental news exposure via social media and political participation},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820962121},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444820962121},
	abstract = {The aim of this study is to investigate the causal direction of the relationship between incidental news exposure via social media and political participation. Unlike prior studies, which have relied on cross-sectional data to examine this link, we used two panel data sets to better identify causal relationships. Specifically, we evaluate two unidirectional models (i.e. mobilization and reinforcement) and a reciprocal causal model using both cross-lagged and autoregressive path models. The findings reveal a more complex relationship than most previous studies have suggested. The relationship between incidental news exposure via social media and political participation appears to be reciprocal, with incidental news exposure and political participation indirectly influencing each other through social media use for political purposes. Furthermore, while the relationship between incidental news exposure and political participation is reciprocal, the participation-to-incidental news exposure path exerted a stronger effect than the reverse path in both studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Lee, Sangwon and Xenos, Michael},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {178--201},
}

@article{beam_facebook_2018,
	title = {Facebook news and (de)polarization: reinforcing spirals in the 2016 {US} election},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1369-118X},
	shorttitle = {Facebook news and (de)polarization},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783},
	abstract = {The rise of social media, and specifically Facebook, as a dominant force in the flow of news in the United States has led to concern that people incur greater isolation from diverse perspectives through filter bubbles (from algorithmic filtering) and echo chambers (from an information environment populated by social recommendations coming from overwhelmingly like-minded others). This evolution in news diffusion comes at a time when Americans report increased affective partisan polarization. In particular, evidence shows increasingly negative attitudes about out-party members. Based on selective exposure and reinforcing spirals model perspectives, we examined the reciprocal relationship between Facebook news use and polarization using national 3-wave panel data collected during the 2016 US Presidential Election. Over the course of the campaign, we found media use and attitudes remained relatively stable. Our results also showed that Facebook news use was related to a modest over-time spiral of depolarization. Furthermore, we found that people who use Facebook for news were more likely to view both pro- and counter-attitudinal news in each wave. Our results indicated that counter-attitudinal news exposure increased over time, which resulted in depolarization. We found no evidence of a parallel model, where pro-attitudinal exposure stemming from Facebook news use resulted in greater affective polarization.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	author = {Beam, Michael A. and Hutchens, Myiah J. and Hmielowski, Jay D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783},
	keywords = {Facebook, Selective exposure, echo chambers, filter bubbles, political polarization, reinforcing spirals},
	pages = {940--958},
}

@article{bakshy_exposure_2015,
	title = {Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on {Facebook}},
	volume = {348},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaa1160},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaa1160},
	abstract = {Not getting all sides of the news?
            
              People are increasingly turning away from mass media to social media as a way of learning news and civic information. Bakshy
              et al.
              examined the news that millions of Facebook users' peers shared, what information these users were presented with, and what they ultimately consumed (see the Perspective by Lazer). Friends shared substantially less cross-cutting news from sources aligned with an opposing ideology. People encountered roughly 15\% less cross-cutting content in news feeds due to algorithmic ranking and clicked through to 70\% less of this cross-cutting content. Within the domain of political news encountered in social media, selective exposure appears to drive attention.
            
            
              Science
              , this issue p.
              1130
              ; see also p.
              1090
            
          , 
            
              Despite the diversity of information available, people still pay attention to a limited range of opinions.
              
                [Also see Perspective by
                Lazer
                ]
              
            
          , 
            Exposure to news, opinion, and civic information increasingly occurs through social media. How do these online networks influence exposure to perspectives that cut across ideological lines? Using deidentified data, we examined how 10.1 million U.S. Facebook users interact with socially shared news. We directly measured ideological homophily in friend networks and examined the extent to which heterogeneous friends could potentially expose individuals to cross-cutting content. We then quantified the extent to which individuals encounter comparatively more or less diverse content while interacting via Facebook’s algorithmically ranked News Feed and further studied users’ choices to click through to ideologically discordant content. Compared with algorithmic ranking, individuals’ choices played a stronger role in limiting exposure to cross-cutting content.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6239},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Bakshy, Eytan and Messing, Solomon and Adamic, Lada A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1130--1132},
}

@article{jones-jang_can_2022,
	title = {Can we blame social media for polarization? {Counter}-evidence against filter bubble claims during the {COVID}-19 pandemic},
	issn = {1461-4448},
	shorttitle = {Can we blame social media for polarization?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221099591},
	doi = {10.1177/14614448221099591},
	abstract = {Although collective efforts are essential to fight COVID-19, public opinion in the United States is sharply divided by partisan attitudes and health beliefs. Addressing the concern that media use facilitates polarization, this study investigated whether social and traditional media use for COVID-19 information attenuates or reinforces existing disparities. This article focuses on two important areas where the public is highly polarized: partisan affect and vaccine attitudes. Contradicting the filter bubble claim, our survey (n?=?1106) revealed that social media use made people less polarized in both partisan affect and vaccine hesitancy. In contrast, traditional media use made people more polarized in partisan affect. These findings corroborate the growing evidence that social media provide diverse viewpoints and incidental learning.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Jones-Jang, S Mo and Chung, Myojung},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},
	pages = {14614448221099591},
}

@article{harrop_inoculation_2022,
	title = {Inoculation can reduce the perceived reliability of polarizing social media content},
	issn = {1932-8036},
	url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc},
	abstract = {Little research is available on psychological interventions that can counter susceptibility to polarizing online content. We conducted three studies (n1 = 472, n2 = 193, n3 = 772) to evaluate whether psychological resistance against polarizing social media content can be conferred. To do so, we use the Bad News game, a “technique-based inoculation” intervention which simulates a social media feed. We investigate (1) whether technique-based inoculation can reduce susceptibility to content designed to fuel intergroup polarization; (2) whether technique-based inoculation can offer cross-protection against misinformation techniques against which people were not inoculated; and 3) whether political ideology plays a role in how people engage with anti-misinformation interventions. In studies 1 and 3 (but not study 2), we find that technique-based inoculation significantly reduces the perceived reliability of polarizing content, and offers partial cross-protection against untreated misinformation techniques. We also find no effect for attitudinal certainty and news sharing intentions. Finally, we report preliminary evidence that people may choose to engage with politically congruent news topics within the intervention.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	author = {Harrop, Isobel and Roozenbeek, Jon and Madsen, Jens and van der Linden, Sander},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{roozenbeek_psychological_2022,
	title = {Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abo6254},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abo6254},
	abstract = {Online misinformation continues to have adverse consequences for society. Inoculation theory has been put forward as a way to reduce susceptibility to misinformation by informing people about how they might be misinformed, but its scalability has been elusive both at a theoretical level and a practical level. We developed five short videos that inoculate people against manipulation techniques commonly used in misinformation: emotionally manipulative language, incoherence, false dichotomies, scapegoating, and ad hominem attacks. In seven preregistered studies, i.e., six randomized controlled studies (
              n
              = 6464) and an ecologically valid field study on YouTube (
              n
              = 22,632), we find that these videos improve manipulation technique recognition, boost confidence in spotting these techniques, increase people’s ability to discern trustworthy from untrustworthy content, and improve the quality of their sharing decisions. These effects are robust across the political spectrum and a wide variety of covariates. We show that psychological inoculation campaigns on social media are effective at improving misinformation resilience at scale.
            
          , 
            Psychological inoculation is effective at reducing misinformation susceptibility on social media.},
	language = {en},
	number = {34},
	urldate = {2022-09-23},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Roozenbeek, Jon and van der Linden, Sander and Goldberg, Beth and Rathje, Steve and Lewandowsky, Stephan},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {eabo6254},
}

@incollection{kreko_countering_2020,
	title = {Countering {Conspiracy} {Theories} and {Misinformation}},
	isbn = {0-429-45273-X},
	booktitle = {Routledge {Handbook} of {Conspiracy} {Theories}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Krekó, Péter},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {242--255},
}

@article{clark_researchers_2020,
	title = {Researchers' {Perspectives} on the {Purpose} and {Value} of the {Monograph}},
	url = {https://commonplace.knowledgefutures.org/pub/4q3tny9p},
	doi = {10.21428/6ffd8432.6489b1ba},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-22},
	journal = {Commonplace},
	author = {Clark, David and Hill, Mandy},
	collaborator = {Staines, Heather},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{viola_duflor_2018,
	title = {{DuFLOR}: {A} parallel corpus of {Italian} dubbed films from 1965 to 2003},
	shorttitle = {{DuFLOR}},
	url = {https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/42429},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-22},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2018},
}

@phdthesis{viola_towards_2015,
	address = {Norwich, England},
	title = {Towards an empirical approach to the study of dubbing-induced language change in {Italian}},
	url = {https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/59251/1/Thesis_final.pdf},
	school = {University of East Anglia},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{viola_networks_2022,
	title = {Networks of migrants’ narratives: {A} post-authentic approach to heritage visualisation},
	journal = {Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{bno_news_protesters_2021,
	title = {Protesters storm {Christmas} market in {Luxembourg}, where vaccination or a negative test is required},
	url = {https://twitter.com/BNOFeed/status/1467253094404743173},
	author = {BNO News},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{olan_fake_2022,
	title = {Fake news on {Social} {Media}: the {Impact} on {Society}},
	issn = {1572-9419},
	shorttitle = {Fake news on {Social} {Media}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10242-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s10796-022-10242-z},
	abstract = {Fake news (FN) on social media (SM) rose to prominence in 2016 during the United States of America presidential election, leading people to question science, true news (TN), and societal norms. FN is increasingly affecting societal values, changing opinions on critical issues and topics as well as redefining facts, truths, and beliefs. To understand the degree to which FN has changed society and the meaning of FN, this study proposes a novel conceptual framework derived from the literature on FN, SM, and societal acceptance theory. The conceptual framework is developed into a meta-framework that analyzes survey data from 356 respondents. This study explored fuzzy set-theoretic comparative analysis; the outcomes of this research suggest that societies are split on differentiating TN from FN. The results also show splits in societal values. Overall, this study provides a new perspective on how FN on SM is disintegrating societies and replacing TN with FN.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-09},
	journal = {Information Systems Frontiers},
	author = {Olan, Femi and Jayawickrama, Uchitha and Arakpogun, Emmanuel Ogiemwonyi and Suklan, Jana and Liu, Shaofeng},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Fake news, Misinformation, Social media, Societal acceptance, Societal values, True news},
}

@article{wodak_shameless_2022,
	title = {Shameless normalization as a result of media control: {The} case of {Austria}},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	shorttitle = {Shameless normalization as a result of media control},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265221095419},
	doi = {10.1177/09579265221095419},
	abstract = {Far-right populist parties instrumentalize the media and intervene into processes of mediatization in significantly different ways, depending on socio-political contexts, their position of power, their role in government or opposition and – related to the latter – their specific access to media. In this paper, I focus on one of the many ways propagandistic tools are employed to control the relevant agenda and information being disseminated by both traditional media and online, in other words ‘message control’. Message control illustrates one of many steps of normalization of far-right agenda. The concept of ‘message control’ emerged from the specific propaganda tool developed by the former Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz and his followers and implies launching and thus controlling select information via weekly press conferences, briefings, personal conversations, back-ground conversations (Hintergrundgespräche), and text messages, and to financially subsidize only those media that reported favorably about the activities of Kurz’s government. Thus, a new media logic based on favoritism, nepotism, and clientelism was established and normalized. This stands in contrast to Trumpism, which delegitimized all investigative journalism without explicitly attempting to control it. Former US President Donald Trump constitutes rather a prime example of Löwenthal and Guterman’, as he instrumentalized far-right and extreme-right media channels (such as Breitbart or Fox News) and extensively used Twitter to spread systematic disinformation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-09},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	keywords = {Argumentation, Trumpism Orbánism, discourse-historical approach, message control, orchestration, press freedom, propaganda, scape-goating, shameless normalization, ‘arrogance of ignorance’},
	pages = {09579265221095419},
}

@article{viola_linguistic_2020,
	title = {From linguistic innovation to language change: {A} corpus-based investigation of the response marker \textit{non c’è problema}},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {0035-3906, 1600-0811},
	shorttitle = {From linguistic innovation to language change},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/rro.17021.vio},
	doi = {10.1075/rro.17021.vio},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              This study investigates the diachrony of the Italian expression
              non c’è problema
              ‘no problem’ when used as a response marker (e.g.,
              Tottie 1991
              ;
              Ward 2006
              ) to establish if it represents a case of language change (
              Milroy, 1992
              : 171). If on the one hand, the expression was indeed reported to be a neologism by Radtke in
              1990
              , a careful exploration of the relevant literature on the other has revealed that a diachronic, quantitative and pragmatic investigation of its distribution has not been conducted yet. Methodologically, the study conducts lexicographic, quantitative and qualitative analyses over a range of historical and contemporary dictionaries and corpora and it performs statistical significance tests, such as the Log Likelihood and the Fisher’s exact test. The results will reveal not only that this marker started to be used in 1977, but also that today, it is the response marker preferred by language users, thus qualifying as a case of language change. Furthermore, by analysing the diachronic distribution of
              no problem
              in English, the article will also explore the possibility that English may have been the source language for such change.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-08},
	journal = {Revue Romane. Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {95--116},
}

@article{viola_diachrony_2020,
	title = {On the diachrony of \textit{giusto?} (‘right?’) in {Italian}: {A} new discoursivization},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1566-5852, 1569-9854},
	shorttitle = {On the diachrony of {\textless}i{\textgreater}giusto?},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jhp.00037.vio},
	doi = {10.1075/jhp.00037.vio},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              In Italian, the adjective
              giusto
              (‘right’) has performed the discourse function of response marker since at least 1613 (DELI 2008: 671). In this paper, I argue that the adjective has recently undertaken a new process of discoursivization, defined as the diachronic process that ends in discourse (
              Ocampo 2006
              : 317). In particular, I maintain that
              giusto
              may also serve the function of invariant tag (
              Andersen 2001
              ), a linguistic item appended to a statement for the purpose of seeking mutual agreement, verification or corroboration of a claim (
              Millar and Brown 1979
              ). Through diachronic lexicographic, quantitative and qualitative analyses carried out over a range of historical and contemporary dictionaries and language corpora of different varieties, the results will show that, although the use of
              giusto?
              as invariant tag is currently undocumented, records of such a use are in fact found since 1990. I explore whether there are positive correlations between the use of
              right
              ? in English and the use of
              giusto
              ? in real use Italian and AV dialogues.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-08},
	journal = {Journal of Historical Pragmatics},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {83--108},
}

@book{butter_routledge_2020,
	address = {Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY},
	title = {Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories},
	isbn = {978-0-8153-6174-9 978-1-138-32122-9},
	abstract = {"Taking a global and interdisciplinary approach, the Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories provides a comprehensive overview of conspiracy theories as an important social, cultural and political phenomenon in contemporary life. This handbook provides the most complete analysis of the phenomenon to date. It analyses conspiracy theories from a variety of perspectives, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It maps out the key debates, and includes chapters on the historical origins of conspiracy theories, as well as their political significance in a broad range of countries and regions. Other chapters consider the psychology and the sociology of conspiracy beliefs, in addition to their changing cultural forms, functions and modes of transmission. This handbook examines where conspiracy theories come from, who believes in them, and what their consequences are. This book presents an important resource for students and scholars from a range of disciplines interested in the societal and political impact of conspiracy theories, including Area Studies, Anthropology, History, Media and Cultural Studies, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology"--},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Butter, Michael and Knight, Peter},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Conspiracy, Conspiracy theories},
}

@misc{twitter_developer_platform_getting_2022,
	title = {Getting access to the {Twitter} {API} {\textbar} {Docs} {\textbar} {Twitter} {Developer} {Platform}},
	url = {https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-api/getting-started/getting-access-to-the-twitter-api},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	author = {Twitter Developer Platform},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{crowdtangle_crowdtangle_2022,
	title = {{CrowdTangle} {\textbar} {Content} {Discovery} and {Social} {Monitoring} {Made} {Easy}},
	url = {https://www.crowdtangle.com//},
	abstract = {Request access to CrowdTangle!},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	journal = {CrowdTangle},
	author = {CrowdTangle},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{pratt_reactive_2015,
	title = {Reactive {Co}-{Radicalization}: {Religious} {Extremism} as {Mutual} {Discontent}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1031-2943, 1744-9014},
	shorttitle = {Reactive {Co}-{Radicalization}},
	url = {https://journal.equinoxpub.com/JASR/article/view/2179},
	doi = {10.1558/jasr.v28i1.26800},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	journal = {Journal for the Academic Study of Religion},
	author = {Pratt, Douglas},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3--23},
}

@misc{miller_umd_2021,
	title = {{UMD} {Report}: {Conspiracy} theories fueled more terror attacks in 2020 {\textbar} {START}.umd.edu},
	url = {https://www.start.umd.edu/news/umd-report-conspiracy-theories-fueled-more-terror-attacks-2020},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	author = {Miller, Erin},
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{qanon_crime_maps_qanon_2021,
	title = {{QAnon} {Crime} {Maps} {\textbar} {START}.umd.edu},
	url = {https://www.start.umd.edu/data-tools/qanon-crime-maps},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	author = {QAnon Crime Maps},
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{strategic_analyst_and_research_team_-_startinsight_start_2013,
	title = {Start {Insight} {\textbar} {Strategic} {Analyst} and {Research} {Team}},
	url = {https://www.startinsight.eu/},
	abstract = {Strategic Analyst and Research Team},
	language = {it-IT},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	journal = {Start Insight},
	author = {Strategic Analyst {and} Research Team - STARTInsight},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
}

@misc{extremist_monitoring_analysis_network_-_eman_eman_2022,
	title = {{EMAN} {\textbar} {Extremist} {Monitoring} \& {Analysis} {Network}},
	url = {https://www.eman-network.com},
	abstract = {Extremist Monitoring Analysis Network (EMAN) is a leading resource on faith-based extremism around the world. We work to reduce the global threat of terrorism by identifying extremist groups, extremist and radical individuals, and exposing hate speech and radical narratives and discourse.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	journal = {EMAN {\textbar} Extremist Monitoring \& Analysis Network},
	author = {Extremist Monitoring Analysis Network - EMAN},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{national_consortium_for_the_study_of_terrorism_and_responses_to_terrorism_start_global_2022,
	title = {Global {Terrorism} {Database}},
	url = {https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/},
	urldate = {2022-09-05},
	author = {National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism {and} Responses to Terrorism (START)},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{piazza_fake_2022,
	title = {Fake news: the effects of social media disinformation on domestic terrorism},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1746-7586, 1746-7594},
	shorttitle = {Fake news},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895263},
	doi = {10.1080/17467586.2021.1895263},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-03},
	journal = {Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict},
	author = {Piazza, James A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {55--77},
}

@misc{misp_misp_2022,
	title = {{MISP} {Open} {Source} {Threat} {Intelligence} {Platform} \&amp; {Open} {Standards} {For} {Threat} {Information} {Sharing}},
	url = {https://www.misp-project.org/index.html},
	urldate = {2022-09-02},
	author = {MISP},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{hutchins_intelligence-driven_2011,
	title = {Intelligence-{Driven} {Computer} {Network} {Defense} {Informed} by {Analysis} of {Adversary} {Campaigns} and {Intrusion} {Kill} {Chains}},
	volume = {1},
	journal = {Leading Issues in Information Warfare \& Security Research},
	author = {Hutchins, Eric and Cloppert, Michael and Amin, Rohan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
}

@techreport{avaaz_report_2019,
	title = {Report: {Far} {Right} {Networks} of {Deception}},
	shorttitle = {Report},
	url = {https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/disinfo_network_report/},
	abstract = {Ahead of the EU elections, Avaaz conducted a Europe-wide investigation into networks of disinformation on Facebook. This was the first investigation of its kind and uncovered that far-right and anti-EU groups are weaponizing social media at scale to spread false and hateful content. Our findings we},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	institution = {AVAAZ - The world in Action},
	author = {AVAAZ},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{wodak_politics_2015,
	address = {London},
	title = {The politics of fear: what right-wing populist discourses mean},
	isbn = {978-1-4462-4700-6 978-1-4462-4699-3},
	shorttitle = {The politics of fear},
	abstract = {"Populist right-wing politics is moving centre-stage, with some parties reaching the very top of the electoral ladder: but do we know why, and why now? In this book the author traces the trajectories of such parties from the margins of the political landscape to its centre, to understand and explain how they are transforming from fringe voices to persuasive political actors who set the agenda and frame media debates. Laying bare the normalization of nationalistic, xenophobic, racist and antisemitic rhetoric, she builds a new framework for this 'politics of fear' that is entrenching new social divides of nation, gender and body. The result reveals the micro-politics of right-wing populism: how discourses, genres, images and texts are performed and manipulated in both formal and also everyday contexts with profound consequences. This book is a must-read for scholars and students of linguistics, media and politics wishing to understand these dynamics that are re-shaping our political space."--Publisher},
	publisher = {Sage},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: ocn921169973},
	keywords = {Antisemitismus, Conservatism, Conservatisme, Discourse analysis, Diskursanalyse, Etats-Unis d'Amérique, Europa, Europe, Konservative Partei, Nationalismus, Partis politiques, Political aspects, Politique raciale, Politische Bewegung, Populisme, Rechtspopulismus, Rhetorik, USA, Xénophobie},
}

@article{schuurman_end_2019,
	title = {End of the {Lone} {Wolf}: {The} {Typology} that {Should} {Not} {Have} {Been}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1057-610X, 1521-0731},
	shorttitle = {End of the {Lone} {Wolf}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1419554},
	doi = {10.1080/1057610X.2017.1419554},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism},
	author = {Schuurman, Bart and Lindekilde, Lasse and Malthaner, Stefan and O'Connor, Francis and Gill, Paul and Bouhana, Noémie},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {771--778},
}

@article{hofmann_how_2020,
	title = {How “{Alone}” are {Lone}-{Actors}? {Exploring} the {Ideological}, {Signaling}, and {Support} {Networks} of {Lone}-{Actor} {Terrorists}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1057-610X, 1521-0731},
	shorttitle = {How “{Alone}” are {Lone}-{Actors}?},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1493833},
	doi = {10.1080/1057610X.2018.1493833},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism},
	author = {Hofmann, David C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {657--678},
}

@book{haslam_new_2020,
	address = {London New York},
	edition = {Second edition},
	title = {The new psychology of leadership: identity, influence and power},
	isbn = {978-0-8153-6382-8 978-0-8153-6380-4},
	shorttitle = {The new psychology of leadership},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
	author = {Haslam, S. Alexander and Reicher, Stephen David and Platow, Michael},
	year = {2020},
}

@book{atran_talking_2011,
	address = {London},
	edition = {Repr.},
	title = {Talking to the enemy: violent extremism, sacred values, and what it means to be human},
	isbn = {978-0-241-95176-7},
	shorttitle = {Talking to the enemy},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Penguin Books},
	author = {Atran, Scott},
	year = {2011},
}

@book{sageman_understanding_2004,
	address = {Philadelphia},
	title = {Understanding terror networks},
	isbn = {978-0-8122-3808-2},
	publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press},
	author = {Sageman, Marc},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Jihad, Social networks, Terrorism, Terrorists},
}

@book{maynard_ideology_2022,
	address = {Oxford, New York},
	title = {Ideology and {Mass} {Killing}: {The} {Radicalized} {Security} {Politics} of {Genocides} and {Deadly} {Atrocities}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-877679-6},
	shorttitle = {Ideology and {Mass} {Killing}},
	abstract = {In research on 'mass killings' such as genocides and campaigns of state terror, the role of ideology is hotly debated. For some scholars, ideologies are crucial in providing the extremist goals and hatreds that motivate ideologically committed people to kill. But many other scholars are sceptical: contending that perpetrators of mass killing rarely seem ideologically committed, and that rational self-interest or powerful forms of social pressure are more important drivers of violence than ideology. In Ideology and Mass Killing, Jonathan Leader Maynard challenges both these prevailing views, advancing an alternative 'neo-ideological' perspective which systematically retheorises the key ideological foundations of large-scale violence against civilians. Integrating cutting-edge research from multiple disciplines, including political science, political psychology, history and sociology, Ideology and Mass Killing demonstrates that ideological justifications vitally shape such violence in ways that go beyond deep ideological commitment. Most disturbingly of all, the key ideological foundations of mass killings are found to lie, not in extraordinary political goals or hatreds, but in radicalised versions of those conventional, widely accepted ideas that underpin the politics of security in ordinary societies across the world. This study then substantiates this account by a detailed examination of four contrasting cases of mass killing - Stalinist Repression in the Soviet Union between 1930 and 1938, the Allied Bombing Campaign against Germany and Japan in World War II from 1940 to 1945, mass atrocities in the Guatemalan Civil War between 1978 and 1983, and the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. This represents the first volume to offer a dedicated, comparative theory of ideology's role in mass killing, while also developing a powerful new account of how ideology affects violence and politics more generally.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Maynard, Jonathan Leader},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{mitre_mitre_2022,
	title = {{MITRE} {ATT}\&{CK}®},
	url = {https://attack.mitre.org/},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	author = {MITRE},
	year = {2022},
}

@inproceedings{r_walker_misinfosec_2019,
	address = {San Francisco USA},
	title = {Misinfosec},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-6675-5},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3308560.3316742},
	doi = {10.1145/3308560.3316742},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	booktitle = {Companion {Proceedings} of {The} 2019 {World} {Wide} {Web} {Conference}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {R. Walker, Christopher and Terp, Sara-Jayne and C. Breuer, Pablo and L. Crooks, PhD, Courtney},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1026--1032},
}

@article{gray_misinfosec_2019,
	title = {The {MisinfoSec} {Framework} {Takes} {Shape}: {Misinformation}, {Stages}, {Techniques} and {Responses}},
	shorttitle = {The {MisinfoSec} {Framework} {Takes} {Shape}},
	url = {https://medium.com/@credibilitycoalition/misinfosec-framework-99e3bff5935d},
	abstract = {Grouping and Developing Techniques to Combat Misinformation},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Medium},
	author = {Gray, John and Terp, Sara-Jayne},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
}

@techreport{pamment_resist_2021,
	title = {{RESIST} 2 - {Counter}-disinformation toolkit},
	institution = {Government Communication Service (GCS)},
	author = {Pamment, James},
	year = {2021},
}

@techreport{pamment_resist_2019,
	address = {London},
	title = {{RESIST} - {Counter}-disinformation toolkit},
	institution = {UK Government Communication Service},
	author = {Pamment, James and Twetman, Henrik and Fjällhed, Alicia and Nothhaft, Howard and Engelson, Helena and Rönngren, Emma},
	year = {2019},
}

@misc{alaphilippe_adding_2020,
	title = {Adding a ‘{D}’ to the {ABC} disinformation framework},
	url = {https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/adding-a-d-to-the-abc-disinformation-framework/},
	abstract = {When describing, analyzing, and tackling disinformation operations, focusing on actors, behaviors, and content is not enough. It is also important to consider the information distribution architect…},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Brookings},
	author = {Alaphilippe, Alexandre},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
}

@techreport{francois_actors_2019,
	title = {Actors, {Behaviors}, {Content}: {A} {Disinformation} {ABC} {Highlighting} {Three} {Vectors} of {Viral} {Deception} to {Guide} {Industry} \& {Regulatory} {Responses}},
	url = {https://science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Francois%20Addendum%20to%20Testimony%20-%20ABC_Framework_2019_Sept_2019.pdf},
	institution = {Transatlantic Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression},
	author = {François, Camille},
	year = {2019},
}

@techreport{pamment_eus_2020,
	title = {The {EU}’s {Role} in {Fighting} {Disinformation}: {Crafting} {A} {Disinformation} {Framework}},
	url = {https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Pamment_-_Crafting_Disinformation_1.pdf},
	institution = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace},
	author = {Pamment, James},
	year = {2020},
}

@techreport{wardle_information_2017,
	title = {Information {Disorder}: {Toward} an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking},
	url = {file:///C:/Users/lorella.viola/Google%20Drive/ERC/Literature/162317GBR_Report%20desinformation.pdf},
	institution = {Council of Europe},
	author = {Wardle, Claire and Derakhshan, Hossein},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{brandtzaeg_trust_2017,
	title = {Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0001-0782, 1557-7317},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3122803},
	doi = {10.1145/3122803},
	abstract = {Even when checked by fact checkers, facts are often still open to preexisting bias and doubt.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	author = {Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae and Følstad, Asbjørn},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {65--71},
}

@article{reicher_fueling_2016,
	title = {Fueling {Terror}: {How} {Extremists} {Are} {Made}},
	shorttitle = {Fueling {Terror}},
	url = {https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fueling-terror-how-extremists-are-made/},
	abstract = {The psychology of group dynamics goes a long way toward explaining what drives ordinary people toward radicalism},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	author = {Reicher, Stephen D. and Haslam, Alexander S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1038/scientificamericanmind0516-34},
}

@article{stevenson_soldiers_2018,
	title = {Soldiers in {Facebook}’s {War} on {Fake} {News} {Are} {Feeling} {Overrun} - {The} {New} {York} {Times}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/business/facebook-philippines-rappler-fake-news.html},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {New York Times},
	author = {Stevenson, Alexandra},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
}

@article{cinelli_echo_2021,
	title = {The echo chamber effect on social media},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2023301118},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2023301118},
	abstract = {Significance
            We explore the key differences between the main social media platforms and how they are likely to influence information spreading and the formation of echo chambers. To assess the different dynamics, we perform a comparative analysis on more than 100 million pieces of content concerning controversial topics (e.g., gun control, vaccination, abortion) from Gab, Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter. The analysis focuses on two main dimensions: 1) homophily in the interaction networks and 2) bias in the information diffusion toward like-minded peers. Our results show that the aggregation in homophilic clusters of users dominates online dynamics. However, a direct comparison of news consumption on Facebook and Reddit shows higher segregation on Facebook.
          , 
            Social media may limit the exposure to diverse perspectives and favor the formation of groups of like-minded users framing and reinforcing a shared narrative, that is, echo chambers. However, the interaction paradigms among users and feed algorithms greatly vary across social media platforms. This paper explores the key differences between the main social media platforms and how they are likely to influence information spreading and echo chambers’ formation. We perform a comparative analysis of more than 100 million pieces of content concerning several controversial topics (e.g., gun control, vaccination, abortion) from Gab, Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter. We quantify echo chambers over social media by two main ingredients: 1) homophily in the interaction networks and 2) bias in the information diffusion toward like-minded peers. Our results show that the aggregation of users in homophilic clusters dominate online interactions on Facebook and Twitter. We conclude the paper by directly comparing news consumption on Facebook and Reddit, finding higher segregation on Facebook.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Cinelli, Matteo and De Francisci Morales, Gianmarco and Galeazzi, Alessandro and Quattrociocchi, Walter and Starnini, Michele},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2023301118},
}

@article{del_vicario_echo_2016,
	title = {Echo {Chambers}: {Emotional} {Contagion} and {Group} {Polarization} on {Facebook}},
	copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license},
	shorttitle = {Echo {Chambers}},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01032},
	doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.1607.01032},
	abstract = {Recent findings showed that users on Facebook tend to select information that adhere to their system of beliefs and to form polarized groups -- i.e., echo chambers. Such a tendency dominates information cascades and might affect public debates on social relevant issues. In this work we explore the structural evolution of communities of interest by accounting for users emotions and engagement. Focusing on the Facebook pages reporting on scientific and conspiracy content, we characterize the evolution of the size of the two communities by fitting daily resolution data with three growth models -- i.e. the Gompertz model, the Logistic model, and the Log-logistic model. Then, we explore the interplay between emotional state and engagement of users in the group dynamics. Our findings show that communities' emotional behavior is affected by the users' involvement inside the echo chamber. Indeed, to an higher involvement corresponds a more negative approach. Moreover, we observe that, on average, more active users show a faster shift towards the negativity than less active ones.},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	author = {Del Vicario, Michela and Vivaldo, Gianna and Bessi, Alessandro and Zollo, Fabiana and Scala, Antonio and Caldarelli, Guido and Quattrociocchi, Walter},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: arXiv
Version Number: 1},
	keywords = {FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)},
}

@article{weimann_tiktoks_2021,
	title = {{TikTok}’s {Spiral} of {Antisemitism}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2673-5172},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5172/2/4/41},
	doi = {10.3390/journalmedia2040041},
	abstract = {The growing presence of antisemitism on social media platforms has become more prominent in recent years. Yet, while most of the scholarly attention has been focused on leading platforms like Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram, the extremist immigration to other platforms like TikTok went unnoticed. TikTok is the fastest-growing application today, attracting a huge audience of 1.2 billion active users, mostly children and teenagers. This report is based on two studies, conducted in 2020 and 2021, applying a systematic content analysis of TikTok videos, comments, and even usernames. Data were collected twice, in two four-month periods, February–May 2020 and February–May 2021, to allow for comparisons of changes and trends over time. Our findings highlighted the alarming presence of extreme antisemitic messages in video clips, songs, comments, texts, pictures, and symbols presented in TikTok’s content. TikTok’s algorithm is even more disconcerting since it leads to a spiral of hate: it pushes users who unintentionally view disturbing content to view more. Considering TikTok’s young demographic, these findings are more than alarming; TikTok even fails to apply its own Terms of Service, which do not allow content “deliberately designed to provoke or antagonize people, or are intended to harass, harm, hurt, scare, distress, embarrass or upset people or include threats of physical violence”.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Journalism and Media},
	author = {Weimann, Gabriel and Masri, Natalie},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {697--708},
}

@article{amit_social_2020,
	title = {Social media and radicalisation of university students in {Bangladesh}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1833-5330, 2159-5364},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18335330.2020.1820070},
	doi = {10.1080/18335330.2020.1820070},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism},
	author = {Amit, Sajid and Rahman, Imran and Mannan, Sadiat},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {228--243},
}

@article{shore_network_2016,
	title = {Network structure and patterns of information diversity on {Twitter}},
	copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06795},
	doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.1607.06795},
	abstract = {Social media have great potential to support diverse information sharing, but there is widespread concern that platforms like Twitter do not result in communication between those who hold contradictory viewpoints. Because users can choose whom to follow, prior research suggests that social media users exist in 'echo chambers' or become polarized. We seek evidence of this in a complete cross section of hyperlinks posted on Twitter, using previously validated measures of the political slant of news sources to study information diversity. Contrary to prediction, we find that the average account posts links to more politically moderate news sources than the ones they receive in their own feed. However, members of a tiny network core do exhibit cross-sectional evidence of polarization and are responsible for the majority of tweets received overall due to their popularity and activity, which could explain the widespread perception of polarization on social media.},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	author = {Shore, Jesse and Baek, Jiye and Dellarocas, Chrysanthos},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: arXiv
Version Number: 2},
	keywords = {FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)},
}

@article{berinsky_rumors_2017,
	title = {Rumors and {Health} {Care} {Reform}: {Experiments} in {Political} {Misinformation}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0007-1234, 1469-2112},
	shorttitle = {Rumors and {Health} {Care} {Reform}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007123415000186/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0007123415000186},
	abstract = {This article explores belief in political rumors surrounding the health care reforms enacted by Congress in 2010. Refuting rumors with statements from unlikely sources can, under certain circumstances, increase the willingness of citizens to reject rumors regardless of their own political predilections. Such source credibility effects, while well known in the political persuasion literature, have not been applied to the study of rumor. Though source credibility appears to be an effective tool for debunking political rumors, risks remain. Drawing upon research from psychology on ‘fluency’ – the ease of information recall – this article argues that rumors acquire power through familiarity. Attempting to quash rumors through direct refutation may facilitate their diffusion by increasing fluency. The empirical results find that merely repeating a rumor increases its power.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	author = {Berinsky, Adam J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {241--262},
}

@article{freeman_concomitants_2017,
	title = {The concomitants of conspiracy concerns},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0933-7954, 1433-9285},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology},
	author = {Freeman, Daniel and Bentall, Richard P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {595--604},
}

@article{conway_determining_2017,
	title = {Determining the {Role} of the {Internet} in {Violent} {Extremism} and {Terrorism}: {Six} {Suggestions} for {Progressing} {Research}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1057-610X},
	shorttitle = {Determining the {Role} of the {Internet} in {Violent} {Extremism} and {Terrorism}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157408},
	doi = {10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157408},
	abstract = {Some scholars and others are skeptical of a significant role for the Internet in processes of violent radicalization. There is increasing concern on the part of other scholars, and increasingly also policymakers and publics, that easy availability of violent extremist content online may have violent radicalizing effects. This article identifies a number of core questions regarding the interaction of violent extremism and terrorism and the Internet, particularly social media, that have yet to be adequately addressed and supplies a series of six follow-up suggestions, flowing from these questions, for progressing research in this area. These suggestions relate to (1) widening the range of types of violent online extremism being studied beyond violent jihadis; (2) engaging in more comparative research, not just across ideologies, but also groups, countries, languages, and social media platforms; (3) deepening our analyses to include interviewing and virtual ethnographic approaches; (4) up-scaling or improving our capacity to undertake “big data” collection and analysis; (5) outreaching beyond terrorism studies to become acquainted with, for example, the Internet Studies literature and engaging in interdisciplinary research with, for example, computer scientists; and (6) paying more attention to gender as a factor in violent online extremism.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism},
	author = {Conway, Maura},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157408},
	pages = {77--98},
}

@techreport{farinelli_conspiracy_2021,
	title = {Conspiracy theories and right-wing extremism – {Insights} and recommendations for {P}/{CVE}},
	url = {https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/radicalisation-awareness-network-ran/publications/conspiracy-theories-and-right-wing-extremism-insights-and-recommendations-pcve-2021_en},
	institution = {European Commission - Radicalisation Awareness Network RAN},
	author = {Farinelli, Francesco},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{piazza_online_2021,
	title = {The {Online} {Caliphate}: {Internet} {Usage} and {ISIS} {Support} in the {Arab} {World}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0954-6553, 1556-1836},
	shorttitle = {The {Online} {Caliphate}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2019.1606801},
	doi = {10.1080/09546553.2019.1606801},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Terrorism and Political Violence},
	author = {Piazza, James A. and Guler, Ahmet},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1256--1275},
}

@article{vergani_neojihadism_2014,
	title = {Neojihadism and {Muslim}–{Christian} {Relations} in the {Mindanao} {Resistance} {Movement}: {A} {Study} of {Facebook} {Digital} {Narratives}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0959-6410},
	shorttitle = {Neojihadism and {Muslim}–{Christian} {Relations} in the {Mindanao} {Resistance} {Movement}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2014.902182},
	doi = {10.1080/09596410.2014.902182},
	abstract = {Religion is surely not the most important factor in explaining the conflict in the Southern Philippines. Economic, political and criminal issues also contribute to explaining the violence in the country. Yet the religious narrative influences the narration of the conflict, impacting on its frame of understanding both within the country and from the perspective of global audiences. This study presents the results of field research on three Facebook pages in English (and therefore addressed to global audiences) related to resistance movements in Southern Philippines, notably BIFF and MNLF, which openly include neojihadist symbols and contents in their narratives. How do these narratives depict and affect Christian–Muslim relations within the local movement and the local society in Mindanao? And how does the local version of the global neojihadist narrative contribute to shaping Christian–Muslim relations in the global Muslim public sphere? This article shows the potential impact of the neojihadist ideology on the narration of the resistance movement, highlighting the consequences for the negotiation of Christian and Muslim identities.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations},
	author = {Vergani, Matteo},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2014.902182},
	keywords = {Facebook, Internet, Neojihadism, conflict, narratives, resistance},
	pages = {357--372},
}

@article{silverman_lies_2015,
	title = {Lies, {Damn} {Lies} and {Viral} {Content}},
	url = {https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8Q81RHH},
	doi = {10.7916/D8Q81RHH},
	abstract = {To track and analyze the way news sites handle online rumors and unverified claims, I and research assistant Jocelyn Jurich identified rumors circulating in online media, and captured and analyzed them using the Emergent database and related public website. I also spoke with journalists, skeptics and others engaged in efforts to debunk online misinformation. This report is the result of our research. One key conclusion is that journalists are squandering much of the value of rumors and emerging news by moving too quickly and thoughtlessly to propagation. News websites dedicate far more time and resources to propagating questionable and often false claims than they do working to verify and/or debunk viral content and online rumors. The debunking efforts that do exist at news organizations are scattershot and are not rooted in best practices identified in previous research. Rather than acting as a source of accurate information, online media frequently promote misinformation in an attempt to drive traffic and social engagement. The result is a situation where lies spread much farther than the truth, and news organizations play a powerful role in making this happen.This research has quantified many bad practices of online media. In doing so, it clearly articulates areas for improvement. I also believe it reveals a way forward where news organizations move to occupy the middle ground between mindless propagation and wordless restraint. Journalists today have an imperative—and an opportunity—to sift through the mass of content being created and shared in order to separate true from false, and to help the truth to spread. This report includes a set of specific and, where possible, data driven recommendations for how this anti-viral viral strategy can be executed. My hope is that this report helps newsrooms see the bad practices that must be stopped, and to apply better strategies for reporting in our new world of emergent news.},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Columbia Academic Commons},
	author = {Silverman, Craig},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Columbia University},
	keywords = {Journalism, Journalism--Methodology, Journalism--Technological innovations--Moral and ethical aspects, Online journalism, Social media},
}

@article{johnson_self-radicalization_2018,
	title = {The {Self}-{Radicalization} of {White} {Men}: “{Fake} {News}” and the {Affective} {Networking} of {Paranoia}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1753-9129, 1753-9137},
	shorttitle = {The {Self}-{Radicalization} of {White} {Men}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article/11/1/100/4953075},
	doi = {10.1093/ccc/tcx014},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Communication, Culture and Critique},
	author = {Johnson, Jessica},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {100--115},
}

@article{gunitsky_corrupting_2015,
	title = {Corrupting the {Cyber}-{Commons}: {Social} {Media} as a {Tool} of {Autocratic} {Stability}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986},
	shorttitle = {Corrupting the {Cyber}-{Commons}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1537592714003120/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S1537592714003120},
	abstract = {Non-democratic regimes have increasingly moved beyond merely suppressing online discourse, and are shifting toward proactively subverting and co-opting social media for their own purposes. Namely, social media is increasingly being used to undermine the opposition, to shape the contours of public discussion, and to cheaply gather information about falsified public preferences. Social media is thus becoming not merely an obstacle to autocratic rule but another potential tool of regime durability. I lay out four mechanisms that link social media co-optation to autocratic resilience: 1) counter-mobilization, 2) discourse framing, 3) preference divulgence, and 4) elite coordination. I then detail the recent use of these tactics in mixed and autocratic regimes, with a particular focus on Russia, China, and the Middle East. This rapid evolution of government social media strategies has critical consequences for the future of electoral democracy and state-society relations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
	author = {Gunitsky, Seva},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {42--54},
}

@article{deibert_road_2019,
	title = {The {Road} to {Digital} {Unfreedom}: {Three} {Painful} {Truths} {About} {Social} {Media}},
	volume = {30},
	shorttitle = {The {Road} to {Digital} {Unfreedom}},
	url = {https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-road-to-digital-unfreedom-three-painful-truths-about-social-media/},
	abstract = {Not so long ago, the internet was being lauded as a force for greater freedom and democracy. With the rise of intrusive and addictive social media, however, a discomfiting reality has set in.},
	language = {en-US},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	author = {Deibert, Ronald J.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {25--39},
}

@misc{high_representative_of_the_union_for_foreign_affairs_and_security_policy_action_2018,
	title = {Action {Plan} against {Disinformation}},
	url = {https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/action_plan_against_disinformation.pdf},
	publisher = {European Commission},
	author = {{High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy}},
	year = {2018},
}

@incollection{ramses_a_high_2022,
	title = {High {Representative} of the {Union} for {Foreign} {Affairs} and {Security} {Policy}},
	url = {https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law-oeeul/law-oeeul-e66},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	booktitle = {Oxford {Encyclopedia} of {EU} {Law}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Ramses A, Wessel},
	collaborator = {Ramses A, Wessel},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.1093/law-oeeul/e66.013.66},
}

@article{beauchamp_social_2019,
	title = {Social media is rotting democracy from within},
	url = {https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/22/18177076/social-media-facebook-far-right-authoritarian-populism},
	abstract = {How social platforms enable far-right politicians’ campaigns to undermine democracy.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Vox},
	author = {Beauchamp, Zack},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
}

@techreport{lewis_media_2017,
	title = {Media {Manipulation} and {Disinformation} {Online}},
	url = {https://datasociety.net/library/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/},
	abstract = {Data \& Society advances public understanding of the social implications of data-centric technologies and automation.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	institution = {Data \& Society},
	author = {Lewis, Becca and Marwick, Alice E.},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Data \& Society Research Institute},
}

@article{macfarquhar_powerful_2016,
	edition = {New York Times},
	title = {A {Powerful} {Russian} {Weapon}: {The} {Spread} of {False} {Stories} - {The} {New} {York} {Times}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/world/europe/russia-sweden-disinformation.html},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	author = {MacFarquhar, Neil},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
}

@article{allcott_social_2017,
	title = {Social {Media} and {Fake} {News} in the 2016 {Election}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0895-3309},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211},
	doi = {10.1257/jep.31.2.211},
	abstract = {Following the 2016 US presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories ("fake news"), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: 1) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their "most important" source; 2) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; 3) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and 4) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	author = {Allcott, Hunt and Gentzkow, Matthew},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Economic Anthropology, Language, Media, Economic Sociology, Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior, Entertainment, Social and Economic Stratification},
	pages = {211--236},
}

@techreport{ghaffar_jihad_2014,
	title = {Jihad {Trending}: {A} {Comprehensive} {Analysis} of {Online} {Extremism} and {How} to {Counter} it},
	url = {https://preventviolentextremism.info/sites/default/files/Jihad%20Trending-%20A%20Comprehensive%20Analysis%20of%20Online%20Extremism%20and%20How%20to%20Counter%20it.pdf},
	institution = {Quilliam Foundation},
	author = {Ghaffar, Houssain and Saltman, Erin Marie},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{king_radicalization_2011,
	title = {The {Radicalization} of {Homegrown} {Jihadists}: {A} {Review} of {Theoretical} {Models} and {Social} {Psychological} {Evidence}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0954-6553, 1556-1836},
	shorttitle = {The {Radicalization} of {Homegrown} {Jihadists}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2011.587064},
	doi = {10.1080/09546553.2011.587064},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Terrorism and Political Violence},
	author = {King, Michael and Taylor, Donald M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {602--622},
}

@book{alava_youth_2017,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Youth and violent extremism on social media: violent extremism on social media: mapping the research},
	isbn = {978-92-3-100245-8},
	shorttitle = {Youth and violent extremism on social media},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization},
	author = {Alava, Séraphin and Frau-Meigs, Divina and Hassan, Ghayda and Hussein, Hasna and Wei, Yuanyuan},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 1089113298},
}

@incollection{lee_radicalisation_2020,
	title = {Radicalisation and {Conspiracy} {Theories1}},
	isbn = {0-429-45273-X},
	booktitle = {Routledge {Handbook} of {Conspiracy} {Theories}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Lee, Benjamin},
	editor = {Butter, Michael and Knight, Peter},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {344--356},
}

@misc{tucker_social_2018,
	address = {Rochester, NY},
	type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
	title = {Social {Media}, {Political} {Polarization}, and {Political} {Disinformation}: {A} {Review} of the {Scientific} {Literature}},
	shorttitle = {Social {Media}, {Political} {Polarization}, and {Political} {Disinformation}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3144139},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3144139},
	abstract = {The following report is intended to provide an overview of the current state of the literature on the relationship between social media; political polarization; and political “disinformation,” a term used to encompass a wide range of types of information about politics found online, including “fake news,” rumors, deliberately factually incorrect information, inadvertently factually incorrect information, politically slanted information, and “hyperpartisan” news. The review of the literature is provided in six separate sections, each of which can be read individually but that cumulatively are intended to provide an overview of what is known—and unknown—about the relationship between social media, political polarization, and disinformation. The report concludes by identifying key gaps in our understanding of these phenomena and the data that are needed to address them.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	author = {Tucker, Joshua A. and Guess, Andrew and Barbera, Pablo and Vaccari, Cristian and Siegel, Alexandra and Sanovich, Sergey and Stukal, Denis and Nyhan, Brendan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {disinformation, fake news, literature review, partisan news, persuasion, political polarization, social media},
}

@article{funke_guide_2022,
	title = {A guide to anti-misinformation actions around the world},
	url = {https://www.poynter.org/ifcn/anti-misinformation-actions/},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-08-30},
	journal = {Poynter.},
	author = {Funke, Daniel and Flamini, Daniela},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{leloup_questioning_2021,
	title = {Questioning {Anglocentrism} in plural policing studies: {Private} security regulation in {Belgium} and the {United} {Kingdom}},
	issn = {1477-3708, 1741-2609},
	shorttitle = {Questioning {Anglocentrism} in plural policing studies},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14773708211014853},
	doi = {10.1177/14773708211014853},
	abstract = {Recent Continental European scholarship has identified a problematic Anglocentric bias running through the field of comparative plural policing studies. It has sought to counter this bias by emphasizing a series of divergent plural policing trajectories between the more market-friendly countries in the Anglosphere and the more state-centric countries in Continental Europe. While acknowledging the significance of this corrective, we argue that it tends to overemphasize the levels of divergence between these two regions. We substantiate this claim by examining the rise of the private security industry and its regulation by the state in the UK (representing the Anglosphere) and Belgium (representing Continental Europe). Interpreting historical and contemporary data through Sabatier and Weible’s advocacy coalition framework, which focuses on the cut and thrust of democratic politics, we observe how in both countries this important dimension of the plural policing landscape is characterized not by counterposed market-friendly and state-centric trajectories, but rather by a complex mix of state–market interactions. In other words, the dynamics of private security regulation are more state-centric in the UK and more market-friendly in Belgium than recent Continental European scholarship suggests. Moreover, we illustrate how, under conditions of post-financial crisis austerity, the overarching pattern is, if anything, one of convergence towards a common set of political dynamics. This is an important finding that not only makes an original contribution towards private security regulation scholarship but also encourages us to question the nature of Anglocentric bias within comparative plural policing studies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-04},
	journal = {European Journal of Criminology},
	author = {Leloup, Pieter and White, Adam},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {147737082110148},
}

@article{hohti_anglocentrism_2021,
	title = {Anglocentrism in the {Academy}: {On} {Linguistic} {Privilege}, {Mastery} and {Hoito}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1892-042X},
	shorttitle = {Anglocentrism in the {Academy}},
	url = {https://journals.oslomet.no/index.php/rerm/article/view/4675},
	doi = {10.7577/rerm.4675},
	abstract = {In this paper, we discuss the tacit agreement to use English as lingua franca in global academia. Our interest is in how Anglocentrism manifests within academic practices – seminars, conferences, and academic publishing – all of which are marked by neoliberal assumptions of mastery, quality, and efficacy. Drawing on autobiographical narratives, social media conversations, and literature, as well as recent discussions on conferencing and peer review practices, we analyse how historically shaped linguistic privilege and linguistic divides continue to be lived at the level of the body, affects and affective atmospheres. Language is not just language, rather, seemingly practical decisions about language always involve the aspects of material labour, time, money, and careers: they shape researcher subjectivities and entire domains of scientific knowledge. However, we also highlight the potentials nested in the emergence of minor language and the deterritorialising forces of humor. Articulating the speculative lines of what if, we propose more care-full academic linguistic practices.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-04},
	journal = {Reconceptualizing Educational Research Methodology},
	author = {Hohti, Riikka and Truman, Sarah E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
}

@article{lutzky_gender_2019,
	title = {Gender {Politics} and {Discourses} of \#mansplaining, \#manspreading, and \#manterruption on {Twitter}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2056-3051, 2056-3051},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119861807},
	doi = {10.1177/2056305119861807},
	abstract = {This article presents the findings of a corpus linguistic analysis of the hashtags \#mansplaining, \#manspreading, and \#manterruption, three lexical blends which have recently found widespread use across a variety of online media platforms. Focusing on the social media and microblogging site Twitter, we analyze a corpus of over 20,000 tweets containing these hashtags to examine how discourses of gender politics and gender relations are represented on the site. More specifically, our analysis suggests that users include these hashtags in tweets to index their individual evaluations of, and assumptions about, “proper” gendered behavior. Consequently, their metadiscursive references to the respective phenomena reflect their beliefs of what constitutes appropriate (verbal) behavior and the extent to which gender is appropriated as a variable dictating this behavior. As such, this article adds to our knowledge of the ways in which gendered social practices become sites of contestation and how contemporary gender politics play out in social media sites.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Social Media + Society},
	author = {Lutzky, Ursula and Lawson, Robert},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {205630511986180},
}

@article{zappavigna_communing_2018,
	title = {\#{Communing} affiliation: {Social} tagging as a resource for aligning around values in social media},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {22116958},
	shorttitle = {\#{Communing} affiliation},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211695816301519},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dcm.2017.08.001},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Discourse, Context \& Media},
	author = {Zappavigna, Michele and Martin, J.R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {4--12},
}

@article{makki_out-grouping_2022,
	title = {Out-grouping and ambient affiliation in {Donald} {Trump}’s tweets about {Iran}: {Exploring} the role of negative evaluation in enacting solidarity},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1018-2101, 2406-4238},
	shorttitle = {Out-grouping and ambient affiliation in {Donald} {Trump}’s tweets about {Iran}},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.20048.mak},
	doi = {10.1075/prag.20048.mak},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              This paper explores communing affiliation and out-grouping in a corpus of Trump’s tweets about Iran. Communing is
					a form of ‘ambient affiliation’ (
              Zappavigna 2011
              ) which offers a way of understanding
					how Trump attempts to build alignments with his audience without necessarily directly engaging with them, since he tends
					to ignore replies to his tweets. The paper focuses on three affiliation strategies:
              convoking
              (mustering community),
              promoting
              (garnering attention), and
              finessing
              (dialogistic positioning). It draws on
              Martin and White’s (2005)
              Appraisal framework to consider how these affiliation strategies are used to
					foster communing around ideation-attitude couplings, typically couplings associating Iran with negative
              judgement
              or
              appreciation
              . P
              romoting
              affiliation was found to be the most prominent affiliation strategy used by Trump to
					garner attention through his rhetorical tendency toward hyperbole.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA)},
	author = {Makki, Mohammad and Zappavigna, Michele},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {104--130},
}

@article{mcglashan_collective_2020,
	title = {Collective identity and discourse practice in the followership of the {Football} {Lads} {Alliance} on {Twitter}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0957-9265, 1460-3624},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926519889128},
	doi = {10.1177/0957926519889128},
	abstract = {Previous studies of online (collective) identity have explored how social media–specific practices like hashtags can enable identity construction and affiliation with a wider community of users. Practices such as mentioning and retweeting have also been discussed in the literature but the practice of following as a discourse practice is underexplored. This article presents a corpus-based Critical Discourse Analytical approach to the study of collective identity on Twitter that focuses on the relationships between following and language use and details a study conducted on the language used by followers of the Football Lads Alliance – a protest group who say they are ‘against all extremism’. This approach was fruitful in identifying correlations between salient discourses in follower profile descriptions and their tweets and suggests that a portion of the followership constructs identity in relation to radical right-wing and populist discourse specifically concerning Islam/Muslims.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {McGlashan, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {307--328},
}

@article{mcenery_press_2015,
	title = {Press and social media reaction to ideologically inspired murder: {The} case of {Lee} {Rigby}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1750-4813, 1750-4821},
	shorttitle = {Press and social media reaction to ideologically inspired murder},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1750481314568545},
	doi = {10.1177/1750481314568545},
	abstract = {This article analyses reaction to the ideologically inspired murder of a soldier, Lee Rigby, in central London by two converts to Islam, Michael Adebowale and Michael Adebolajo. The focus of the analysis is upon the contrast between how the event was reacted to by the UK National Press and on social media. To explore this contrast, we undertook a corpus-assisted discourse analysis to look at three periods during the event: the initial attack, the verdict of the subsequent trial and the sentencing of the murderers. To do this, we constructed and analysed corpora of press and Twitter coverage of the attack, the conviction of the suspects and the sentencing of them. The analysis shows that social media and the press are intertwined, with the press exerting a notable influence through social media, but social media not always being led by the press. When looking at social media reaction to such an event as this, analysts should always consider the role that the press are playing in forming that discourse.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Discourse \& Communication},
	author = {McEnery, Tony and McGlashan, Mark and Love, Robbie},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {237--259},
}

@article{hardaker_real_2016,
	title = {“{Real} men don’t hate women”: {Twitter} rape threats and group identity},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {03782166},
	shorttitle = {“{Real} men don’t hate women”},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216615003100},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pragma.2015.11.005},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Journal of Pragmatics},
	author = {Hardaker, Claire and McGlashan, Mark},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {80--93},
}

@incollection{khosravinik2017social,
	title = {Social media critical discourse studies ({SM}-{CDS})},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} handbook of critical discourse studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {KhosraviNik, Majid},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {582--596},
}

@incollection{khosravinik2017social,
	title = {Social media critical discourse studies ({SM}-{CDS})},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} handbook of critical discourse studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {KhosraviNik, Majid},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {582--596},
}

@article{khosravinik_digital_2022,
	title = {Digital meaning-making across content and practice in social media critical discourse studies},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1740-5904, 1740-5912},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17405904.2020.1835683},
	doi = {10.1080/17405904.2020.1835683},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Critical Discourse Studies},
	author = {KhosraviNik, Majid},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {119--123},
}

@article{daston_all_2005,
	title = {All curls and pearls. {Review} of: {Kenny}, {Neil}: {The} uses of curiosity in early modern {France} and {Germany}. {Oxford} [ua]: {Oxford} {Univ}. {Press} 2004},
	volume = {27},
	url = {https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v27/n12/lorraine-daston/all-curls-and-pearls},
	number = {12},
	journal = {London Review of Books},
	author = {Daston, Lorraine},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {37--38},
}

@misc{gonfalonieri_introduction_2020,
	title = {Introduction to {Causality} in {Machine} {Learning}},
	url = {https://towardsdatascience.com/introduction-to-causality-in-machine-learning-4cee9467f06f},
	abstract = {Why we need causality in Machine Learning (From a business perspective)},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-27},
	journal = {Medium},
	author = {Gonfalonieri, Alexandre},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
}

@inproceedings{bender_dangers_2021,
	address = {Virtual Event Canada},
	title = {On the {Dangers} of {Stochastic} {Parrots}: {Can} {Language} {Models} {Be} {Too} {Big}?},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-8309-7},
	shorttitle = {On the {Dangers} of {Stochastic} {Parrots}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922},
	doi = {10.1145/3442188.3445922},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-03-20},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 {ACM} {Conference} on {Fairness}, {Accountability}, and {Transparency}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Bender, Emily M. and Gebru, Timnit and McMillan-Major, Angelina and Shmitchell, Shmargaret},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {610--623},
}

@inproceedings{Besselaar2001DisciplinaryMI,
	address = {Sydney, Australia},
	title = {Disciplinary, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary: {Concepts} and indicators.},
	booktitle = {8th {Conference} on {Scientometrics} and {Infometrics}},
	author = {van den Besselaar, Peter and Heimeriks, Gaston},
	year = {2001},
}

@book{grothendieck_recoltes_1986,
	title = {Récoltes et {Semailles}, {Part} {I}, {II}. {Réflexions} et témoignage sur un passé de mathématicien},
	isbn = {978-2-07-288975-2},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Gallimard},
	author = {Grothendieck, Alexander},
	year = {1986},
}

@inproceedings{du_survey_2019,
	title = {A {Survey} {On} {LDA} {Topic} {Modeling} {In} {Digital} {Humanities}},
	abstract = {Abstract of paper 0326 presented at the Digital Humanities Conference 2019 (DH2019), Utrecht , the Netherlands 9-12 July, 2019.},
	language = {No Linguistic Content},
	booktitle = {{DH2019}},
	publisher = {DataverseNL},
	author = {Du, Keli},
	year = {2019},
	note = {OCLC: 8556919715},
}

@book{dobson_critical_2019,
	title = {Critical digital humanities: the search for a methodology},
	isbn = {978-0-252-05111-1},
	shorttitle = {Critical digital humanities},
	abstract = {"Can established humanities methods coexist with computational thinking? It is one of the major questions in humanities research today, as scholars increasingly adopt sophisticated data science for their work. James E. Dobson explores the opportunities and complications faced by humanists in this new era. Though the study and interpretation of texts alongside sophisticated computational tools can serve scholarship, these methods cannot replace existing frameworks. As Dobson shows, ideas of scientific validity cannot easily nor should be adapted for humanities research because digital humanities, unlike science, lack a leading-edge horizon charting the frontiers of inquiry. Instead, the methods of digital humanities require a constant rereading. At the same time, suspicious and critical readings of digital methodologies make it unwise for scholars to defer to computational methods. Humanists must examine the tools--including the assumptions that went into the codes and algorithms--and questions surrounding their own use of digital technology in research. Insightful and forward thinking, this book lays out a new path of humanistic inquiry that merges critical theory and computational science"--},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-07-01},
	publisher = {University of Illinois Press},
	author = {Dobson, James E},
	year = {2019},
	note = {OCLC: 1096281560},
}

@techreport{cordell_oceanic_2017,
	title = {Oceanic {Exchanges}},
	url = {https://osf.io/wa94s/},
	urldate = {2021-09-06},
	institution = {Transatlantic Partnership for Social Sciences and Humanities 2016 Digging into Data Challenge},
	author = {Cordell, Ryan and Beals, M. and Galina, Isabel and Priewe, Marc and Priani, Ernesto and Salmi, Hannu and Verheul, Jaap and Alegre, Raquel and Koch, Steffen and Hauswedell, Tessa and Fyfe, Paul and Hetherington, James and Lorang, Elizabeth and Nivala, Asko and Pado, Sebastian and Soh, Leen-Kiat and Terras, Melissa},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Open Science Framework},
}

@article{boyd_undoing_2016,
	title = {Undoing the {Neutrality} of {Big} {Data}},
	volume = {67},
	journal = {Florida Law Review Forum},
	author = {Boyd, Danah},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {226--232},
}

@techreport{beals_atlas_2020,
	title = {The {Atlas} of {Digitised} {Newspapers} and {Metadata}: {Reports} from {Oceanic} {Exchanges}},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	shorttitle = {The {Atlas} of {Digitised} {Newspapers} and {Metadata}},
	abstract = {Between 2017 and 2019, \textit{Oceanic Exchanges}, funded through the Transatlantic Partnership for Social Sciences and Humanities 2016 Digging into Data Challenge (https://diggingintodata.org), brought together leading efforts in computational periodicals research from six countries—Finland, Germany, Mexico, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States—to examine patterns of information flow across national and linguistic boundaries. Over the past thirty years, national libraries, universities and commercial publishers around the world have made available hundreds of millions of pages of historical newspapers through mass digitisation and currently release over one million new pages per month worldwide. These have become vital resources not only for academics but for journalists, politicians, schools, and the general public. However, these digitisation programmes share a critical weakness: the very creation of national newspapers collections obscures the fact that international news exchange was central to the nineteenth-century press. The \textit{Atlas of Digitised Newspapers and Metadata }is an open access guide to digitised newspapers around the world. Its initial selection is limited in scope, being comprised of the ten databases (including the aggregator Europeana) for which we were able to secure access and licensing to the machine-readable data. Nonetheless, it aims to form the foundation of a wider mapping of collections beyond its current North Atlantic and Anglophone-Pacific focus. It brings together their histories and digitisation choices with a deeper look at the language of the digitised newspaper, the evolution of newspaper terminology and the variety of metadata available in these collections. It explores how machine-readable information about an issue, volume, page, and author is stored in the digital file alongside the raw content or text, and provides a controlled vocabulary designed to be used across disciplines, within academia and beyond.},
	urldate = {2021-09-28},
	institution = {Transatlantic Partnership for Social Sciences and Humanities 2016 Digging into Data Challenge},
	author = {Beals, Melodee and Bell, Emily},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Artwork Size: 1225056 Bytes
Publisher: figshare},
	keywords = {Digital Humanities, FOS: Media and communications, History, Library and Information Studies, Literature},
	pages = {1225056 Bytes},
}

@incollection{christiansen_launching_2003,
	title = {Launching {Language}: {The} {Gestural} {Origin} of {Discrete} {Infinity}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-924484-3},
	shorttitle = {Launching {Language}},
	urldate = {2021-07-06},
	booktitle = {Language {Evolution}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Studdert-Kennedy, Michael and Goldstein, Louis},
	editor = {Christiansen, Morten H. and Kirby, Simon},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {235--254},
}

@techreport{enumerate_observatory_europeana_2017,
	title = {Europeana {DSI} 2– {Access} to {Digital} {Resources} of {European} {Heritage}},
	url = {https://pro.europeana.eu/},
	abstract = {The ENUMERATE Observatory provides a reliable baseline of statistical data about digitization, digital preservation and online access to cultural heritage …},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2021-04-15},
	institution = {Europeana},
	author = {{Enumerate Observatory}},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{jacobi_quantitative_2015,
	title = {Quantitative analysis of large amounts of journalistic texts using topic modeling},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.1080/21670811.2015.1093271},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Digital Journalism},
	author = {Jacobi, C. and van Atteveldt, W and Welbers, K},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {89--106},
}

@book{lacy_waste_2015,
	address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire},
	title = {Waste to wealth: the circular economy advantage},
	isbn = {978-1-137-53070-7},
	shorttitle = {Waste to wealth},
	abstract = {"In the second half of the 20th century we got better at extracting the earth's resources. Much better. So much better in fact, that for 40 years, despite demand for natural resources growing, the cost of those resources decreased. Not anymore. Since 2000, prices for the world's natural resources have been steadily rising. The old linear model of business - take-make-waste, where profit depends upon managing resources in the production of products - is not only environmental suicide, it's also business suicide. Businesses now need the 'Circular Advantage' - where growth no longer equals increased resource use, where products are regenerative by design and where resources move back and forth between production and consumption with minimal loss in quality or value. By decoupling growth from resource use, organizations protect themselves from rising and volatile commodity prices, become more resilient to supply disruptions, and reduce their environmental footprint. They also extend their core customer value chain beyond design, production and sales into product use -- where most customer value is created. In Waste to Wealth the authors examine five new business models that provide circular growth - from deploying sustainable resources to the sharing economy - before setting out what business leaders need to do to implement the models successfully. They prove that Green and Growth are not binary alternatives - that there are ways smart firms can make fair profits while delivering great products to customers and that those customers will be able to use those products in a world fit for our children to inherit."--},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2022-05-28},
	publisher = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	author = {Lacy, Peter and Rutqvist, Jakob},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: 922951290},
}

@article{lee_compounded_2020,
	title = {Compounded {Mediation}: {A} {Data} {Archaeology} of the {Newspaper} {Navigator} {Dataset}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
	shorttitle = {Compounded {Mediation}},
	url = {https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:32415/},
	doi = {10.17613/K9GT-6685},
	abstract = {The increasing role of machine learning in the construction of cultural heritage and humanities datasets necessitates critical examination of the myriad biases introduced by machines, algorithms, and the humans who build and deploy them. From image classification to OCR, the effects of decisions ostensibly made by machines compound through the digitization pipeline and redouble in each step, mediating our interactions with digitally-rendered artifacts through the search and discovery process. Here, I consider the Library of Congress’s Newspaper Navigator dataset, which I created as part of the Library of Congress’s Innovator-in-Residence program. The dataset consists of visual content extracted from 16 million historic newspaper pages in the Chronicling America database using machine learning. In this data archaeology, I examine the ways in which a Chronicling America newspaper page is transmuted and decontextualized during its journey from a physical artifact to a series of probabilistic photographs, illustrations, maps, comics, cartoons, headlines, and advertisements in the Newspaper Navigator dataset. I consider the digitization journeys of four different pages in Black newspapers in Chronicling America that reproduce the same photograph of W.E.B. Du Bois. In tracing the pages’ journeys, I unpack how each step in the pipelines, such as the imaging process and the construction of training data, not only imprints bias on the resulting Newspaper Navigator dataset but also propagates the bias via the machine learning algorithms employed. I investigate the limitations of the Newspaper Navigator dataset and machine learning as it relates to cultural heritage, from marginalization and erasure via algorithmic bias to unfair labor practices in the construction of commonly-used datasets. I argue that any use of machine learning with cultural heritage must be done with an understanding of the broader socio-technical ecosystems in which the algorithms have been utilized.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Lee, Benjamin},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Humanities Commons},
	keywords = {Critical data studies, Digital humanities, Digital libraries, Machine learning, Science and technology studies (STS)},
}

@book{musolff_metaphor_2014,
	title = {Metaphor, nation and the holocaust: the concept of the body politic},
	isbn = {978-1-138-81003-7},
	shorttitle = {Metaphor, nation and the holocaust},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 878024183},
}

@book{connell_anti-italianism_2010,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Anti-{Italianism}: essays on a prejudice},
	isbn = {978-0-230-11532-3},
	shorttitle = {Anti-{Italianism}},
	abstract = {There has been an odd reluctance on the part of historians of the Italian American experience to confront the discrimination faced by Italians and Americans of Italian ancestry. This volume is a bold attempt by an esteemed€group of scholars and writers to discuss the question openly by charting the historical and cultural boundaries of stereotypes, prejudice, and assimilation. Contributors offer a continuous series of cultural encounters and experiences in television, literature, and film that deserve the attention of anyone interested in the larger themes of American history.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	editor = {Connell, William J and Gardaphé, Fred L},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 755003583},
}

@book{perry_egocentric_2018,
	address = {Cambridge [England]},
	title = {Egocentric network analysis: foundations, methods, and models},
	isbn = {978-1-316-44325-5},
	shorttitle = {Egocentric network analysis},
	abstract = {Egocentric network analysis is used widely across the social sciences, especially in anthropology, political science, economics, and sociology, and is increasingly being employed in communications, informatics, and business and marketing studies. Egocentric network analysis requires a unique set of data collection and analysis skills that overlap only minimally with other network methodologies. However, until now there has been no single reference for conceptualizing, collecting, and analyzing egocentric social network data. This comprehensive guide to study design, data collection, and analysis brings together the state of knowledge with the most effective research tools to guide newcomers to this field. It is illustrated with many engaging examples and graphics and assumes no prior knowledge. Covering the entire research process in a logical sequence, from conceptualizing research questions to interpreting findings, this volume provides a solid foundation for researchers at any stage of their career to learn and apply ego network methods},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Cambridge Univerisity Press},
	author = {Perry, Brea L and Pescosolido, Bernice A and Borgatti, Stephen P},
	year = {2018},
	note = {OCLC: 1142180389},
}

@book{vellon_great_2017,
	address = {New York and London},
	title = {A great conspiracy against our race: {Italian} immigrant newspapers and the construction of whiteness in the early twentieth century},
	isbn = {978-1-4798-5345-8},
	shorttitle = {A great conspiracy against our race},
	abstract = {"Racial history has always been the thorn in America's side, with a swath of injustices--slavery, lynching, segregation, and many other ills--perpetrated against Black people. This very history is complicated by, and also dependent on, what constitutes a white person in this country. Many of the European immigrant groups now considered white have also had to struggle with their own racial consciousness. In A Great Conspiracy against Our Race, Peter Vellon explores how Italian immigrants, a once undesirable and 'swarthy' race, assimilated into dominant white culture through the influential national and radical Italian language press in New York City. Examining the press as a cultural production of the Italian immigrant community, this book investigates how this immigrant press constructed race, class, and identity from 1886 through 1920. Their frequent coverage of racially charged events of the time, as well as other topics such as capitalism and religion, reveals how these papers constructed a racial identity as Italian, American, and white. A Great Conspiracy against Our Race vividly illustrates how the immigrant press was a site where socially constructed categories of race, color, civilization, and identity were reworked, created, contested, and negotiated. Vellon also uncovers how Italian immigrants filtered societal pressures and redefined the parameters of whiteness, constructing their own identity. This work is an important contribution to not only Italian American history, but America's history of immigration and race"--Provided by publisher.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {New York University Press},
	author = {Vellon, Peter G},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 946161027},
}

@book{ware_information_2021,
	title = {Information visualization: perception for design},
	isbn = {978-0-12-812876-3},
	shorttitle = {Information visualization},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128128756},
	abstract = {Information Visualization: Perception for Design, Fourth Edition explores the art and science of why we see objects the way we do. Based on the science of perception and vision, the author presents the key principles at work for a wide range of applications--resulting in visualization of improved clarity, utility and persuasiveness. This new edition has been revised and updated to include the latest relevant research findings. Content has been updated in areas such as the cognitive neuroscience of maps and navigation, the neuroscience of pattern perception, and the hierarchy of learned patterns. New changes to the book make it easier to apply perceptual lessons to design decisions. In addition, the book offers practical guidelines that can be applied by anyone, including interaction designers and graphic designers of all kinds.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2022-02-03},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Ware, Colin},
	year = {2021},
	note = {OCLC: 1144746447},
}

@inproceedings{viola_replication_2020,
	title = {Replication, evaluation and quantitative analysis in the {DH} era: {Transparent} digital practices and lessons learned from the development of the {GeoNewsMiner}},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	shorttitle = {Replication, evaluation and quantitative analysis in the {DH} era},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/3859535},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.3859535},
	abstract = {This contribution discusses the evaluation steps and concerted efforts towards transparency and replicability taken during the development of the {\textless}em{\textgreater}GeoNewsMiner{\textless}/em{\textgreater}[1] (Viola et al 2019 - GNM), an interactive app that maps and visualizes geographical references in historical immigrant newspapers. It describes how the goal of achieving transparency and replicability influenced the methodological decisions made in the process as well as the lessons learned from the experience. The overarching aim is to contribute to the methodological foundations of DH, arguing in favour of clearer explanations of methods and practices both to engage less technical scholars and to advance the field as a whole. [1] https://utrecht-university.shinyapps.io/GeoNewsMiner/},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	booktitle = {{DH} {Benelux} 2020 \#{GoesOnline}, {World} {Wide} {Web}, 3rd - 5th {June} 2020},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Geocoding, Migration, Replicability, Spatial Humanities, Transparency},
}

@book{heidegger_question_1977,
	address = {New York/London},
	title = {The question concerning technology},
	isbn = {0-8240-2427-3},
	publisher = {Garland Publishing, Inc.},
	author = {Heidegger, Martin},
	year = {1977},
	note = {Publisher: Harper \& Row New York},
}

@article{fickers_update_2020,
	title = {Update für die {Hermeneutik}. {Geschichtswissenschaft} auf dem {Weg} zur digitalen {Forensik}?},
	volume = {17},
	copyright = {ZZF - Clio Lizenz},
	url = {https://zeitgeschichte-digital.de/doks/1765},
	doi = {10.14765/ZZF.DOK-1765},
	abstract = {»[…] wenn ›die Quelle‹ die Reliquie historischen Arbeitens ist – nicht nur Überbleibsel, sondern auch Objekt wissenschaftlicher Verehrung –, dann wäre analog ›das Archiv‹ die Kirche der Geschichtswissenschaft, in der die heiligen Handlungen des Suchens, Findens, Entdeckens und Erforschens vollzogen werden.« Achim Landwehr wirft in seinem geschichtstheoretischen Essay den Historikern ihren »Quellenglauben« vor – diese Kritik ließe sich im digitalen Zeitalter leicht auf die Heilsversprechen der Apostel der »Big Data Revolution« übertragen. Zwar regen sich mittlerweile vermehrt Stimmen, die den »Wahnwitz« der digitalen Utopie in Frage stellen, doch wird der öffentliche Diskurs weiterhin von jener Revolutionsrhetorik dominiert, die standardmäßig als Begleitmusik neuer Technologien ertönt. Statt in der intellektuell wenig fruchtbaren Dichotomie von Gegnern und Befürwortern, »First Movers« und Ignoranten zu verharren, welche die Landschaft der »Digital Humanities« ein wenig überspitzt auch heute noch kennzeichnet, ist das Ziel dieses Beitrages eine praxeologische Reflexion, die den Einfluss von digitalen Infrastrukturen, digitalen Werkzeugen und digitalen »Quellen« auf die Praxis historischen Arbeitens zeigen möchte. Ausgehend von der These, dass ebenjene digitalen Infrastrukturen, Werkzeuge und »Quellen« heute einen zentralen Einfluss darauf haben, wie wir Geschichte denken, erforschen und erzählen, plädiert der Beitrag für ein »Update« der klassischen Hermeneutik in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Die kritische Reflexion über die konstitutive Rolle des Digitalen in der Konstruktion und Vermittlung historischen Wissens ist nicht nur eine Frage epistemologischer Dringlichkeit, sondern zentraler Bestandteil der Selbstverständigung eines Faches, dessen Anspruch als Wissenschaft sich auf die Methoden der Quellenkritik gründet.},
	language = {de},
	urldate = {2022-06-10},
	journal = {Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History},
	author = {Fickers, Andreas},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: ZZF – Centre for Contemporary History: Zeithistorische Forschungen},
	pages = {157--168},
}

@incollection{noble_gender_2019,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {Gender and {Cultural} {Analytics}: {Finding} or {Making} {Stereotypes}?},
	url = {https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/read/untitled-f2acf72c-a469-49d8-be35-67f9ac1e3a60/section/5aafe7fe-db7e-4ec1-935f-09d8028a2687\#ch02},
	abstract = {Debates in the Digital Humanities 2019 collects a broad array of important, thought-provoking perspectives on the field’s many sides. With a wide range of subjects including gender-based assumptions made by algorithms, the place of the digital humanities within art history, and data-based methods for exhuming forgotten histories, it assembles a who’s who of the field in more than thirty impactful essays.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-10-15},
	booktitle = {Debates in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Univ of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Noble, Safiya Umoja},
	editor = {Gold, Matthew K. and Klein, Lauren},
	year = {2019},
}

@misc{microsoft_partner_community_digital_2018,
	title = {Digital transformation - revolution, evolution or devolution?},
	url = {https://www.microsoftpartnercommunity.com/t5/Partner-to-Partner/Digital-transformation-revolution-evolution-or-devolution/m-p/4771\#M11},
	abstract = {Digital transformation as a marketing term has been around for a while now but is it the correct term to be using? Since its appearance many people have tried to define what digital transformation really is and it remains a popular topic of discussion across industries and business of all sizes.   O...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-30},
	journal = {Microsoft Partner Community},
	author = {{Microsoft Partner Community}},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Section: Partner-to-Partner},
}

@article{taylor_mapping_2018,
	title = {Mapping {Digitally}, {Mapping} {Deep}:{Exploring} {Digital} {Literary} {Geographies}},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2018 Joanna Taylor},
	issn = {ISSN 2397-1797},
	shorttitle = {Mapping {Digitally}, {Mapping} {Deep}},
	abstract = {This 'Thinking Space' piece considers the relationship between distant and close approaches to reading literary geographies. Specifically, it outlines recent developments in digital literary mapping, and suggests how the incorporation of these technologies in literary studies can advance new insights in the field.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	journal = {Literary Geographies},
	author = {Taylor, Joanna and Donaldson, Christopher E. and Gregory, Ian N. and Butler, James O.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {Digital Humanities, GIS, close reading, distant reading, maps, virtual globes},
	pages = {10--19},
}

@article{plesser_reproducibility_2018,
	title = {Reproducibility vs. {Replicability}: {A} {Brief} {History} of a {Confused} {Terminology}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1662-5196},
	shorttitle = {Reproducibility vs. {Replicability}},
	doi = {10.3389/fninf.2017.00076},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	journal = {Frontiers in Neuroinformatics},
	author = {Plesser, Hans E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {76},
}

@article{mckeon_origins_1994,
	title = {The {Origins} of {Interdisciplinary} {Studies}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {00132586},
	doi = {10.2307/2739220},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-16},
	journal = {Eighteenth-Century Studies},
	author = {McKeon, Michael},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {17},
}

@article{calude_deluge_2017,
	title = {The {Deluge} of {Spurious} {Correlations} in {Big} {Data}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1233-1821, 1572-8471},
	doi = {10.1007/s10699-016-9489-4},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-10-22},
	journal = {Foundations of Science},
	author = {Calude, Cristian S. and Longo, Giuseppe},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {595--612},
}

@article{longo_quantifying_2019,
	title = {Quantifying the {World} and {Its} {Webs}: {Mathematical} {Discrete} vs {Continua} in {Knowledge} {Construction}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0263-2764, 1460-3616},
	shorttitle = {Quantifying the {World} and {Its} {Webs}},
	doi = {10.1177/0263276419840414},
	abstract = {This short paper is meant to be an introduction to the ‘Letter to Alan Turing’ that follows it. It summarizes some basic ideas in information theory and very informally hints at their mathematical properties. In order to introduce Turing’s two main theoretical contributions, in Theory of Computation and in Morphogenesis (an analysis of the dynamics of forms), the fundamental divide between discrete vs. continuous structures in mathematics is presented, as it is also a divide in his scientific life. The reader who is familiar with these notions, and is convinced that they (and their differences) are relevant in the mathematical understanding of phenomena, may skip this introduction and go directly to the Letter.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-10-22},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {Longo, Giuseppe},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {63--72},
}

@book{council_on_library_and_information_resources_authenticity_2000,
	address = {Washington, D.C},
	title = {Authenticity in a digital environment},
	isbn = {978-1-887334-77-8},
	publisher = {Council on Library and Information Resources},
	author = {{Council on Library and Information Resources}},
	year = {2000},
	note = {OCLC: ocm44417224},
	keywords = {Archival materials, Authenticity (Philosophy), Digital libraries, Documentation, Electronic information resources, Information storage and retrieval systems, Library materials, Reproduction},
}

@book{le_bellac_quantum_2006,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Quantum {Physics}},
	isbn = {978-0-511-61647-1},
	urldate = {2021-10-22},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Le Bellac, Michel},
	year = {2006},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511616471},
}

@article{stigler_laplaces_1986,
	title = {Laplace's 1774 {Memoir} on {Inverse} {Probability}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {08834237},
	abstract = {[Laplace's first major article on mathematical statistics was published in 1774. It is arguably the most influential article in this field to appear before 1800, being the first widely read presentation of inverse probability and its application to both binomial and location parameter estimation. After a brief introduction, and English translation of this epochal memoir is given.]},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-10-22},
	journal = {Statistical Science},
	author = {Stigler, Stephen M.},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Publisher: Institute of Mathematical Statistics},
	pages = {359--363},
}

@book{de_laplace_theorie_1820,
	series = {Oeuvres},
	title = {Théorie analytique des probabilités},
	publisher = {V. Courcier},
	author = {de Laplace, P.S.},
	year = {1820},
}

@incollection{korom_network_2015,
	title = {Network {Analysis}, {History} of},
	isbn = {978-0-08-097087-5},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-11},
	booktitle = {International {Encyclopedia} of the {Social} \& {Behavioral} {Sciences}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Korom, Philipp},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03226-8},
	pages = {524--531},
}

@article{harris_history_1976,
	title = {History and {Significance} of the {EMIC}/{ETIC} {Distinction}},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.an.05.100176.001553},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-10-16},
	journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
	author = {Harris, Marvin},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {329--350},
}

@article{fickers_inside_2020,
	title = {Inside the {Trading} {Zone}: {Thinkering} in a {Digital} {History} {Lab}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1938-4122},
	shorttitle = {Inside the {Trading} {Zone}},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Fickers, Andreas and Heijden, Tim van der},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{noiret_digital_2022,
	title = {Digital {Hermeneutics}: {The} {Reflexive} {Turn} in {Digital} {Public} {History}?},
	isbn = {978-3-11-043029-5},
	shorttitle = {Digital {Hermeneutics}},
	urldate = {2022-06-08},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Digital} {Public} {History}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Fickers, Andreas},
	editor = {Noiret, Serge and Tebeau, Mark and Zaagsma, Gerben},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110430295-012},
	pages = {139--148},
}

@incollection{balbi_authenticity_2021,
	title = {Authenticity: {Historical} {Data} {Integrity} and the {Layered} {Materiality} of {Digital} {Objects}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-074020-2},
	shorttitle = {Authenticity},
	urldate = {2021-09-14},
	booktitle = {Digital {Roots}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Fickers, Andreas},
	editor = {Balbi, Gabriele and Ribeiro, Nelson and Schafer, Valérie and Schwarzenegger, Christian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110740202-017},
	pages = {299--312},
}

@misc{bail_topic_2018,
	title = {Topic {Modeling}},
	url = {https://cbail.github.io},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	author = {Bail, Chris},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{capek_philosophical_1961,
	series = {The {Philosophical} {Impact} of {Contemporary} {Physics}},
	title = {The {Philosophical} {Impact} of {Contemporary} {Physics}},
	publisher = {Van Nostrand},
	author = {Čapek, M. and Čapek, M.},
	year = {1961},
	lccn = {61016145},
}

@techreport{researchandmarketscom_big_2020,
	title = {Big {Data} in {Healthcare} {Report} 2019: {Global} {Market} {Analysis} by {Component}, {Deployment}, {Analytics} {Type}, {Application}, {End}-user, and {Region} (2014-2024)},
	shorttitle = {Big {Data} in {Healthcare} {Report} 2019},
	url = {https://www.researchandmarkets.com},
	abstract = {The},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-05},
	institution = {ResearchAndMarkets.com},
	author = {{ResearchAndMarkets.com}},
	year = {2020},
}

@inproceedings{viola_machine_2020,
	address = {Valletta, Malta},
	title = {Machine {Learning} to {Geographically} {Enrich} {Understudied} {Sources}: {A} {Conceptual} {Approach}:},
	isbn = {978-989-758-395-7},
	shorttitle = {Machine {Learning} to {Geographically} {Enrich} {Understudied} {Sources}},
	doi = {10.5220/0009094204690475},
	urldate = {2020-11-24},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th {International} {Conference} on {Agents} and {Artificial} {Intelligence}},
	publisher = {SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Verheul, Jaap},
	editor = {Rocha, Paula and Steels, Luc and van den Herik, H.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {469--475},
}

@misc{electronic_frontier_foundation_search_2021,
	title = {Search the {Data} - {Atlas} of {Surveillance}},
	url = {https://atlasofsurveillance.org},
	abstract = {Documenting Police Tech in Our Communities with Open Source Research},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	author = {{Electronic Frontier Foundation}},
	year = {2021},
}

@incollection{Klein1983TheDA,
	address = {Mt. Airy, Md},
	title = {The dialectic and rhetoric of disciplinary and interdisciplinary.},
	booktitle = {Interdisciplinary {Analysis} and {Research}: {Theory} and {Practice} of {Problem}-{Focused} {Research} and {Development}},
	publisher = {Lomond Publications, Inc.},
	author = {Klein, Julie Thompson},
	editor = {Chubin, Daryl E. and Porter, Alan L and Rossini, Frederick A and Connolly, Terry},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {35--74},
}

@article{thompson_klein_prospects_2004,
	title = {Prospects for transdisciplinarity},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {00163287},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328703001903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.futures.2003.10.007},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-06-10},
	journal = {Futures},
	author = {Thompson Klein, Julie},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {515--526},
}

@incollection{thomson_klein_applying_1990,
	address = {Delft},
	title = {Applying {Interdisciplinary} {Models} to {Design}, {Planning}, and {Policy} {Making}},
	abstract = {Book Chapters “The Broad Scope of Interdisciplinarity.” Interdisciplinary Research and Analysis: A Book of Readings, ed. D. Chubin, et al., pp. 409-424. Mt. Airy: Lomond, l985. “The Interdisciplina…},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-10},
	booktitle = {Managing {Knowledge} for {Design}, {Planning} and {Decision} {Making}},
	publisher = {Delft University Press},
	author = {Thomson Klein, Julie},
	editor = {Schut, W F and van Lohuizen, C W W},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {29--51},
}

@book{chubin_interdisciplinary_1986,
	address = {Mt. Airy, Md},
	title = {Interdisciplinary analysis and research: theory and practice of problem-focused research and development},
	isbn = {978-0-912338-53-8 978-0-912338-54-5},
	shorttitle = {Interdisciplinary analysis and research},
	publisher = {Lomond},
	editor = {Chubin, Daryl E. and Porter, Alan L and Rossini, Frederick A and Connolly, Terry},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Interdisciplinary research},
}

@incollection{stehr_2_2000,
	address = {Toronto},
	title = {2. {Interdisciplinarity}: {The} {Paradoxical} {Discourse}},
	isbn = {978-1-4426-7872-9},
	shorttitle = {2. {Interdisciplinarity}},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442678729-004/html},
	urldate = {2022-06-09},
	booktitle = {Practising {Interdisciplinarity}},
	publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
	author = {Weingart, Peter},
	editor = {Stehr, Nico and Weingart, Peter},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	doi = {10.3138/9781442678729-004},
	pages = {25--42},
}

@incollection{gooding_library_2020,
	title = {The {Library} in {Digital} {Humanities}: {Interdisciplinary} approaches to digital materials},
	isbn = {978-0-429-77702-8},
	shorttitle = {The {Library} in {Digital} {Humanities}},
	abstract = {Digital Humanities (DH) and Library \& Information Studies share a common interest in the collection, organisation, preservation, and use of digital materials. Focusing on how DH changes the library fits the normal order of technological discourse whereby it is often assumed that the new, seemingly more complex innovation must inevitably enact transformation upon the traditional institutions that it operates within, and upon. The empirical tradition of library research, which arguably emerges from a historical view of information work as a profession in the positivist tradition, has given way over time to a pragmatic acceptance that mixed methods are vital to allow deeper insights to emerge by placing methods in conversation with each other. DH scholars have been key contributors to work that unpicks the technical infrastructures of humanities research, providing key insights into the aspects of power, gender, and race that are associated with academic institutional hierarchies and ways of working.},
	booktitle = {Routledge {International} {Handbook} of {Research} {Methods} in {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Gooding, Paul},
	editor = {Schuster, Kristen and Dunn, Stuart},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Num Pages: 16},
}

@book{stehr_practising_2000,
	address = {Toronto ; Buffalo},
	title = {Practising interdisciplinarity},
	isbn = {978-0-8020-4328-3 978-0-8020-8139-1},
	publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
	editor = {Stehr, Nico and Weingart, Peter},
	year = {2000},
	note = {OCLC: ocm43283641},
	keywords = {Interdisciplinary research},
}

@book{deegan_collaborative_2011,
	address = {Farnham, Surrey, England ; Burlington, VT},
	title = {Collaborative research in the digital humanities},
	isbn = {978-1-4094-1068-3 978-1-4094-1069-0},
	publisher = {Ashgate Pub},
	editor = {Deegan, Marilyn and McCarty, Willard},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Communication in learning and scholarship, Group work in research, Humanities, Research, Technological innovations},
}

@book{klein_interdisciplining_2015,
	address = {Ann Arbor},
	series = {Digital humanities},
	title = {Interdisciplining digital humanities: boundary work in an emerging field},
	isbn = {978-0-472-07254-5 978-0-472-05254-7},
	shorttitle = {Interdisciplining digital humanities},
	publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	author = {Klein, Julie Thompson},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Digital communications, Digital humanities, Digital media, Humanities, Information storage and retrieval systems, Interdisciplinary approach in education, Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge, Interdisciplinary research, Methodology, Research, Study and teaching (Higher)},
}

@incollection{mcpherson_chapter_2019,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {“{Chapter} 9: {Why} {Are} the {Digital} {Humanities} {So} {White}? or {Thinking} the {Histories} of {Race} and {Computation}},
	shorttitle = {“{Chapter} 9},
	abstract = {Start reading this text on Manifold.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-10-15},
	booktitle = {Debates in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
	author = {McPherson, Tara},
	editor = {Gold, Matthew K.},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{mandell_gender_2019,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {Gender and {Cultural} {Analytics}: {Finding} or {Making} {Stereotypes}?},
	abstract = {Debates in the Digital Humanities 2019 collects a broad array of important, thought-provoking perspectives on the field’s many sides. With a wide range of subjects including gender-based assumptions made by algorithms, the place of the digital humanities within art history, and data-based methods for exhuming forgotten histories, it assembles a who’s who of the field in more than thirty impactful essays.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-10-15},
	booktitle = {Debates in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Univ of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Mandell, Laura},
	editor = {Gold, Matthew K. and Klein, Lauren},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{guglielmo_white_2004,
	address = {New York},
	title = {White on arrival: {Italians}, race, color, and power in {Chicago}, 1890-1945},
	isbn = {9780198035381 9780195303483 9781602565401 9781280535406 9780195178029 9780195155433 9786610535408},
	shorttitle = {White on arrival},
	abstract = {Immigrating to the United States, Italians, like all others arriving on America's shores, were made to fill out a standardized immigration form. In the box for race, they faced several choices: Italian, Southern Italian, Mediterranean, or Silician. On the line requesting information on color, they wrote simply "white." This identification had profound implications for Italians, as Thomas A. Guglielmo demonstrates in this prize-winning book. While many suffered from racial prejudice and discrimination, they were nonetheless viewed as white on arrival in the corridors of American power-from judges to journalists, from organized labor to politicians, from race scientists to realtors. Taking the mass Italian immigration of the late 19th century as his starting point, Guglielmo focuses on how perceptions of Italians' race and color were shaped in one of America's great centers of immigration and labor, Chicago. His account skillfully weaves the major events of Chicago immigrant history-the Chicago Color Riot of 1919, the rise of Italian organized crime, the rise of fascism, and the Italian-Ethiopian War of 1935-36-into the story of how Italians approached, learned, and lived race.; By tracking their evolving position in the city's racial hierarchy, Guglielmo reveals the impact of racial classification-both formal and social-on immigrants' abilities to acquire homes and jobs, start families, and gain opportunities in America. Carefully drawing the distinction between race and color, Guglielmo argues that whiteness proved Italians' most valuable asset for making it in America. Even so, Italians were reluctant to identify themselves explicitly as white until World War II. By separating examples of discrimination against Italians from the economic and social advantages they accrued from their acceptance as whites, Guglielmo counters the claims of many ethnic Americans that hard work alone enabled their extraordinary success, especially when compared to non-white groups whose upward mobility languished. A compelling story, White on Arrival contains profound implications for our understanding of race and ethnic acculturation in the United States, as well as of the rich and nuanced relationship between immigration and urban history.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-07-01},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Guglielmo, Thomas A},
	year = {2004},
	note = {OCLC: 1090473075},
}

@article{european_commission_commission_2011,
	title = {Commission {Recommendation} of 27 {October} 2011 on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011H0711\&from=EN},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Official Journal of the European Union},
	author = {{European Commission}},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{earhart_chapter_2019,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {“{Chapter} 18: {Can} {Information} {Be} {Unfettered}? {Race} and the {New} {Digital} {Humanities} {Canon}},
	shorttitle = {“{Chapter} 18},
	abstract = {Start reading this text on Manifold.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-10-15},
	booktitle = {Debates in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Univ of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Earhart, Amy E.},
	editor = {Gold, Matthew K.},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{burgos_digital_2020,
	address = {Singapore},
	title = {Digital {Transformation} in {Higher} {Education} {Institutions}: {Between} {Myth} and {Reality}},
	isbn = {9789811549519 9789811549526},
	shorttitle = {Digital {Transformation} in {Higher} {Education} {Institutions}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-30},
	booktitle = {Radical {Solutions} and {eLearning}},
	publisher = {Springer Singapore},
	author = {Branch, John W. and Burgos, Daniel and Serna, Martin Dario Arango and Ortega, Giovanni Pérez},
	editor = {Burgos, Daniel},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1007/978-981-15-4952-6\_3},
	note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Educational Technology},
	pages = {41--50},
}

@book{galison_disunity_1996,
	title = {The disunity of science: {Boundaries}, contexts, and power},
	isbn = {0-8047-2562-4},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	author = {Galison, Peter Louis and Stump, David J.},
	year = {1996},
}

@article{collins_trading_2007,
	title = {Trading zones and interactional expertise},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {00393681},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003936810700060X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.shpsa.2007.09.003},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-06-08},
	journal = {Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A},
	author = {Collins, Harry and Evans, Robert and Gorman, Mike},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {657--666},
}

@article{viola_media_2019,
	title = {The {Media} {Construction} of {Italian} {Identity}: {A} {Transatlantic}, {Digital} {Humanities} {Analysis} of \textit{italianità} , {Ethnicity}, and {Whiteness}, 1867-1920},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1528-3488, 1532-706X},
	shorttitle = {The {Media} {Construction} of {Italian} {Identity}},
	doi = {10.1080/15283488.2019.1681271},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-11-24},
	journal = {Identity},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Verheul, Jaap},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {294--312},
}

@article{putnam_transnational_2016,
	title = {The {Transnational} and the {Text}-{Searchable}: {Digitized} {Sources} and the {Shadows} {They} {Cast}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {0002-8762, 1937-5239},
	shorttitle = {The {Transnational} and the {Text}-{Searchable}},
	doi = {10.1093/ahr/121.2.377},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-06-08},
	journal = {The American Historical Review},
	author = {Putnam, Lara},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {377--402},
}

@incollection{thomas_iii_promise_2014,
	title = {The {Promise} of the {Digital} {Humanities} and the {Contested} {Nature} of {Digital} {Scholarship}},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub/198},
	booktitle = {A {New} {Companion} to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Thomas, III, William G.},
	editor = {Schriebman, Susan and Siemens, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {524--537},
}

@book{brown-martin_learning_2014,
	address = {Qatar},
	title = {Learning \{re\}imagined: how the connected society is transforming learning},
	isbn = {978-1-4742-2273-0 978-9927-101-94-6 978-9927-101-93-9},
	shorttitle = {Learning \{re\}imagined},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing},
	author = {Brown-Martin, Graham and Yiannouka, Stavros N and Tavakolian, Newsha},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 905268079},
}

@book{schwab_fourth_2017,
	title = {The {Fourth} {Industrial} {Revolution}},
	isbn = {978-0-241-98053-8},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2022-05-27},
	publisher = {Penguin UK},
	author = {Schwab, Klaus},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 1004975093},
}

@article{mcnally_double_2002,
	title = {Double {Fold}: {Libraries} and the {Assault} on {Paper}, {Nicholson} {Baker}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {2562-8941, 0067-6896},
	shorttitle = {{\textless}i{\textgreater}{Double} {Fold}},
	url = {https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/bsc/article/view/18264},
	doi = {10.33137/pbsc.v40i1.18264},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	journal = {Papers of The Bibliographical Society of Canada},
	author = {McNally, Peter F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2002},
}

@article{hu_interactive_2014,
	title = {Interactive topic modeling},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0885-6125, 1573-0565},
	doi = {10.1007/s10994-013-5413-0},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-02-02},
	journal = {Machine Learning},
	author = {Hu, Yuening and Boyd-Graber, Jordan and Satinoff, Brianna and Smith, Alison},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {423--469},
}

@article{hitchcock_confronting_2013,
	title = {Confronting the {Digital}: {Or} {How} {Academic} {History} {Writing} {Lost} the {Plot}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1478-0038, 1478-0046},
	shorttitle = {Confronting the {Digital}},
	doi = {10.2752/147800413X13515292098070},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-13},
	journal = {Cultural and Social History},
	author = {Hitchcock, Tim},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {9--23},
}

@article{hindle_topics_2015,
	title = {Do topics make sense to managers and developers?},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1382-3256, 1573-7616},
	doi = {10.1007/s10664-014-9312-1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-09},
	journal = {Empirical Software Engineering},
	author = {Hindle, Abram and Bird, Christian and Zimmermann, Thomas and Nagappan, Nachiappan},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {479--515},
}

@techreport{european_center_for_digital_competitiveness_digital_2021,
	address = {ESCP Business School},
	title = {Digital {Riser} {Report} 2021},
	url = {https://digital-competitiveness.eu/wp-content/uploads/Digital\_Riser\_Report-2021.pdf},
	institution = {European Center for Digital Competitiveness},
	author = {{European Center for Digital Competitiveness}},
	year = {2021},
}

@book{croft_cognitive_2004,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Cognitive {Linguistics}},
	isbn = {978-0-521-66114-0 978-0-521-66770-8 978-0-511-80386-4},
	urldate = {2021-09-10},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Croft, William and Cruse, D. Alan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511803864},
}

@inproceedings{chang_reading_2009,
	title = {Reading {Tea} {Leaves}: {How} {Humans} {Interpret} {Topic} {Models}},
	volume = {22},
	booktitle = {Advances in {Neural} {Information} {Processing} {Systems}},
	publisher = {Curran Associates, Inc.},
	author = {Chang, Jonathan and Gerrish, Sean and Wang, Chong and Boyd-graber, Jordan and Blei, David},
	editor = {Bengio, Y. and Schuurmans, D. and Lafferty, J. and Williams, C. and Culotta, A.},
	year = {2009},
}

@inproceedings{riedl_named_2018,
	address = {Melbourne, Australia},
	title = {A {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} {Shootout} for {German}},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/P18-2020},
	abstract = {We ask how to practically build a model for German named entity recognition (NER) that performs at the state of the art for both contemporary and historical texts, i.e., a big-data and a small-data scenario. The two best-performing model families are pitted against each other (linear-chain CRFs and BiLSTM) to observe the trade-off between expressiveness and data requirements. BiLSTM outperforms the CRF when large datasets are available and performs inferior for the smallest dataset. BiLSTMs profit substantially from transfer learning, which enables them to be trained on multiple corpora, resulting in a new state-of-the-art model for German NER on two contemporary German corpora (CoNLL 2003 and GermEval 2014) and two historic corpora.},
	urldate = {2021-09-28},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics} ({Volume} 2: {Short} {Papers})},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Riedl, Martin and Padó, Sebastian},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {120--125},
}

@incollection{rorty_being_2004,
	edition = {1},
	series = {Reconsidering {Philosophical} {Hermeneutics}},
	title = {Being {That} {Can} {Be} {Understood} {Is} {Language}},
	isbn = {978-0-520-23186-3},
	abstract = {In a book called{\textless}em{\textgreater}Reason in the Age of Science,{\textless}/em{\textgreater}Hans-Georg Gadamer asked the question: Can “philosophy” refer to anything nowadays except the theory of science?¹ His own answer to this question is affirmative. It may seem that the so-called “analytic” tradition in philosophy—the tradition that goes back to Frege and Russell and whose most prominent living representatives are Quine, Davidson, Dummett, and Putnam—must return a negative answer. For that tradition is often thought of as a sort of public relations agency for the natural sciences.  Those who think of analytic philosophy in this way often describe Gadamer’s},
	urldate = {2021-12-17},
	booktitle = {Gadamer’s {Repercussions}},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	author = {Rorty, Richard},
	editor = {Krajewski, Bruce},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {21--29},
}

@inproceedings{roder_exploring_2015,
	address = {Shanghai, China},
	title = {Exploring the {Space} of {Topic} {Coherence} {Measures}},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3317-7},
	doi = {10.1145/2684822.2685324},
	abstract = {Quantifying the coherence of a set of statements is a long standing problem with many potential applications that has attracted researchers from diﬀerent sciences. The special case of measuring coherence of topics has been recently studied to remedy the problem that topic models give no guaranty on the interpretablity of their output. Several benchmark datasets were produced that record human judgements of the interpretability of topics. We are the ﬁrst to propose a framework that allows to construct existing word based coherence measures as well as new ones by combining elementary components. We conduct a systematic search of the space of coherence measures using all publicly available topic relevance data for the evaluation. Our results show that new combinations of components outperform existing measures with respect to correlation to human ratings. Finally, we outline how our results can be transferred to further applications in the context of text mining, information retrieval and the world wide web.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Eighth} {ACM} {International} {Conference} on {Web} {Search} and {Data} {Mining} - {WSDM} '15},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	author = {Röder, Michael and Both, Andreas and Hinneburg, Alexander},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {399--408},
}

@article{shanmugam_elements_2018,
	title = {Elements of causal inference: foundations and learning algorithms},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0094-9655, 1563-5163},
	shorttitle = {Elements of causal inference},
	doi = {10.1080/00949655.2018.1505197},
	language = {en},
	number = {16},
	urldate = {2021-11-18},
	journal = {Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation},
	author = {Shanmugam, Ramalingam},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3248--3248},
}

@article{shanmugam_elements_2018-1,
	title = {Elements of causal inference: foundations and learning algorithms},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0094-9655, 1563-5163},
	shorttitle = {Elements of causal inference},
	doi = {10.1080/00949655.2018.1505197},
	language = {en},
	number = {16},
	urldate = {2021-11-18},
	journal = {Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation},
	author = {Shanmugam, Ramalingam},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3248--3248},
}

@inproceedings{sievert_ldavis_2014,
	address = {Baltimore, Maryland, USA},
	title = {{LDAvis}: {A} method for visualizing and interpreting topics},
	shorttitle = {{LDAvis}},
	doi = {10.3115/v1/W14-3110},
	abstract = {We present LDAvis, a web-based interactive visualization of topics estimated using Latent Dirichlet Allocation that is built using a combination of R and D3. Our visualization provides a global view of the topics (and how they differ from each other), while at the same time allowing for a deep inspection of the terms most highly associated with each individual topic. First, we propose a novel method for choosing which terms to present to a user to aid in the task of topic interpretation, in which we deﬁne the relevance of a term to a topic. Second, we present results from a user study that suggest that ranking terms purely by their probability under a topic is suboptimal for topic interpretation. Last, we describe LDAvis, our visualization system that allows users to ﬂexibly explore topic-term relationships using relevance to better understand a ﬁtted LDA model.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Workshop} on {Interactive} {Language} {Learning}, {Visualization}, and {Interfaces}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Sievert, Carson and Shirley, Kenneth},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {63--70},
}

@article{silva_topic_2021,
	title = {Topic modeling in software engineering research},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1382-3256, 1573-7616},
	doi = {10.1007/s10664-021-10026-0},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Topic modeling using models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a text mining technique to extract human-readable semantic “topics” (i.e., word clusters) from a corpus of textual documents. In software engineering, topic modeling has been used to analyze textual data in empirical studies (e.g., to find out what developers talk about online), but also to build new techniques to support software engineering tasks (e.g., to support source code comprehension). Topic modeling needs to be applied carefully (e.g., depending on the type of textual data analyzed and modeling parameters). Our study aims at describing how topic modeling has been applied in software engineering research with a focus on four aspects: (1) which topic models and modeling techniques have been applied, (2) which textual inputs have been used for topic modeling, (3) how textual data was “prepared” (i.e., pre-processed) for topic modeling, and (4) how generated topics (i.e., word clusters) were named to give them a human-understandable meaning. We analyzed topic modeling as applied in 111 papers from ten highly-ranked software engineering venues (five journals and five conferences) published between 2009 and 2020. We found that (1) LDA and LDA-based techniques are the most frequent topic modeling techniques, (2) developer communication and bug reports have been modelled most, (3) data pre-processing and modeling parameters vary quite a bit and are often vaguely reported, and (4) manual topic naming (such as deducting names based on frequent words in a topic) is common.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-11-09},
	journal = {Empirical Software Engineering},
	author = {Silva, Camila Costa and Galster, Matthias and Gilson, Fabian},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {120},
}

@article{sims_how_2021,
	title = {How to count biological minds: symbiosis, the free energy principle, and reciprocal multiscale integration},
	volume = {199},
	issn = {1573-0964},
	shorttitle = {How to count biological minds},
	doi = {10.1007/s11229-020-02876-w},
	abstract = {The notion of a physiological individuals has been developed and applied in the philosophy of biology to understand symbiosis, an understanding of which is key to theorising about the major transition in evolution from multi-organismality to multi-cellularity. The paper begins by asking what such symbiotic individuals can help to reveal about a possible transition in the evolution of cognition. Such a transition marks the movement from cooperating individual biological cognizers to a functionally integrated cognizing unit. Somewhere along the way, did such cognizing units simultaneously have cognizers as parts? Expanding upon the multiscale integration view of the Free Energy Principle, this paper develops an account of reciprocal integration, demonstrating how some coupled biological cognizing systems, when certain constraints are met, can result in a cognizing unit that is in ways greater than the sum of its cognizing parts. Symbiosis between V. Fischeri bacteria and the bobtail squid is used to provide an illustration this account. A novel manner of conceptualizing biological cognizers as gradient is then suggested. Lastly it is argued that the reason why the notion of ontologically nested cognizers may be unintuitive stems from the fact that our folk-psychology notion of what a cognizer is has been deeply influenced by our folk-biological manner of understanding biological individuals as units of reproduction.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-01-19},
	journal = {Synthese},
	author = {Sims, Matthew},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2157--2179},
}

@incollection{stichweh_history_2001,
	title = {History of {Scientific} {Disciplines}},
	isbn = {978-0-08-043076-8},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-12-16},
	booktitle = {International {Encyclopedia} of the {Social} \& {Behavioral} {Sciences}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Stichweh, R.},
	year = {2001},
	doi = {10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03187-9},
	pages = {13727--13731},
}

@article{sanchez_towards_2019,
	title = {Towards an {Uncertainty}-{Aware} {Visualization} in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2227-9709},
	doi = {10.3390/informatics6030031},
	abstract = {As visualization becomes widespread in a broad range of cross-disciplinary academic domains, such as the digital humanities (DH), critical voices have been raised on the perils of neglecting the uncertain character of data in the visualization design process. Visualizations that, purposely or not, obscure or remove uncertainty in its different forms from the scholars’ vision may negatively affect the manner in which humanities scholars regard computational methods as useful tools in their daily work. In this paper, we address the issue of uncertainty representation in the context of the humanities from a theoretical perspective, in an attempt to provide the foundations of a framework that allows for the construction of ecological interface designs which are able to expose the computational power of the algorithms at play while, at the same time, respecting the particularities and needs of humanistic research. To this end, we review past uncertainty taxonomies in other domains typically related to the humanities and visualization, such as cartography and GIScience. From this review, we select an uncertainty taxonomy related to the humanities that we link to recent research in visualization for the DH. Finally, we bring a novel analytics method developed by other authors (Progressive Visual Analytics) into question, which we argue can be a good candidate to resolve the aforementioned difficulties in DH practice.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-02-16},
	journal = {Informatics},
	author = {Sánchez, Roberto Therón and Santos, Alejandro Benito and Vicente, Rodrigo Santamaría and Gómez, Antonio Losada},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {31},
}

@book{turkle_life_2014,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Life on the screen},
	isbn = {978-1-4391-2711-7},
	abstract = {A Simon \& Schuster eBook. Simon \& Schuster has a great book for every reader.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-11-02},
	publisher = {Simon \& Schuster},
	author = {Turkle, Sherry},
	year = {2014},
}

@book{talmy_toward_2000,
	title = {Toward a {Cognitive} {Semantics}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-20121-6},
	abstract = {In this two-volume set, Talmy approaches the question of how language organizes conceptual material both at a general level and by analyzing a crucial set of particular conceptual domains: space and time, motion and location, causation and force interaction, and attention and viewpoint.One of a two-volume set defining the field of cognitive semantics. Leonard Talmy approaches the question of how language organizes conceptual material both at a general level and by analyzing a crucial set of particular conceptual domains: space and time, motion and location, causation and force interaction, and attention and viewpoint. Talmy maintains that these are among the most fundamental parameters by which language structures conception. By combining these conceptual domains into an integrated whole, Talmy shows, we advance our understanding of the overall conceptual and semantic structure of natural language. Volume one examines the fundamental systems by which language shapes concepts.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Talmy, Leonard},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Semantics, Psychology / General},
}

@incollection{tilley_interpreting_1989,
	address = {London},
	title = {Interpreting material culture},
	isbn = {978-1-315-80036-3},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The {Meanings} of {Things}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Tilley, Christopher Y},
	editor = {Hodder, Ian},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {185--194},
}

@techreport{united_nations_roadmap_2020,
	title = {Roadmap for {Digital}  {Cooperation}},
	url = {https://www.un.org/en/content/digital-cooperation-roadmap/assets/pdf/Roadmap\_for\_Digital\_Cooperation\_EN.pdf},
	language = {en},
	institution = {United Nations},
	author = {{United Nations}},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {39},
}

@book{fenn_mastering_2008,
	address = {Boston, Mass},
	series = {Gartner, {Inc}./{Harvard} {Business} {School} {Press} series},
	title = {Mastering the hype cycle: how to choose the right innovation at the right time},
	isbn = {978-1-4221-2110-8},
	shorttitle = {Mastering the hype cycle},
	publisher = {Harvard Business Press},
	author = {Fenn, Jackie and Raskino, Mark},
	year = {2008},
	note = {OCLC: ocn213312226},
	keywords = {Management, Organizational change, Technological innovations},
}

@article{viola_one_2020,
	title = {One {Hundred} {Years} of {Migration} {Discourse} in {The} {Times}: {A} {Discourse}-{Historical} {Word} {Vector} {Space} {Approach} to the {Construction} of {Meaning}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2624-8212},
	shorttitle = {One {Hundred} {Years} of {Migration} {Discourse} in {The} {Times}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frai.2020.00064/full},
	doi = {10.3389/frai.2020.00064},
	urldate = {2022-05-30},
	journal = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Verheul, Jaap},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {64},
}

@misc{world_economic_forum_understanding_2016,
	title = {Understanding the impact of digitalization on society},
	url = {http://wef.ch/2jp2XN0},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-05-28},
	journal = {Digital Transformation},
	author = {{World Economic Forum}},
	year = {2016},
}

@inproceedings{hannak_measuring_2014,
	address = {Vancouver BC Canada},
	title = {Measuring {Price} {Discrimination} and {Steering} on {E}-commerce {Web} {Sites}},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3213-2},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663744},
	doi = {10.1145/2663716.2663744},
	abstract = {Today, many e-commerce websites personalize their content, including Netﬂix (movie recommendations), Amazon (product suggestions), and Yelp (business reviews). In many cases, personalization provides advantages for users: for example, when a user searches for an ambiguous query such as “router,” Amazon may be able to suggest the woodworking tool instead of the networking device. However, personalization on e-commerce sites may also be used to the user’s disadvantage by manipulating the products shown (price steering) or by customizing the prices of products (price discrimination). Unfortunately, today, we lack the tools and techniques necessary to be able to detect such behavior.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-28},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 {Conference} on {Internet} {Measurement} {Conference}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Hannak, Aniko and Soeller, Gary and Lazer, David and Mislove, Alan and Wilson, Christo},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {305--318},
}

@article{autor_skill_2003,
	title = {The skill content of recent technological change: an empirical exploration},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	author = {Autor, David H and Levy, Frank and Murnane, Richard J},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {55},
}

@article{frey_future_2017,
	title = {The future of employment: {How} susceptible are jobs to computerisation?},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {00401625},
	shorttitle = {The future of employment},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162516302244},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019},
	abstract = {We examine how susceptible jobs are to computerisation. To assess this, we begin by implementing a novel methodology to estimate the probability of computerisation for 702 detailed occupations, using a Gaussian process classiﬁer. Based on these estimates, we examine expected impacts of future computerisation on US labour market outcomes, with the primary objective of analysing the number of jobs at risk and the relationship between an occupation’s probability of computerisation, wages and educational attainment. According to our estimates, about 47 percent of total US employment is at risk. We further provide evidence that wages and educational attainment exhibit a strong negative relationship with an occupation’s probability of computerisation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-28},
	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Frey, Carl Benedikt and Osborne, Michael A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {254--280},
}

@techreport{cook_how_2011,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {How dirty is your data? {A} {Look} at the {Energy} {Choices} {That} {Power} {Cloud} {Computing}},
	url = {https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2011/04/4cceba18-dirty-data-report-greenpeace.pdf},
	institution = {Greenpeace International},
	author = {Cook, Gary and Van Horn, Jodie},
	year = {2011},
}

@techreport{weinelt_digital_2016,
	title = {Digital {Transformation} of {Industries}: {Societal} {Implications}},
	url = {https://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/files/dti-societal-implications-white-paper.pdf},
	institution = {World Economic Forum},
	author = {Weinelt, Bruce},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{alenezi_deep_2021,
	title = {Deep {Dive} into {Digital} {Transformation} in {Higher} {Education} {Institutions}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2227-7102},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/11/12/770},
	doi = {10.3390/educsci11120770},
	abstract = {In the present times, digital transformation has gained momentum. Contemporary higher education institutions have been embracing new technologies and transforming their practices, business models and process. Digital transformation in the higher education institutions is about the development of new more advanced and effective methods and practices in pursuit of the higher education’s mission. The present paper links digital transformation and higher education institutions. The paper discusses existing models for the incorporation of digital transformation in higher education institutions. The paper also delineates the challenges faced by higher education institutions in pursuit of digital transformation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-05-27},
	journal = {Education Sciences},
	author = {Alenezi, Mamdouh},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {digital transformation, educational organization, maturity model, technology adoption},
	pages = {770},
}

@article{oliveira_digital_2021,
	title = {Digital {Transformation} towards {Education} 4.0},
	issn = {1648-5831, 2335-8971},
	url = {https://infedu.vu.lt/doi/10.15388/infedu.2022.13},
	doi = {10.15388/infedu.2022.13},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-27},
	journal = {Informatics in Education},
	author = {Oliveira, Katyeudo K. de S. and de Souza, Ricardo A. C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
}

@article{komarcevic_challenges_2017,
	title = {Challenges and impacts of the digital transformation of society in the social sphere},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1435-2869},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/26379907},
	abstract = {The world is rapidly entering a digital era that will fundamentally change not only the way that production operates, but also a way of life. The new industrial revolution will bring many positive changes while the introduction of the 'smart factory' and the digitisation of industry as a whole, or its individual sectors, will inevitably lead to changes in the labour market and in methods of work, as well as the transformation of the character of work and employment. At the same time, social polarisation and marginalisation, as well as business networking and the 'flexibilisation' of labour, is generating a weakening of social organisations, especially trade unions. After determining the semantic and epistemological characteristics of the key terms and concepts, this article principally examines the social impacts of the digital transformation of society. Special attention is paid to an understanding of the position of workers, their social status and general positioning in the emerging and future conditions, in addition to a visualisation of the accompanying phenomena and by-products carried by digital transformation.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-05-27},
	journal = {SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe},
	author = {Komarčević, Miodrag and Dimić, Milovan and Čelik, Petar},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH},
	pages = {31--48},
}

@article{morze_digital_2021,
	title = {Digital transformation in society: key aspects for model development},
	volume = {1946},
	issn = {1742-6596},
	shorttitle = {Digital transformation in society},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1946/1/012021},
	doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1946/1/012021},
	abstract = {The paper is devoted to the analysis of the digital transformation processes that are currently taking place in the economy, production, education and society as a whole. The main reason digital transformation is impact of the digital technologies. Modern digital technologies, services and systems are extremely important for social development. One of the key issues for the implementation of digital transformation is changes in the way of thinking and requirements for the competencies of workers in the industry. First of all, it is connected with people’s understanding of digital transformation processes and with their ability to use digital technologies effectively. For specifying Ukrainian educators’ awareness level about digital transformation processes, there were conducted survey. Research results have shown that there is a need to increase their awareness level about digital transformation processes. Based on the analysis of the considered researches the authors have developed a generalized model of digital transformation for enterprises, businesses and educational institutions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-05-27},
	journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
	author = {Morze, N. V. and Strutynska, O. V.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
	pages = {012021},
}

@incollection{gillespie_relevance_2014,
	title = {The {Relevance} of {Algorithms}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-52537-4},
	urldate = {2021-12-03},
	booktitle = {Media {Technologies}},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	author = {Gillespie, Tarleton},
	editor = {Gillespie, Tarleton and Boczkowski, Pablo J. and Foot, Kirsten A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.003.0009},
	pages = {167--194},
}

@techreport{cohron_covid-19_2020,
	title = {{COVID}-19 is accelerating the rise of the digital economy. {Digital} {Transformation} in the {Pandemic} \& {Post}-{Pandemic} {Era}},
	url = {https://www.bdo.co.za/getattachment/Insights/2020/COVID19/Covid-19-is-accelerating-the-rise-of-the-digital-e/ADV\_DTS\_COVID-19-is-Accelerating-the-Rise-of-the-Digital-Economy\_Web.pdf.aspx?lang=en-ZA},
	institution = {BDO International},
	author = {Cohron, Michael and Cummings, Susie and Laroia, Ankur and Yavar, Eskander},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{dinsman_digital_2016,
	title = {The {Digital} in the {Humanities}: {A} {Special} {Interview} {Series}},
	shorttitle = {The {Digital} in the {Humanities}},
	url = {https://lareviewofbooks.org/feature/the-digital-in-the-humanities/},
	abstract = {FOR AT LEAST THE PAST DECADE, the term “digital humanities” (DH) has captured the imagination and the ire of scholars across American universities. Supporters of the field, which melds computer science with hermeneutics, champion it as the much needed means to shake up and expand methods of traditional literary interpretation; for most outspoken critics, it …},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	journal = {Los Angeles Review of Books},
	author = {Dinsman, Melissa},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{meyer_italian_2015,
	title = {Italian {Anarchism} in {America}: {Its} {Accomplishments}, {Its} {Limitations}},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {0036-8237},
	shorttitle = {Italian {Anarchism} in {America}},
	url = {http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/siso.2015.79.2.176},
	doi = {10.1521/siso.2015.79.2.176},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-05-13},
	journal = {Science \& Society},
	author = {Meyer, Gerald},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {176--195},
}

@article{oberbichler_integrated_2022,
	title = {Integrated interdisciplinary workflows for research on historical newspapers: {Perspectives} from humanities scholars, computer scientists, and librarians},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {2330-1635, 2330-1643},
	shorttitle = {Integrated interdisciplinary workflows for research on historical newspapers},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.24565},
	doi = {10.1002/asi.24565},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-05-13},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
	author = {Oberbichler, Sarah and Boroş, Emanuela and Doucet, Antoine and Marjanen, Jani and Pfanzelter, Eva and Rautiainen, Juha and Toivonen, Hannu and Tolonen, Mikko},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {225--239},
}

@incollection{dignazio_13_2020,
	title = {13. {Data} visualization literacy: {A} feminist starting point},
	isbn = {978-90-485-4313-7},
	shorttitle = {13. {Data} visualization literacy},
	url = {http://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048543137-017/html?lang=en&pds=135202214182212973956805002911461},
	abstract = {13. Data visualization literacy: A feminist starting point was published in Data Visualization in Society on page 207.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-13},
	booktitle = {13. {Data} visualization literacy: {A} feminist starting point},
	publisher = {Amsterdam University Press},
	author = {D’Ignazio, Catherine and Bhargava, Rahul},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1515/9789048543137-017},
	pages = {207--222},
}

@article{loukissas_taking_2017,
	title = {Taking {Big} {Data} apart: local readings of composite media collections},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1369-118X},
	shorttitle = {Taking {Big} {Data} apart},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1211722},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2016.1211722},
	abstract = {If we are to think critically about Big Data initiatives, we must learn to take them apart. This paper explains how to interrogate Big Data, not as large homogenous resources, but as heterogeneous collections with varied and discordant local ties. My argument focuses on the Big Data of media collections: composite digital repositories of texts, images, and video created in different contexts, but brought together online. The primary example used in this paper is the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA), a collection composed of digitized library, museum and archive records from institutions across the United States. I demonstrate how local readings of DPLA data can uncover schemata, errors, infrastructures, classifications, absences, and rituals that have important origins. Moreover, I explain how identifying these local features can support new forms of scholarship, pedagogy, and advocacy in the face of Big Data. For this last point, I use two additional cases: NewsScape, a real-time archive of broadcast news, and Zillow, a marketplace for real estate listings. The range of examples demonstrates how the stakes change from one Big Data initiative to the next. The paper concludes with a set of speculative guidelines for attending to the local conditions in Big Data: get dirty, take a comparative approach, show context, use data to connect people, and create opportunities for the collection of counter-data. When working with Big Data, I argue that thinking locally is thinking critically.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-05-13},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	author = {Loukissas, Yanni Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1211722},
	keywords = {Big Data, close reading, critical data studies, local data, media collections},
	pages = {651--664},
}

@article{schofield_archival_2015,
	title = {Archival {Liveness}: {Designing} with {Collections} {Before} and {During} {Cataloguing} and {Digitization}},
	volume = {009},
	issn = {1938-4122},
	shorttitle = {Archival {Liveness}},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Schofield, Tom and Kirk, David and Amaral, Telmo and Dörk, Marian and Whitelaw, Mitchell and Schofield, Guy and Ploetz, Thomas},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
}

@inproceedings{dork_critical_2013,
	address = {Paris, France},
	title = {Critical {InfoVis}: exploring the politics of visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-1952-2},
	shorttitle = {Critical {InfoVis}},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2468356.2468739},
	doi = {10.1145/2468356.2468739},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-13},
	booktitle = {{CHI} '13 {Extended} {Abstracts} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} on - {CHI} {EA} '13},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	author = {Dörk, Marian and Feng, Patrick and Collins, Christopher and Carpendale, Sheelagh},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2189},
}

@incollection{hall_critical_2008,
	title = {Critical {Visualization}},
	copyright = {Y},
	isbn = {978-0-87070-732-2},
	url = {https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/54638},
	abstract = {Yes},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2022-05-13},
	booktitle = {Design and the elastic mind: the {Museum} of {Modern} {Art}, {New} {York}},
	publisher = {Museum of Modern Art},
	author = {Hall, Peter},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Accepted: 2017-05-03T13:12:36Z},
	pages = {120--131},
}

@article{park_nationalist_2015,
	title = {The {Nationalist} {Fleet}: {Radical} {Nationalism} and {The} {Imperial} {German} {Navy} from {Unification} to 1914},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Military and Strategic Studies},
	author = {Park, Evan},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{eley_reshaping_1990,
	address = {Ann Arbor},
	series = {Social history, popular culture, and politics in {Germany}},
	title = {Reshaping the {German} right: radical nationalism and political change after {Bismarck}},
	isbn = {978-0-472-08132-5},
	shorttitle = {Reshaping the {German} right},
	publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	author = {Eley, Geoff},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {1888-1918, Germany, History, Nationalism, Politics and government},
}

@misc{rumsey_when_2016,
	address = {Google},
	title = {When {We} {Are} {No} {More}: {How} {Digital} {Memory} is {Shaping} {Our} {Future}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=\_ZJDFDscmWE},
	author = {Rumsey, Abby Smith},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{longo_information_2018,
	title = {Information and {Causality}: {Mathematical} {Reflections} on {Cancer} {Biology}},
	volume = {V. 2},
	shorttitle = {Information and {Causality}},
	doi = {10.13133/2532-5876\_3.15},
	abstract = {Theorizing and measuring radically change in physics when using discrete vs. continuous mathematical spaces. In the 20th century, Quantum and Information Theories brought into the limelight the use of discrete observables and parameters (energy states, spin-up and down, 0 and 1 …). In these theories, the reference to discrete measurable values fundamentally contributed to knowledge construction; it similarly leads to dramatic consequences in life sciences, in particular when biological dynamics are identified with information processing. Following an early debate in physics, we briefly analyze the origin and the nature of the bias thus induced in biology, in particular in relation to the understanding of causality. We show how strong consequences have been derived from vague, common sense notions and then stress their role in cancer biology. Finally, we summarize new theoretical frames that propose different directions as for the organizing principles for biological thinking and experimenting, including in cancer research. Cancer is then viewed as an organismal, tissue-based issue, according to the perspective proposed in (Sonnenschein \&amp; Soto, 1999; Baker, 2015).},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-22},
	journal = {Organisms. Journal of Biological Sciences},
	author = {Longo, Giuseppe},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Artwork Size: 83-104 Paginazione
Publisher: Organisms. Journal of Biological Sciences},
	pages = {83--104 Paginazione},
}

@incollection{chen_brief_2008,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {A {Brief} {History} of {Data} {Visualization}},
	isbn = {978-3-540-33036-3 978-3-540-33037-0},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-02-03},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Data} {Visualization}},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	author = {Friendly, Michael},
	collaborator = {Chen, Chun-houh and Härdle, Wolfgang and Unwin, Antony},
	year = {2008},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-33037-0\_2},
	pages = {15--56},
}

@incollection{cimiano_interactive_2015,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Interactive {Networks} for {Digital} {Cultural} {Heritage} {Collections} - {Scoping} the {Future} of {HistoGraph}},
	volume = {9114},
	isbn = {978-3-319-19889-7 978-3-319-19890-3},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-11},
	booktitle = {Engineering the {Web} in the {Big} {Data} {Era}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Düring, Marten and Wieneke, Lars and Croce, Vincenzo},
	editor = {Cimiano, Philipp and Frasincar, Flavius and Houben, Geert-Jan and Schwabe, Daniel},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-19890-3\_41},
	note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	pages = {613--616},
}

@techreport{devaney_how_2020,
	title = {How can universities adapt during {COVID}-19?},
	url = {https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/how-can-universities-adapt-covid19\_whitepaper.pdf},
	language = {en},
	institution = {COURSERA},
	author = {DeVaney, James and Shimshon, Gideon and Rascoff, Matthew and Maggioncalda, Jeff},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7},
}

@article{mahony_cultural_2018,
	title = {Cultural {Diversity} and the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1674-0750, 2198-2600},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40647-018-0216-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s40647-018-0216-0},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-03-15},
	journal = {Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences},
	author = {Mahony, Simon},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {371--388},
}

@article{molinari_traversate_2017,
	title = {Le traversate delle migrazioni storiche italiane tra evento e racconto},
	issn = {0101-9074},
	url = {https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=221049548005},
	abstract = {it: Il viaggio di emigrazione è un oggetto d’indagine storica sfuggente: è una storia di uomini, di navi, di interessi economici e politici. Per gli emigranti è soprattutto un momento di sospensione tra la vita che si sono lasciati alle spalle e quella nuova che troveranno nei paesi di destinazioni. Per gli intellettuali la tra- versata a fini di conoscenza (letteraria, scien- tifica, sociologica) è il luogo per eccellenza da cui osservare i flussi migratori e lasciarne una narrazione. La traversata dei migranti tra Ottocento e Novecento può diventare un os- servatorio interessante per verificare l’intreccio, spesso drammatico, tra i progetti migratori dei ceti subalterni e le dinamiche di sfruttamento in atto nei loro confronto sia in Italia sia nelle Americhe. Le infermerie delle navi, soprattutto nei viaggi di ritorno dagli Stati Uniti, sono affol- late di emigranti che subiscono provvedimenti di rimpatrio coatto perché malati di tubercolosi o perché considerati malati mentali. Per chi, sp- esso al momento dello sbarco, veniva “respin- to” in Italia perché malato di mente non c’era solo il fallimento del progetto migratorio ma il rischio di concludere in manicomio la propria esistenza.},
	language = {Español},
	journal = {História (São Paulo)},
	author = {Molinari, Augusta},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Italian historical migrations, Migrazioni storiche italiane, Viaggio transoceanico, malattie degli emigranti., psycho-physical check up of emigrants., the emigration journey as nar-ration, trans-Atlantic journey},
}

@article{cerase_expectations_1974,
	title = {Expectations and {Reality}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Return} {Migration} from the {United} {States} to {Southern} {Italy}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0197-9183},
	shorttitle = {Expectations and {Reality}},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3002783},
	doi = {10.2307/3002783},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-03-11},
	journal = {The International Migration Review},
	author = {Cerase, Francesco P.},
	year = {1974},
	note = {Publisher: [Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc., Wiley]},
	pages = {245--262},
}

@article{cerase_study_1967,
	title = {A {Study} of {Italian} {Migrants} {Returning} from the {U}.{S}.{A}.},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {0197-9183},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3002741},
	doi = {10.2307/3002741},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-03-11},
	journal = {The International Migration Review},
	author = {Cerase, Francesco P.},
	year = {1967},
	note = {Publisher: [Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc., Wiley]},
	pages = {67--74},
}

@book{cinel_national_2002,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {The national integration of {Italian} return migration, 1870-1929},
	isbn = {978-0-521-52118-5},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Cinel, Dino},
	year = {2002},
	note = {OCLC: 49593516},
}

@book{reidsma_masked_2019,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {Masked by trust: bias in library discovery},
	isbn = {978-1-63400-083-3},
	shorttitle = {Masked by trust},
	abstract = {"Examines library discovery systems to show how the algorithms that power them are not the neutral and unbiased systems that they are claimed to be, but are affected by the human biases of programmers and the commercial influences of their production"--},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Library Juice Press},
	author = {Reidsma, Matthew},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{noble_algorithms_2018,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism},
	isbn = {978-1-4798-3724-3 978-1-4798-4994-9},
	shorttitle = {Algorithms of oppression},
	abstract = {"In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem. Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, especially women of color. Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance--operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond--understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices are of utmost importance."--Page 4 of cover},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {New York university press},
	author = {Noble, Safiya Umoja},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{cordell_q_2017,
	title = {"{Q} i-jtb the {Raven}": {Taking} {Dirty} {OCR} {Seriously}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1529-1499},
	shorttitle = {"{Q} i-jtb the {Raven}"},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/674968},
	doi = {10.1353/bh.2017.0006},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-03-08},
	journal = {Book History},
	author = {Cordell, Ryan},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {188--225},
}

@article{traugott_regularity_2002,
	title = {On {Regularity} in {Semantic} {Change}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0341-7638, 1613-3838},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jlse.1985.14.3.155/html},
	doi = {10.1515/jlse.1985.14.3.155},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-03-04},
	journal = {jlse},
	author = {Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Dasher, Richard B.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {155--173},
}

@book{leech_change_2009,
	address = {Cambridge, UK ; New York},
	series = {Studies in {English} language},
	title = {Change in contemporary {English}: a grammatical study},
	isbn = {978-0-521-86722-1},
	shorttitle = {Change in contemporary {English}},
	publisher = {Cambridge Univerisity Press},
	author = {Leech, Geoffrey N. and Hundt, Marianne and Mair, Christian and Smith, Nicholas},
	year = {2009},
	note = {OCLC: ocn318872000},
	keywords = {Computational linguistics, Corpora (Linguistics), English language, Grammar},
}

@inproceedings{cignarella_presenting_2019,
	address = {Paris, France},
	title = {Presenting {TWITTIRÒ}-{UD}: {An} {Italian} {Twitter} {Treebank} in {Universal} {Dependencies}},
	shorttitle = {Presenting {TWITTIRÒ}-{UD}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7723},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/W19-7723},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-03-04},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Fifth} {International} {Conference} on {Dependency} {Linguistics} ({Depling}, {SyntaxFest} 2019)},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Cignarella, Alessandra Teresa and Bosco, Cristina and Rosso, Paolo},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {190--197},
}

@book{rose_routledge_2020,
	address = {New York},
	series = {Routledge handbooks in applied linguistics},
	title = {The {Routledge} handbook of research methods in applied linguistics},
	isbn = {978-1-00-073417-1 978-0-367-82447-1},
	abstract = {"The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics provides a critical survey of the methodological concepts, designs, instruments and types of analysis that are used within the broad field of Applied Linguistics. With more than 40 chapters written by leading and emerging scholars, this book problematizes and theorizes applied linguistics research, incorporating numerous multi-faceted methodological considerations and pointing to the future of good practice in research. Topics covered include: Key concepts and constructs in research methodology, such as sampling strategies and mixed methods research; Research designs such as experimental research, case study research, and action research; Data collection methods, from questionnaires and interviews to think-aloud protocols and data elicitation tasks; Data analysis methods, such as use of R, inferential statistical analysis, and qualitative content analysis; Current considerations in applied linguistics research, such as a need for transparency and greater incorporation of multilingualism in research; Recent innovations in research methods related to multimodality, eye-tracking, and advances in quantitative methods. The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics is key reading for both experienced and novice researchers in Applied Linguistics as well as anyone undertaking study in this area"--},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Rose, Heath and McKinley, Jim},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Applied linguistics, Handbooks, manuals, etc, Linguistics, Research Methodology, Study and teaching},
}

@article{fagan_chronicling_2016,
	title = {Chronicling {White} {America}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1548-4238},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613375},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	journal = {American Periodicals: A Journal of History \& Criticism},
	author = {Fagan, Benjamin},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: The Ohio State University Press},
	pages = {10--13},
}

@book{baker_double_2002,
	address = {New York, NY},
	edition = {1. Vintage Books ed},
	title = {Double fold: libraries and the assault on paper},
	isbn = {978-0-375-72621-7},
	shorttitle = {Double fold},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Vintage Books},
	author = {Baker, Nicholson},
	year = {2002},
}

@inproceedings{williams_what_2019,
	address = {Los Angeles, CA, USA},
	title = {What {Computational} {Archival} {Science} {Can} {Learn} from {Art} {History} and {Material} {Culture} {Studies}},
	isbn = {978-1-72810-858-2},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9006527/},
	doi = {10.1109/BigData47090.2019.9006527},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	booktitle = {2019 {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Big} {Data} ({Big} {Data})},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Williams, Lyneise},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3153--3155},
}

@article{schulz_probabilistic_2017,
	title = {Probabilistic {Graph} {Layout} for {Uncertain} {Network} {Visualization}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1077-2626},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7539319/},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2016.2598919},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	author = {Schulz, Christoph and Nocaj, Arlind and Goertler, Jochen and Deussen, Oliver and Brandes, Ulrik and Weiskopf, Daniel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {531--540},
}

@article{edmond_strategies_2019,
	title = {Strategies and {Recommendations} for the {Management} of {Uncertainty} in {Research} {Tools} and {Environments} for {Digital} {History}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2227-9709},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/6/3/36},
	doi = {10.3390/informatics6030036},
	abstract = {This paper takes a high-level view of both the sources and status of uncertainty in historical research and the manners in which possible negative effects of this omnipresent characteristic might be managed and mitigated. It draws upon both the experience of a number of digital projects and research into the many-faceted concept of uncertainty in data, and in particular, it explores the conflicting strategies for the management of uncertainty in historical research processes that are reflected in the historiographical and digital humanities literature. Its intention is to support a dialogue between the humanities and computer science, able to realise the promise of digital humanities without a reversion to a new positivism in disciplines such as history and literary studies and it therefore concludes with recommendations for the developers of research tools and environments for digital history.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	journal = {Informatics},
	author = {{Edmond}},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {36},
}

@article{windhager_exhibiting_2019,
	title = {Exhibiting {Uncertainty}: {Visualizing} {Data} {Quality} {Indicators} for {Cultural} {Collections}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2227-9709},
	shorttitle = {Exhibiting {Uncertainty}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/6/3/29},
	doi = {10.3390/informatics6030029},
	abstract = {Uncertainty is a standard condition under which large parts of art-historical and curatorial knowledge creation and communication are operating. In contrast to standard levels of data quality in non-historical research domains, historical object and knowledge collections contain substantial amounts of uncertain, ambiguous, contested, or plainly missing data. Visualization approaches and interfaces to cultural collections have started to represent data quality and uncertainty metrics, yet all existing work is limited to representations for isolated metadata dimensions only. With this article, we advocate for a more systematic, synoptic and self-conscious approach to uncertainty visualization for cultural collections. We introduce omnipresent types of data uncertainty and discuss reasons for their frequent omission by interfaces for galleries, libraries, archives and museums. On this basis we argue for a coordinated counter strategy for uncertainty visualization in this field, which will also raise the efforts going into complex interface design and conceptualization. Building on the PolyCube framework for collection visualization, we showcase how multiple uncertainty representation techniques can be assessed and coordinated in a multi-perspective environment. As for an outlook, we reflect on both the strengths and limitations of making the actual wealth of data quality questions transparent with regard to different target and user groups.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	journal = {Informatics},
	author = {Windhager, Florian and Salisu, Saminu and Mayr, Eva},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {29},
}

@article{benitez-burraco_syntax_2016,
	title = {Syntax in {Spanish}-speaking children with {Williams} syndrome},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {00219924},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021992416300053},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.03.001},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-02-17},
	journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},
	author = {Benítez-Burraco, Antonio and Garayzábal, Elena and Cuetos, Fernando},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {51--61},
}

@article{bail_combining_2016,
	title = {Combining natural language processing and network analysis to examine how advocacy organizations stimulate conversation on social media},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1607151113},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1607151113},
	abstract = {Social media sites are rapidly becoming one of the most important forums for public deliberation about advocacy issues. However, social scientists have not explained why some advocacy organizations produce social media messages that inspire far-ranging conversation among social media users, whereas the vast majority of them receive little or no attention. I argue that advocacy organizations are more likely to inspire comments from new social media audiences if they create “cultural bridges,” or produce messages that combine conversational themes within an advocacy field that are seldom discussed together. I use natural language processing, network analysis, and a social media application to analyze how cultural bridges shaped public discourse about autism spectrum disorders on Facebook over the course of 1.5 years, controlling for various characteristics of advocacy organizations, their social media audiences, and the broader social context in which they interact. I show that organizations that create substantial cultural bridges provoke 2.52 times more comments about their messages from new social media users than those that do not, controlling for these factors. This study thus offers a theory of cultural messaging and public deliberation and computational techniques for text analysis and application-based survey research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {42},
	urldate = {2022-02-17},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Bail, Christopher Andrew},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {11823--11828},
}

@article{diehl_language_2019,
	title = {Language and interaction: applying sociolinguistics to social network analysis},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0033-5177, 1573-7845},
	shorttitle = {Language and interaction},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11135-018-0787-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s11135-018-0787-5},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-02-17},
	journal = {Quality \& Quantity},
	author = {Diehl, David K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {757--774},
}

@article{barcelo-coblijn_netlang_2017,
	title = {Netlang: {A} software for the linguistic analysis of corpora by means of complex networks},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Netlang},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181341},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0181341},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2022-02-17},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Barceló-Coblijn, Lluís and Serna Salazar, Diego and Isaza, Gustavo and Castillo Ossa, Luis F. and Bedia, Manuel G.},
	editor = {Gómez, Sergio},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {e0181341},
}

@article{lanza_tell_2007,
	title = {Tell me who your friends are and {I} might be able to tell you what language(s) you speak: {Social} network analysis, multilingualism, and identity},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1367-0069, 1756-6878},
	shorttitle = {Tell me who your friends are and {I} might be able to tell you what language(s) you speak},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13670069070110030201},
	doi = {10.1177/13670069070110030201},
	abstract = {Social network analysis has proved particularly useful in explaining why speakers in bilingual communities maintain or change their language behavior. Researchers have employed this sociolinguistic tool to investigate language shift and maintenance among longstanding stable bilingual communities. An underlying assumption in this analysis is that language, particularly the first language or mother tongue, is an integral part of collective identities, such as national, ethnic or cultural identities, and that maintenance of language across generations is a key factor to the maintenance of such identities. Certain bilingual communities may maintain this language ideology; however, multilingual communities present a more complex picture of the situation and may thus offer a challenge to the underlying assumptions of social network analysis. This article discusses the application of social network analysis to multilingual communities by taking a point of departure in the Filipino community in Oslo, the capital of Norway, with a view towards understanding linguistic and cultural maintenance. Results from the analyses provide support for the importance of social network in understanding language choice and cultural and linguistic maintenance; however, there were some notable exceptions. In this article we discuss language ideologies and the relationship between language and identity as complementary sources of explanation for language choice and language maintenance in this relatively speaking newly established multilingual community.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-02-17},
	journal = {International Journal of Bilingualism},
	author = {Lanza, Elizabeth and Svendsen, Bente Ailin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {275--300},
}

@inproceedings{lengyel_artificial_2020,
	title = {Artificial {Imagination} {Induced} by {Visualised} {Hypotheses} in {Archaeology}},
	url = {https://scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/EVA2020.8},
	doi = {10.14236/ewic/EVA2020.8},
	urldate = {2022-02-17},
	author = {Lengyel, Dominik and Toulouse, Catherine},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{souza_towards_2019,
	title = {Towards {A} {Taxonomy} of {Uncertainties}: {Analysing} {Sources} of {Spatio}-{Temporal} {Uncertainty} on the {Example} of {Non}-{Standard} {German} {Corpora}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2227-9709},
	shorttitle = {Towards {A} {Taxonomy} of {Uncertainties}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/6/3/34},
	doi = {10.3390/informatics6030034},
	abstract = {Different types of uncertainties occur in almost all datasets and are an inherent property of data across different academic disciplines, including digital humanities (DH). In this paper, we address, demonstrate and analyse spatio-temporal uncertainties in a non-standard German legacy dataset in a DH context. Although the data collection is primarily a linguistic resource, it contains a wealth of additional, comprehensive information, such as location and temporal detail. The addressed uncertainties have manifested because of a variety of reasons, and partly also because of decades of data transformation processes. We here propose our own taxonomy for capturing and classifying the various uncertainties, and show with numerous examples how the remedying but also re-introduction of uncertainties affects DH practices.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-02-16},
	journal = {Informatics},
	author = {{Souza} and {Dorn} and {Piringer} and {Wandl-Vogt}},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {34},
}

@inproceedings{gaver_ambiguity_2003,
	address = {Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA},
	title = {Ambiguity as a resource for design},
	isbn = {978-1-58113-630-2},
	url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=642611.642653},
	doi = {10.1145/642611.642653},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-02-16},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the conference on {Human} factors in computing systems  - {CHI} '03},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	author = {Gaver, William W. and Beaver, Jacob and Benford, Steve},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {233},
}

@article{boyd_davis_can_2021,
	title = {Can {I} believe what {I} see? {Data} visualization and trust in the humanities},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},
	shorttitle = {Can {I} believe what {I} see?},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2021.1872874},
	doi = {10.1080/03080188.2021.1872874},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-02-16},
	journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},
	author = {Boyd Davis, Stephen and Vane, Olivia and Kräutli, Florian},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {522--546},
}

@article{jaegul_choo_utopian_2013,
	title = {{UTOPIAN}: {User}-{Driven} {Topic} {Modeling} {Based} on {Interactive} {Nonnegative} {Matrix} {Factorization}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1077-2626},
	shorttitle = {{UTOPIAN}},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6634167/},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2013.212},
	abstract = {Topic modeling has been widely used for analyzing text document collections. Recently, there have been signiﬁcant advancements in various topic modeling techniques, particularly in the form of probabilistic graphical modeling. State-of-the-art techniques such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) have been successfully applied in visual text analytics. However, most of the widely-used methods based on probabilistic modeling have drawbacks in terms of consistency from multiple runs and empirical convergence. Furthermore, due to the complicatedness in the formulation and the algorithm, LDA cannot easily incorporate various types of user feedback. To tackle this problem, we propose a reliable and ﬂexible visual analytics system for topic modeling called UTOPIAN (User-driven Topic modeling based on Interactive Nonnegative Matrix Factorization). Centered around its semi-supervised formulation, UTOPIAN enables users to interact with the topic modeling method and steer the result in a user-driven manner. We demonstrate the capability of UTOPIAN via several usage scenarios with real-world document corpuses such as InfoVis/VAST paper data set and product review data sets.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	author = {{Jaegul Choo} and {Changhyun Lee} and Reddy, Chandan K. and Park, Haesun},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1992--2001},
}

@article{lee_ivisclustering_2012,
	title = {{iVisClustering}: {An} {Interactive} {Visual} {Document} {Clustering} via {Topic} {Modeling}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {01677055},
	shorttitle = {{iVisClustering}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03108.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03108.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3pt3},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
	author = {Lee, Hanseung and Kihm, Jaeyeon and Choo, Jaegul and Stasko, John and Park, Haesun},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1155--1164},
}

@article{hoque_interactive_2016,
	title = {Interactive {Topic} {Modeling} for {Exploring} {Asynchronous} {Online} {Conversations}: {Design} and {Evaluation} of {ConVisIT}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2160-6455, 2160-6463},
	shorttitle = {Interactive {Topic} {Modeling} for {Exploring} {Asynchronous} {Online} {Conversations}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2854158},
	doi = {10.1145/2854158},
	abstract = {Since the mid-2000s, there has been exponential growth of asynchronous online conversations, thanks to the rise of social media. Analyzing and gaining insights from such conversations can be quite challenging for a user, especially when the discussion becomes very long. A promising solution to this problem is topic modeling, since it may help the user to understand quickly what was discussed in a long conversation and to explore the comments of interest. However, the results of topic modeling can be noisy, and they may not match the user’s current information needs. To address this problem, we propose a novel topic modeling system for asynchronous conversations that revises the model on the fly on the basis of users’ feedback. We then integrate this system with interactive visualization techniques to support the user in exploring long conversations, as well as in revising the topic model when the current results are not adequate to fulfill the user’s information needs. Finally, we report on an evaluation with real users that compared the resulting system with both a traditional interface and an interactive visual interface that does not support human-in-the-loop topic modeling. Both the quantitative results and the subjective feedback from the participants illustrate the potential benefits of our interactive topic modeling approach for exploring conversations, relative to its counterparts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems},
	author = {Hoque, Enamul and Carenini, Giuseppe},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1--24},
}

@article{gretarsson_topicnets_2012,
	title = {{TopicNets}: {Visual} {Analysis} of {Large} {Text} {Corpora} with {Topic} {Modeling}.},
	volume = {3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2089094.2089099},
	doi = {10.1145/2089094.2089099},
	number = {2},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol.},
	author = {Gretarsson, Brynjar and O'Donovan, John and Bostandjiev, Svetlin and Höllerer, Tobias and Asuncion, Arthur U. and Newman, David and Smyth, Padhraic},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {23:1--23:26},
}

@article{chaney_visualizing_2012,
	title = {Visualizing {Topic} {Models}},
	abstract = {Managing large collections of documents is an important problem for many areas of science, industry, and culture. Probabilistic topic modeling offers a promising solution. Topic modeling is an unsupervised machine learning method that learns the underlying themes in a large collection of otherwise unorganized documents. This discovered structure summarizes and organizes the documents. However, topic models are high-level statistical tools—a user must scrutinize numerical distributions to understand and explore their results. In this paper, we present a method for visualizing topic models. Our method creates a navigator of the documents, allowing users to explore the hidden structure that a topic model discovers. These browsing interfaces reveal meaningful patterns in a collection, helping end-users explore and understand its contents in new ways. We provide open source software of our method.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {ICWSM},
	author = {Chaney, Allison J B and Blei, David M},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {4},
}

@inproceedings{cai_interactive_2018,
	title = {Interactive {Visualization} for {Topic} {Model} {Curation}},
	volume = {2068},
	booktitle = {{IUI} {Workshops}},
	publisher = {CEUR Workshop Proceedings},
	author = {Cai, Guoray and Sun, Feng and Sha, Yongzhong},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{murdock_visualization_2015,
	title = {Visualization {Techniques} for {Topic} {Model} {Checking}},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {Copyright (c)},
	issn = {2374-3468},
	url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/9268},
	abstract = {Topic models remain a black box both for modelers and for end users in many respects. From the modelers' perspective, many decisions must be made which lack clear rationales and whose interactions are unclear — for example, how many topics the algorithms should find (K), which words to ignore (aka the "stop list"), and whether it is adequate to run the modeling process once or multiple times, producing different results due to the algorithms that approximate the Bayesian priors.  Furthermore, the results of different parameter settings are hard to analyze, summarize, and visualize, making model comparison difficult. From the end users' perspective, it is hard to understand why the models perform as they do, and information-theoretic similarity measures do not fully align with humanistic interpretation of the topics. We present the Topic Explorer, which advances the state-of-the-art in topic model visualization for document-document and topic-document relations. It brings topic models to life in a way that fosters deep understanding of both corpus and models, allowing users to generate interpretive hypotheses and to suggest further experiments. Such tools are an essential step toward assessing whether topic modeling is a suitable technique for AI and cognitive modeling applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
	author = {Murdock, Jaimie and Allen, Colin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {applications},
}

@article{chatzimparmpas_survey_2020,
	title = {A survey of surveys on the use of visualization for interpreting machine learning models},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1473-8716, 1473-8724},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1473871620904671},
	doi = {10.1177/1473871620904671},
	abstract = {Research in machine learning has become very popular in recent years, with many types of models proposed to comprehend and predict patterns and trends in data originating from different domains. As these models get more and more complex, it also becomes harder for users to assess and trust their results, since their internal operations are mostly hidden in black boxes. The interpretation of machine learning models is currently a hot topic in the information visualization community, with results showing that insights from machine learning models can lead to better predictions and improve the trustworthiness of the results. Due to this, multiple (and extensive) survey articles have been published recently trying to summarize the high number of original research papers published on the topic. But there is not always a clear definition of what these surveys cover, what is the overlap between them, which types of machine learning models they deal with, or what exactly is the scenario that the readers will find in each of them. In this article, we present a meta-analysis (i.e. a “survey of surveys”) of manually collected survey papers that refer to the visual interpretation of machine learning models, including the papers discussed in the selected surveys. The aim of our article is to serve both as a detailed summary and as a guide through this survey ecosystem by acquiring, cataloging, and presenting fundamental knowledge of the state of the art and research opportunities in the area. Our results confirm the increasing trend of interpreting machine learning with visualizations in the past years, and that visualization can assist in, for example, online training processes of deep learning models and enhancing trust into machine learning. However, the question of exactly how this assistance should take place is still considered as an open challenge of the visualization community.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Information Visualization},
	author = {Chatzimparmpas, Angelos and Martins, Rafael M. and Jusufi, Ilir and Kerren, Andreas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {207--233},
}

@book{manovich_language_2002,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass},
	edition = {1st MIT Press pbk. ed},
	series = {Leonardo},
	title = {The language of new media},
	isbn = {978-0-262-13374-6},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Manovich, Lev},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Mass media, Technological innovations},
}

@book{spence_information_2014,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Information visualization},
	isbn = {978-3-319-07340-8},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Spence, Robert},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{falkowitz_information_2019,
	title = {Information {Visualization} or {Data} {Visualization}?},
	url = {https://www.3cs.ch/information-visualization-data-visualization/},
	abstract = {It is useful to distinguish between "data visualizations" and "information visualizations". How do they differ and how can this distinction help us make more effective visualizations?},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-02-03},
	journal = {This view of service management...},
	author = {Falkowitz, Robert},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
}

@article{falkowitz_visualizing_2020,
	title = {Visualizing uncertainty},
	url = {https://www.3cs.ch/visualizing-uncertainty/},
	abstract = {In this age of visual management, Bayesian reasoning, machine learning and other statistical methods, it is increasingly important to understand how certain we are about the “facts” and how to visualize that uncertainty.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2022-02-03},
	journal = {This view of service management...},
	author = {Falkowitz, Robert},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{blei_probabilistic_2012,
	title = {Probabilistic topic models},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {0001-0782, 1557-7317},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2133806.2133826},
	doi = {10.1145/2133806.2133826},
	abstract = {Surveying a suite of algorithms that offer a solution to managing large document archives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-02-02},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	author = {Blei, David M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {77--84},
}

@inproceedings{rehurek_software_2010,
	address = {Valletta, Malta},
	title = {Software {Framework} for {Topic} {Modelling} with {Large} {Corpora}},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC} 2010 {Workshop} on {New} {Challenges} for {NLP} {Frameworks}},
	publisher = {ELRA},
	author = {Řehůřek, Radim and Sojka, Petr},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {45--50},
}

@misc{rehurek_gensim_nodate,
	title = {gensim: {Python} framework for fast {Vector} {Space} {Modelling}},
	copyright = {LGPL-2.1-only},
	shorttitle = {gensim},
	url = {http://radimrehurek.com/gensim},
	urldate = {2022-01-31},
	author = {Rehurek, Radim},
	keywords = {HDP,, Hierarchical Dirichlet Process,, LDA,, LSA,, LSI,, Latent Dirichlet Allocation,, Latent Semantic Indexing,, Random Projections,, SVD,, Scientific/Engineering - Artificial Intelligence, Scientific/Engineering - Information Analysis, Singular Value Decomposition,, TFIDF,, Text Processing - Linguistic, word2vec},
}

@incollection{berry_have_2012,
	address = {London},
	title = {Have the {Humanities} {Always} {Been} {Digital}? {For} an {Understanding} of the ‘{Digital} {Humanities}’ in the {Context} of {Originary} {Technicity}},
	isbn = {978-0-230-29265-9 978-0-230-37193-4},
	shorttitle = {Have the {Humanities} {Always} {Been} {Digital}?},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230371934_9},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-01-15},
	booktitle = {Understanding {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
	author = {Frabetti, Federica},
	editor = {Berry, David M.},
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.1057/9780230371934_9},
	pages = {161--171},
}

@book{patton_qualitative_2015,
	address = {Thousand Oaks, California},
	edition = {Fourth edition},
	title = {Qualitative research \& evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice},
	isbn = {978-1-4129-7212-3},
	shorttitle = {Qualitative research \& evaluation methods},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications, Inc},
	author = {Patton, Michael Quinn},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Evaluation research (Social action programs), Methodology, Social sciences},
}

@book{hall_culture_2002,
	address = {London; New York},
	title = {Culture in bits: the monstrous future of theory},
	isbn = {9781847144287 9780826459909 9781472545541 9781281298607 9786611298609 9780567395719},
	shorttitle = {Culture in bits},
	url = {http://site.ebrary.com/id/10224963},
	abstract = {Cultural Studies seems to have lost its way somewhere between today's preoccupation with the empirical and the theory revolutions of the 1980s and 90s. Assessing the work of key theorists across the history of cultural studies--Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Meaghan Morris and Angela McRobbie--Culture In Bits argues that the trend towards a more politicized practice is in fact not political enough; theory, and deconstruction in particular, can offer a more radical and a more political engagement. Pinpointing the ambiguities that both constitute and disturb cultural studies and outlining a radic.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2022-01-14},
	publisher = {Continuum},
	author = {Hall, Gary},
	year = {2002},
	note = {OCLC: 320326067},
}

@book{stiegler_technics_1998,
	title = {Technics and {Time}: {The} {Fault} of {Epimetheus}},
	shorttitle = {Technics and {Time}},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	author = {Stiegler, Bernard},
	year = {1998},
}

@book{derrida_specters_1994,
	title = {Specters of {Marx}: {The} {State} of the {Debt}, the {Work} of {Mourning} and the {New} {International}},
	shorttitle = {Specters of {Marx}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Derrida, Jacques},
	year = {1994},
}

@book{clark_derrida_1992,
	address = {Cambridge ; New York, NY, USA},
	title = {Derrida, {Heidegger}, {Blanchot}: sources of {Derrida}'s notion and practice of literature},
	isbn = {978-0-521-40539-3},
	shorttitle = {Derrida, {Heidegger}, {Blanchot}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Clark, Timothy},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Blanchot, Maurice, Deconstruction, Derrida, Jacques, Heidegger, Martin, History and criticism Theory, etc, Literature, Philosophy},
}

@book{beardsworth_derrida_1996,
	title = {Derrida and the {Political}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Beardsworth, Richard},
	year = {1996},
}

@misc{noauthor_beyond_nodate,
	type = {web page},
	title = {Beyond {Words} {\textbar} {Experiments} {\textbar} {Work} {\textbar} {Library} of {Congress}},
	copyright = {Text is U.S. Government Work},
	url = {https://labs.loc.gov/work/experiments/beyond-words/},
	abstract = {Launched September 2017, Retired November 2021},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2022-01-13},
	journal = {Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA},
}

@inproceedings{fischer_royal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Royal} {Society} {Corpus} 6.0: {Providing} 300+ {Years} of {Scientific} {Writing} for {Humanistic} {Study}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.99},
	abstract = {We present a new, extended version of the Royal Society Corpus (RSC), a diachronic corpus of scientific English now covering 300+ years of scientific writing (1665–1996). The corpus comprises 47 837 texts, primarily scientific articles, and is based on publications of the Royal Society of London, mainly its Philosophical Transactions and Proceedings. The corpus has been built on the basis of the FAIR principles and is freely available under a Creative Commons license, excluding copy-righted parts. We provide information on how the corpus can be found, the file formats available for download as well as accessibility via a web-based corpus query platform. We show a number of analytic tools that we have implemented for better usability and provide an example of use of the corpus for linguistic analysis as well as examples of subsequent, external uses of earlier releases. We place the RSC against the background of existing English diachronic/scientific corpora, elaborating on its value for linguistic and humanistic study.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fischer, Stefan and Knappen, Jörg and Menzel, Katrin and Teich, Elke},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {794--802},
}

@inproceedings{zinin_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpus of {Chinese} {Dynastic} {Histories}: {Gender} {Analysis} over {Two} {Millennia}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.98},
	abstract = {Chinese dynastic histories form a large continuous linguistic space of approximately 2000 years, from the 3rd century BCE to the 18th century CE. The histories are documented in Classical (Literary) Chinese in a corpus of over 20 million characters, suitable for the computational analysis of historical lexicon and semantic change. However, there is no freely available open-source corpus of these histories, making Classical Chinese low-resource. This project introduces a new open-source corpus of twenty-four dynastic histories covered by Creative Commons license. An original list of Classical Chinese gender-specific terms was developed as a case study for analyzing the historical linguistic use of male and female terms. The study demonstrates considerable stability in the usage of these terms, with dominance of male terms. Exploration of word meanings uses keyword analysis of focus corpora created for gender-specific terms. This method yields meaningful semantic representations that can be used for future studies of diachronic semantics.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zinin, Sergey and Xu, Yang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {785--793},
}

@inproceedings{hazem_books_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Books of {Hours}. the {First} {Liturgical} {Data} {Set} for {Text} {Segmentation}.},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.97},
	abstract = {The Book of Hours was the bestseller of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. It is a historical invaluable treasure, documenting the devotional practices of Christians in the late Middle Ages. Up to now, its textual content has been scarcely studied because of its manuscript nature, its length and its complex content. At first glance, it looks too standardized. However, the study of book of hours raises important challenges: (i) in image analysis, its often lavish ornamentation (illegible painted initials, line-fillers, etc.), abbreviated words, multilingualism are difficult to address in Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR); (ii) its hierarchical entangled structure offers a new field of investigation for text segmentation; (iii) in digital humanities, its textual content gives opportunities for historical analysis. In this paper, we provide the first corpus of books of hours, which consists of Latin transcriptions of 300 books of hours generated by Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) - that is like Optical Character Recognition (OCR) but for handwritten and not printed texts. We designed a structural scheme of the book of hours and annotated manually two books of hours according to this scheme. Lastly, we performed a systematic evaluation of the main state of the art text segmentation approaches.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hazem, Amir and Daille, Beatrice and Kermorvant, Christopher and Stutzmann, Dominique and Bonhomme, Marie-Laurence and Maarand, Martin and Boillet, Mélodie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {776--784},
}

@inproceedings{somashekarappa_annotation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Annotation} {Approach} for {Social} and {Referential} {Gaze} in {Dialogue}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.95},
	abstract = {This paper introduces an approach for annotating eye gaze considering both its social and the referential functions in multi-modal human-human dialogue. Detecting and interpreting the temporal patterns of gaze behavior cues is natural for humans and also mostly an unconscious process. However, these cues are difficult for conversational agents such as robots or avatars to process or generate. The key factor is to recognize these variants and carry out a successful conversation, as misinterpretation can lead to total failure of the given interaction. This paper introduces an annotation scheme for eye-gaze in human-human dyadic interactions that is intended to facilitate the learning of eye-gaze patterns in multi-modal natural dialogue.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Somashekarappa, Vidya and Howes, Christine and Sayeed, Asad},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {759--765},
}

@inproceedings{kumar_amused_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{AMUSED}: {A} {Multi}-{Stream} {Vector} {Representation} {Method} for {Use} in {Natural} {Dialogue}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.94},
	abstract = {The problem of building a coherent and non-monotonous conversational agent with proper discourse and coverage is still an area of open research. Current architectures only take care of semantic and contextual information for a given query and fail to completely account for syntactic and external knowledge which are crucial for generating responses in a chit-chat system. To overcome this problem, we propose an end to end multi-stream deep learning architecture that learns unified embeddings for query-response pairs by leveraging contextual information from memory networks and syntactic information by incorporating Graph Convolution Networks (GCN) over their dependency parse. A stream of this network also utilizes transfer learning by pre-training a bidirectional transformer to extract semantic representation for each input sentence and incorporates external knowledge through the neighborhood of the entities from a Knowledge Base (KB). We benchmark these embeddings on the next sentence prediction task and significantly improve upon the existing techniques. Furthermore, we use AMUSED to represent query and responses along with its context to develop a retrieval based conversational agent which has been validated by expert linguists to have comprehensive engagement with humans.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kumar, Gaurav and Joshi, Rishabh and Singh, Jaspreet and Yenigalla, Promod},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {750--758},
}

@inproceedings{booth_penn-style_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Penn}-style {Treebank} of {Middle} {Low} {German}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.96},
	abstract = {We outline the issues and decisions involved in creating a Penn-style treebank of Middle Low German (MLG, 1200-1650), which will form part of the Corpus of Historical Low German (CHLG). The attestation for MLG is rich, but the syntax of the language remains relatively understudied. The development of a syntactically annotated corpus for the language will facilitate future studies with a strong empirical basis, building on recent work which indicates that, syntactically, MLG occupies a position in its own right within West Germanic. In this paper, we describe the background for the corpus and the process by which texts were selected to be included. In particular, we focus on the decisions involved in the syntactic annotation of the corpus, specifically, the practical and linguistic reasons for adopting the Penn annotation scheme, the stages of the annotation process itself, and how we have adapted the Penn scheme for syntactic features specific to MLG. We also discuss the issue of data uncertainty, which is a major issue when building a corpus of an under-researched language stage like MLG, and some novel ways in which we capture this uncertainty in the annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Booth, Hannah and Breitbarth, Anne and Ecay, Aaron and Farasyn, Melissa},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {766--775},
}

@inproceedings{kontogiorgos_chinese_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Chinese {Whispers}: {A} {Multimodal} {Dataset} for {Embodied} {Language} {Grounding}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.93},
	abstract = {In this paper, we introduce a multimodal dataset in which subjects are instructing each other how to assemble IKEA furniture. Using the concept of `Chinese Whispers', an old children's game, we employ a novel method to avoid implicit experimenter biases. We let subjects instruct each other on the nature of the task: the process of the furniture assembly. Uncertainty, hesitations, repairs and self-corrections are naturally introduced in the incremental process of establishing common ground. The corpus consists of 34 interactions, where each subject first assembles and then instructs. We collected speech, eye-gaze, pointing gestures, and object movements, as well as subjective interpretations of mutual understanding, collaboration and task recall. The corpus is of particular interest to researchers who are interested in multimodal signals in situated dialogue, especially in referential communication and the process of language grounding.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kontogiorgos, Dimosthenis and Sibirtseva, Elena and Gustafson, Joakim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {743--749},
}

@inproceedings{alavi_which_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Which {Model} {Should} {We} {Use} for a {Real}-{World} {Conversational} {Dialogue} {System}? a {Cross}-{Language} {Relevance} {Model} or a {Deep} {Neural} {Net}?},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.92},
	abstract = {We compare two models for corpus-based selection of dialogue responses: one based on cross-language relevance with a cross-language LSTM model. Each model is tested on multiple corpora, collected from two different types of dialogue source material. Results show that while the LSTM model performs adequately on a very large corpus (millions of utterances), its performance is dominated by the cross-language relevance model for a more moderate-sized corpus (ten thousands of utterances).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alavi, Seyed Hossein and Leuski, Anton and Traum, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {735--742},
}

@inproceedings{georgila_predicting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Predicting {Ratings} of {Real} {Dialogue} {Participants} from {Artificial} {Data} and {Ratings} of {Human} {Dialogue} {Observers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.91},
	abstract = {We collected a corpus of dialogues in a Wizard of Oz (WOz) setting in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. We asked users participating in these dialogues to rate the system on a number of aspects, namely, intelligence, naturalness, personality, friendliness, their enjoyment, overall quality, and whether they would recommend the system to others. Then we asked dialogue observers, i.e., Amazon Mechanical Turkers (MTurkers), to rate these dialogues on the same aspects. We also generated simulated dialogues between dialogue policies and simulated users and asked MTurkers to rate them again on the same aspects. Using linear regression, we developed dialogue evaluation functions based on features from the simulated dialogues and the MTurkers' ratings, the WOz dialogues and the MTurkers' ratings, and the WOz dialogues and the WOz participants' ratings. We applied all these dialogue evaluation functions to a held-out portion of our WOz dialogues, and we report results on the predictive power of these different types of dialogue evaluation functions. Our results suggest that for three conversational aspects (intelligence, naturalness, overall quality) just training evaluation functions on simulated data could be sufficient.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Georgila, Kallirroi and Gordon, Carla and Yanov, Volodymyr and Traum, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {726--734},
}

@inproceedings{senese_mtsi-bert_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MTSI}-{BERT}: {A} {Session}-aware {Knowledge}-based {Conversational} {Agent}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.90},
	abstract = {In the last years, the state of the art of NLP research has made a huge step forward. Since the release of ELMo (Peters et al., 2018), a new race for the leading scoreboards of all the main linguistic tasks has begun. Several models have been published achieving promising results in all the major NLP applications, from question answering to text classification, passing through named entity recognition. These great research discoveries coincide with an increasing trend for voice-based technologies in the customer care market. One of the next biggest challenges in this scenario will be the handling of multi-turn conversations, a type of conversations that differs from single-turn by the presence of multiple related interactions. The proposed work is an attempt to exploit one of these new milestones to handle multi-turn conversations. MTSI-BERT is a BERT-based model achieving promising results in intent classification, knowledge base action prediction and end of dialogue session detection, to determine the right moment to fulfill the user request. The study about the realization of PuffBot, an intelligent chatbot to support and monitor people suffering from asthma, shows how this type of technique could be an important piece in the development of future chatbots.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Senese, Matteo Antonio and Rizzo, Giuseppe and Dragoni, Mauro and Morisio, Maurizio},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {717--725},
}

@article{rautiainen_opening_2019,
	title = {Opening {Digitized} {Newspapers} for {Different} {User} {Groups} - {Successes} and {Challenges}: {IFLA} {World} {Library} and {Information} {Congress} 2019},
	shorttitle = {Opening {Digitized} {Newspapers} for {Different} {User} {Groups} - {Successes} and {Challenges}},
	url = {http://library.ifla.org/2485/},
	urldate = {2022-01-13},
	journal = {IFLA WLIC 2019 - Athens, Greece - Libraries: dialogue for change},
	author = {Rautiainen, Juha},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {113 Computer and information sciences, 518 Media and communications},
}

@inproceedings{aralikatte_model-based_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Model-based {Annotation} of {Coreference}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.9},
	abstract = {Humans do not make inferences over texts, but over models of what texts are about. When annotators are asked to annotate coreferent spans of text, it is therefore a somewhat unnatural task. This paper presents an alternative in which we preprocess documents, linking entities to a knowledge base, and turn the coreference annotation task – in our case limited to pronouns – into an annotation task where annotators are asked to assign pronouns to entities. Model-based annotation is shown to lead to faster annotation and higher inter-annotator agreement, and we argue that it also opens up an alternative approach to coreference resolution. We present two new coreference benchmark datasets, for English Wikipedia and English teacher-student dialogues, and evaluate state-of-the-art coreference resolvers on them.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Aralikatte, Rahul and Søgaard, Anders},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {74--79},
}

@inproceedings{rodrigues_deepnlpf_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DeepNLPF}: {A} {Framework} for {Integrating} {Third} {Party} {NLP} {Tools}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.895},
	abstract = {Natural Language Processing (NLP) of textual data is usually broken down into a sequence of several subtasks, where the output of one the subtasks becomes the input to the following one, which constitutes an NLP pipeline. Many third-party NLP tools are currently available, each performing distinct NLP subtasks. However, it is difficult to integrate several NLP toolkits into a pipeline due to many problems, including different input/output representations or formats, distinct programming languages, and tokenization issues. This paper presents DeepNLPF, a framework that enables easy integration of third-party NLP tools, allowing the user to preprocess natural language texts at lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels. The proposed framework also provides an API for complete pipeline customization including the definition of input/output formats, integration plugin management, transparent ultiprocessing execution strategies, corpus-level statistics, and database persistence. Furthermore, the DeepNLPF user-friendly GUI allows its use even by a non-expert NLP user. We conducted runtime performance analysis showing that DeepNLPF not only easily integrates existent NLP toolkits but also reduces significant runtime processing compared to executing the same NLP pipeline in a sequential manner.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rodrigues, Francisco and Lima, Rinaldo and Domingues, William and Fidalgo, Robson and Chifu, Adrian and Espinasse, Bernard and Fournier, Sébastien},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7244--7251},
}

@inproceedings{rim_interchange_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Interchange {Formats} for {Visualization}: {LIF} and {MMIF}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.893},
	abstract = {Promoting interoperrable computational linguistics (CL) and natural language processing (NLP) application platforms and interchange-able data formats have contributed improving discoverabilty and accessbility of the openly available NLP software. In this paper, wediscuss the enhanced data visualization capabilities that are also enabled by inter-operating NLP pipelines and interchange formats.For adding openly available visualization tools and graphical annotation tools to the Language Applications Grid (LAPPS Grid) andComputational Linguistics Applications for Multimedia Services (CLAMS) toolboxes, we have developed interchange formats that cancarry annotations and metadata for text and audiovisual source data. We descibe those data formats and present case studies where wesuccessfully adopt open-source visualization tools and combine them with CL tools.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rim, Kyeongmin and Lynch, Kelley and Verhagen, Marc and Ide, Nancy and Pustejovsky, James},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7230--7237},
}

@inproceedings{waszczuk_contemplata_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Contemplata, a {Free} {Platform} for {Constituency} {Treebank} {Annotation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.892},
	abstract = {This paper describes Contemplata, an annotation platform that offers a generic solution for treebank building as well as treebank enrichment with relations between syntactic nodes. Contemplata is dedicated to the annotation of constituency trees. The framework includes support for syntactic parsers, which provide automatic annotations to be manually revised. The balanced strategy of annotation between automatic parsing and manual revision allows to reduce the annotator workload, which favours data reliability. The paper presents the software architecture of Contemplata, describes its practical use and eventually gives two examples of annotation projects that were conducted on the platform.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Waszczuk, Jakub and Wang, Ilaine and Antoine, Jean-Yves and Halftermeyer, Anaïs},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7222--7229},
}

@inproceedings{davidson_developing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Developing {NLP} {Tools} with a {New} {Corpus} of {Learner} {Spanish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.894},
	abstract = {The development of effective NLP tools for the L2 classroom depends largely on the availability of large annotated corpora of language learner text. While annotated learner corpora of English are widely available, large learner corpora of Spanish are less common. Those Spanish corpora that are available do not contain the annotations needed to facilitate the development of tools beneficial to language learners, such as grammatical error correction. As a result, the field has seen little research in NLP tools designed to benefit Spanish language learners and teachers. We introduce COWS-L2H, a freely available corpus of Spanish learner data which includes error annotations and parallel corrected text to help researchers better understand L2 development, to examine teaching practices empirically, and to develop NLP tools to better serve the Spanish teaching community. We demonstrate the utility of this corpus by developing a neural-network based grammatical error correction system for Spanish learner writing.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Davidson, Sam and Yamada, Aaron and Fernandez Mira, Paloma and Carando, Agustina and Sanchez Gutierrez, Claudia H. and Sagae, Kenji},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7238--7243},
}

@inproceedings{fath_fintan_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Fintan - {Flexible}, {Integrated} {Transformation} and {Annotation} {eNgineering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.891},
	abstract = {We introduce the Flexible and Integrated Transformation and Annotation eNgeneering (Fintan) platform for converting heterogeneous linguistic resources to RDF. With its modular architecture, workflow management and visualization features, Fintan facilitates the development of complex transformation pipelines by integrating generic RDF converters and augmenting them with extended graph processing capabilities: Existing converters can be easily deployed to the system by means of an ontological data structure which renders their properties and the dependencies between transformation steps. Development of subsequent graph transformation steps for resource transformation, annotation engineering or entity linking is further facilitated by a novel visual rendering of SPARQL queries. A graphical workflow manager allows to easily manage the converter modules and combine them to new transformation pipelines. Employing the stream-based graph processing approach first implemented with CoNLL-RDF, we address common challenges and scalability issues when transforming resources and showcase the performance of Fintan by means of a purely graph-based transformation of the Universal Morphology data to RDF.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fäth, Christian and Chiarcos, Christian and Ebbrecht, Björn and Ionov, Maxim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7212--7221},
}

@inproceedings{forti_malt-it2_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MALT}-{IT2}: {A} {New} {Resource} to {Measure} {Text} {Difficulty} in {Light} of {CEFR} {Levels} for {Italian} {L2} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.890},
	abstract = {This paper presents a new resource for automatically assessing text difficulty in the context of Italian as a second or foreign language learning and teaching. It is called MALT-IT2, and it automatically classifies inputted texts according to the CEFR level they are more likely to belong to. After an introduction to the field of automatic text difficulty assessment, and an overview of previous related work, we describe the rationale of the project, the corpus and computational system it is based on. Experiments were conducted in order to investigate the reliability of the system. The results show that the system is able to obtain a good prediction accuracy, while a further analysis was conducted in order to identify the categories of features which mostly influenced the predictions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Forti, Luciana and Grego Bolli, Giuliana and Santarelli, Filippo and Santucci, Valentino and Spina, Stefania},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7204--7211},
}

@inproceedings{hmamouche_brainpredict_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{BrainPredict}: a {Tool} for {Predicting} and {Visualising} {Local} {Brain} {Activity}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.89},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a tool allowing dynamic prediction and visualization of an individual's local brain activity during a conversation. The prediction module of this tool is based on classifiers trained using a corpus of human-human and human-robot conversations including fMRI recordings. More precisely, the module takes as input behavioral features computed from raw data, mainly the participant and the interlocutor speech but also the participant's visual input and eye movements. The visualisation module shows in real-time the dynamics of brain active areas synchronised with the behavioral raw data. In addition, it shows which integrated behavioral features are used to predict the activity in individual brain areas.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hmamouche, Youssef and Prévot, Laurent and Ochs, Magalie and Chaminade, Thierry},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {710--716},
}

@inproceedings{fiorelli_editing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Editing {OntoLex}-{Lemon} in {VocBench} 3},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.889},
	abstract = {OntoLex-Lemon is a collection of RDF vocabularies for specifying the verbalization of ontologies in natural language. Beyond its original scope, OntoLex-Lemon, as well as its predecessor Monnet lemon, found application in the Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud to represent and interlink language resources on the Semantic Web. Unfortunately, generic ontology and RDF editors were considered inconvenient to use with OntoLex-Lemon because of its complex design patterns and other peculiarities, including indirection, reification and subtle integrity constraints. This perception led to the development of dedicated editors, trading the flexibility of RDF in combining different models (and the features already available in existing RDF editors) for a more direct and streamlined editing of OntoLex-Lemon patterns. In this paper, we investigate on the benefits gained by extending an already existing RDF editor, VocBench 3, with capabilities closely tailored to OntoLex-Lemon and on the challenges that such extension implies. The outcome of such investigation is twofold: a vertical assessment of a new editor for OntoLex-Lemon and, in the broader scope of RDF editor design, a new perspective on which flexibility and extensibility characteristics an editor should meet in order to cover new core modeling vocabularies, for which OntoLex-Lemon represents a use case.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fiorelli, Manuel and Stellato, Armando and Lorenzetti, Tiziano and Turbati, Andrea and Schmitz, Peter and Francesconi, Enrico and Hajlaoui, Najeh and Batouche, Brahim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7194--7203},
}

@inproceedings{stajner_coco_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CoCo}: {A} {Tool} for {Automatically} {Assessing} {Conceptual} {Complexity} of {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.887},
	abstract = {Traditional text complexity assessment usually takes into account only syntactic and lexical text complexity. The task of automatic assessment of conceptual text complexity, important for maintaining reader’s interest and text adaptation for struggling readers, has only been proposed recently. In this paper, we present CoCo - a tool for automatic assessment of conceptual text complexity, based on using the current state-of-the-art unsupervised approach. We make the code and API freely available for research purposes, and describe the code and the possibility for its personalization and adaptation in details. We compare the current implementation with the state of the art, discussing the influence of the choice of entity linker on the performances of the tool. Finally, we present results obtained on two widely used text simplification corpora, discussing the full potential of the tool.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Stajner, Sanja and Nisioi, Sergiu and Hulpuș, Ioana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7179--7186},
}

@inproceedings{trips_lemmatising_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Lemmatising {Verbs} in {Middle} {English} {Corpora}: {The} {Benefit} of {Enriching} the {Penn}-{Helsinki} {Parsed} {Corpus} of {Middle} {English} 2 ({PPCME2}), the {Parsed} {Corpus} of {Middle} {English} {Poetry} ({PCMEP}), and {A} {Parsed} {Linguistic} {Atlas} of {Early} {Middle} {English} ({PLAEME})},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.886},
	abstract = {This paper describes the lemmatisation of three annotated corpora of Middle English—the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English 2 (PPCME2), the Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry (PCMEP), and A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (PLAEME) — which is a prerequisite for systematically investigating the argument structures of verbs of the given time. Creating this tool and enriching existing parsed corpora of Middle English is part of the project Borrowing of Argument Structure in Contact Situations (BASICS) which seeks to explain to which extent verbs copied from Old French had an impact on the grammar of Middle English. First, we lemmatised the PPCME2 by (1) creating an inventory of form-lemma correspondences linking forms in the PPCME2 to lemmas in the MED, and (2) inserting this lemma information into the corpus (precision: 94.85\%, recall: 98.92\%). Second, we enriched the PCMEP and PLAEME, which adopted the annotation format of the PPCME2, with verb lemmas to undertake studies that fill the well-known data gap in the subperiod (1250–1350) of the PPCME2. The case study of reflexives shows that with our method we gain much more reliable results in terms of diachrony, diatopy and contact-induced change.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Trips, Carola and Percillier, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7170--7178},
}

@inproceedings{laur_estnltk_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{EstNLTK} 1.6: {Remastered} {Estonian} {NLP} {Pipeline}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.884},
	abstract = {The goal of the EstNLTK Python library is to provide a unified programming interface for natural language processing in Estonian. As such, previous versions of the library have been immensely successful both in academic and industrial circles. However, they also contained serious structural limitations – it was hard to add new components and there was a lack of fine-grained control needed for back-end programming. These issues have been explicitly addressed in the EstNLTK library while preserving the intuitive interface for novices. We have remastered the basic NLP pipeline by adding many data cleaning steps that are necessary for analyzing real-life texts, and state of the art components for morphological analysis and fact extraction. Our evaluation on unlabelled data shows that the remastered basic NLP pipeline outperforms both the previous version of the toolkit, as well as neural models of StanfordNLP. In addition, EstNLTK contains a new interface for storing, processing and querying text objects in Postgres database which greatly simplifies processing of large text collections. EstNLTK is freely available under the GNU GPL version 2 license, which is standard for academic software.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Laur, Sven and Orasmaa, Siim and Särg, Dage and Tammo, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7152--7160},
}

@inproceedings{verner_pyvallex_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{PyVallex}: {A} {Processing} {System} for {Valency} {Lexicon} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.888},
	abstract = {PyVallex is a Python-based system for presenting, searching/filtering, editing/extending and automatic processing of machine-readable lexicon data originally available in a text-based format. The system consists of several components: a parser for the specific lexicon format used in several valency lexicons, a data-validation framework, a regular expression based search engine, a map-reduce style framework for querying the lexicon data and a web-based interface integrating complex search and some basic editing capabilities. PyVallex provides most of the typical functionalities of a Dictionary Writing System (DWS), such as multiple presentation modes for the underlying lexical database, automatic evaluation of consistency tests, and a mechanism of merging updates coming from multiple sources. The editing functionality is currently limited to the client-side interface and edits of existing lexical entries, but additional script-based operations on the database are also possible. The code is published under the open source MIT license and is also available in the form of a Python module for integrating into other software.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Verner, Jonathan and Vernerová, Anna},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7187--7193},
}

@inproceedings{chiarcos_tree_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Tree} {Extension} for {CoNLL}-{RDF}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.885},
	abstract = {The technological bridges between knowledge graphs and natural language processing are of utmost importance for the future development of language technology. CoNLL-RDF is a technology that provides such a bridge for popular one-word-per-line formats as widely used in NLP (e.g., the CoNLL Shared Tasks), annotation (Universal Dependencies, Unimorph), corpus linguistics (Corpus WorkBench, CWB) and digital lexicography (SketchEngine): Every empty-line separated table (usually a sentence) is parsed into an graph, can be freely manipulated and enriched using W3C-standardized RDF technology, and then be serialized back into in a TSV format, RDF or other formats. An important limitation is that CoNLL-RDF provides native support for word-level annotations only. This does include dependency syntax and semantic role annotations, but neither phrase structures nor text structure. We describe the extension of the CoNLL-RDF technology stack for two vocabulary extensions of CoNLL-TSV, the PTB bracket notation used in earlier CoNLL Shared Tasks and the extension with XML markup elements featured by CWB and SketchEngine. In order to represent the necessary extensions of the CoNLL vocabulary in an adequate fashion, we employ the POWLA vocabulary for representing and navigating in tree structures.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chiarcos, Christian and Glaser, Luis},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7161--7169},
}

@inproceedings{brunato_profiling-ud_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Profiling-{UD}: a {Tool} for {Linguistic} {Profiling} of {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.883},
	abstract = {In this paper, we introduce Profiling–UD, a new text analysis tool inspired to the principles of linguistic profiling that can support language variation research from different perspectives. It allows the extraction of more than 130 features, spanning across different levels of linguistic description. Beyond the large number of features that can be monitored, a main novelty of Profiling–UD is that it has been specifically devised to be multilingual since it is based on the Universal Dependencies framework. In the second part of the paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these features in a number of theoretical and applicative studies in which they were successfully used for text and author profiling.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Brunato, Dominique and Cimino, Andrea and Dell'Orletta, Felice and Venturi, Giulia and Montemagni, Simonetta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7145--7151},
}

@inproceedings{qader_seq2seqpy_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{Seq2SeqPy}: {A} {Lightweight} and {Customizable} {Toolkit} for {Neural} {Sequence}-to-{Sequence} {Modeling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.882},
	abstract = {We present Seq2SeqPy a lightweight toolkit for sequence-to-sequence modeling that prioritizes simplicity and ability to customize the standard architectures easily. The toolkit supports several known architectures such as Recurrent Neural Networks, Pointer Generator Networks, and transformer model. We evaluate the toolkit on two datasets and we show that the toolkit performs similarly or even better than a very widely used sequence-to-sequence toolkit.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Qader, Raheel and Portet, François and Labbe, Cyril},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7140--7144},
}

@inproceedings{stodden_you_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Do you {Feel} {Certain} about your {Annotation}? {A} {Web}-based {Semantic} {Frame} {Annotation} {Tool} {Considering} {Annotators}’ {Concerns} and {Behaviors}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.881},
	abstract = {In this system demonstration paper, we present an open-source web-based application with a responsive design for modular semantic frame annotation (SFA). Besides letting experienced and inexperienced users do suggestion-based and slightly-controlled annotations, the system keeps track of the time and changes during the annotation process and stores the users’ confidence with the current annotation. This collected metadata can be used to get insights regarding the difficulty of an annotation with the same type or frame or can be used as an input of an annotation cost measurement for an active learning algorithm. The tool was already used to build a manually annotated corpus with semantic frames and its arguments for task 2 of SemEval 2019 regarding unsupervised lexical frame induction (QasemiZadeh et al., 2019). Although English sentences from the Wall Street Journal corpus of the Penn Treebank were annotated for this task, it is also possible to use the proposed tool for the annotation of sentences in other languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Stodden, Regina and QasemiZadeh, Behrang and Kallmeyer, Laura},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7132--7139},
}

@inproceedings{okinina_ctap_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CTAP} for {Italian}: {Integrating} {Components} for the {Analysis} of {Italian} into a {Multilingual} {Linguistic} {Complexity} {Analysis} {Tool}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.880},
	abstract = {Linguistic complexity research being a very actively developing field, an increasing number of text analysis tools are created that use natural language processing techniques for the automatic extraction of quantifiable measures of linguistic complexity. While most tools are designed to analyse only one language, the CTAP open source linguistic complexity measurement tool is capable of processing multiple languages, making cross-lingual comparisons possible. Although it was originally developed for English, the architecture has been ex-tended to support multi-lingual analyses. Here we present the Italian component of CTAP, describe its implementation and compare it to the existing linguistic complexity tools for Italian. Offering general text length statistics and features for lexical, syntactic, and morpho-syntactic complexity (including measures of lexical frequency, lexical diversity, lexical and syntactical variation, part-of-speech density), CTAP is currently the most comprehensive linguistic complexity measurement tool for Italian and the only one allowing the comparison of Italian texts to multiple other languages within one tool.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Okinina, Nadezda and Frey, Jennifer-Carmen and Weiss, Zarah},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7123--7131},
}

@inproceedings{rose_improving_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Improving the {Production} {Efficiency} and {Well}-formedness of {Automatically}-{Generated} {Multiple}-{Choice} {Cloze} {Vocabulary} {Questions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.877},
	abstract = {Multiple-choice cloze (fill-in-the-blank) questions are widely used in knowledge testing and are commonly used for testing vocabulary knowledge. Word Quiz Constructor (WQC) is a Java application that is designed to produce such test items automatically from the Academic Word List (Coxhead, 2000) and using various online and offline resources. The present work evaluates recently added features of WQC to see whether they improve the production quality and well-formedness of vocabulary quiz items over previously implemented features in WQC. Results of a production test and a well-formedness survey using Amazon Mechanical Turk show that newly-introduced features (Linsear Write readability formula and Google Books NGrams frequency list) significantly improve the production quality of items over previous features (Automated Readability Index and frequency list derived from the British Academic Written English corpus). Items are produced faster and stem sentences are shorter in length without any degradation in their well-formedness. Approximately 90\% of such items are judged well-formed, surpassing the rate of manually-produced items.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rose, Ralph},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7094--7101},
}

@inproceedings{ogawa_gamification_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Gamification {Platform} for {Collecting} {Task}-oriented {Dialogue} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.876},
	abstract = {Demand for massive language resources is increasing as the data-driven approach has established a leading position in Natural Language Processing. However, creating dialogue corpora is still a difficult task due to the complexity of the human dialogue structure and the diversity of dialogue topics. Though crowdsourcing is majorly used to assemble such data, it presents problems such as less-motivated workers. We propose a platform for collecting task-oriented situated dialogue data by using gamification. Combining a video game with data collection benefits such as motivating workers and cost reduction. Our platform enables data collectors to create their original video game in which they can collect dialogue data of various types of tasks by using the logging function of the platform. Also, the platform provides the annotation function that enables players to annotate their own utterances. The annotation can be gamified aswell. We aim at high-quality annotation by introducing such self-annotation method. We implemented a prototype of the proposed platform and conducted a preliminary evaluation to obtain promising results in terms of both dialogue data collection and self-annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ogawa, Haruna and Nishikawa, Hitoshi and Tokunaga, Takenobu and Yokono, Hikaru},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7084--7093},
}

@inproceedings{rojowiec_intent_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Intent {Recognition} in {Doctor}-{Patient} {Interviews}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.88},
	abstract = {Learning to interview patients to find out their disease is an essential part of the training of medical students. The practical part of this training has traditionally relied on paid actors that play the role of a patient to be interviewed. This process is expensive and severely limits the amount of practice per student. In this work, we present a novel data set and methods based on Natural Language Processing, for making progress towards modern applications and e-learning tools that support this training by providing language-based user interfaces with virtual patients. A data set of german transcriptions from live doctor-patient interviews was collected. These transcriptions are based on audio recordings of exercise sessions within the university and only the doctor's utterances could be transcribed. We annotated each utterance with an intent inventory characterizing the purpose of the question or statement. For some intent classes, the data only contains a few samples, and we apply Information Retrieval and Deep Learning methods that are robust with respect to small amounts of training data for recognizing the intent of an utterance and providing the correct response. Our results show that the models are effective and they provide baseline performance scores on the data set for further research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rojowiec, Robin and Roth, Benjamin and Fink, Maximilian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {702--709},
}

@inproceedings{eskander_morphagram_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MorphAGram}, {Evaluation} and {Framework} for {Unsupervised} {Morphological} {Segmentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.879},
	abstract = {Computational morphological segmentation has been an active research topic for decades as it is beneficial for many natural language processing tasks. With the high cost of manually labeling data for morphology and the increasing interest in low-resource languages, unsupervised morphological segmentation has become essential for processing a typologically diverse set of languages, whether high-resource or low-resource. In this paper, we present and release MorphAGram, a publicly available framework for unsupervised morphological segmentation that uses Adaptor Grammars (AG) and is based on the work presented by Eskander et al. (2016). We conduct an extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluation of this framework on 12 languages and show that the framework achieves state-of-the-art results across languages of different typologies (from fusional to polysynthetic and from high-resource to low-resource).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Eskander, Ramy and Callejas, Francesca and Nichols, Elizabeth and Klavans, Judith and Muresan, Smaranda},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7112--7122},
}

@inproceedings{rehbein_improving_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Improving {Sentence} {Boundary} {Detection} for {Spoken} {Language} {Transcripts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.878},
	abstract = {This paper presents experiments on sentence boundary detection in transcripts of spoken dialogues. Segmenting spoken language into sentence-like units is a challenging task, due to disfluencies, ungrammatical or fragmented structures and the lack of punctuation. In addition, one of the main bottlenecks for many NLP applications for spoken language is the small size of the training data, as the transcription and annotation of spoken language is by far more time-consuming and labour-intensive than processing written language. We therefore investigate the benefits of data expansion and transfer learning and test different ML architectures for this task. Our results show that data expansion is not straightforward and even data from the same domain does not always improve results. They also highlight the importance of modelling, i.e. of finding the best architecture and data representation for the task at hand. For the detection of boundaries in spoken language transcripts, we achieve a substantial improvement when framing the boundary detection problem assentence pair classification task, as compared to a sequence tagging approach.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rehbein, Ines and Ruppenhofer, Josef and Schmidt, Thomas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7102--7111},
}

@inproceedings{krishna_shr_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SHR}++: {An} {Interface} for {Morpho}-syntactic {Annotation} of {Sanskrit} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.874},
	abstract = {We propose a web-based annotation framework, SHR++, for morpho-syntactic annotation of corpora in Sanskrit. SHR++ is designed to generate annotations for the word-segmentation, morphological parsing and dependency analysis tasks in Sanskrit. It incorporates analyses and predictions from various tools designed for processing texts in Sanskrit, and utilise them to ease the cognitive load of the human annotators. Specifically, SHR++ uses Sanskrit Heritage Reader, a lexicon driven shallow parser for enumerating all the phonetically and lexically valid word splits along with their morphological analyses for a given string. This would help the annotators in choosing the solutions, rather than performing the segmentations by themselves. Further, predictions from a word segmentation tool are added as suggestions that can aid the human annotators in their decision making. Our evaluation shows that enabling this segmentation suggestion component reduces the annotation time by 20.15 \%. SHR++ can be accessed online at http://vidhyut97.pythonanywhere.com/ and the codebase, for the independent deployment of the system elsewhere, is hosted at https://github.com/iamdsc/smart-sanskrit-annotator.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Krishna, Amrith and Vidhyut, Shiv and Chawla, Dilpreet and Sambhavi, Sruti and Goyal, Pawan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7069--7076},
}

@inproceedings{larson_data_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Data {Query} {Language} and {Corpus} {Tools} for {Slot}-{Filling} and {Intent} {Classification} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.873},
	abstract = {Typical machine learning approaches to developing task-oriented dialog systems require the collection and management of large amounts of training data, especially for the tasks of intent classification and slot-filling. Managing this data can be cumbersome without dedicated tools to help the dialog system designer understand the nature of the data. This paper presents a toolkit for analyzing slot-filling and intent classification corpora. We present a toolkit that includes (1) a new lightweight and readable data and file format for intent classification and slot-filling corpora, (2) a new query language for searching intent classification and slot-filling corpora, and (3) tools for understanding the structure and makeup for such corpora. We apply our toolkit to several well-known NLU datasets, and demonstrate that our toolkit can be used to uncover interesting and surprising insights. By releasing our toolkit to the research community, we hope to enable others to develop more robust and intelligent slot-filling and intent classification models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Larson, Stefan and Guldan, Eric and Leach, Kevin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7060--7068},
}

@inproceedings{daudert_web-based_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Web}-based {Collaborative} {Annotation} and {Consolidation} {Tool}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.872},
	abstract = {Annotation tools are a valuable asset for the construction of labelled textual datasets. However, they tend to have a rigid structure, closed back-end and front-end, and are built in a non-user-friendly way. These downfalls difficult their use in annotation tasks requiring varied text formats, prevent researchers to optimise the tool to the annotation task, and impede people with little programming knowledge to easily modify the tool rendering it unusable for a large cohort. Targeting these needs, we present a web-based collaborative annotation and consolidation tool (AWOCATo), capable of supporting varied textual formats. AWOCATo is based on three pillars: (1) Simplicity, built with a modular architecture employing easy to use technologies; (2) Flexibility, the JSON configuration file allows an easy adaption to the annotation task; (3) Customizability, parameters such as labels, colours, or consolidation features can be easily customized. These features allow AWOCATo to support a range of tasks and domains, filling the gap left by the absence of annotation tools that can be used by people with and without programming knowledge, including those who wish to easily adapt a tool to less common tasks. AWOCATo is available for download at https://github.com/TDaudert/AWOCATo.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Daudert, Tobias},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7053--7059},
}

@inproceedings{oka_kotonoha_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{KOTONOHA}: {A} {Corpus} {Concordance} {System} for {Skewer}-{Searching} {NINJAL} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.875},
	abstract = {The National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Japan (NINJAL, Japan), has developed several types of corpora. For each corpus NINJAL provided an online search environment, `Chunagon', which is a morphological-information-annotation-based concordance system made publicly available in 2011. NINJAL has now provided a skewer-search system `Kotonoha' based on the `Chunagon' systems. This system enables querying of multiple corpora by certain categories, such as register type and period.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Oka, Teruaki and Ishimoto, Yuichi and Yagi, Yutaka and Nakamura, Takenori and Asahara, Masayuki and Maekawa, Kikuo and Ogiso, Toshinobu and Koiso, Hanae and Sakoda, Kumiko and Kibe, Nobuko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7077--7083},
}

@inproceedings{indig_xtsv_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The xtsv {Framework} and the {Twelve} {Virtues} of {Pipelines}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.871},
	abstract = {We present xtsv, an abstract framework for building NLP pipelines. It covers several kinds of functionalities which can be implemented at an abstract level. We survey these features and argue that all are desired in a modern pipeline. The framework has a simple yet powerful internal communication format which is essentially tsv (tab separated values) with header plus some additional features. We put emphasis on the capabilities of the presented framework, for example its ability to allow new modules to be easily integrated or replaced, or the variety of its usage options. When a module is put into xtsv, all functionalities of the system are immediately available for that module, and the module can be be a part of an xtsv pipeline. The design also allows convenient investigation and manual correction of the data flow from one module to another. We demonstrate the power of our framework with a successful application: a concrete NLP pipeline for Hungarian called e-magyar text processing system (emtsv) which integrates Hungarian NLP tools in xtsv. All the advantages of the pipeline come from the inherent properties of the xtsv framework.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Indig, Balázs and Sass, Bálint and Mittelholcz, Iván},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7044--7052},
}

@inproceedings{lima_lopez_hitzalmed_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HitzalMed}: {Anonymisation} of {Clinical} {Text} in {Spanish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.870},
	abstract = {HitzalMed is a web-framed tool that performs automatic detection of sensitive information in clinical texts using machine learning algorithms reported to be competitive for the task. Moreover, once sensitive information is detected, different anonymisation techniques are implemented that are configurable by the user –for instance, substitution, where sensitive items are replaced by same category text in an effort to generate a new document that looks as natural as the original one. The tool is able to get data from different document formats and outputs downloadable anonymised data. This paper presents the anonymisation and substitution technology and the demonstrator which is publicly available at https://snlt.vicomtech.org/hitzalmed.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lima Lopez, Salvador and Perez, Naiara and García-Sardiña, Laura and Cuadros, Montse},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7038--7043},
}

@inproceedings{oliver_resipc_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ReSiPC}: a {Tool} for {Complex} {Searches} in {Parallel} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.869},
	abstract = {In this paper, a tool specifically designed to allow for complex searches in large parallel corpora is presented. The formalism for the queries is very powerful as it uses standard regular expressions that allow for complex queries combining word forms, lemmata and POS-tags. As queries are performed over POS-tags, at least one of the languages in the parallel corpus should be POS-tagged. Searches can be performed in one of the languages or in both languages at the same time. The program is able to POS-tag the corpora using the Freeling analyzer through its Python API. ReSiPC is developed in Python version 3 and it is distributed under a free license (GNU GPL). The tool can be used to provide data for contrastive linguistics research and an example of use in a Spanish-Croatian parallel corpus is presented. ReSiPC is designed for queries in POS-tagged corpora, but it can be easily adapted for querying corpora containing other kinds of information.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Oliver, Antoni and Mikelenić, Bojana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7033--7037},
}

@inproceedings{obeid_camel_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CAMeL} {Tools}: {An} {Open} {Source} {Python} {Toolkit} for {Arabic} {Natural} {Language} {Processing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.868},
	abstract = {We present CAMeL Tools, a collection of open-source tools for Arabic natural language processing in Python. CAMeL Tools currently provides utilities for pre-processing, morphological modeling, Dialect Identification, Named Entity Recognition and Sentiment Analysis. In this paper, we describe the design of CAMeL Tools and the functionalities it provides.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Obeid, Ossama and Zalmout, Nasser and Khalifa, Salam and Taji, Dima and Oudah, Mai and Alhafni, Bashar and Inoue, Go and Eryani, Fadhl and Erdmann, Alexander and Habash, Nizar},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7022--7032},
}

@inproceedings{ito_relation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Relation between {Degree} of {Empathy} for {Narrative} {Speech} and {Type} of {Responsive} {Utterance} in {Attentive} {Listening}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.87},
	abstract = {Nowadays, spoken dialogue agents such as communication robots and smart speakers listen to narratives of humans. In order for such an agent to be recognized as a listener of narratives and convey the attitude of attentive listening, it is necessary to generate responsive utterances. Moreover, responsive utterances can express empathy to narratives and showing an appropriate degree of empathy to narratives is significant for enhancing speaker's motivation. The degree of empathy shown by responsive utterances is thought to depend on their type. However, the relation between responsive utterances and degrees of the empathy has not been explored yet. This paper describes the classification of responsive utterances based on the degree of empathy in order to explain that relation. In this research, responsive utterances are classified into five levels based on the effect of utterances and literature on attentive listening. Quantitative evaluations using 37,995 responsive utterances showed the appropriateness of the proposed classification.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ito, Koichiro and Murata, Masaki and Ohno, Tomohiro and Matsubara, Shigeki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {696--701},
}

@inproceedings{kupietz_rkorapclient_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{RKorAPClient}: {An} {R} {Package} for {Accessing} the {German} {Reference} {Corpus} {DeReKo} via {KorAP}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.867},
	abstract = {Making corpora accessible and usable for linguistic research is a huge challenge in view of (too) big data, legal issues and a rapidly evolving methodology. This does not only affect the design of user-friendly graphical interfaces to corpus analysis tools, but also the availability of programming interfaces supporting access to the functionality of these tools from various analysis and development environments. RKorAPClient is a new research tool in the form of an R package that interacts with the Web API of the corpus analysis platform KorAP, which provides access to large annotated corpora, including the German reference corpus DeReKo with 45 billion tokens.In addition to optionally authenticated KorAP API access, RKorAPClient provides further processing and visualization features to simplify common corpus analysis tasks. This paper introduces the basic functionality of RKorAPClient and exemplifies various analysis tasks based on DeReKo, that are bundled within the R package and can serve as a basic framework for advanced analysis and visualization approaches.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kupietz, Marc and Diewald, Nils and Margaretha, Eliza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7015--7021},
}

@inproceedings{forkel_cldfbench_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CLDFBench}: {Give} {Your} {Cross}-{Linguistic} {Data} a {Lift}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.864},
	abstract = {While the amount of cross-linguistic data is constantly increasing, most datasets produced today and in the past cannot be considered FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reproducible). To remedy this and to increase the comparability of cross-linguistic resources, it is not enough to set up standards and best practices for data to be collected in the future. We also need consistent workflows for the “retro-standardization” of data that has been published during the past decades and centuries. With the Cross-Linguistic Data Formats initiative, first standards for cross-linguistic data have been presented and successfully tested. So far, however, CLDF creation was hampered by the fact that it required a considerable degree of computational proficiency. With cldfbench, we introduce a framework for the retro-standardization of legacy data and the curation of new datasets that drastically simplifies the creation of CLDF by providing a consistent, reproducible workflow that rigorously supports version control and long term archiving of research data and code. The framework is distributed in form of a Python package along with usage information and examples for best practice. This study introduces the new framework and illustrates how it can be applied by showing how a resource containing structural and lexical data for Sinitic languages can be efficiently retro-standardized and analyzed.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Forkel, Robert and List, Johann-Mattis},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6995--7002},
}

@inproceedings{koeva_natural_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Natural {Language} {Processing} {Pipeline} to {Annotate} {Bulgarian} {Legislative} {Documents}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.863},
	abstract = {The paper presents the Bulgarian MARCELL corpus, part of a recently developed multilingual corpus representing the national legislation in seven European countries and the NLP pipeline that turns the web crawled data into structured, linguistically annotated dataset. The Bulgarian data is web crawled, extracted from the original HTML format, filtered by document type, tokenised, sentence split, tagged and lemmatised with a fine-grained version of the Bulgarian Language Processing Chain, dependency parsed with NLP- Cube, annotated with named entities (persons, locations, organisations and others), noun phrases, IATE terms and EuroVoc descriptors. An orchestrator process has been developed to control the NLP pipeline performing an end-to-end data processing and annotation starting from the documents identification and ending in the generation of statistical reports. The Bulgarian MARCELL corpus consists of 25,283 documents (at the beginning of November 2019), which are classified into eleven types.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Koeva, Svetla and Obreshkov, Nikola and Yalamov, Martin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6988--6994},
}

@inproceedings{machalek_word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Word at a {Glance}: {Modular} {Word} {Profile} {Aggregator}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.866},
	abstract = {Word at a Glance (WaG) is a word profile aggregator that provides means for exploring individual words, their comparison and translation, based on existing language resources and related software services. It is designed as a building kit-like application that fetches data from different sources and compiles them into a single, comprehensible and structured web page. WaG can be easily configured to support many tasks, but in general, it is intended to be used not only by language experts but also the general public.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Machálek, Tomáš},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7009--7014},
}

@inproceedings{machalek_kontext_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{KonText}: {Advanced} and {Flexible} {Corpus} {Query} {Interface}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.865},
	abstract = {We present an advanced, highly customizable corpus query interface KonText built on top of core libraries of the open-source corpus search engine NoSketch Engine (NoSkE). The aim is to overcome some limitations of the original NoSkE user interface and provide integration capabilities allowing connection of the basic search service with other language resources (LRs). The introduced features are based on long-term feedback given by the users and researchers of the Czech National Corpus (CNC) along with other LRs providers running KonText as a part of their services. KonText is a fully operational and mature software deployed at the CNC since 2014 that currently handles thousands user queries per day.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Machálek, Tomáš},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {7003--7008},
}

@inproceedings{costello_dragonfly_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dragonfly: {Advances} in {Non}-{Speaker} {Annotation} for {Low} {Resource} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.862},
	abstract = {Dragonfly is an open source software tool that supports annotation of text in a low resource language by non-speakers of the language. Using semantic and contextual information, non-speakers of a language familiar with the Latin script can produce high quality named entity annotations to support construction of a name tagger. We describe a procedure for annotating low resource languages using Dragonfly that others can use, which we developed based on our experience annotating data in more than ten languages. We also present performance comparisons between models trained on native speaker and non-speaker annotations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Costello, Cash and Anderson, Shelby and Bishop, Caitlyn and Mayfield, James and McNamee, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6983--6987},
}

@inproceedings{titeux_seshat_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Seshat: a {Tool} for {Managing} and {Verifying} {Annotation} {Campaigns} of {Audio} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.861},
	abstract = {We introduce Seshat, a new, simple and open-source software to efficiently manage annotations of speech corpora. The Seshat software allows users to easily customise and manage annotations of large audio corpora while ensuring compliance with the formatting and naming conventions of the annotated output files. In addition, it includes procedures for checking the content of annotations following specific rules that can be implemented in personalised parsers. Finally, we propose a double-annotation mode, for which Seshat computes automatically an associated inter-annotator agreement with the gamma measure taking into account the categorisation and segmentation discrepancies.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Titeux, Hadrien and Riad, Rachid and Cao, Xuan-Nga and Hamilakis, Nicolas and Madden, Kris and Cristia, Alejandrina and Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine and Dupoux, Emmanuel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6976--6982},
}

@inproceedings{zouhar_outbound_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Outbound {Translation} {User} {Interface} {Ptakopět}: {A} {Pilot} {Study}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.860},
	abstract = {It is not uncommon for Internet users to have to produce a text in a foreign language they have very little knowledge of and are unable to verify the translation quality. We call the task “outbound translation” and explore it by introducing an open-source modular system Ptakopět. Its main purpose is to inspect human interaction with MT systems enhanced with additional subsystems, such as backward translation and quality estimation. We follow up with an experiment on (Czech) human annotators tasked to produce questions in a language they do not speak (German), with the help of Ptakopět. We focus on three real-world use cases (communication with IT support, describing administrative issues and asking encyclopedic questions) from which we gain insight into different strategies users take when faced with outbound translation tasks. Round trip translation is known to be unreliable for evaluating MT systems but our experimental evaluation documents that it works very well for users, at least on MT systems of mid-range quality.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zouhar, Vilém and Bojar, Ondřej},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6967--6975},
}

@inproceedings{bonial_dialogue-amr_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dialogue-{AMR}: {Abstract} {Meaning} {Representation} for {Dialogue}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.86},
	abstract = {This paper describes a schema that enriches Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) in order to provide a semantic representation for facilitating Natural Language Understanding (NLU) in dialogue systems. AMR offers a valuable level of abstraction of the propositional content of an utterance; however, it does not capture the illocutionary force or speaker’s intended contribution in the broader dialogue context (e.g., make a request or ask a question), nor does it capture tense or aspect. We explore dialogue in the domain of human-robot interaction, where a conversational robot is engaged in search and navigation tasks with a human partner. To address the limitations of standard AMR, we develop an inventory of speech acts suitable for our domain, and present “Dialogue-AMR”, an enhanced AMR that represents not only the content of an utterance, but the illocutionary force behind it, as well as tense and aspect. To showcase the coverage of the schema, we use both manual and automatic methods to construct the “DialAMR” corpus—a corpus of human-robot dialogue annotated with standard AMR and our enriched Dialogue-AMR schema. Our automated methods can be used to incorporate AMR into a larger NLU pipeline supporting human-robot dialogue.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bonial, Claire and Donatelli, Lucia and Abrams, Mitchell and Lukin, Stephanie M. and Tratz, Stephen and Marge, Matthew and Artstein, Ron and Traum, David and Voss, Clare},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {684--695},
}

@inproceedings{seeha_thailmcut_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ThaiLMCut}: {Unsupervised} {Pretraining} for {Thai} {Word} {Segmentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.858},
	abstract = {We propose ThaiLMCut, a semi-supervised approach for Thai word segmentation which utilizes a bi-directional character language model (LM) as a way to leverage useful linguistic knowledge from unlabeled data. After the language model is trained on substantial unlabeled corpora, the weights of its embedding and recurrent layers are transferred to a supervised word segmentation model which continues fine-tuning them on a word segmentation task. Our experimental results demonstrate that applying the LM always leads to a performance gain, especially when the amount of labeled data is small. In such cases, the F1 Score increased by up to 2.02\%. Even on abig labeled dataset, a small improvement gain can still be obtained. The approach has also shown to be very beneficial for out-of-domain settings with a gain in F1 Score of up to 3.13\%. Finally, we show that ThaiLMCut can outperform other open source state-of-the-art models achieving an F1 Score of 98.78\% on the standard benchmark, InterBEST2009.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Seeha, Suteera and Bilan, Ivan and Mamani Sanchez, Liliana and Huber, Johannes and Matuschek, Michael and Schütze, Hinrich},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6947--6957},
}

@inproceedings{alatrash_ccoha_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CCOHA}: {Clean} {Corpus} of {Historical} {American} {English}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.859},
	abstract = {Modelling language change is an increasingly important area of interest within the fields of sociolinguistics and historical linguistics. In recent years, there has been a growing number of publications whose main concern is studying changes that have occurred within the past centuries. The Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) is one of the most commonly used large corpora in diachronic studies in English. This paper describes methods applied to the downloadable version of the COHA corpus in order to overcome its main limitations, such as inconsistent lemmas and malformed tokens, without compromising its qualitative and distributional properties. The resulting corpus CCOHA contains a larger number of cleaned word tokens which can offer better insights into language change and allow for a larger variety of tasks to be performed.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alatrash, Reem and Schlechtweg, Dominik and Kuhn, Jonas and Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6958--6966},
}

@inproceedings{downs_kidspell_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{KidSpell}: {A} {Child}-{Oriented}, {Rule}-{Based}, {Phonetic} {Spellchecker}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.857},
	abstract = {For help with their spelling errors, children often turn to spellcheckers integrated in software applications like word processors and search engines. However, existing spellcheckers are usually tuned to the needs of traditional users (i.e., adults) and generally prove unsatisfactory for children. Motivated by this issue, we introduce KidSpell, an English spellchecker oriented to the spelling needs of children. KidSpell applies (i) an encoding strategy for mapping both misspelled words and spelling suggestions to their phonetic keys and (ii) a selection process that prioritizes candidate spelling suggestions that closely align with the misspelled word based on their respective keys. To assess the effectiveness of, we compare the model's performance against several popular, mainstream spellcheckers in a number of offline experiments using existing and novel datasets. The results of these experiments show that KidSpell outperforms existing spellcheckers, as it accurately prioritizes relevant spelling corrections when handling misspellings generated by children in both essay writing and online search tasks. As a byproduct of our study, we create two new datasets comprised of spelling errors generated by children from hand-written essays and web search inquiries, which we make available to the research community.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Downs, Brody and Anuyah, Oghenemaro and Shukla, Aprajita and Fails, Jerry Alan and Pera, Sole and Wright, Katherine and Kennington, Casey},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6937--6946},
}

@inproceedings{shah_correcting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Correcting the {Autocorrect}: {Context}-{Aware} {Typographical} {Error} {Correction} via {Training} {Data} {Augmentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.856},
	abstract = {In this paper, we explore the artificial generation of typographical errors based on real-world statistics. We first draw on a small set of annotated data to compute spelling error statistics. These are then invoked to introduce errors into substantially larger corpora. The generation methodology allows us to generate particularly challenging errors that require context-aware error detection. We use it to create a set of English language error detection and correction datasets. Finally, we examine the effectiveness of machine learning models for detecting and correcting errors based on this data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Shah, Kshitij and de Melo, Gerard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6930--6936},
}

@inproceedings{el-haj_infrastructure_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Infrastructure for {Semantic} {Annotation} in the {Genomics} {Domain}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.855},
	abstract = {We describe a novel super-infrastructure for biomedical text mining which incorporates an end-to-end pipeline for the collection, annotation, storage, retrieval and analysis of biomedical and life sciences literature, combining NLP and corpus linguistics methods. The infrastructure permits extreme-scale research on the open access PubMed Central archive. It combines an updatable Gene Ontology Semantic Tagger (GOST) for entity identification and semantic markup in the literature, with a NLP pipeline scheduler (Buster) to collect and process the corpus, and a bespoke columnar corpus database (LexiDB) for indexing. The corpus database is distributed to permit fast indexing, and provides a simple web front-end with corpus linguistics methods for sub-corpus comparison and retrieval. GOST is also connected as a service in the Language Application (LAPPS) Grid, in which context it is interoperable with other NLP tools and data in the Grid and can be combined with them in more complex workflows. In a literature based discovery setting, we have created an annotated corpus of 9,776 papers with 5,481,543 words.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {El-Haj, Mahmoud and Rutherford, Nathan and Coole, Matthew and Ezeani, Ignatius and Prentice, Sheryl and Ide, Nancy and Knight, Jo and Piao, Scott and Mariani, John and Rayson, Paul and Suderman, Keith},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6921--6929},
}

@inproceedings{putra_tiara_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TIARA}: {A} {Tool} for {Annotating} {Discourse} {Relations} and {Sentence} {Reordering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.854},
	abstract = {This paper introduces TIARA, a new publicly available web-based annotation tool for discourse relations and sentence reordering. Annotation tasks such as these, which are based on relations between large textual objects, are inherently hard to visualise without either cluttering the display and/or confusing the annotators. TIARA deals with the visual complexity during the annotation process by systematically simplifying the layout, and by offering interactive visualisation, including coloured links, indentation, and dual-view. TIARA's text view allows annotators to focus on the analysis of logical sequencing between sentences. A separate tree view allows them to review their analysis in terms of the overall discourse structure. The dual-view gives it an edge over other discourse annotation tools and makes it particularly attractive as an educational tool (e.g., for teaching students how to argue more effectively). As it is based on standard web technologies and can be easily customised to other annotation schemes, it can be easily used by anybody. Apart from the project it was originally designed for, in which hundreds of texts were annotated by three annotators, TIARA has already been adopted by a second discourse annotation study, which uses it in the teaching of argumentation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Putra, Jan Wira Gotama and Teufel, Simone and Matsumura, Kana and Tokunaga, Takenobu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6912--6920},
}

@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra_detecting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Detecting {Negation} {Cues} and {Scopes} in {Spanish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.853},
	abstract = {In this work we address the processing of negation in Spanish. We first present a machine learning system that processes negation in Spanish. Specifically, we focus on two tasks: i) negation cue detection and ii) scope identification. The corpus used in the experimental framework is the SFU Corpus. The results for cue detection outperform state-of-the-art results, whereas for scope detection this is the first system that performs the task for Spanish. Moreover, we provide a qualitative error analysis aimed at understanding the limitations of the system and showing which negation cues and scopes are straightforward to predict automatically, and which ones are challenging.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jiménez-Zafra, Salud María and Morante, Roser and Blanco, Eduardo and Martín Valdivia, María Teresa and Ureña López, L. Alfonso},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6902--6911},
}

@inproceedings{watarai_developing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Developing {Dataset} of {Japanese} {Slot} {Filling} {Quizzes} {Designed} for {Evaluation} of {Machine} {Reading} {Comprehension}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.852},
	abstract = {This paper describes our developing dataset of Japanese slot filling quizzes designed for evaluation of machine reading comprehension. The dataset consists of quizzes automatically generated from Aozora Bunko, and each quiz is defined as a 4-tuple: a context passage, a query holding a slot, an answer character and a set of possible answer characters. The query is generated from the original sentence, which appears immediately after the context passage on the target book, by replacing the answer character into the slot. The set of possible answer characters consists of the answer character and the other characters who appear in the context passage. Because the context passage and the query shares the same context, a machine which precisely understand the context may select the correct answer from the set of possible answer characters. The unique point of our approach is that we focus on characters of target books as slots to generate queries from original sentences, because they play important roles in narrative texts and precise understanding their relationship is necessary for reading comprehension. To extract characters from target books, manually created dictionaries of characters are employed because some characters appear as common nouns not as named entities.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Watarai, Takuto and Tsuchiya, Masatoshi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6895--6901},
}

@inproceedings{cardon_french_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {French} {Corpus} for {Semantic} {Similarity}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.851},
	abstract = {Semantic similarity is an area of Natural Language Processing that is useful for several downstream applications, such as machine translation, natural language generation, information retrieval, or question answering. The task consists in assessing the extent to which two sentences express or do not express the same meaning. To do so, corpora with graded pairs of sentences are required. The grade is positioned on a given scale, usually going from 0 (completely unrelated) to 5 (equivalent semantics). In this work, we introduce such a corpus for French, the first that we know of. It is comprised of 1,010 sentence pairs with grades from five annotators. We describe the annotation process, analyse these data, and perform a few experiments for the automatic grading of semantic similarity.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cardon, Rémi and Grabar, Natalia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6889--6894},
}

@inproceedings{ochs_brain-ihm_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Brain}-{IHM} {Dataset}: a {New} {Resource} for {Studying} the {Brain} {Basis} of {Human}-{Human} and {Human}-{Machine} {Conversations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.85},
	abstract = {This paper presents an original dataset of controlled interactions, focusing on the study of feedback items. It consists on recordings of different conversations between a doctor and a patient, played by actors. In this corpus, the patient is mainly a listener and produces different feedbacks, some of them being (voluntary) incongruent. Moreover, these conversations have been re-synthesized in a virtual reality context, in which the patient is played by an artificial agent. The final corpus is made of different movies of human-human conversations plus the same conversations replayed in a human-machine context, resulting in the first human-human/human-machine parallel corpus. The corpus is then enriched with different multimodal annotations at the verbal and non-verbal levels. Moreover, and this is the first dataset of this type, we have designed an experiment during which different participants had to watch the movies and give an evaluation of the interaction. During this task, we recorded participant’s brain signal. The Brain-IHM dataset is then conceived with a triple purpose: 1/ studying feedbacks by comparing congruent vs. incongruent feedbacks 2/ comparing human-human and human-machine production of feedbacks 3/ studying the brain basis of feedback perception.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ochs, Magalie and Bertrand, Roxane and Goujon, Aurélie and Bolger, Deirdre and Dubarry, Anne-Sophie and Blache, Philippe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {676--683},
}

@inproceedings{sathe_automated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automated {Fact}-{Checking} of {Claims} from {Wikipedia}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.849},
	abstract = {Automated fact checking is becoming increasingly vital as both truthful and fallacious information accumulate online. Research on fact checking has benefited from large-scale datasets such as FEVER and SNLI. However, such datasets suffer from limited applicability due to the synthetic nature of claims and/or evidence written by annotators that differ from real claims and evidence on the internet. To this end, we present WikiFactCheck-English, a dataset of 124k+ triples consisting of a claim, context and an evidence document extracted from English Wikipedia articles and citations, as well as 34k+ manually written claims that are refuted by the evidence documents. This is the largest fact checking dataset consisting of real claims and evidence to date; it will allow the development of fact checking systems that can better process claims and evidence in the real world. We also show that for the NLI subtask, a logistic regression system trained using existing and novel features achieves peak accuracy of 68\%, providing a competitive baseline for future work. Also, a decomposable attention model trained on SNLI significantly underperforms the models trained on this dataset, suggesting that models trained on manually generated data may not be sufficiently generalizable or suitable for fact checking real-world claims.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sathe, Aalok and Ather, Salar and Le, Tuan Manh and Perry, Nathan and Park, Joonsuk},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6874--6882},
}

@inproceedings{scherrer_tapaco_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TaPaCo}: {A} {Corpus} of {Sentential} {Paraphrases} for 73 {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.848},
	abstract = {This paper presents TaPaCo, a freely available paraphrase corpus for 73 languages extracted from the Tatoeba database. Tatoeba is a crowdsourcing project mainly geared towards language learners. Its aim is to provide example sentences and translations for particular linguistic constructions and words. The paraphrase corpus is created by populating a graph with Tatoeba sentences and equivalence links between sentences "meaning the same thing". This graph is then traversed to extract sets of paraphrases. Several language-independent filters and pruning steps are applied to remove uninteresting sentences. A manual evaluation performed on three languages shows that between half and three quarters of inferred paraphrases are correct and that most remaining ones are either correct but trivial, or near-paraphrases that neutralize a morphological distinction. The corpus contains a total of 1.9 million sentences, with 200 - 250 000 sentences per language. It covers a range of languages for which, to our knowledge, no other paraphrase dataset exists. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3707949.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Scherrer, Yves},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6868--6873},
}

@inproceedings{yoshinaka_sapphire_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SAPPHIRE}: {Simple} {Aligner} for {Phrasal} {Paraphrase} with {Hierarchical} {Representation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.847},
	abstract = {We present SAPPHIRE, a Simple Aligner for Phrasal Paraphrase with HIerarchical REpresentation. Monolingual phrase alignment is a fundamental problem in natural language understanding and also a crucial technique in various applications such as natural language inference and semantic textual similarity assessment. Previous methods for monolingual phrase alignment are language-resource intensive; they require large-scale synonym/paraphrase lexica and high-quality parsers. Different from them, SAPPHIRE depends only on a monolingual corpus to train word embeddings. Therefore, it is easily transferable to specific domains and different languages. Specifically, SAPPHIRE first obtains word alignments using pre-trained word embeddings and then expands them to phrase alignments by bilingual phrase extraction methods. To estimate the likelihood of phrase alignments, SAPPHIRE uses phrase embeddings that are hierarchically composed of word embeddings. Finally, SAPPHIRE searches for a set of consistent phrase alignments on a lattice of phrase alignment candidates. It achieves search-efficiency by constraining the lattice so that all the paths go through a phrase alignment pair with the highest alignment score. Experimental results using the standard dataset for phrase alignment evaluation show that SAPPHIRE outperforms the previous method and establishes the state-of-the-art performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yoshinaka, Masato and Kajiwara, Tomoyuki and Arase, Yuki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6861--6867},
}

@inproceedings{paul_panenghat_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards the {Necessity} for {Debiasing} {Natural} {Language} {Inference} {Datasets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.850},
	abstract = {Modeling natural language inference is a challenging task. With large annotated data sets available it has now become feasible to train complex neural network based inference methods which achieve state of the art performance. However, it has been shown that these models also learn from the subtle biases inherent in these datasets {\textbackslash}citegururangan2018annotation. In this work we explore two techniques for delexicalization that modify the datasets in such a way that we can control the importance that neural-network based methods place on lexical entities. We demonstrate that the proposed methods not only maintain the performance in-domain but also improve performance in some out-of-domain settings. For example, when using the delexicalized version of the FEVER dataset, the in-domain performance of a state of the art neural network method dropped only by 1.12\% while its out-of-domain performance on the FNC dataset improved by 4.63\%. We release the delexicalized versions of three common datasets used in natural language inference. These datasets are delexicalized using two methods: one which replaces the lexical entities in an overlap-aware manner, and a second, which additionally incorporates semantic lifting of nouns and verbs to their WordNet hypernym synsets},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Paul Panenghat, Mithun and Suntwal, Sandeep and Rafique, Faiz and Sharp, Rebecca and Surdeanu, Mihai},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6883--6888},
}

@inproceedings{liu_hyponli_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HypoNLI}: {Exploring} the {Artificial} {Patterns} of {Hypothesis}-only {Bias} in {Natural} {Language} {Inference}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.846},
	abstract = {Many recent studies have shown that for models trained on datasets for natural language inference (NLI), it is possible to make correct predictions by merely looking at the hypothesis while completely ignoring the premise. In this work, we manage to derive adversarial examples in terms of the hypothesis-only bias and explore eligible ways to mitigate such bias. Specifically, we extract various phrases from the hypotheses (artificial patterns) in the training sets, and show that they have been strong indicators to the specific labels. We then figure out `hard' and `easy' instances from the original test sets whose labels are opposite to or consistent with those indications. We also set up baselines including both pretrained models (BERT, RoBerta, XLNet) and competitive non-pretrained models (InferSent, DAM, ESIM). Apart from the benchmark and baselines, we also investigate two debiasing approaches which exploit the artificial pattern modeling to mitigate such hypothesis-only bias: down-sampling and adversarial training. We believe those methods can be treated as competitive baselines in NLI debiasing tasks.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Liu, Tianyu and Xin, Zheng and Chang, Baobao and Sui, Zhifang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6852--6860},
}

@inproceedings{pragst_comparative_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Comparative {Study} of {Sentence} {Embeddings} for {Contextual} {Paraphrasing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.845},
	abstract = {Paraphrasing is an important aspect of natural-language generation that can produce more variety in the way specific content is presented. Traditionally, paraphrasing has been focused on finding different words that convey the same meaning. However, in human-human interaction, we regularly express our intention with phrases that are vastly different regarding both word content and syntactic structure. Instead of exchanging only individual words, the complete surface realisation of a sentences is altered while still preserving its meaning and function in a conversation. This kind of contextual paraphrasing did not yet receive a lot of attention from the scientific community despite its potential for the creation of more varied dialogues. In this work, we evaluate several existing approaches to sentence encoding with regard to their ability to capture such context-dependent paraphrasing. To this end, we define a paraphrase classification task that incorporates contextual paraphrases, perform dialogue act clustering, and determine the performance of the sentence embeddings in a sentence swapping task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pragst, Louisa and Minker, Wolfgang and Ultes, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6841--6851},
}

@inproceedings{bernardy_improving_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Improving the {Precision} of {Natural} {Textual} {Entailment} {Problem} {Datasets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.844},
	abstract = {In this paper, we propose a method to modify natural textual entailment problem datasets so that they better reflect a more precise notion of entailment. We apply this method to a subset of the Recognizing Textual Entailment datasets. We thus obtain a new corpus of entailment problems, which has the following three characteristics: 1. it is precise (does not leave out implicit hypotheses) 2. it is based on “real-world” texts (i.e. most of the premises were written for purposes other than testing textual entailment). 3. its size is 150. Broadly, the method that we employ is to make any missing hypotheses explicit using a crowd of experts. We discuss the relevance of our method in improving existing NLI datasets to be more fit for precise reasoning and we argue that this corpus can be the basis a first step towards wide-coverage testing of precise natural-language inference systems.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bernardy, Jean-Philippe and Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6835--6840},
}

@inproceedings{hayashibe_japanese_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Japanese {Realistic} {Textual} {Entailment} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.843},
	abstract = {We perform the textual entailment (TE) corpus construction for the Japanese Language with the following three characteristics: First, the corpus consists of realistic sentences; that is, all sentences are spontaneous or almost equivalent. It does not need manual writing which causes hidden biases. Second, the corpus contains adversarial examples. We collect challenging examples that can not be solved by a recent pre-trained language model. Third, the corpus contains explanations for a part of non-entailment labels. We perform the reasoning annotation where annotators are asked to check which tokens in hypotheses are the reason why the relations are labeled. It makes easy to validate the annotation and analyze system errors. The resulting corpus consists of 48,000 realistic Japanese examples. It is the largest among publicly available Japanese TE corpora. Additionally, it is the first Japanese TE corpus that includes reasons for the annotation as we know. We are planning to distribute this corpus to the NLP community at the time of publication.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hayashibe, Yuta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6827--6834},
}

@inproceedings{yaneva_predicting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Predicting {Item} {Survival} for {Multiple} {Choice} {Questions} in a {High}-{Stakes} {Medical} {Exam}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.841},
	abstract = {One of the most resource-intensive problems in the educational testing industry relates to ensuring that newly-developed exam questions can adequately distinguish between students of high and low ability. The current practice for obtaining this information is the costly procedure of pretesting: new items are administered to test-takers and then the items that are too easy or too difficult are discarded. This paper presents the first study towards automatic prediction of an item's probability to “survive" pretesting (item survival), focusing on human-produced MCQs for a medical exam. Survival is modeled through a number of linguistic features and embedding types, as well as features inspired by information retrieval. The approach shows promising first results for this challenging new application and for modeling the difficulty of expert-knowledge questions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yaneva, Victoria and Ha, Le An and Baldwin, Peter and Mee, Janet},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6812--6818},
}

@inproceedings{rauchbauer_multimodal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multimodal {Corpus} of {Bidirectional} {Conversation} of {Human}-human and {Human}-robot {Interaction} during {fMRI} {Scanning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.84},
	abstract = {In this paper we present investigation of real-life, bi-directional conversations. We introduce the multimodal corpus derived from these natural conversations alternating between human-human and human-robot interactions. The human-robot interactions were used as a control condition for the social nature of the human-human conversations. The experimental set up consisted of conversations between the participant in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner and a human confederate or conversational robot outside the scanner room, connected via bidirectional audio and unidirectional videoconferencing (from the outside to inside the scanner). A cover story provided a framework for natural, real-life conversations about images of an advertisement campaign. During the conversations we collected a multimodal corpus for a comprehensive characterization of bi-directional conversations. In this paper we introduce this multimodal corpus which includes neural data from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), physiological data (blood flow pulse and respiration), transcribed conversational data, as well as face and eye-tracking recordings. Thus, we present a unique corpus to study human conversations including neural, physiological and behavioral data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rauchbauer, Birgit and Hmamouche, Youssef and Bigi, Brigitte and Prévot, Laurent and Ochs, Magalie and Chaminade, Thierry},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {668--675},
}

@inproceedings{cho_discourse_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Discourse {Component} to {Sentence} ({DC2S}): {An} {Efficient} {Human}-{Aided} {Construction} of {Paraphrase} and {Sentence} {Similarity} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.842},
	abstract = {Assessing the similarity of sentences and detecting paraphrases is an essential task both in theory and practice, but achieving a reliable dataset requires high resource. In this paper, we propose a discourse component-based paraphrase generation for the directive utterances, which is efficient in terms of human-aided construction and content preservation. All discourse components are expressed in natural language phrases, and the phrases are created considering both speech act and topic so that the controlled construction of the sentence similarity dataset is available. Here, we investigate the validity of our scheme using the Korean language, a language with diverse paraphrasing due to frequent subject drop and scramblings. With 1,000 intent argument phrases and thus generated 10,000 utterances, we make up a sentence similarity dataset of practically sufficient size. It contains five sentence pair types, including paraphrase, and displays a total volume of about 550K. To emphasize the utility of the scheme and dataset, we measure the similarity matching performance via conventional natural language inference models, also suggesting the multi-lingual extensibility.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cho, Won Ik and Kim, Jong In and Moon, Young Ki and Kim, Nam Soo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6819--6826},
}

@inproceedings{ocampo_diaz_aspect-based_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Aspect-{Based} {Sentiment} {Analysis} as {Fine}-{Grained} {Opinion} {Mining}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.840},
	abstract = {We show how the general fine-grained opinion mining concepts of opinion target and opinion expression are related to aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) and discuss their benefits for resource creation over popular ABSA annotation schemes. Specifically, we first discuss why opinions modeled solely in terms of (entity, aspect) pairs inadequately captures the meaning of the sentiment originally expressed by authors and how opinion expressions and opinion targets can be used to avoid the loss of information. We then design a meaning-preserving annotation scheme and apply it to two popular ABSA datasets, the 2016 SemEval ABSA Restaurant and Laptop datasets. Finally, we discuss the importance of opinion expressions and opinion targets for next-generation ABSA systems. We make our datasets publicly available for download.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ocampo Diaz, Gerardo and Zhang, Xuanming and Ng, Vincent},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6804--6811},
}

@inproceedings{persing_unsupervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Unsupervised {Argumentation} {Mining} in {Student} {Essays}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.839},
	abstract = {State-of-the-art systems for argumentation mining are supervised, thus relying on training data containing manually annotated argument components and the relationships between them. To eliminate the reliance on annotated data, we present a novel approach to unsupervised argument mining. The key idea is to bootstrap from a small set of argument components automatically identified using simple heuristics in combination with reliable contextual cues. Results on a Stab and Gurevych's corpus of 402 essays show that our unsupervised approach rivals two supervised baselines in performance and achieves 73.5-83.7\% of the performance of a state-of-the-art neural approach.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Persing, Isaac and Ng, Vincent},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6795--6803},
}

@inproceedings{fortuna_toxic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Toxic, {Hateful}, {Offensive} or {Abusive}? {What} {Are} {We} {Really} {Classifying}? {An} {Empirical} {Analysis} of {Hate} {Speech} {Datasets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.838},
	abstract = {The field of the automatic detection of hate speech and related concepts has raised a lot of interest in the last years. Different datasets were annotated and classified by means of applying different machine learning algorithms. However, few efforts were done in order to clarify the applied categories and homogenize different datasets. Our study takes up this demand. We analyze six different publicly available datasets in this field with respect to their similarity and compatibility. We conduct two different experiments. First, we try to make the datasets compatible and represent the dataset classes as Fast Text word vectors analyzing the similarity between different classes in a intra and inter dataset manner. Second, we submit the chosen datasets to the Perspective API Toxicity classifier, achieving different performances depending on the categories and datasets. One of the main conclusions of these experiments is that many different definitions are being used for equivalent concepts, which makes most of the publicly available datasets incompatible. Grounded in our analysis, we provide guidelines for future dataset collection and annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fortuna, Paula and Soler, Juan and Wanner, Leo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6786--6794},
}

@inproceedings{rezapour_beyond_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Beyond {Citations}: {Corpus}-based {Methods} for {Detecting} the {Impact} of {Research} {Outcomes} on {Society}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.837},
	abstract = {This paper proposes, implements and evaluates a novel, corpus-based approach for identifying categories indicative of the impact of research via a deductive (top-down, from theory to data) and an inductive (bottom-up, from data to theory) approach. The resulting categorization schemes differ in substance. Research outcomes are typically assessed by using bibliometric methods, such as citation counts and patterns, or alternative metrics, such as references to research in the media. Shortcomings with these methods are their inability to identify impact of research beyond academia (bibliometrics) and considering text-based impact indicators beyond those that capture attention (altmetrics). We address these limitations by leveraging a mixed-methods approach for eliciting impact categories from experts, project personnel (deductive) and texts (inductive). Using these categories, we label a corpus of project reports per category schema, and apply supervised machine learning to infer these categories from project reports. The classification results show that we can predict deductively and inductively derived impact categories with 76.39\% and 78.81\% accuracy (F1-score), respectively. Our approach can complement solutions from bibliometrics and scientometrics for assessing the impact of research and studying the scope and types of advancements transferred from academia to society.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rezapour, Rezvaneh and Bopp, Jutta and Fiedler, Norman and Steffen, Diana and Witt, Andreas and Diesner, Jana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6777--6785},
}

@inproceedings{arase_annotation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotation of {Adverse} {Drug} {Reactions} in {Patients}' {Weblogs}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.836},
	abstract = {Adverse drug reactions are a severe problem that significantly degrade quality of life, or even threaten the life of patients. Patient-generated texts available on the web have been gaining attention as a promising source of information in this regard. While previous studies annotated such patient-generated content, they only reported on limited information, such as whether a text described an adverse drug reaction or not. Further, they only annotated short texts of a few sentences crawled from online forums and social networking services. The dataset we present in this paper is unique for the richness of annotated information, including detailed descriptions of drug reactions with full context. We crawled patient's weblog articles shared on an online patient-networking platform and annotated the effects of drugs therein reported. We identified spans describing drug reactions and assigned labels for related drug names, standard codes for the symptoms of the reactions, and types of effects. As a first dataset, we annotated 677 drug reactions with these detailed labels based on 169 weblog articles by Japanese lung cancer patients. Our annotation dataset is made publicly available at our web site (https://yukiar.github.io/adr-jp/) for further research on the detection of adverse drug reactions and more broadly, on patient-generated text processing.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Arase, Yuki and Kajiwara, Tomoyuki and Chu, Chenhui},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6769--6776},
}

@inproceedings{hagiwara_github_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GitHub} {Typo} {Corpus}: {A} {Large}-{Scale} {Multilingual} {Dataset} of {Misspellings} and {Grammatical} {Errors}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.835},
	abstract = {The lack of large-scale datasets has been a major hindrance to the development of NLP tasks such as spelling correction and grammatical error correction (GEC). As a complementary new resource for these tasks, we present the GitHub Typo Corpus, a large-scale, multilingual dataset of misspellings and grammatical errors along with their corrections harvested from GitHub, a large and popular platform for hosting and sharing git repositories. The dataset, which we have made publicly available, contains more than 350k edits and 65M characters in more than 15 languages, making it the largest dataset of misspellings to date. We also describe our process for filtering true typo edits based on learned classifiers on a small annotated subset, and demonstrate that typo edits can be identified with F1 0.9 using a very simple classifier with only three features. The detailed analyses of the dataset show that existing spelling correctors merely achieve an F-measure of approx. 0.5, suggesting that the dataset serves as a new, rich source of spelling errors that complement existing datasets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hagiwara, Masato and Mita, Masato},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6761--6768},
}

@inproceedings{bulatov_topicnet_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TopicNet}: {Making} {Additive} {Regularisation} for {Topic} {Modelling} {Accessible}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.833},
	abstract = {This paper introduces TopicNet, a new Python module for topic modeling. This package, distributed under the MIT license, focuses on bringing additive regularization topic modelling (ARTM) to non-specialists using a general-purpose high-level language. The module features include powerful model visualization techniques, various training strategies, semi-automated model selection, support for user-defined goal metrics, and a modular approach to topic model training. Source code and documentation are available at https://github.com/machine-intelligence-laboratory/TopicNet},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bulatov, Victor and Alekseev, Vasiliy and Vorontsov, Konstantin and Polyudova, Darya and Veselova, Eugenia and Goncharov, Alexey and Egorov, Evgeny},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6745--6752},
}

@inproceedings{suppa_summarization_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Summarization} {Dataset} of {Slovak} {News} {Articles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.830},
	abstract = {As a well established NLP task, single-document summarization has seen significant interest in the past few years. However, most of the work has been done on English datasets. This is particularly noticeable in the context of evaluation where the dominant ROUGE metric assumes its input to be written in English. In this paper we aim to address both of these issues by introducing a summarization dataset of articles from a popular Slovak news site and proposing small adaptation to the ROUGE metric that make it better suited for Slovak texts. Several baselines are evaluated on the dataset, including an extractive approach based on the Multilingual version of the BERT architecture. To the best of our knowledge, the presented dataset is the first large-scale news-based summarization dataset for text written in Slovak language. It can be reproduced using the utilities available at https://github.com/NaiveNeuron/sme-sum},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Suppa, Marek and Adamec, Jergus},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6725--6730},
}

@inproceedings{tardy_align_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Align then {Summarize}: {Automatic} {Alignment} {Methods} for {Summarization} {Corpus} {Creation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.829},
	abstract = {Summarizing texts is not a straightforward task. Before even considering text summarization, one should determine what kind of summary is expected. How much should the information be compressed? Is it relevant to reformulate or should the summary stick to the original phrasing? State-of-the-art on automatic text summarization mostly revolves around news articles. We suggest that considering a wider variety of tasks would lead to an improvement in the field, in terms of generalization and robustness. We explore meeting summarization: generating reports from automatic transcriptions. Our work consists in segmenting and aligning transcriptions with respect to reports, to get a suitable dataset for neural summarization. Using a bootstrapping approach, we provide pre-alignments that are corrected by human annotators, making a validation set against which we evaluate automatic models. This consistently reduces annotators' efforts by providing iteratively better pre-alignment and maximizes the corpus size by using annotations from our automatic alignment models. Evaluation is conducted on publicmeetings, a novel corpus of aligned public meetings. We report automatic alignment and summarization performances on this corpus and show that automatic alignment is relevant for data annotation since it leads to large improvement of almost +4 on all ROUGE scores on the summarization task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tardy, Paul and Janiszek, David and Estève, Yannick and Nguyen, Vincent},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6718--6724},
}

@inproceedings{yamaguchi_sc-comics_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SC}-{CoMIcs}: {A} {Superconductivity} {Corpus} for {Materials} {Informatics}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.834},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel corpus tailored for the text mining of superconducting materials in Materials Informatics (MI), named SuperConductivety Corpus for Materials Informatics (SC-CoMIcs). Different from biomedical informatics, there exist very few corpora targeting Materials Science and Engineering (MSE). Especially, there is no sizable corpus which can be used to assist the search of superconducting materials. A team of materials scientists and natural language processing experts jointly designed the annotation and constructed a corpus consisting of manually-annotated 1,000 MSE abstracts related to superconductivity. We conducted experiments on the corpus with a neural Named Entity Recognition (NER) tool. The experimental results show that NER performance over the corpus is around 77\% in terms of micro-F1, which is comparable to human annotator agreement rates. Using the trained NER model, we automatically annotated 9,000 abstracts and created a term retrieval tool based on the term similarity. This tool can find superconductivity terms relevant to a query term within a specified Named Entity category, which demonstrates the power of our SC-CoMIcs, efficiently providing knowledge for Materials Informatics applications from rapidly expanding publications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yamaguchi, Kyosuke and Asahi, Ryoji and Sasaki, Yutaka},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6753--6760},
}

@inproceedings{lu_diverging_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Diverging {Divergences}: {Examining} {Variants} of {Jensen} {Shannon} {Divergence} for {Corpus} {Comparison} {Tasks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.832},
	abstract = {Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD) is a distribution similarity measurement widely used in natural language processing. In corpus comparison tasks, where keywords are extracted to reveal the divergence between different corpora (for example, social media posts from proponents of different views on a political issue), two variants of JSD have emerged in the literature. One of these uses a weighting based on the relative sizes of the corpora being compared. In this paper we argue that this weighting is unnecessary and, in fact, can lead to misleading results. We recommend that this weighted version is not used. We base this recommendation on an analysis of the JSD variants and experiments showing how they impact corpus comparison results as the relative sizes of the corpora being compared change.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lu, Jinghui and Henchion, Maeve and Mac Namee, Brian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6740--6744},
}

@inproceedings{varab_danewsroom_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DaNewsroom}: {A} {Large}-scale {Danish} {Summarisation} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.831},
	abstract = {Dataset development for automatic summarisation systems is notoriously English-oriented. In this paper we present the first large-scale non-English language dataset specifically curated for automatic summarisation. The document-summary pairs are news articles and manually written summaries in the Danish language. There has previously been no work done to establish a Danish summarisation dataset, nor any published work on the automatic summarisation of Danish. We provide therefore the first automatic summarisation dataset for the Danish language (large-scale or otherwise). To support the comparison of future automatic summarisation systems for Danish, we include system performance on this dataset of strong well-established unsupervised baseline systems, together with an oracle extractive summariser, which is the first account of automatic summarisation system performance for Danish. Finally, we make all code for automatically acquiring the data freely available and make explicit how this technology can easily be adapted in order to acquire automatic summarisation datasets for further languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Varab, Daniel and Schluter, Natalie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6731--6739},
}

@inproceedings{lin_designing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Designing {Multilingual} {Interactive} {Agents} using {Small} {Dialogue} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.83},
	abstract = {Interactive dialogue agents like smart speakers have become more and more popular in recent years. These agents are being developed on machine learning technologies that use huge amounts of language resources. However, many entities in specialized fields are struggling to develop their own interactive agents due to a lack of language resources such as dialogue corpora, especially when the end users need interactive agents that offer multilingual support. Therefore, we aim at providing a general design framework for multilingual interactive agents in specialized domains that, it is assumed, have small or non-existent dialogue corpora. To achieve our goal, we first integrate and customize external language services for supporting multilingual functions of interactive agents. Then, we realize context-aware dialogue generation under the situation of small corpora. Third, we develop a gradual design process for acquiring dialogue corpora and improving the interactive agents. We implement a multilingual interactive agent in the field of healthcare and conduct experiments to illustrate the effectiveness of the implemented agent.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lin, Donghui and Otani, Masayuki and Okuno, Ryosuke and Ishida, Toru},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {662--667},
}

@inproceedings{hattasch_summarization_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Summarization {Beyond} {News}: {The} {Automatically} {Acquired} {Fandom} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.827},
	abstract = {Large state-of-the-art corpora for training neural networks to create abstractive summaries are mostly limited to the news genre, as it is expensive to acquire human-written summaries for other types of text at a large scale. In this paper, we present a novel automatic corpus construction approach to tackle this issue as well as three new large open-licensed summarization corpora based on our approach that can be used for training abstractive summarization models. Our constructed corpora contain fictional narratives, descriptive texts, and summaries about movies, television, and book series from different domains. All sources use a creative commons (CC) license, hence we can provide the corpora for download. In addition, we also provide a ready-to-use framework that implements our automatic construction approach to create custom corpora with desired parameters like the length of the target summary and the number of source documents from which to create the summary. The main idea behind our automatic construction approach is to use existing large text collections (e.g., thematic wikis) and automatically classify whether the texts can be used as (query-focused) multi-document summaries and align them with potential source texts. As a final contribution, we show the usefulness of our automatic construction approach by running state-of-the-art summarizers on the corpora and through a manual evaluation with human annotators.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hättasch, Benjamin and Geisler, Nadja and Meyer, Christian M. and Binnig, Carsten},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6700--6708},
}

@inproceedings{de_mattei_invisible_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Invisible to {People} but not to {Machines}: {Evaluation} of {Style}-aware {HeadlineGeneration} in {Absence} of {Reliable} {Human} {Judgment}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.828},
	abstract = {We automatically generate headlines that are expected to comply with the specific styles of two different Italian newspapers. Through a data alignment strategy and different training/testing settings, we aim at decoupling content from style and preserve the latter in generation. In order to evaluate the generated headlines' quality in terms of their specific newspaper-compliance, we devise a fine-grained evaluation strategy based on automatic classification. We observe that our models do indeed learn newspaper-specific style. Importantly, we also observe that humans aren't reliable judges for this task, since although familiar with the newspapers, they are not able to discern their specific styles even in the original human-written headlines. The utility of automatic evaluation goes therefore beyond saving the costs and hurdles of manual annotation, and deserves particular care in its design.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {De Mattei, Lorenzo and Cafagna, Michele and Dell'Orletta, Felice and Nissim, Malvina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6709--6717},
}

@inproceedings{mieskes_data_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Data} {Set} for the {Analysis} of {Text} {Quality} {Dimensions} in {Summarization} {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.826},
	abstract = {Automatic evaluation of summarization focuses on developing a metric to represent the quality of the resulting text. However, text qualityis represented in a variety of dimensions ranging from grammaticality to readability and coherence. In our work, we analyze the depen-dencies between a variety of quality dimensions on automatically created multi-document summaries and which dimensions automaticevaluation metrics such as ROUGE, PEAK or JSD are able to capture. Our results indicate that variants of ROUGE are correlated tovarious quality dimensions and that some automatic summarization methods achieve higher quality summaries than others with respectto individual summary quality dimensions. Our results also indicate that differentiating between quality dimensions facilitates inspectionand fine-grained comparison of summarization methods and its characteristics. We make the data from our two summarization qualityevaluation experiments publicly available in order to facilitate the future development of specialized automatic evaluation methods.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mieskes, Margot and Loza Mencía, Eneldo and Kronsbein, Tim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6690--6699},
}

@inproceedings{cano_two_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Two {Huge} {Title} and {Keyword} {Generation} {Corpora} of {Research} {Articles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.823},
	abstract = {Recent developments in sequence-to-sequence learning with neural networks have considerably improved the quality of automatically generated text summaries and document keywords, stipulating the need for even bigger training corpora. Metadata of research articles are usually easy to find online and can be used to perform research on various tasks. In this paper, we introduce two huge datasets for text summarization (OAGSX) and keyword generation (OAGKX) research, containing 34 million and 23 million records, respectively. The data were retrieved from the Open Academic Graph which is a network of research profiles and publications. We carefully processed each record and also tried several extractive and abstractive methods of both tasks to create performance baselines for other researchers. We further illustrate the performance of those methods previewing their outputs. In the near future, we would like to apply topic modeling on the two sets to derive subsets of research articles from more specific disciplines.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Çano, Erion and Bojar, Ondřej},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6663--6671},
}

@inproceedings{aksenov_abstractive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Abstractive {Text} {Summarization} based on {Language} {Model} {Conditioning} and {Locality} {Modeling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.825},
	abstract = {We explore to what extent knowledge about the pre-trained language model that is used is beneficial for the task of abstractive summarization. To this end, we experiment with conditioning the encoder and decoder of a Transformer-based neural model on the BERT language model. In addition, we propose a new method of BERT-windowing, which allows chunk-wise processing of texts longer than the BERT window size. We also explore how locality modeling, i.e., the explicit restriction of calculations to the local context, can affect the summarization ability of the Transformer. This is done by introducing 2-dimensional convolutional self-attention into the first layers of the encoder. The results of our models are compared to a baseline and the state-of-the-art models on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset. We additionally train our model on the SwissText dataset to demonstrate usability on German. Both models outperform the baseline in ROUGE scores on two datasets and show its superiority in a manual qualitative analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Aksenov, Dmitrii and Moreno-Schneider, Julian and Bourgonje, Peter and Schwarzenberg, Robert and Hennig, Leonhard and Rehm, Georg},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6680--6689},
}

@inproceedings{aburaed_multi-level_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Multi}-level {Annotated} {Corpus} of {Scientific} {Papers} for {Scientific} {Document} {Summarization} and {Cross}-document {Relation} {Discovery}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.824},
	abstract = {Related work sections or literature reviews are an essential part of every scientific article being crucial for paper reviewing and assessment. The automatic generation of related work sections can be considered an instance of the multi-document summarization problem. In order to allow the study of this specific problem, we have developed a manually annotated, machine readable data-set of related work sections, cited papers (e.g. references) and sentences, together with an additional layer of papers citing the references. We additionally present experiments on the identification of cited sentences, using as input citation contexts. The corpus alongside the gold standard are made available for use by the scientific community.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {AbuRa'ed, Ahmed and Saggion, Horacio and Chiruzzo, Luis},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6672--6679},
}

@inproceedings{tauchmann_language_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Language {Agnostic} {Automatic} {Summarization} {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.822},
	abstract = {So far work on automatic summarization has dealt primarily with English data. Accordingly, evaluation methods were primarily developed with this language in mind. In our work, we present experiments of adapting available evaluation methods such as ROUGE and PYRAMID to non-English data. We base our experiments on various English and non-English homogeneous benchmark data sets as well as a non-English heterogeneous data set. Our results indicate that ROUGE can indeed be adapted to non-English data – both homogeneous and heterogeneous. Using a recent implementation of performing an automatic PYRAMID evaluation, we also show its adaptability to non-English data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tauchmann, Christopher and Mieskes, Margot},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6656--6662},
}

@inproceedings{frefel_summarization_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Summarization {Corpora} of {Wikipedia} {Articles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.821},
	abstract = {In this paper we propose a process to extract summarization corpora from Wikipedia articles. Applied to the German language we create a corpus of 240,000 texts. We use ROUGE scores for the extraction and evaluation of our corpus. For this we provide a ROUGE metric implementation adapted to the German language. The extracted corpus is used to train three abstractive summarization models which we compare to different baselines. The resulting summaries sound natural and cover the input text very well. The corpus can be downloaded at https://github.com/domfr/GeWiki.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Frefel, Dominik},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6651--6655},
}

@inproceedings{antognini_gamewikisum_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GameWikiSum}: a {Novel} {Large} {Multi}-{Document} {Summarization} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.820},
	abstract = {Today's research progress in the field of multi-document summarization is obstructed by the small number of available datasets. Since the acquisition of reference summaries is costly, existing datasets contain only hundreds of samples at most, resulting in heavy reliance on hand-crafted features or necessitating additional, manually annotated data. The lack of large corpora therefore hinders the development of sophisticated models. Additionally, most publicly available multi-document summarization corpora are in the news domain, and no analogous dataset exists in the video game domain. In this paper, we propose GameWikiSum, a new domain-specific dataset for multi-document summarization, which is one hundred times larger than commonly used datasets, and in another domain than news. Input documents consist of long professional video game reviews as well as references of their gameplay sections in Wikipedia pages. We analyze the proposed dataset and show that both abstractive and extractive models can be trained on it. We release GameWikiSum for further research: https://github.com/Diego999/GameWikiSum.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Antognini, Diego and Faltings, Boi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6645--6650},
}

@inproceedings{asao_understanding_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Understanding {User} {Utterances} in a {Dialog} {System} for {Caregiving}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.82},
	abstract = {A dialog system that can monitor the health status of seniors has a huge potential for solving the labor force shortage in the caregiving industry in aging societies. As a part of efforts to create such a system, we are developing two modules that are aimed to correctly interpret user utterances: (i) a yes/no response classifier, which categorizes responses to health-related yes/no questions that the system asks; and (ii) an entailment recognizer, which detects users' voluntary mentions about their health status. To apply machine learning approaches to the development of the modules, we created large annotated datasets of 280,467 question-response pairs and 38,868 voluntary utterances. For question-response pairs, we asked annotators to avoid direct "yes" or "no" answers, so that our data could cover a wide range of possible natural language responses. The two modules were implemented by fine-tuning a BERT model, which is a recent successful neural network model. For the yes/no response classifier, the macro-average of the average precisions (APs) over all of our four categories (Yes/No/Unknown/Other) was 82.6\% (96.3\% for "yes" responses and 91.8\% for "no" responses), while for the entailment recognizer it was 89.9\%.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Asao, Yoshihiko and Kloetzer, Julien and Mizuno, Junta and Saiki, Dai and Kadowaki, Kazuma and Torisawa, Kentaro},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {653--661},
}

@inproceedings{nikolov_abstractive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Abstractive {Document} {Summarization} without {Parallel} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.819},
	abstract = {Abstractive summarization typically relies on large collections of paired articles and summaries. However, in many cases, parallel data is scarce and costly to obtain. We develop an abstractive summarization system that relies only on large collections of example summaries and non-matching articles. Our approach consists of an unsupervised sentence extractor that selects salient sentences to include in the final summary, as well as a sentence abstractor that is trained on pseudo-parallel and synthetic data, that paraphrases each of the extracted sentences. We perform an extensive evaluation of our method: on the CNN/DailyMail benchmark, on which we compare our approach to fully supervised baselines, as well as on the novel task of automatically generating a press release from a scientific journal article, which is well suited for our system. We show promising performance on both tasks, without relying on any article-summary pairs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nikolov, Nikola I. and Hahnloser, Richard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6638--6644},
}

@inproceedings{dargis_development_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Development and {Evaluation} of {Speech} {Synthesis} {Corpora} for {Latvian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.818},
	abstract = {Text to speech (TTS) systems are necessary for all languages to ensure accessibility and availability of digital language services. Recent advances in neural speech synthesis have eText to speech (TTS) systems are necessary for any language to ensure accessibility and availability of digital language services. Recent advances in neural speech synthesis have enabled the development of such systems with a data-driven approach that does not require significant development of language-specific tools. However, smaller languages often lack speech corpora that would be sufficient for training current neural TTS models, which require at least 30 hours of good quality audio recordings from a single speaker in a noiseless environment with matching transcriptions. Making such a corpus manually can be cost prohibitive. This paper presents an unsupervised approach to obtain a suitable corpus from unannotated recordings using automated speech recognition for transcription, as well as automated speaker segmentation and identification. The proposed method and software tools are applied and evaluated on a case study for developing a corpus suitable for Latvian speech synthesis based on Latvian public radio archive data.nabled the development of such systems with a data-driven approach that does not require much language-specific tool development. However, smaller languages often lack speech corpora that would be sufficient for training current neural TTS models, which require approximately 30 hours of good quality audio recordings from a single speaker in a noiseless environment with matching transcriptions. Making such a corpus manually can be cost prohibitive. This paper presents an unsupervised approach to obtain a suitable corpus from unannotated recordings using automated speech recognition for transcription, as well as automated speaker segmentation and identification. The proposed methods and software tools are applied and evaluated on a case study for developing a corpus suitable for Latvian speech synthesis based on Latvian public radio archive data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Darģis, Roberts and Paikens, Peteris and Gruzitis, Normunds and Auzina, Ilze and Akmane, Agate},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6633--6637},
}

@inproceedings{hussain_dactor_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DaCToR}: {A} {Data} {Collection} {Tool} for the {RELATER} {Project}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.817},
	abstract = {Collecting domain-specific data for under-resourced languages, e.g., dialects of languages, can be very expensive, potentially financially prohibitive and taking long time. Moreover, in the case of rarely written languages, the normalization of non-canonical transcription might be another time consuming but necessary task. In order to collect domain-specific data in such circumstances in a time and cost-efficient way, collecting read data of pre-prepared texts is often a viable option. In order to collect data in the domain of psychiatric diagnosis in Arabic dialects for the project RELATER, we have prepared the data collection tool DaCToR for collecting read texts by speakers in the respective countries and districts in which the dialects are spoken. In this paper we describe our tool, its purpose within the project RELATER and the dialects which we have started to collect with the tool.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hussain, Juan and Zenkri, Oussama and Stüker, Sebastian and Waibel, Alex},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6627--6632},
}

@inproceedings{jones_call_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Call {My} {Net} 2: {A} {New} {Resource} for {Speaker} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.816},
	abstract = {We introduce the Call My Net 2 (CMN2) Corpus, a new resource for speaker recognition featuring Tunisian Arabic conversations between friends and family, incorporating both traditional telephony and VoIP data. The corpus contains data from over 400 Tunisian Arabic speakers collected via a custom-built platform deployed in Tunis, with each speaker making 10 or more calls each lasting up to 10 minutes. Calls include speech in various realistic and natural acoustic settings, both noisy and non-noisy. Speakers used a variety of handsets, including landline and mobile devices, and made VoIP calls from tablets or computers. All calls were subject to a series of manual and automatic quality checks, including speech duration, audio quality, language identity and speaker identity. The CMN2 corpus has been used in two NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluations (SRE18 and SRE19), and the SRE test sets as well as the full CMN2 corpus will be published in the Linguistic Data Consortium Catalog. We describe CMN2 corpus requirements, the telephone collection platform, and procedures for call collection. We review properties of the CMN2 dataset and discuss features of the corpus that distinguish it from prior SRE collection efforts, including some of the technical challenges encountered with collecting VoIP data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jones, Karen and Strassel, Stephanie and Walker, Kevin and Wright, Jonathan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6621--6626},
}

@inproceedings{georgescu_rsc_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{RSC}: {A} {Romanian} {Read} {Speech} {Corpus} for {Automatic} {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.814},
	abstract = {Although many efforts have been made in the last decade to enhance the speech and language resources for Romanian, this language is still considered under-resourced. While for many other languages there are large speech corpora available for research and commercial applications, for Romanian language the largest publicly available corpus to date comprises less than 50 hours of speech. In this context, Speech and Dialogue research group releases Read Speech Corpus (RSC) – a Romanian speech corpus developed in-house, comprising 100 hours of speech recordings from 164 different speakers. The paper describes the development of the corpus and presents baseline automatic speech recognition (ASR) results using state-of-the-art ASR technology: Kaldi speech recognition toolkit.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Georgescu, Alexandru-Lucian and Cucu, Horia and Buzo, Andi and Burileanu, Corneliu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6606--6612},
}

@inproceedings{robertson_fab_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{FAB}: {The} {French} {Absolute} {Beginner} {Corpus} for {Pronunciation} {Training}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.815},
	abstract = {We introduce the French Absolute Beginner (FAB) speech corpus. The corpus is intended for the development and study of Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT) tools for absolute beginner learners. Data were recorded during two experiments focusing on using a CAPT system in paired role-play tasks. The setting grants FAB three distinguishing features from other non-native corpora: the experimental setting is ecologically valid, closing the gap between training and deployment; it features a label set based on teacher feedback, allowing for context-sensitive CAPT; and data have been primarily collected from absolute beginners, a group often ignored. Participants did not read prompts, but instead recalled and modified dialogues that were modelled in videos. Unable to distinguish modelled words solely from viewing videos, speakers often uttered unintelligible or out-of-L2 words. The corpus is split into three partitions: one from an experiment with minimal feedback; another with explicit, word-level feedback; and a third with supplementary read-and-record data. A subset of words in the first partition has been labelled as more or less native, with inter-annotator agreement reported. In the explicit feedback partition, labels are derived from the experiment's online feedback. The FAB corpus is scheduled to be made freely available by the end of 2020.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Robertson, Sean and Munteanu, Cosmin and Penn, Gerald},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6613--6620},
}

@inproceedings{garnerin_gender_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Gender {Representation} in {Open} {Source} {Speech} {Resources}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.813},
	abstract = {With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the growing use of deep-learning architectures, the question of ethics, transparency and fairness of AI systems has become a central concern within the research community. We address transparency and fairness in spoken language systems by proposing a study about gender representation in speech resources available through the Open Speech and Language Resource platform. We show that finding gender information in open source corpora is not straightforward and that gender balance depends on other corpus characteristics (elicited/non elicited speech, low/high resource language, speech task targeted). The paper ends with recommendations about metadata and gender information for researchers in order to assure better transparency of the speech systems built using such corpora.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Garnerin, Mahault and Rossato, Solange and Besacier, Laurent},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6599--6605},
}

@inproceedings{huang_construction_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On {Construction} of the {ASR}-oriented {Indian} {English} {Pronunciation} {Dictionary}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.812},
	abstract = {As a World English, a New English and a regional variety of English, Indian English (IE) has developed its own distinctive characteristics, especially phonologically, from other varieties of English. An Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system simply trained on British English (BE) /American English (AE) speech data and using the BE/AE pronunciation dictionary performs much worse when applied to IE. An applicable IEASR system needs spontaneous IE speech as training materials and a comprehensive, linguistically-guided IE pronunciation dictionary (IEPD) so as to achieve the effective mapping between the acoustic model and language model. This research builds a small IE spontaneous speech corpus, analyzes and summarizes the phonological variation features of IE, comes up with an IE phoneme set and complies the IEPD (including a common-English-word list, an Indian-word list, an acronym list and an affix list). Finally, two ASR systems are trained with 120 hours IE spontaneous speech data, using the IEPD we construct in this study and CMUdict separately. The two systems are tested with 50 audio clips of IE spontaneous speech. The result shows the system trained with IEPD performs better than the one trained with CMUdict with WER being 15.63\% lower on the test data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Huang, Xian and Jin, Xin and Li, Qike and Zhang, Keliang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6593--6598},
}

@inproceedings{ahmed_preparation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Preparation of {Bangla} {Speech} {Corpus} from {Publicly} {Available} {Audio} \& {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.811},
	abstract = {Automatic speech recognition systems require large annotated speech corpus. The manual annotation of a large corpus is very difficult. In this paper, we focus on the automatic preparation of a speech corpus for Bangladeshi Bangla. We have used publicly available Bangla audiobooks and TV news recordings as audio sources. We designed and implemented an iterative algorithm that takes as input a speech corpus and a huge amount of raw audio (without transcription) and outputs a much larger speech corpus with reasonable confidence. We have leveraged speaker diarization, gender detection, etc. to prepare the annotated corpus. We also have prepared a synthetic speech corpus for handling out-of-vocabulary word problems in Bangla language. Our corpus is suitable for training with Kaldi. Experimental results show that the use of our corpus in addition to the Google Speech corpus (229 hours) significantly improves the performance of the ASR system.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ahmed, Shafayat and Sadeq, Nafis and Shubha, Sudipta Saha and Islam, Md. Nahidul and Adnan, Muhammad Abdullah and Islam, Mohammad Zuberul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6586--6592},
}

@inproceedings{fukuda_improving_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Improving {Speech} {Recognition} for the {Elderly}: {A} {New} {Corpus} of {Elderly} {Japanese} {Speech} and {Investigation} of {Acoustic} {Modeling} for {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.810},
	abstract = {In an aging society like Japan, a highly accurate speech recognition system is needed for use in electronic devices for the elderly, but this level of accuracy cannot be obtained using conventional speech recognition systems due to the unique features of the speech of elderly people. S-JNAS, a corpus of elderly Japanese speech, is widely used for acoustic modeling in Japan, but the average age of its speakers is 67.6 years old. Since average life expectancy in Japan is now 84.2 years, we are constructing a new speech corpus, which currently consists of the utterances of 221 speakers with an average age of 79.2, collected from four regions of Japan. In addition, we expand on our previous study (Fukuda, 2019) by further investigating the construction of acoustic models suitable for elderly speech. We create new acoustic models and train them using a combination of existing Japanese speech corpora (JNAS, S-JNAS, CSJ), with and without our ‘super-elderly’ speech data, and conduct speech recognition experiments. Our new acoustic models achieve word error rates (WER) as low as 13.38\%, exceeding the results of our previous study in which we used the CSJ acoustic model adapted for elderly speech (17.4\% WER).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fukuda, Meiko and Nishizaki, Hiromitsu and Iribe, Yurie and Nishimura, Ryota and Kitaoka, Norihide},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6578--6585},
}

@inproceedings{saito_smash_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SMASH} {Corpus}: {A} {Spontaneous} {Speech} {Corpus} {Recording} {Third}-person {Audio} {Commentaries} on {Gameplay}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.809},
	abstract = {Developing a spontaneous speech corpus would be beneficial for spoken language processing and understanding. We present a speech corpus named the SMASH corpus, which includes spontaneous speech of two Japanese male commentators that made third-person audio commentaries during the gameplay of a fighting game. Each commentator ad-libbed while watching the gameplay with various topics covering not only explanations of each moment to convey the information on the fight but also comments to entertain listeners. We made transcriptions and topic tags as annotations on the recorded commentaries with our two-step method. We first made automatic and manual transcriptions of the commentaries and then manually annotated the topic tags. This paper describes how we constructed the SMASH corpus and reports some results of the annotations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Saito, Yuki and Takamichi, Shinnosuke and Saruwatari, Hiroshi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6571--6577},
}

@inproceedings{enomoto_conversation-analytic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Conversation}-{Analytic} {Annotation} of {Turn}-{Taking} {Behavior} in {Japanese} {Multi}-{Party} {Conversation} and its {Preliminary} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.81},
	abstract = {In this study, we propose a conversation-analytic annotation scheme for turn-taking behavior in multi-party conversations. The annotation scheme is motivated by a proposal of a proper model of turn-taking incorporating various ideas developed in the literature of conversation analysis. Our annotation consists of two sets of tags: the beginning and the ending type of the utterance. Focusing on the ending-type tags, in some cases combined with the beginning-type tags, we emphasize the importance of the distinction among four selection types: i) selecting other participant as next speaker, ii) not selecting next speaker but followed by a switch of the speakership, iii) not selecting next speaker and followed by a continuation of the speakership, and iv)being inside a multi-unit turn. Based on the annotation of Japanese multi-party conversations, we analyze how syntactic and prosodic features of utterances vary across the four selection types. The results show that the above four-way distinction is essential to account for the distributions of the syntactic and prosodic features, suggesting the insufficiency of previous turn-taking models that do not consider the distinction between i) and ii) or between ii) or iii).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Enomoto, Mika and Den, Yasuharu and Ishimoto, Yuichi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {644--652},
}

@inproceedings{ramalho_phonbank_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{PhonBank} and {Data} {Sharing}: {Recent} {Developments} in {European} {Portuguese}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.808},
	abstract = {84 104 105 115 32 112 97 112 101 114 32 112 114 101 115 101 110 116 115 32 116 104 101 32 114 101 99 101 110 116 108 121 32 112 117 98 108 105 115 104 101 100 32 82 65 77 65 76 72 79 45 69 80 32 97 110 100 32 80 72 79 78 79 68 73 83 32 99 111 114 112 111 114 97 46 32 66 111 116 104 32 105 110 99 108 117 100 101 32 69 117 114 111 112 101 97 110 32 80 111 114 116 117 103 117 101 115 101 32 112 114 111 100 117 99 116 105 111 110 32 100 97 116 97 32 102 114 111 109 32 80 111 114 116 117 103 117 101 115 101 32 99 104 105 108 100 114 101 110 32 119 105 116 104 32 116 121 112 105 99 97 108 32 40 82 65 77 65 76 72 79 45 69 80 41 32 97 110 100 32 112 114 111 116 114 97 99 116 101 100 32 40 80 72 79 78 79 68 73 83 41 32 112 104 111 110 111 108 111 103 105 99 97 108 32 100 101 118 101 108 111 112 109 101 110 116 46 32 84 104 101 32 100 97 116 97 32 105 110 32 116 104 101 32 116 119 111 32 99 111 114 112 111 114 97 32 119 101 114 101 32 99 111 108 108 101 99 116 101 100 32 117 115 105 110 103 32 116 104 101 32 112 104 111 110 111 108 111 103 105 99 97 108 32 97 115 115 101 115 115 109 101 110 116 32 116 111 111 108 32 67 76 67 80 45 69 80 44 32 100 101 118 101 108 111 112 101 100 32 105 110 32 116 104 101 32 99 111 110 116 101 120 116 32 111 102 32 116 104 101 32 67 114 111 115 115 108 105 110 103 117 105 115 116 105 99 32 67 104 105 108 100 32 80 104 111 110 111 108 111 103 121 32 80 114 111 106 101 99 116 44 32 99 111 111 114 100 105 110 97 116 101 100 32 98 121 32 66 97 114 98 97 114 97 32 66 101 114 110 104 97 114 100 116 32 97 110 100 32 74 111 101 32 83 116 101 109 98 101 114 103 101 114 32 40 85 110 105 118 101 114 115 105 116 121 32 111 102 32 66 114 105 116 105 115 104 32 67 111 108 117 109 98 105 97 32 40 85 66 67 41 44 32 67 97 110 97 100 97 41 46 32 32 66 111 116 104 32 99 111 114 112 111 114 97 32 97 114 101 32 112 97 114 116 32 111 102 32 116 104 101 32 80 104 111 110 66 97 110 107 32 80 114 111 106 101 99 116 32 40 66 114 105 97 110 32 77 97 99 87 104 105 110 110 101 121 32 40 67 97 114 110 101 103 105 101 32 77 101 108 108 111 110 44 32 85 83 65 41 32 97 110 100 32 89 118 97 110 32 82 111 115 101 32 40 77 101 109 111 114 105 97 108 32 85 110 105 118 101 114 115 105 116 121 32 111 102 32 78 101 119 102 111 117 110 100 108 97 110 100 44 32 67 97 110 97 100 97 41 44 32 119 104 105 99 104 32 105 115 32 116 104 101 32 99 104 105 108 100 32 112 104 111 110 111 108 111 103 121 32 99 111 109 112 111 110 101 110 116 32 111 102 32 84 97 108 107 66 97 110 107 44 32 99 111 111 114 100 105 110 97 116 101 100 32 98 121 32 66 114 105 97 110 32 77 97 99 87 104 105 110 110 101 121 46 32 84 104 101 32 100 97 116 97 32 97 116 32 80 104 111 110 66 97 110 107 32 105 115 32 101 100 105 116 101 100 32 105 110 32 80 104 111 110 32 102 111 114 109 97 116 44 32 97 32 108 97 110 103 117 97 103 101 32 116 111 111 108 32 100 101 115 105 103 110 101 100 32 97 110 100 32 98 117 105 108 116 32 98 121 32 89 118 97 110 32 82 111 115 101 32 97 110 100 32 71 114 101 103 32 72 101 100 108 117 110 100 32 40 77 101 109 111 114 105 97 108 32 85 110 105 118 101 114 115 105 116 121 32 111 102 32 78 101 119 102 111 117 110 100 108 97 110 100 41 32 97 110 100 32 119 105 100 101 108 121 32 117 115 101 100 32 98 121 32 114 101 115 101 97 114 99 104 101 114 115 32 119 111 114 107 105 110 103 32 105 110 32 116 104 101 32 102 105 101 108 100 32 111 102 32 112 104 111 110 111 108 111 103 105 99 97 108 32 97 99 113 117 105 115 105 116 105 111 110 46 32 82 65 77 65 76 72 79 45 69 80 32 99 111 110 116 97 105 110 115 32 112 114 111 100 117 99 116 105 111 110 32 100 97 116 97 32 102 114 111 109 32 56 55 32 116 121 112 105 99 97 108 108 121 32 100 101 118 101 108 111 112 105 110 103 32 99 104 105 108 100 114 101 110 44 32 97 103 101 100 32 50 59 49 49 32 116 111 32 54 59 48 52 44 32 97 108 108 32 109 111 110 111 108 105 110 103 117 97 108 115 46 32 80 72 79 78 79 68 73 83 32 105 110 99 108 117 100 101 115 32 112 114 111 100 117 99 116 105 111 110 32 100 97 116 97 32 102 114 111 109 32 50 50 32 99 104 105 108 100 114 101 110 32 100 105 97 103 110 111 115 101 100 32 119 105 116 104 32 100 105 102 102 101 114 101 110 116 32 116 121 112 101 115 32 111 102 32 115 112 101 101 99 104 32 97 110 100 32 108 97 110 103 117 97 103 101 32 100 105 115 111 114 100 101 114 115 44 32 97 108 108 32 69 80 32 109 111 110 111 108 105 110 103 117 97 108 115 44 32 97 103 101 100 32 51 59 50 32 116 111 32 49 49 44 48 53 46 32 66 111 116 104 32 99 111 114 112 111 114 97 32 97 114 101 32 111 112 101 110 32 97 99 99 101 115 115 32 108 97 110 103 117 97 103 101 32 114 101 115 111 117 114 99 101 115 32 97 110 100 32 99 111 110 116 114 105 98 117 116 101 32 116 111 32 101 110 108 97 114 103 101 32 116 104 101 32 97 109 111 117 110 116 32 111 102 32 112 114 111 100 117 99 116 105 111 110 32 100 97 116 97 32 111 110 32 116 104 101 32 97 99 113 117 105 115 105 116 105 111 110 32 111 102 32 69 117 114 111 112 101 97 110 32 80 111 114 116 117 103 117 101 115 101 32 97 118 97 105 108 97 98 108 101 32 105 110 32 80 104 111 110 66 97 110 107 46},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ramalho, Ana Margarida and Freitas, Maria João and Rose, Yvan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6562--6570},
}

@inproceedings{kachkovskaia_sibling_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SibLing} {Corpus} of {Russian} {Dialogue} {Speech} {Designed} for {Research} on {Speech} {Entrainment}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.807},
	abstract = {The paper presents a new corpus of dialogue speech designed specifically for research in the field of speech entrainment. Given that the degree of accommodation may depend on a number of social factors, the corpus is designed to encompass 5 types of relations between the interlocutors: those between siblings, close friends, strangers of the same gender, strangers of the other gender, strangers of which one has a higher job position and greater age. Another critical decision taken in this corpus is that in all these social settings one speaker is kept the same. This allows us to trace the changes in his/her speech depending on the interlocutor. The basic set of speakers consists of 10 pairs of same-gender siblings (including 4 pairs of identical twins) aged 23-40, and each of them was recorded in the 5 settings mentioned above. In total we obtained 90 dialogues of 25-60 minutes each. The speakers played a card game and a map game; they were recorded in a soundproof studio without being able to see each other due to a non-transparent screen between them. The corpus contains orthographic, phonetic and prosodic annotation and is segmented into turns and inter-pausal units.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kachkovskaia, Tatiana and Chukaeva, Tatiana and Evdokimova, Vera and Kholiavin, Pavel and Kriakina, Natalia and Kocharov, Daniil and Mamushina, Anna and Menshikova, Alla and Zimina, Svetlana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6556--6561},
}

@inproceedings{chen_large_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Large} {Scale} {Speech} {Sentiment} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.806},
	abstract = {We present a multimodal corpus for sentiment analysis based on the existing Switchboard-1 Telephone Speech Corpus released by the Linguistic Data Consortium. This corpus extends the Switchboard-1 Telephone Speech Corpus by adding sentiment labels from 3 different human annotators for every transcript segment. Each sentiment label can be one of three options: positive, negative, and neutral. Annotators are recruited using Google Cloud's data labeling service and the labeling task was conducted over the internet. The corpus contains a total of 49500 labeled speech segments covering 140 hours of audio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest multimodal Corpus for sentiment analysis that includes both speech and text features.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chen, Eric and Lu, Zhiyun and Xu, Hao and Cao, Liangliang and Zhang, Yu and Fan, James},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6549--6555},
}

@inproceedings{xiao_tv-afd_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TV}-{AfD}: {An} {Imperative}-{Annotated} {Corpus} from {The} {Big} {Bang} {Theory} and {Wikipedia}’s {Articles} for {Deletion} {Discussions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.805},
	abstract = {In this study, we created an imperative corpus with speech conversations from dialogues in The Big Bang Theory and with the written comments in Wikipedia’s Articles for Deletion discussions. For the TV show data, 59 episodes containing 25,076 statements are used. We manually annotated imperatives based on the annotation guideline adapted from Condoravdi and Lauer’s study (2012) and used the retrieved data to assess the performance of syntax-based classification rules. For the Wikipedia AfD comments data, we first developed and leveraged a syntax-based classifier to extract 10,624 statements that may be imperative, and we manually examined the statements and then identified true positives. With this corpus, we also examined the performance of the rule-based imperative detection tool. Our result shows different outcomes for speech (dialogue) and written data. The rule-based classification performs better in the written data in precision (0.80) compared to the speech data (0.44). Also, the rule-based classification has a low-performance overall for speech data with the precision of 0.44, recall of 0.41, and f-1 measure of 0.42. This finding implies the syntax-based model may need to be adjusted for a speech dataset because imperatives in oral communication have greater syntactic varieties and are highly context-dependent.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Xiao, Yimin and Slaton, Zong-Ying and Xiao, Lu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6542--6548},
}

@inproceedings{martin_objective_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Objective} and {Subjective} {Sleepiness} {Voice} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.803},
	abstract = {Following patients with chronic sleep disorders involves multiple appointments between doctors and patients which often results in episodic follow-ups with unevenly spaced interviews. Speech technologies and virtual doctors can help improve this follow-up. However, there are still some challenges to overcome: sleepiness measurements are diverse and are not always correlated, and most past research focused on detecting nstantaneous sleepiness levels of healthy sleep-deprived subjects. This article presents a large database to assess the sleepiness level of highly phenotyped patients that complain from excessive daytime sleepiness. Based on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, it differs from existing databases by multiple aspects. First, it is omposed of recordings from patients suffering from excessive daytime sleepiness instead of sleep deprived healthy subjects. Second, it incites the subjects to sleep contrary to existing stressing sleepiness deprivation experimental paradigms. Third, the sleepiness level of the patients is evaluated with different temporal granularities - long term sleepiness and short term sleepiness - and both objective and subjective sleepiness measures are collected. Finally, it relies on the recordings of 94 highly phenotyped patients, allowing to unravel the influences of different physical factors (age, sex, weight, ... ) on voice.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Martin, Vincent P. and Rouas, Jean-Luc and Micoulaud Franchi, Jean-Arthur and Philip, Pierre},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6523--6531},
}

@inproceedings{demirsahin_open-source_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Open-source {Multi}-speaker {Corpora} of the {English} {Accents} in the {British} {Isles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.804},
	abstract = {This paper presents a dataset of transcribed high-quality audio of English sentences recorded by volunteers speaking with different accents of the British Isles. The dataset is intended for linguistic analysis as well as use for speech technologies. The recording scripts were curated specifically for accent elicitation, covering a variety of phonological phenomena and providing a high phoneme coverage. The scripts include pronunciations of global locations, major airlines and common personal names in different accents; and native speaker pronunciations of local words. Overlapping lines for all speakers were included for idiolect elicitation, which include the same or similar lines with other existing resources such as the CSTR VCTK corpus and the Speech Accent Archive to allow for easy comparison of personal and regional accents. The resulting corpora include over 31 hours of recordings from 120 volunteers who self-identify as native speakers of Southern England, Midlands, Northern England, Welsh, Scottish and Irish varieties of English.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Demirsahin, Isin and Kjartansson, Oddur and Gutkin, Alexander and Rivera, Clara},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6532--6541},
}

@inproceedings{chlebowski_manually_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Manually} {Annotated} {Resource} for the {Investigation} of {Nasal} {Grunts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.802},
	abstract = {This paper presents an annotation framework for nasal grunts of the whole French CID corpus (Bertrand et al., 2008). The acoustic components under scrutiny are justified and the annotation guidelines are described. We carefully characterise the acoustic cues and visual cues followed by the annotator, especially for non-modal phonation types. The conventions followed for the annotation of interactional and positional properties of grunts are explained. The resulting datasets after data extraction with Praat scripts (Boersma and Weenink, 2019) are analysed with R (R Core Team, 2017), focusing on duration. We analyse the effect of non-modal phonation (especially ingressive phonation) on duration and discuss a specialisation of grunts observed in the CID for grunts with ingressive phonation. The more general aim of this research is to establish putative core and additive properties of grunts and a tentative typology of grunts in spoken interactions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chlébowski, Aurélie and Ballier, Nicolas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6514--6522},
}

@inproceedings{guevara-rukoz_crowdsourcing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Crowdsourcing {Latin} {American} {Spanish} for {Low}-{Resource} {Text}-to-{Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.801},
	abstract = {In this paper we present a multidialectal corpus approach for building a text-to-speech voice for a new dialect in a language with existing resources, focusing on various South American dialects of Spanish. We first present public speech datasets for Argentinian, Chilean, Colombian, Peruvian, Puerto Rican and Venezuelan Spanish specifically constructed with text-to-speech applications in mind using crowd-sourcing. We then compare the monodialectal voices built with minimal data to a multidialectal model built by pooling all the resources from all dialects. Our results show that the multidialectal model outperforms the monodialectal baseline models. We also experiment with a “zero-resource” dialect scenario where we build a multidialectal voice for a dialect while holding out target dialect recordings from the training data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Guevara-Rukoz, Adriana and Demirsahin, Isin and He, Fei and Chu, Shan-Hui Cathy and Sarin, Supheakmungkol and Pipatsrisawat, Knot and Gutkin, Alexander and Butryna, Alena and Kjartansson, Oddur},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6504--6513},
}

@inproceedings{he_open-source_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Open-source {Multi}-speaker {Speech} {Corpora} for {Building} {Gujarati}, {Kannada}, {Malayalam}, {Marathi}, {Tamil} and {Telugu} {Speech} {Synthesis} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.800},
	abstract = {We present free high quality multi-speaker speech corpora for Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil and Telugu, which are six of the twenty two official languages of India spoken by 374 million native speakers. The datasets are primarily intended for use in text-to-speech (TTS) applications, such as constructing multilingual voices or being used for speaker or language adaptation. Most of the corpora (apart from Marathi, which is a female-only database) consist of at least 2,000 recorded lines from female and male native speakers of the language. We present the methodological details behind corpora acquisition, which can be scaled to acquiring data for other languages of interest. We describe the experiments in building a multilingual text-to-speech model that is constructed by combining our corpora. Our results indicate that using these corpora results in good quality voices, with Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) {\textgreater} 3.6, for all the languages tested. We believe that these resources, released with an open-source license, and the described methodology will help in the progress of speech applications for the languages described and aid corpora development for other, smaller, languages of India and beyond.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {He, Fei and Chu, Shan-Hui Cathy and Kjartansson, Oddur and Rivera, Clara and Katanova, Anna and Gutkin, Alexander and Demirsahin, Isin and Johny, Cibu and Jansche, Martin and Sarin, Supheakmungkol and Pipatsrisawat, Knot},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6494--6503},
}

@inproceedings{navarretta_dialogue_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dialogue {Act} {Annotation} in a {Multimodal} {Corpus} of {First} {Encounter} {Dialogues}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.80},
	abstract = {This paper deals with the annotation of dialogue acts in a multimodal corpus of first encounter dialogues, i.e. face-to- face dialogues in which two people who meet for the first time talk with no particular purpose other than just talking. More specifically, we describe the method used to annotate dialogue acts in the corpus, including the evaluation of the annotations. Then, we present descriptive statistics of the annotation, particularly focusing on which dialogue acts often follow each other across speakers and which dialogue acts overlap with gestural behaviour. Finally, we discuss how feedback is expressed in the corpus by means of feedback dialogue acts with or without co-occurring gestural behaviour, i.e. multimodal vs. unimodal feedback.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Navarretta, Costanza and Paggio, Patrizia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {634--643},
}

@inproceedings{dakle_study_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Study} on {Entity} {Resolution} for {Email} {Conversations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.8},
	abstract = {This paper investigates the problem of entity resolution for email conversations and presents a seed annotated corpus of email threads labeled with entity coreference chains. Characteristics of email threads concerning reference resolution are first discussed, and then the creation of the corpus and annotation steps are explained. Finally, performance of the current state-of-the-art deep learning models on the seed corpus is evaluated and qualitative error analysis on the predictions obtained is presented.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dakle, Parag Pravin and Desai, Takshak and Moldovan, Dan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {65--73},
}

@inproceedings{zanon_boito_mass_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MaSS}: {A} {Large} and {Clean} {Multilingual} {Corpus} of {Sentence}-aligned {Spoken} {Utterances} {Extracted} from the {Bible}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.799},
	abstract = {The CMU Wilderness Multilingual Speech Dataset (Black, 2019) is a newly published multilingual speech dataset based on recorded readings of the New Testament. It provides data to build Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Text-to-Speech (TTS) models for potentially 700 languages. However, the fact that the source content (the Bible) is the same for all the languages is not exploited to date.Therefore, this article proposes to add multilingual links between speech segments in different languages, and shares a large and clean dataset of 8,130 parallel spoken utterances across 8 languages (56 language pairs). We name this corpus MaSS (Multilingual corpus of Sentence-aligned Spoken utterances). The covered languages (Basque, English, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian and Spanish) allow researches on speech-to-speech alignment as well as on translation for typologically different language pairs. The quality of the final corpus is attested by human evaluation performed on a corpus subset (100 utterances, 8 language pairs). Lastly, we showcase the usefulness of the final product on a bilingual speech retrieval task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zanon Boito, Marcely and Havard, William and Garnerin, Mahault and Le Ferrand, Éric and Besacier, Laurent},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6486--6493},
}

@inproceedings{georgila_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Off}-the-shelf {Speech} {Recognizers} {Across} {Diverse} {Dialogue} {Domains}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.797},
	abstract = {We evaluate several publicly available off-the-shelf (commercial and research) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems across diverse dialogue domains (in US-English). Our evaluation is aimed at non-experts with limited experience in speech recognition. Our goal is not only to compare a variety of ASR systems on several diverse data sets but also to measure how much ASR technology has advanced since our previous large-scale evaluations on the same data sets. Our results show that the performance of each speech recognizer can vary significantly depending on the domain. Furthermore, despite major recent progress in ASR technology, current state-of-the-art speech recognizers perform poorly in domains that require special vocabulary and language models, and under noisy conditions. We expect that our evaluation will prove useful to ASR consumers and dialogue system designers.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Georgila, Kallirroi and Leuski, Anton and Yanov, Volodymyr and Traum, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6469--6476},
}

@inproceedings{ulasik_ceasr_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CEASR}: {A} {Corpus} for {Evaluating} {Automatic} {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.798},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present CEASR, a Corpus for Evaluating the quality of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). It is a data set based on public speech corpora, containing metadata along with transcripts generated by several modern state-of-the-art ASR systems. CEASR provides this data in a unified structure, consistent across all corpora and systems, with normalised transcript texts and metadata. We use CEASR to evaluate the quality of ASR systems by calculating an average Word Error Rate (WER) per corpus, per system and per corpus-system pair. Our experiments show a substantial difference in accuracy between commercial versus open-source ASR tools as well as differences up to a factor ten for single systems on different corpora. Using CEASR allowed us to very efficiently and easily obtain these results. Our corpus enables researchers to perform ASR-related evaluations and various in-depth analyses with noticeably reduced effort, i.e. without the need to collect, process and transcribe the speech data themselves.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ulasik, Malgorzata Anna and Hürlimann, Manuela and Germann, Fabian and Gedik, Esin and Benites, Fernando and Cieliebak, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6477--6485},
}

@inproceedings{gogoi_lexical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Lexical {Tone} {Recognition} in {Mizo} using {Acoustic}-{Prosodic} {Features}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.795},
	abstract = {Mizo is an under-studied Tibeto-Burman tonal language of the North-East India. Preliminary research findings have confirmed that four distinct tones of Mizo (High, Low, Rising and Falling) appear in the language. In this work, an attempt is made to automatically recognize four phonological tones in Mizo distinctively using acoustic-prosodic parameters as features. Six features computed from Fundamental Frequency (F0) contours are considered and two classifier models based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) \& Deep Neural Network (DNN) are implemented for automatic tonerecognition task respectively. The Mizo database consists of 31950 iterations of the four Mizo tones, collected from 19 speakers using trisyllabic phrases. A four-way classification of tones is attempted with a balanced (equal number of iterations per tone category) dataset for each tone of Mizo. it is observed that the DNN based classifier shows comparable performance in correctly recognizing four phonological Mizo tones as of the SVM based classifier.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gogoi, Parismita and Dey, Abhishek and Lalhminghlui, Wendy and Sarmah, Priyankoo and Prasanna, S R Mahadeva},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6458--6461},
}

@inproceedings{meyer_artie_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Artie {Bias} {Corpus}: {An} {Open} {Dataset} for {Detecting} {Demographic} {Bias} in {Speech} {Applications}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.796},
	abstract = {We describe the creation of the Artie Bias Corpus, an English dataset of expert­-validated {\textless}audio, transcript{\textgreater} pairs with demographic tags for age, gender, accent. We also release open software which may be used with the Artie Bias Corpus to detect demographic bias in Automatic Speech Recognition systems, and can be extended to other speech technologies. The Artie Bias Corpus is a curated subset of the Mozilla Common Voice corpus, which we release under a Creative Commons CC­0 license – the most open and permissive license for data. This article contains information on the criteria used to select and annotate the Artie Bias Corpus in addition to experiments in which we detect and attempt to mitigate bias in end­-to­-end speech recognition models. We we observe a significant accent bias in our baseline DeepSpeech model, with more accurate transcriptions of US English compared to Indian English. We do not, however, find evidence for a significant gender bias. We then show significant improvements on individual demographic groups from fine­-tuning.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Meyer, Josh and Rauchenstein, Lindy and Eisenberg, Joshua D. and Howell, Nicholas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6462--6468},
}

@inproceedings{abulimiti_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Speech} {Recognition} for {Uyghur} through {Multilingual} {Acoustic} {Modeling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.793},
	abstract = {Low-resource languages suffer from lower performance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system due to the lack of data. As a common approach, multilingual training has been applied to achieve more context coverage and has shown better performance over the monolingual training (Heigold et al., 2013). However, the difference between the donor language and the target language may distort the acoustic model trained with multilingual data, especially when much larger amount of data from donor languages is used for training the models of low-resource language. This paper presents our effort towards improving the performance of ASR system for the under-resourced Uyghur language with multilingual acoustic training. For the developing of multilingual speech recognition system for Uyghur, we used Turkish as donor language, which we selected from GlobalPhone corpus as the most similar language to Uyghur. By generating subsets of Uyghur training data, we explored the performance of multilingual speech recognition systems trained with different sizes of Uyghur and Turkish data. The best speech recognition system for Uyghur is achieved by multilingual training using all Uyghur data (10hours) and 17 hours of Turkish data and the WER is 19.17\%, which corresponds to 4.95\% relative improvement over monolingual training.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abulimiti, Ayimunishagu and Schultz, Tanja},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6444--6449},
}

@inproceedings{delgado_safe-t_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {SAFE}-{T} {Corpus}: {A} {New} {Resource} for {Simulated} {Public} {Safety} {Communications}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.794},
	abstract = {We introduce a new resource, the SAFE-T (Speech Analysis for Emergency Response Technology) Corpus, designed to simulate first-responder communications by inducing high vocal effort and urgent speech with situational background noise in a game-based collection protocol. Linguistic Data Consortium developed the SAFE-T Corpus to support the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) OpenSAT (Speech Analytic Technologies) evaluation series, whose goal is to advance speech analytic technologies including automatic speech recognition, speech activity detection and keyword search in multiple domains including simulated public safety communications data. The corpus comprises over 300 hours of audio from 115 unique speakers engaged in a collaborative problem-solving activity representative of public safety communications in terms of speech content, noise types and noise levels. Portions of the corpus have been used in the OpenSAT 2019 evaluation and the full corpus will be published in the LDC catalog. We describe the design and implementation of the SAFE-T Corpus collection, discuss the approach of capturing spontaneous speech from study participants through game-based speech collection, and report on the collection results including several challenges associated with the collection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Delgado, Dana and Walker, Kevin and Strassel, Stephanie and Jones, Karen and Caruso, Christopher and Graff, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6450--6457},
}

@inproceedings{yamashita_dnn-based_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DNN}-based {Speech} {Synthesis} {Using} {Abundant} {Tags} of {Spontaneous} {Speech} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.792},
	abstract = {In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of using rich annotations in deep neural network (DNN)-based statistical speech synthesis. DNN-based frameworks typically use linguistic information as input features called context instead of directly using text. In such frameworks, we can synthesize not only reading-style speech but also speech with paralinguistic and nonlinguistic features by adding such information to the context. However, it is not clear what kind of information is crucial for reproducing paralinguistic and nonlinguistic features. Therefore, we investigate the effectiveness of rich tags in DNN-based speech synthesis according to the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ), which has a large amount of annotations on paralinguistic features such as prosody, disfluency, and morphological features. Experimental evaluation results shows that the reproducibility of paralinguistic features of synthetic speech was enhanced by adding such information as context.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yamashita, Yuki and Koriyama, Tomoki and Saito, Yuki and Takamichi, Shinnosuke and Ijima, Yusuke and Masumura, Ryo and Saruwatari, Hiroshi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6438--6443},
}

@inproceedings{deng_integrating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Integrating {Disfluency}-based and {Prosodic} {Features} with {Acoustics} in {Automatic} {Fluency} {Evaluation} of {Spontaneous} {Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.791},
	abstract = {This paper describes an automatic fluency evaluation of spontaneous speech. In the task of automatic fluency evaluation, we integrate diverse features of acoustics, prosody, and disfluency-based ones. Then, we attempt to reveal the contribution of each of those diverse features to the task of automatic fluency evaluation. Although a variety of different disfluencies are observed regularly in spontaneous speech, we focus on two types of phenomena, i.e., filled pauses and word fragments. The experimental results demonstrate that the disfluency-based features derived from word fragments and filled pauses are effective relative to evaluating fluent/disfluent speech, especially when combined with prosodic features, e.g., such as speech rate and pauses/silence. Next, we employed an LSTM based framework in order to integrate the disfluency-based and prosodic features with time sequential acoustic features. The experimental evaluation results of those integrated diverse features indicate that time sequential acoustic features contribute to improving the model with disfluency-based and prosodic features when detecting fluent speech, but not when detecting disfluent speech. Furthermore, when detecting disfluent speech, the model without time sequential acoustic features performs best even without word fragments features, but only with filled pauses and prosodic features.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Deng, Huaijin and Lin, Youchao and Utsuro, Takehito and Kobayashi, Akio and Nishizaki, Hiromitsu and Hoshino, Junichi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6429--6437},
}

@inproceedings{gorisch_using_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Using {Automatic} {Speech} {Recognition} in {Spoken} {Corpus} {Curation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.790},
	abstract = {The newest generation of speech technology caused a huge increase of audio-visual data nowadays being enhanced with orthographic transcripts such as in automatic subtitling in online platforms. Research data centers and archives contain a range of new and historical data, which are currently only partially transcribed and therefore only partially accessible for systematic querying. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is one option of making that data accessible. This paper tests the usability of a state-of-the-art ASR-System on a historical (from the 1960s), but regionally balanced corpus of spoken German, and a relatively new corpus (from 2012) recorded in a narrow area. We observed a regional bias of the ASR-System with higher recognition scores for the north of Germany vs. lower scores for the south. A detailed analysis of the narrow region data revealed – despite relatively high ASR-confidence – some specific word errors due to a lack of regional adaptation. These findings need to be considered in decisions on further data processing and the curation of corpora, e.g. correcting transcripts or transcribing from scratch. Such geography-dependent analyses can also have the potential for ASR-development to make targeted data selection for training/adaptation and to increase the sensitivity towards varieties of pluricentric languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gorisch, Jan and Gref, Michael and Schmidt, Thomas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6423--6428},
}

@inproceedings{srivastava_indicspeech_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{IndicSpeech}: {Text}-to-{Speech} {Corpus} for {Indian} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.789},
	abstract = {India is a country where several tens of languages are spoken by over a billion strong population. Text-to-speech systems for such languages will thus be extremely beneficial for wide-spread content creation and accessibility. Despite this, the current TTS systems for even the most popular Indian languages fall short of the contemporary state-of-the-art systems for English, Chinese, etc. We believe that one of the major reasons for this is the lack of large, publicly available text-to-speech corpora in these languages that are suitable for training neural text-to-speech systems. To mitigate this, we release a \$24\$ hour text-to-speech corpus for \$3\$ major Indian languages namely Hindi, Malayalam and Bengali. In this work, we also train a state-of-the-art TTS system for each of these languages and report their performances. The collected corpus, code, and trained models are made publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Srivastava, Nimisha and Mukhopadhyay, Rudrabha and K R, Prajwal and Jawahar, C V},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6417--6422},
}

@inproceedings{amoyal_paco_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{PACO}: a {Corpus} to {Analyze} the {Impact} of {Common} {Ground} in {Spontaneous} {Face}-to-{Face} {Interaction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.79},
	abstract = {PAC0 is a French audio-video conversational corpus made of 15 face-to-face dyadic interactions, lasting around 20 min each. This compared corpus has been created in order to explore the impact of the lack of personal common ground (Clark, 1996) on participants collaboration during conversation and specifically on their smile during topic transitions. We have constituted this conversational corpus " PACO" by replicating the experimental protocol of "Cheese!" (Priego-valverde \& al.,2018). The only difference that distinguishes these two corpora is the degree of CG of the interlocutors: in Cheese! interlocutors are friends, while in PACO they do not know each other. This experimental protocol allows to analyze how the participants are getting acquainted. This study brings two main contributions. First, the PACO conversational corpus enables to compare the impact of the interlocutors' common ground. Second, the semi-automatic smile annotation protocol allows to obtain reliable and reproducible smile annotations while reducing the annotation time by a factor 10. Keywords : Common ground, spontaneous interaction, smile, automatic detection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Amoyal, Mary and Priego-Valverde, Béatrice and Rauzy, Stephane},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {628--633},
}

@inproceedings{rognoni_urdu_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Urdu {Pitch} {Accents} and {Intonation} {Patterns} in {Spontaneous} {Conversational} {Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.788},
	abstract = {An intonational inventory of Urdu for spontaneous conversational speech is determined based on the analysis of a hand-labelled data set of telephone conversations. An inventory of Urdu pitch accents and the basic Urdu intonation patterns observed in the data are summarised and presented using a simplified version of the Rhythm and Pitch (RaP) labelling system. The relation between pitch accents and parts of speech (PoS) is also explored. The data confirm the important role played by low pitch accents in Urdu spontaneous speech, in line with previous studies on Urdu/Hindi scripted speech. Typical pitch contours such as falling tone in statements and WH-questions, and rising tone for yes/no questions are also exhibited. Pitch accent distribution is quite free in Urdu, but the data indicate a stronger association of pitch accent with some PoS categories of content word (e.g. Nouns) when compared with function words and semantically lighter PoS categories (such as Light Verbs). Contrastive focus is realised by an L*+H accent with a relatively large pitch excursion for the +H tone, and longer duration of the stressed syllable. The data suggest that post-focus compression (PFC) is used in Urdu as a focus-marking strategy.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rognoni, Luca and Bishop, Judith and Corris, Miriam and Fernando, Jessica and Smith, Rosanna},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6412--6416},
}

@inproceedings{ben_abdallah_text_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Text and {Speech}-based {Tunisian} {Arabic} {Sub}-{Dialects} {Identification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.787},
	abstract = {Dialect IDentification (DID) is a challenging task, and it becomes more complicated when it is about the identification of dialects that belong to the same country. Indeed, dialects of the same country are closely related and exhibit a significant overlapping at the phonetic and lexical levels. In this paper, we present our first results on a dialect classification task covering four sub-dialects spoken in Tunisia. We use the term ’sub-dialect’ to refer to the dialects belonging to the same country. We conducted our experiments aiming to discriminate between Tunisian sub-dialects belonging to four different cities: namely Tunis, Sfax, Sousse and Tataouine. A spoken corpus of 1673 utterances is collected, transcribed and freely distributed. We used this corpus to build several speech- and text-based DID systems. Our results confirm that, at this level of granularity, dialects are much better distinguishable using the speech modality. Indeed, we were able to reach an F-1 score of 93.75\% using our best speech-based identification system while the F-1 score is limited to 54.16\% using text-based DID on the same test set.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ben Abdallah, Najla and Kchaou, Saméh and Bougares, Fethi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6405--6411},
}

@inproceedings{desot_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpus {Generation} for {Voice} {Command} in {Smart} {Home} and the {Effect} of {Speech} {Synthesis} on {End}-to-{End} {SLU}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.786},
	abstract = {Massive amounts of annotated data greatly contributed to the advance of the machine learning field. However such large data sets are often unavailable for novel tasks performed in realistic environments such as smart homes. In this domain, semantically annotated large voice command corpora for Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) are scarce, especially for non-English languages. We present the automatic generation process of a synthetic semantically-annotated corpus of French commands for smart-home to train pipeline and End-to-End (E2E) SLU models. SLU is typically performed through Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Natural Language Understanding (NLU) in a pipeline. Since errors at the ASR stage reduce the NLU performance, an alternative approach is End-to-End (E2E) SLU to jointly perform ASR and NLU. To that end, the artificial corpus was fed to a text-to-speech (TTS) system to generate synthetic speech data. All models were evaluated on voice commands acquired in a real smart home. We show that artificial data can be combined with real data within the same training set or used as a stand-alone training corpus. The synthetic speech quality was assessedby comparing it to real data using dynamic time warping (DTW).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Desot, Thierry and Portet, François and Vacher, Michel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6395--6404},
}

@inproceedings{kalashnikova_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Period} {Segmentation} of {Oral} {French}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.785},
	abstract = {Natural Language Processing in oral speech segmentation is still looking for a minimal unit to analyze. In this work, we present a comparison of two automatic segmentation methods of macro-syntactic periods which allows to take into account syntactic and prosodic components of speech. We compare the performances of an existing tool Analor (Avanzi, Lacheret-Dujour, Victorri, 2008) developed for automatic segmentation of prosodic periods and of CRF models relying on syntactic and / or prosodic features. We find that Analor tends to divide speech into smaller segments and that CRF models detect larger segments rather than macro-syntactic periods. However, in general CRF models perform better results than Analor in terms of F-measure.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kalashnikova, Natalia and Grobol, Loïc and Eshkol-Taravella, Iris and Delafontaine, François},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6389--6394},
}

@inproceedings{hernandez_mena_masri-headset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MASRI}-{HEADSET}: {A} {Maltese} {Corpus} for {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.784},
	abstract = {Maltese, the national language of Malta, is spoken by approximately 500,000 people. Speech processing for Maltese is still in its early stages of development. In this paper, we present the first spoken Maltese corpus designed purposely for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). The MASRI-HEADSET corpus was developed by the MASRI project at the University of Malta. It consists of 8 hours of speech paired with text, recorded by using short text snippets in a laboratory environment. The speakers were recruited from different geographical locations all over the Maltese islands, and were roughly evenly distributed by gender. This paper also presents some initial results achieved in baseline experiments for Maltese ASR using Sphinx and Kaldi. The MASRI HEADSET Corpus is publicly available for research/academic purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hernandez Mena, Carlos Daniel and Gatt, Albert and DeMarco, Andrea and Borg, Claudia and van der Plas, Lonneke and Muscat, Amanda and Padovani, Ian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6381--6388},
}

@inproceedings{schulder_atc-anno_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ATC}-{ANNO}: {Semantic} {Annotation} for {Air} {Traffic} {Control} with {Assistive} {Auto}-{Annotation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.783},
	abstract = {In air traffic control, assistant systems support air traffic controllers in their work. To improve the reactivity and accuracy of the assistant, automatic speech recognition can monitor the commands uttered by the controller. However, to provide sufficient training data for the speech recognition system, many hours of air traffic communications have to be transcribed and semantically annotated. For this purpose we developed the annotation tool ATC-ANNO. It provides a number of features to support the annotator in their task, such as auto-complete suggestions for semantic tags, access to preliminary speech recognition predictions, syntax highlighting and consistency indicators. Its core assistive feature, however, is its ability to automatically generate semantic annotations. Although it is based on a simple hand-written finite state grammar, it is also able to annotate sentences that deviate from this grammar. We evaluate the impact of different features on annotator efficiency and find that automatic annotation allows annotators to cover four times as many utterances in the same time.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schulder, Marc and O'Mahony, Johannah and Bakanouski, Yury and Klakow, Dietrich},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6375--6380},
}

@inproceedings{szekely_augmented_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Augmented {Prompt} {Selection} for {Evaluation} of {Spontaneous} {Speech} {Synthesis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.782},
	abstract = {By definition, spontaneous speech is unscripted and created on the fly by the speaker. It is dramatically different from read speech, where the words are authored as text before they are spoken. Spontaneous speech is emergent and transient, whereas text read out loud is pre-planned. For this reason, it is unsuitable to evaluate the usability and appropriateness of spontaneous speech synthesis by having it read out written texts sampled from for example newspapers or books. Instead, we need to use transcriptions of speech as the target - something that is much less readily available. In this paper, we introduce Starmap, a tool allowing developers to select a varied, representative set of utterances from a spoken genre, to be used for evaluation of TTS for a given domain. The selection can be done from any speech recording, without the need for transcription. The tool uses interactive visualisation of prosodic features with t-SNE, along with a tree-based algorithm to guide the user through thousands of utterances and ensure coverage of a variety of prompts. A listening test has shown that with a selection of genre-specific utterances, it is possible to show significant differences across genres between two synthetic voices built from spontaneous speech.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Szekely, Eva and Edlund, Jens and gustafson, joakim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6368--6374},
}

@inproceedings{kratochvil_large_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Large {Corpus} of {Czech} {Parliament} {Plenary} {Hearings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.781},
	abstract = {We present a large corpus of Czech parliament plenary sessions. The corpus consists of approximately 1200 hours of speech data and corresponding text transcriptions. The whole corpus has been segmented to short audio segments making it suitable for both training and evaluation of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. The source language of the corpus is Czech, which makes it a valuable resource for future research as only a few public datasets are available in the Czech language. We complement the data release with experiments of two baseline ASR systems trained on the presented data: the more traditional approach implemented in the Kaldi ASRtoolkit which combines hidden Markov models and deep neural networks (NN) and a modern ASR architecture implemented in Jaspertoolkit which uses deep NNs in an end-to-end fashion.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kratochvil, Jonas and Polak, Peter and Bojar, Ondrej},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6363--6367},
}

@inproceedings{gref_multi-staged_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multi-{Staged} {Cross}-{Lingual} {Acoustic} {Model} {Adaption} for {Robust} {Speech} {Recognition} in {Real}-{World} {Applications} - {A} {Case} {Study} on {German} {Oral} {History} {Interviews}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.780},
	abstract = {While recent automatic speech recognition systems achieve remarkable performance when large amounts of adequate, high quality annotated speech data is used for training, the same systems often only achieve an unsatisfactory result for tasks in domains that greatly deviate from the conditions represented by the training data. For many real-world applications, there is a lack of sufficient data that can be directly used for training robust speech recognition systems. To address this issue, we propose and investigate an approach that performs a robust acoustic model adaption to a target domain in a cross-lingual, multi-staged manner. Our approach enables the exploitation of large-scale training data from other domains in both the same and other languages. We evaluate our approach using the challenging task of German oral history interviews, where we achieve a relative reduction of the word error rate by more than 30\% compared to a model trained from scratch only on the target domain, and 6-7\% relative compared to a model trained robustly on 1000 hours of same-language out-of-domain training data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gref, Michael and Walter, Oliver and Schmidt, Christoph and Behnke, Sven and Köhler, Joachim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6354--6362},
}

@inproceedings{bothe_eda_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{EDA}: {Enriching} {Emotional} {Dialogue} {Acts} using an {Ensemble} of {Neural} {Annotators}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.78},
	abstract = {The recognition of emotion and dialogue acts enriches conversational analysis and help to build natural dialogue systems. Emotion interpretation makes us understand feelings and dialogue acts reflect the intentions and performative functions in the utterances. However, most of the textual and multi-modal conversational emotion corpora contain only emotion labels but not dialogue acts. To address this problem, we propose to use a pool of various recurrent neural models trained on a dialogue act corpus, with and without context. These neural models annotate the emotion corpora with dialogue act labels, and an ensemble annotator extracts the final dialogue act label. We annotated two accessible multi-modal emotion corpora: IEMOCAP and MELD. We analyzed the co-occurrence of emotion and dialogue act labels and discovered specific relations. For example, Accept/Agree dialogue acts often occur with the Joy emotion, Apology with Sadness, and Thanking with Joy. We make the Emotional Dialogue Acts (EDA) corpus publicly available to the research community for further study and analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bothe, Chandrakant and Weber, Cornelius and Magg, Sven and Wermter, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {620--627},
}

@inproceedings{ihori_parallel_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Parallel {Corpus} for {Japanese} {Spoken}-to-{Written} {Style} {Conversion}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.779},
	abstract = {With the increase of automatic speech recognition (ASR) applications, spoken-to-written style conversion that transforms spoken-style text into written-style text is becoming an important technology to increase the readability of ASR transcriptions. To establish such conversion technology, a parallel corpus of spoken-style text and written-style text is beneficial because it can be utilized for building end-to-end neural sequence transformation models. Spoken-to-written style conversion involves multiple conversion problems including punctuation restoration, disfluency detection, and simplification. However, most existing corpora tend to be made for just one of these conversion problems. In addition, in Japanese, we have to consider not only general spoken-to-written style conversion problems but also Japanese-specific ones, such as language style unification (e.g., polite, frank, and direct styles) and omitted postpositional particle expressions restoration. Therefore, we created a new Japanese parallel corpus of spoken-style text and written-style text that can simultaneously handle general problems and Japanese-specific ones. To make this corpus, we prepared four types of spoken-style text and utilized a crowdsourcing service for manually converting them into written-style text. This paper describes the building setup of this corpus and reports the baseline results of spoken-to-written style conversion using the latest neural sequence transformation models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ihori, Mana and Takashima, Akihiko and Masumura, Ryo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6346--6353},
}

@inproceedings{booth_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating and {Improving} {Child}-{Directed} {Automatic} {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.778},
	abstract = {Speech recognition has seen dramatic improvements in the last decade, though those improvements have focused primarily on adult speech. In this paper, we assess child-directed speech recognition and leverage a transfer learning approach to improve child-directed speech recognition by training the recent DeepSpeech2 model on adult data, then apply additional tuning to varied amounts of child speech data. We evaluate our model using the CMU Kids dataset as well as our own recordings of child-directed prompts. The results from our experiment show that even a small amount of child audio data improves significantly over a baseline of adult-only or child-only trained models. We report a final general Word-Error-Rate of 29\% over a baseline of 62\% that uses the adult-trained model. Our analyses show that our model adapts quickly using a small amount of data and that the general child model works better than school grade-specific models. We make available our trained model and our data collection tool.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Booth, Eric and Carns, Jake and Kennington, Casey and Rafla, Nader},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6340--6345},
}

@inproceedings{oo_burmese_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Burmese {Speech} {Corpus}, {Finite}-{State} {Text} {Normalization} and {Pronunciation} {Grammars} with an {Application} to {Text}-to-{Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.777},
	abstract = {This paper introduces an open-source crowd-sourced multi-speaker speech corpus along with the comprehensive set of finite-state transducer (FST) grammars for performing text normalization for the Burmese (Myanmar) language. We also introduce the open-source finite-state grammars for performing grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion for Burmese. These three components are necessary (but not sufficient) for building a high-quality text-to-speech (TTS) system for Burmese, a tonal Southeast Asian language from the Sino-Tibetan family which presents several linguistic challenges. We describe the corpus acquisition process and provide the details of our finite state-based approach to Burmese text normalization and G2P. Our experiments involve building a multi-speaker TTS system based on long short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network (RNN) models, which were previously shown to perform well for other languages in a low-resource setting. Our results indicate that the data and grammars that we are announcing are sufficient to build reasonably high-quality models comparable to other systems. We hope these resources will facilitate speech and language research on the Burmese language, which is considered by many to be low-resource due to the limited availability of free linguistic data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Oo, Yin May and Wattanavekin, Theeraphol and Li, Chenfang and De Silva, Pasindu and Sarin, Supheakmungkol and Pipatsrisawat, Knot and Jansche, Martin and Kjartansson, Oddur and Gutkin, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6328--6339},
}

@inproceedings{abdi_khojasteh_lscp_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LSCP}: {Enhanced} {Large} {Scale} {Colloquial} {Persian} {Language} {Understanding}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.776},
	abstract = {Language recognition has been significantly advanced in recent years by means of modern machine learning methods such as deep learning and benchmarks with rich annotations. However, research is still limited in low-resource formal languages. This consists of a significant gap in describing the colloquial language especially for low-resourced ones such as Persian. In order to target this gap for low resource languages, we propose a "Large Scale Colloquial Persian Dataset" (LSCP). LSCP is hierarchically organized in a semantic taxonomy that focuses on multi-task informal Persian language understanding as a comprehensive problem. This encompasses the recognition of multiple semantic aspects in the human-level sentences, which naturally captures from the real-world sentences. We believe that further investigations and processing, as well as the application of novel algorithms and methods, can strengthen enriching computerized understanding and processing of low resource languages. The proposed corpus consists of 120M sentences resulted from 27M tweets annotated with parsing tree, part-of-speech tags, sentiment polarity and translation in five different languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abdi Khojasteh, Hadi and Ansari, Ebrahim and Bohlouli, Mahdi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6323--6327},
}

@inproceedings{evrard_french_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {French {Tweet} {Corpus} for {Automatic} {Stance} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.775},
	abstract = {The automatic stance detection task consists in determining the attitude expressed in a text toward a target (text, claim, or entity). This is a typical intermediate task for the fake news detection or analysis, which is a considerably widespread and a particularly difficult issue to overcome. This work aims at the creation of a human-annotated corpus for the automatic stance detection of tweets written in French. It exploits a corpus of tweets collected during July and August 2018. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first freely available stance annotated tweet corpus in the French language. The four classes broadly adopted by the community were chosen for the annotation: support, deny, query, and comment with the addition of the ignore class. This paper presents the corpus along with the tools used to build it, its construction, an analysis of the inter-rater reliability, as well as the challenges and questions that were raised during the building process.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Evrard, Marc and Uro, Rémi and Hervé, Nicolas and Mazoyer, Béatrice},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6317--6322},
}

@inproceedings{blombach_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} of {German} {Reddit} {Exchanges} ({GeRedE})},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.774},
	abstract = {GeRedE is a 270 million token German CMC corpus containing approximately 380,000 submissions and 6,800,000 comments posted on Reddit between 2010 and 2018. Reddit is a popular online platform combining social news aggregation, discussion and micro-blogging. Starting from a large, freely available data set, the paper describes our approach to filter out German data and further pre-processing steps, as well as which metadata and annotation layers have been included so far. We explore the Reddit sphere, what makes the German data linguistically peculiar, and how some of the communities within Reddit differ from one another. The CWB-indexed version of our final corpus is available via CQPweb, and all our processing scripts as well as all manual annotation and automatic language classification can be downloaded from GitHub.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Blombach, Andreas and Dykes, Natalie and Heinrich, Philipp and Kabashi, Besim and Proisl, Thomas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6310--6316},
}

@inproceedings{dekker_synthetic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Synthetic {Data} for {English} {Lexical} {Normalization}: {How} {Close} {Can} {We} {Get} to {Manually} {Annotated} {Data}?},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.773},
	abstract = {Social media is a valuable data resource for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, standard NLP tools were often designed with standard texts in mind, and their performance decreases heavily when applied to social media data. One solution to this problem is to adapt the input text to a more standard form, a task also referred to as normalization. Automatic approaches to normalization have shown that they can be used to improve performance on a variety of NLP tasks. However, all of these systems are supervised, thereby being heavily dependent on the availability of training data for the correct language and domain. In this work, we attempt to overcome this dependence by automatically generating training data for lexical normalization. Starting with raw tweets, we attempt two directions, to insert non-standardness (noise) and to automatically normalize in an unsupervised setting. Our best results are achieved by automatically inserting noise. We evaluate our approaches by using an existing lexical normalization system; our best scores are achieved by custom error generation system, which makes use of some manually created datasets. With this system, we score 94.29 accuracy on the test data, compared to 95.22 when it is trained on human-annotated data. Our best system which does not depend on any type of annotation is based on word embeddings and scores 92.04 accuracy. Finally, we perform an experiment in which we asked humans to predict whether a sentence was written by a human or generated by our best model. This experiment showed that in most cases it is hard for a human to detect automatically generated sentences.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dekker, Kelly and van der Goot, Rob},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6300--6309},
}

@inproceedings{rechkemmer_small_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Small {Town} or {Metropolis}? {Analyzing} the {Relationship} between {Population} {Size} and {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.771},
	abstract = {The variance in language used by different cultures has been a topic of study for researchers in linguistics and psychology, but often times, language is compared across multiple countries in order to show a difference in culture. As a geographically large country that is diverse in population in terms of the background and experiences of its citizens, the U.S. also contains cultural differences within its own borders. Using a set of over 2 million posts from distinct Twitter users around the country dating back as far as 2014, we ask the following question: is there a difference in how Americans express themselves online depending on whether they reside in an urban or rural area? We categorize Twitter users as either urban or rural and identify ideas and language that are more commonly expressed in tweets written by one population over the other. We take this further by analyzing how the language from specific cities of the U.S. compares to the language of other cities and by training predictive models to predict whether a user is from an urban or rural area. We publicly release the tweet and user IDs that can be used to reconstruct the dataset for future studies in this direction.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rechkemmer, Amy and Wilson, Steven and Mihalcea, Rada},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6287--6291},
}

@inproceedings{xu_inferring_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Inferring {Social} {Media} {Users}' {Mental} {Health} {Status} from {Multimodal} {Information}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.772},
	abstract = {Worldwide, an increasing number of people are suffering from mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. In the United States alone, one in every four adults suffers from a mental health condition, which makes mental health a pressing concern. In this paper, we explore the use of multimodal cues present in social media posts to predict users' mental health status. Specifically, we focus on identifying social media activity that either indicates a mental health condition or its onset. We collect posts from Flickr and apply a multimodal approach that consists of jointly analyzing language, visual, and metadata cues and their relation to mental health. We conduct several classification experiments aiming to discriminate between (1) healthy users and users affected by a mental health illness; and (2) healthy users and users prone to mental illness. Our experimental results indicate that using multiple modalities can improve the performance of this classification task as compared to the use of one modality at a time, and can provide important cues into a user's mental status.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Xu, Zhentao and Pérez-Rosas, Verónica and Mihalcea, Rada},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6292--6299},
}

@inproceedings{gugliotta_tarc_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TArC}: {Incrementally} and {Semi}-{Automatically} {Collecting} a {Tunisian} {Arabish} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.770},
	abstract = {This article describes the constitution process of the first morpho-syntactically annotated Tunisian Arabish Corpus (TArC). Arabish, also known as Arabizi, is a spontaneous coding of Arabic dialects in Latin characters and "arithmographs" (numbers used as letters). This code-system was developed by Arabic-speaking users of social media in order to facilitate the writing in the Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) and text messaging informal frameworks. Arabish differs for each Arabic dialect and each Arabish code-system is under-resourced, in the same way as most of the Arabic dialects. In the last few years, the attention of NLP studies on Arabic dialects has considerably increased. Taking this into consideration, TArC will be a useful support for different types of analyses, computational and linguistic, as well as for NLP tools training. In this article we will describe preliminary work on the TArC semi-automatic construction process and some of the first analyses we developed on TArC. In addition, in order to provide a complete overview of the challenges faced during the building process, we will present the main Tunisian dialect characteristics and its encoding in Tunisian Arabish.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gugliotta, Elisa and Dinarelli, Marco},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6279--6286},
}

@inproceedings{siegert_alexa_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {“{Alexa} in the wild” – {Collecting} {Unconstrained} {Conversations} with a {Modern} {Voice} {Assistant} in a {Public} {Environment}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.77},
	abstract = {Datasets featuring modern voice assistants such as Alexa, Siri, Cortana and others allow an easy study of human-machine interactions. But data collections offering an unconstrained, unscripted public interaction are quite rare. Many studies so far have focused on private usage, short pre-defined task or specific domains. This contribution presents a dataset providing a large amount of unconstrained public interactions with a voice assistant. Up to now around 40 hours of device directed utterances were collected during a science exhibition touring through Germany. The data recording was part of an exhibit that engages visitors to interact with a commercial voice assistant system (Amazon’s ALEXA), but did not restrict them to a specific topic. A specifically developed quiz was starting point of the conversation, as the voice assistant was presented to the visitors as a possible joker for the quiz. But the visitors were not forced to solve the quiz with the help of the voice assistant and thus many visitors had an open conversation. The provided dataset – Voice Assistant Conversations in the wild (VACW) – includes the transcripts of both visitors requests and Alexa answers, identified topics and sessions as well as acoustic characteristics automatically extractable from the visitors’ audio files.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Siegert, Ingo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {615--619},
}

@inproceedings{van_der_goot_norm_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Norm {It}! {Lexical} {Normalization} for {Italian} and {Its} {Downstream} {Effects} for {Dependency} {Parsing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.769},
	abstract = {Lexical normalization is the task of translating non-standard social media data to a standard form. Previous work has shown that this is beneficial for many downstream tasks in multiple languages. However, for Italian, there is no benchmark available for lexical normalization, despite the presence of many benchmarks for other tasks involving social media data. In this paper, we discuss the creation of a lexical normalization dataset for Italian. After two rounds of annotation, a Cohen’s kappa score of 78.64 is obtained. During this process, we also analyze the inter-annotator agreement for this task, which is only rarely done on datasets for lexical normalization,and when it is reported, the analysis usually remains shallow. Furthermore, we utilize this dataset to train a lexical normalization model and show that it can be used to improve dependency parsing of social media data. All annotated data and the code to reproduce the results are available at: http://bitbucket.org/robvanderg/normit.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {van der Goot, Rob and Ramponi, Alan and Caselli, Tommaso and Cafagna, Michele and De Mattei, Lorenzo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6272--6278},
}

@inproceedings{abbes_daict_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DAICT}: {A} {Dialectal} {Arabic} {Irony} {Corpus} {Extracted} from {Twitter}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.768},
	abstract = {Identifying irony in user-generated social media content has a wide range of applications; however to date Arabic content has received limited attention. To bridge this gap, this study builds a new open domain Arabic corpus annotated for irony detection. We query Twitter using irony-related hashtags to collect ironic messages, which are then manually annotated by two linguists according to our working definition of irony. Challenges which we have encountered during the annotation process reflect the inherent limitations of Twitter messages interpretation, as well as the complexity of Arabic and its dialects. Once published, our corpus will be a valuable free resource for developing open domain systems for automatic irony recognition in Arabic language and its dialects in social media text.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abbes, Ines and Zaghouani, Wajdi and El-Hardlo, Omaima and Ashour, Faten},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6265--6271},
}

@inproceedings{miletic_collecting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Collecting {Tweets} to {Investigate} {Regional} {Variation} in {Canadian} {English}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.767},
	abstract = {We present a 78.8-million-tweet, 1.3-billion-word corpus aimed at studying regional variation in Canadian English with a specific focus on the dialect regions of Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Our data collection and filtering pipeline reflects complex design criteria, which aim to allow for both data-intensive modeling methods and user-level variationist sociolinguistic analysis. It specifically consists in identifying Twitter users from the three cities, crawling their entire timelines, filtering the collected data in terms of user location and tweet language, and automatically excluding near-duplicate content. The resulting corpus mirrors national and regional specificities of Canadian English, it provides sufficient aggregate and user-level data, and it maintains a reasonably balanced distribution of content across regions and users. The utility of this dataset is illustrated by two example applications: the detection of regional lexical and topical variation, and the identification of contact-induced semantic shifts using vector space models. In accordance with Twitter’s developer policy, the corpus will be publicly released in the form of tweet IDs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Miletic, Filip and Przewozny-Desriaux, Anne and Tanguy, Ludovic},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6255--6264},
}

@inproceedings{miao_detecting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Detecting {Troll} {Tweets} in a {Bilingual} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.766},
	abstract = {During the past several years, a large amount of troll accounts has emerged with efforts to manipulate public opinion on social network sites. They are often involved in spreading misinformation, fake news, and propaganda with the intent of distracting and sowing discord. This paper aims to detect troll tweets in both English and Russian assuming that the tweets are generated by some "troll farm." We reduce this task to the authorship verification problem of determining whether a single tweet is authored by a "troll farm" account or not. We evaluate a supervised classification approach with monolingual, cross-lingual, and bilingual training scenarios, using several machine learning algorithms, including deep learning. The best results are attained by the bilingual learning, showing the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.875 and 0.828, for tweet classification in English and Russian test sets, respectively. It is noteworthy that these results are obtained using only raw text features, which do not require manual feature engineering efforts. In this paper, we introduce a resource of English and Russian troll tweets containing original tweets and translation from English to Russian, Russian to English. It is available for academic purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Miao, Lin and Last, Mark and Litvak, Marina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6247--6254},
}

@inproceedings{pamungkas_you_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Do {You} {Really} {Want} to {Hurt} {Me}? {Predicting} {Abusive} {Swearing} in {Social} {Media}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.765},
	abstract = {Swearing plays an ubiquitous role in everyday conversations among humans, both in oral and textual communication, and occurs frequently in social media texts, typically featured by informal language and spontaneous writing. Such occurrences can be linked to an abusive context, when they contribute to the expression of hatred and to the abusive effect, causing harm and offense. However, swearing is multifaceted and is often used in casual contexts, also with positive social functions. In this study, we explore the phenomenon of swearing in Twitter conversations, taking the possibility of predicting the abusiveness of a swear word in a tweet context as the main investigation perspective. We developed the Twitter English corpus SWAD (Swear Words Abusiveness Dataset), where abusive swearing is manually annotated at the word level. Our collection consists of 1,511 unique swear words from 1,320 tweets. We developed models to automatically predict abusive swearing, to provide an intrinsic evaluation of SWAD and confirm the robustness of the resource. We also present the results of a glass box ablation study in order to investigate which lexical, syntactic, and affective features are more informative towards the automatic prediction of the function of swearing.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pamungkas, Endang Wahyu and Basile, Valerio and Patti, Viviana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6237--6246},
}

@inproceedings{chatterjere_minority_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Minority {Positive} {Sampling} for {Switching} {Points} - an {Anecdote} for the {Code}-{Mixing} {Language} {Modeling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.764},
	abstract = {Code-Mixing (CM) or language mixing is a social norm in multilingual societies. CM is quite prevalent in social media conversations in multilingual regions like - India, Europe, Canada and Mexico. In this paper, we explore the problem of Language Modeling (LM) for code-mixed Hinglish text. In recent times, there have been several success stories with neural language modeling like Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) (Radford et al., 2019), Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) (Devlin et al., 2018) etc.. Hence, neural language models have become the new holy grail of modern NLP, although LM for CM is an unexplored area altogether. To better understand the problem of LM for CM, we initially experimented with several statistical language modeling techniques and consequently experimented with contemporary neural language models. Analysis shows switching-points are the main challenge for the LMCM performance drop, therefore in this paper we introduce the idea of minority positive sampling to selectively induce more sample to achieve better performance. On the contrary, all neural language models demand a huge corpus to train on for better performance. Finally, we are reporting a perplexity of 139 for Hinglish (Hindi-English language pair) LMCM using statistical bi-directional techniques.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chatterjere, Arindam and Guptha, Vineeth and Chopra, Parul and Das, Amitava},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6228--6236},
}

@inproceedings{mazoyer_french_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {French} {Corpus} for {Event} {Detection} on {Twitter}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.763},
	abstract = {We present Event2018, a corpus annotated for event detection tasks, consisting of 38 million tweets in French (retweets excluded) including more than 130,000 tweets manually annotated by three annotators as related or unrelated to a given event. The 243 events were selected both from press articles and from subjects trending on Twitter during the annotation period (July to August 2018). In total, more than 95,000 tweets were annotated as related to one of the selected events. We also provide the titles and URLs of 15,500 news articles automatically detected as related to these events. In addition to this corpus, we detail the results of our event detection experiments on both this dataset and another publicly available dataset of tweets in English. We ran extensive tests with different types of text embeddings and a standard Topic Detection and Tracking algorithm, and detail our evaluation method. We show that tf-idf vectors allow the best performance for this task on both corpora. These results are intended to serve as a baseline for researchers wishing to test their own event detection systems on our corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mazoyer, Béatrice and Cagé, Julia and Hervé, Nicolas and Hudelot, Céline},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6220--6227},
}

@inproceedings{majdabadi_twitter_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Twitter {Trend} {Extraction}: {A} {Graph}-based {Approach} for {Tweet} and {Hashtag} {Ranking}, {Utilizing} {No}-{Hashtag} {Tweets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.762},
	abstract = {Twitter has become a major platform for users to express their opinions on any topic and engage in debates. User debates and interactions usually lead to massive content regarding a specific topic which is called a Trend. Twitter trend extraction aims at finding these relevant groups of content that are generated in a short period. The most straightforward approach for this problem is using Hashtags, however, tweets without hashtags are not considered this way. In order to overcome this issue and extract trends using all tweets, we propose a graph-based approach where graph nodes represent tweets as well as words and hashtags. More specifically, we propose a modified version of RankClus algorithm to extract trends from the constructed tweets graph. The proposed approach is also capable of ranking tweets, words and hashtags in each trend with respect to their importance and relevance to the topic. The proposed algorithm is used to extract trends from several twitter datasets, where it produced consistent and coherent results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Majdabadi, Zahra and Sabeti, Behnam and Golazizian, Preni and Ashrafi Asli, Seyed Arad and Momenzadeh, Omid and fahmi, reza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6213--6219},
}

@inproceedings{chowdhury_multi-platform_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Multi}-{Platform} {Arabic} {News} {Comment} {Dataset} for {Offensive} {Language} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.761},
	abstract = {Access to social media often enables users to engage in conversation with limited accountability. This allows a user to share their opinions and ideology, especially regarding public content, occasionally adopting offensive language. This may encourage hate crimes or cause mental harm to targeted individuals or groups. Hence, it is important to detect offensive comments in social media platforms. Typically, most studies focus on offensive commenting in one platform only, even though the problem of offensive language is observed across multiple platforms. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce and make publicly available a new dialectal Arabic news comment dataset, collected from multiple social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. We follow two-step crowd-annotator selection criteria for low-representative language annotation task in a crowdsourcing platform. Furthermore, we analyze the distinctive lexical content along with the use of emojis in offensive comments. We train and evaluate the classifiers using the annotated multi-platform dataset along with other publicly available data. Our results highlight the importance of multiple platform dataset for (a) cross-platform, (b) cross-domain, and (c) cross-dialect generalization of classifier performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chowdhury, Shammur Absar and Mubarak, Hamdy and Abdelali, Ahmed and Jung, Soon-gyo and Jansen, Bernard J and Salminen, Joni},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6203--6212},
}

@inproceedings{chen_mpdd_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MPDD}: {A} {Multi}-{Party} {Dialogue} {Dataset} for {Analysis} of {Emotions} and {Interpersonal} {Relationships}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.76},
	abstract = {A dialogue dataset is an indispensable resource for building a dialogue system. Additional information like emotions and interpersonal relationships labeled on conversations enables the system to capture the emotion flow of the participants in the dialogue. However, there is no publicly available Chinese dialogue dataset with emotion and relation labels. In this paper, we collect the conversions from TV series scripts, and annotate emotion and interpersonal relationship labels on each utterance. This dataset contains 25,548 utterances from 4,142 dialogues. We also set up some experiments to observe the effects of the responded utterance on the current utterance, and the correlation between emotion and relation types in emotion and relation classification tasks.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chen, Yi-Ting and Huang, Hen-Hsen and Chen, Hsin-Hsi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {610--614},
}

@inproceedings{caselli_i_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {I {Feel} {Offended}, {Don}’t {Be} {Abusive}! {Implicit}/{Explicit} {Messages} in {Offensive} and {Abusive} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.760},
	abstract = {Abusive language detection is an unsolved and challenging problem for the NLP community. Recent literature suggests various approaches to distinguish between different language phenomena (e.g., hate speech vs. cyberbullying vs. offensive language) and factors (degree of explicitness and target) that may help to classify different abusive language phenomena. There are data sets that annotate the target of abusive messages (i.e.OLID/OffensEval (Zampieri et al., 2019a)). However, there is a lack of data sets that take into account the degree of explicitness. In this paper, we propose annotation guidelines to distinguish between explicit and implicit abuse in English and apply them to OLID/OffensEval. The outcome is a newly created resource, AbuseEval v1.0, which aims to address some of the existing issues in the annotation of offensive and abusive language (e.g., explicitness of the message, presence of a target, need of context, and interaction across different phenomena).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Caselli, Tommaso and Basile, Valerio and Mitrović, Jelena and Kartoziya, Inga and Granitzer, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6193--6202},
}

@inproceedings{seiffe_witchs_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {From {Witch}’s {Shot} to {Music} {Making} {Bones} - {Resources} for {Medical} {Laymen} to {Technical} {Language} and {Vice} {Versa}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.759},
	abstract = {Many people share information in social media or forums, like food they eat, sports activities they do or events which have been visited. Information we share online unveil directly or indirectly information about our lifestyle and health situation. Particularly when text input is getting longer or multiple messages can be linked to each other. Those information can be then used to detect possible risk factors of diseases or adverse drug reactions of medications. However, as most people are not medical experts, language used might be more descriptive rather than the precise medical expression as medics do. To detect and use those relevant information, laymen language has to be translated and/or linked against the corresponding medical concept. This work presents baseline data sources in order to address this challenge for German language. We introduce a new dataset which annotates medical laymen and technical expressions in a patient forum, along with a set of medical synonyms and definitions, and present first baseline results on the data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Seiffe, Laura and Marten, Oliver and Mikhailov, Michael and Schmeier, Sven and Möller, Sebastian and Roller, Roland},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6185--6192},
}

@inproceedings{coltekin_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} of {Turkish} {Offensive} {Language} on {Social} {Media}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.758},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a corpus of Turkish offensive language. To our knowledge, this is the first corpus of offensive language for Turkish. The corpus consists of randomly sampled micro-blog posts from Twitter. The annotation guidelines are based on a careful review of the annotation practices of recent efforts for other languages. The corpus contains 36 232 tweets sampled randomly from the Twitter stream during a period of 18 months between Apr 2018 to Sept 2019. We found approximately 19 \% of the tweets in the data contain some type of offensive language, which is further subcategorized based on the target of the offense. We describe the annotation process, discuss some interesting aspects of the data, and present results of automatically classifying the corpus using state-of-the-art text classification methods. The classifiers achieve 77.3 \% F1 score on identifying offensive tweets, 77.9 \% F1 score on determining whether a given offensive document is targeted or not, and 53.0 \% F1 score on classifying the targeted offensive documents into three subcategories.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Çöltekin, Çağrı},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6174--6184},
}

@inproceedings{iftene_real-time_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Real}-{Time} {System} for {Credibility} on {Twitter}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.757},
	abstract = {Nowadays, social media credibility is a pressing issue for each of us who are living in an altered online landscape. The speed of news diffusion is striking. Given the popularity of social networks, more and more users began posting pictures, information, and news about personal life. At the same time, they started to use all this information to get informed about what their friends do or what is happening in the world, many of them arousing much suspicion. The problem we are currently experiencing is that we do not currently have an automatic method of figuring out in real-time which news or which users are credible and which are not, what is false or what is true on the Internet. The goal of this is to analyze Twitter in real-time using neural networks in order to provide us key elements about both the credibility of tweets and users who posted them. Thus, we make a real-time heatmap using information gathered from users to create overall images of the areas from which this fake news comes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Iftene, Adrian and Gifu, Daniela and Miron, Andrei-Remus and Dudu, Mihai-Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6166--6173},
}

@inproceedings{sanders_optimising_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Optimising {Twitter}-based {Political} {Election} {Prediction} with {Relevance} {andSentiment} {Filters}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.756},
	abstract = {We study the relation between the number of mentions of political parties in the last weeks before the elections and the election results.In this paper we focus on the Dutch elections of the parliament in 2012 and for the provinces (and the senate) in 2011 and 2015. With raw counts, without adaptations, we achieve a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.71\% for 2011, 2.02\% for 2012 and 2.89\% for 2015. A set of over 17,000 tweets containing political party names were annotated by at least three annotators per tweet on ten features denoting communicative intent (including the presence of sarcasm, the message’s polarity, the presence of an explicit voting endorsement or explicit voting advice, etc.). The annotations were used to create oracle (gold-standard) filters. Tweets with or without a certain majority annotation are held out from the tweet counts, with the goal of attaining lower MAEs. With a grid search we tested all combinations of filters and their responding MAE to find the best filter ensemble. It appeared that the filters show markedly different behaviour for the three elections and only a small MAE improvement is possible when optimizing on all three elections. Larger improvements for one election are possible, but result in deterioration of the MAE for the other elections.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sanders, Eric and van den Bosch, Antal},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6158--6165},
}

@inproceedings{nakamura_fakeddit_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Fakeddit: {A} {New} {Multimodal} {Benchmark} {Dataset} for {Fine}-grained {Fake} {News} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.755},
	abstract = {Fake news has altered society in negative ways in politics and culture. It has adversely affected both online social network systems as well as offline communities and conversations. Using automatic machine learning classification models is an efficient way to combat the widespread dissemination of fake news. However, a lack of effective, comprehensive datasets has been a problem for fake news research and detection model development. Prior fake news datasets do not provide multimodal text and image data, metadata, comment data, and fine-grained fake news categorization at the scale and breadth of our dataset. We present Fakeddit, a novel multimodal dataset consisting of over 1 million samples from multiple categories of fake news. After being processed through several stages of review, the samples are labeled according to 2-way, 3-way, and 6-way classification categories through distant supervision. We construct hybrid text+image models and perform extensive experiments for multiple variations of classification, demonstrating the importance of the novel aspect of multimodality and fine-grained classification unique to Fakeddit.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nakamura, Kai and Levy, Sharon and Wang, William Yang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6149--6157},
}

@inproceedings{proisl_empirist_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{EmpiriST} {Corpus} 2.0: {Adding} {Manual} {Normalization}, {Lemmatization} and {Semantic} {Tagging} to a {German} {Web} and {CMC} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.754},
	abstract = {The EmpiriST corpus (Beißwenger et al., 2016) is a manually tokenized and part-of-speech tagged corpus of approximately 23,000 tokens of German Web and CMC (computer-mediated communication) data. We extend the corpus with manually created annotation layers for word form normalization, lemmatization and lexical semantics. All annotations have been independently performed by multiple human annotators. We report inter-annotator agreements and results of baseline systems and state-of-the-art off-the-shelf tools.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Proisl, Thomas and Dykes, Natalie and Heinrich, Philipp and Kabashi, Besim and Blombach, Andreas and Evert, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6142--6148},
}

@inproceedings{weller_rjokes_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {rJokes} {Dataset}: a {Large} {Scale} {Humor} {Collection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.753},
	abstract = {Humor is a complicated language phenomenon that depends upon many factors, including topic, date, and recipient. Because of this variation, it can be hard to determine what exactly makes a joke humorous, leading to difficulties in joke identification and related tasks. Furthermore, current humor datasets are lacking in both joke variety and size, with almost all current datasets having less than 100k jokes. In order to alleviate this issue we compile a collection of over 550,000 jokes posted over an 11 year period on the Reddit r/Jokes subreddit (an online forum), providing a large scale humor dataset that can easily be used for a myriad of tasks. This dataset also provides quantitative metrics for the level of humor in each joke, as determined by subreddit user feedback. We explore this dataset through the years, examining basic statistics, most mentioned entities, and sentiment proportions. We also introduce this dataset as a task for future work, where models learn to predict the level of humor in a joke. On that task we provide strong state-of-the-art baseline models and show room for future improvement. We hope that this dataset will not only help those researching computational humor, but also help social scientists who seek to understand popular culture through humor.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Weller, Orion and Seppi, Kevin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6136--6141},
}

@inproceedings{bick_annotated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Annotated} {Social} {Media} {Corpus} for {German}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.752},
	abstract = {This paper presents the German Twitter section of a large (2 billion word) bilingual Social Media corpus for Hate Speech research, discussing the compilation, pseudonymization and grammatical annotation of the corpus, as well as special linguistic features and peculiarities encountered in the data. Among other things, compounding, accidental and intentional orthographic variation, gendering and the use of emoticons/emojis are addressed in a genre-specific fashion. We present the different layers of linguistic annotation (morphosyntactic, dependencies and semantic types) and explain how a general parser (GerGram) can be made to work on Social Media data, pointing out necessary adaptations and extensions. In an evaluation run on a random cross-section of tweets, the modified parser achieved F-scores of 97\% for morphology (fine-grained POS) and 92\% for syntax (labeled attachment score). Predictably, performance was twice as good in tweets with standard orthography than in tweets with spelling/casing irregularities or lack of sentence separation, the effect being more marked for morphology than for syntax.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bick, Eckhard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6127--6135},
}

@inproceedings{tigunova_reddust_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{RedDust}: a {Large} {Reusable} {Dataset} of {Reddit} {User} {Traits}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.751},
	abstract = {Social media is a rich source of assertions about personal traits, such as "I am a doctor" or "my hobby is playing tennis". Precisely identifying explicit assertions is difficult, though, because of the users’ highly varied vocabulary and language expressions. Identifying personal traits from implicit assertions like I’ve been at work treating patients all day is even more challenging. This paper presents RedDust, a large-scale annotated resource for user profiling for over 300k Reddit users across five attributes: profession, hobby, family status, age,and gender. We construct RedDust using a diverse set of high-precision patterns and demonstrate its use as a resource for developing learning models to deal with implicit assertions. RedDust consists of users’ personal traits, which are (attribute, value) pairs, along with users’ post ids, which may be used to retrieve the posts from a publicly available crawl or from the Reddit API. We discuss the construction of the resource and show interesting statistics and insights into the data. We also compare different classifiers, which can be learned from RedDust. To the best of our knowledge, RedDust is the first annotated language resource about Reddit users at large scale. We envision further use cases of RedDust for providing background knowledge about user traits, to enhance personalized search and recommendation as well as conversational agents.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tigunova, Anna and Mirza, Paramita and Yates, Andrew and Weikum, Gerhard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6118--6126},
}

@inproceedings{santos_searching_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Searching {Brazilian} {Twitter} for {Signs} of {Mental} {Health} {Issues}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.750},
	abstract = {Depression and related mental health issues are often reflected in the language employed by the individuals who suffer from these conditions and, accordingly, research in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and related fields have developed an increasing number of studies devoted to their recognition in social media text. Some of these studies have also attempted to go beyond recognition by focusing on the early signs of these illnesses, and by analysing the users' publication history over time to potentially prevent further harm. The two kinds of study are of course overlapping, and often make use of supervised machine learning methods based on annotated corpora. However, as in many other fields, existing resources are largely devoted to English NLP, and there is little support for these studies in under resourced languages.To bridge this gap, in this paper we describe the initial steps towards building a novel resource of this kind - a corpus intended to support both the recognition of mental health issues and the temporal analysis of these illnesses - in the Brazilian Portuguese language, and initial results of a number of experiments in text classification addressing both tasks.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Santos, Wesley and Funabashi, Amanda and Paraboni, Ivandré},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6111--6117},
}

@inproceedings{paetzel_rdg-map_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{RDG}-{Map}: {A} {Multimodal} {Corpus} of {Pedagogical} {Human}-{Agent} {Spoken} {Interactions}.},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.75},
	abstract = {This paper presents a multimodal corpus of 209 spoken game dialogues between a human and a remote-controlled artificial agent. The interactions involve people collaborating with the agent to identify countries on the world map as quickly as possible, which allows studying rapid and spontaneous dialogue with complex anaphoras, disfluent utterances and incorrect descriptions. The corpus consists of two parts: 8 hours of game interactions have been collected with a virtual unembodied agent online and 26.8 hours have been recorded with a physically embodied robot in a research lab. In addition to spoken audio recordings available for both parts, camera recordings and skeleton-, facial expression- and eye-gaze tracking data have been collected for the lab-based part of the corpus. In this paper, we introduce the pedagogical reference resolution game (RDG-Map) and the characteristics of the corpus collected. We also present an annotation scheme we developed in order to study the dialogue strategies utilized by the players. Based on a subset of 330 minutes of interactions annotated so far, we discuss initial insights into these strategies as well as the potential of the corpus for future research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Paetzel, Maike and Karkada, Deepthi and Manuvinakurike, Ramesh},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {600--609},
}

@inproceedings{chen_issues_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Issues and {Perspectives} from 10,000 {Annotated} {Financial} {Social} {Media} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.749},
	abstract = {In this paper, we investigate the annotation of financial social media data from several angles. We present Fin-SoMe, a dataset with 10,000 labeled financial tweets annotated by experts from both the front desk and the middle desk in a bank's treasury. These annotated results reveal that (1) writer-labeled market sentiment may be a misleading label; (2) writer's sentiment and market sentiment of an investor may be different; (3) most financial tweets provide unfounded analysis results; and (4) almost no investors write down the gain/loss results for their positions, which would otherwise greatly facilitate detailed evaluation of their performance. Based on these results, we address various open problems and suggest possible directions for future work on financial social media data. We also provide an experiment on the key snippet extraction task to compare the performance of using a general sentiment dictionary and using the domain-specific dictionary. The results echo our findings from the experts' annotations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chen, Chung-Chi and Huang, Hen-Hsen and Chen, Hsin-Hsi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6106--6110},
}

@inproceedings{gao_rp-dnn_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{RP}-{DNN}: {A} {Tweet} {Level} {Propagation} {Context} {Based} {Deep} {Neural} {Networks} for {Early} {Rumor} {Detection} in {Social} {Media}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.748},
	abstract = {Early rumor detection (ERD) on social media platform is very challenging when limited, incomplete and noisy information is available. Most of the existing methods have largely worked on event-level detection that requires the collection of posts relevant to a specific event and relied only on user-generated content. They are not appropriate to detect rumor sources in the very early stages, before an event unfolds and becomes widespread. In this paper, we address the task of ERD at the message level. We present a novel hybrid neural network architecture, which combines a task-specific character-based bidirectional language model and stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to represent textual contents and social-temporal contexts of input source tweets, for modelling propagation patterns of rumors in the early stages of their development. We apply multi-layered attention models to jointly learn attentive context embeddings over multiple context inputs. Our experiments employ a stringent leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) evaluation setup on seven publicly available real-life rumor event data sets. Our models achieve state-of-the-art(SoA) performance for detecting unseen rumors on large augmented data which covers more than 12 events and 2,967 rumors. An ablation study is conducted to understand the relative contribution of each component of our proposed model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gao, Jie and Han, Sooji and Song, Xingyi and Ciravegna, Fabio},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6094--6105},
}

@inproceedings{kagirov_theruslan_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TheRuSLan}: {Database} of {Russian} {Sign} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.746},
	abstract = {In this paper, a new Russian sign language multimedia database TheRuSLan is presented. The database includes lexical units (single words and phrases) from Russian sign language within one subject area, namely, "food products at the supermarket", and was collected using MS Kinect 2.0 device including both FullHD video and the depth map modes, which provides new opportunities for the lexicographical description of the Russian sign language vocabulary and enhances research in the field of automatic gesture recognition. Russian sign language has an official status in Russia, and over 120,000 deaf people in Russia and its neighboring countries use it as their first language. Russian sign language has no writing system, is poorly described and belongs to the low-resource languages. The authors formulate the basic principles of annotation of sign words, based on the collected data, and reveal the content of the collected database. In the future, the database will be expanded and comprise more lexical units. The database is explicitly made for the task of creating an automatic system for Russian sign language recognition.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kagirov, Ildar and Ivanko, Denis and Ryumin, Dmitry and Axyonov, Alexander and Karpov, Alexey},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6079--6085},
}

@inproceedings{oshikawa_survey_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Survey} on {Natural} {Language} {Processing} for {Fake} {News} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.747},
	abstract = {Fake news detection is a critical yet challenging problem in Natural Language Processing (NLP). The rapid rise of social networking platforms has not only yielded a vast increase in information accessibility but has also accelerated the spread of fake news. Thus, the effect of fake news has been growing, sometimes extending to the offline world and threatening public safety. Given the massive amount of Web content, automatic fake news detection is a practical NLP problem useful to all online content providers, in order to reduce the human time and effort to detect and prevent the spread of fake news. In this paper, we describe the challenges involved in fake news detection and also describe related tasks. We systematically review and compare the task formulations, datasets and NLP solutions that have been developed for this task, and also discuss the potentials and limitations of them. Based on our insights, we outline promising research directions, including more fine-grained, detailed, fair, and practical detection models. We also highlight the difference between fake news detection and other related tasks, and the importance of NLP solutions for fake news detection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Oshikawa, Ray and Qian, Jing and Wang, William Yang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6086--6093},
}

@inproceedings{mukushev_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Manual} and {Non}-manual {Components} for {Sign} {Language} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.745},
	abstract = {The motivation behind this work lies in the need to differentiate between similar signs that differ in non-manual components present in any sign. To this end, we recorded full sentences signed by five native signers and extracted 5200 isolated sign samples of twenty frequently used signs in Kazakh-Russian Sign Language (K-RSL), which have similar manual components but differ in non-manual components (i.e. facial expressions, eyebrow height, mouth, and head orientation). We conducted a series of evaluations in order to investigate whether non-manual components would improve sign's recognition accuracy. Among standard machine learning approaches, Logistic Regression produced the best results, 78.2\% of accuracy for dataset with 20 signs and 77.9\% of accuracy for dataset with 2 classes (statement vs question). Dataset can be downloaded from the following website: https://krslproject.github.io/krsl20/},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mukushev, Medet and Sabyrov, Arman and Imashev, Alfarabi and Koishybay, Kenessary and Kimmelman, Vadim and Sandygulova, Anara},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6073--6078},
}

@inproceedings{kaczmarek_alignment_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Alignment {Data} base for a {Sign} {Language} {Concordancer}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.744},
	abstract = {This article deals with elaborating a data base of alignments of parallel Franch-LSF segments. This data base is meant to be searched using a concordancer which we are also designing. We wish to equip Sign Language translators with tools similar to those used in text-to-text translation. To do so, we need language resources to feed them. Already existing Sign Language corpora can be found, but do not match our needs: working around a Sign Language concordancer, the corpus must be a parallel one and provide various examples of vocabulary and grammatical construction. We started with a parallel corpus of 40 short news and 120 SL videos , which we aligned manually by segments of various length. We described the methodology we used, how we define our segments and alignments. The last part concerns how we hope to allow the data base to keep growing in a near future.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kaczmarek, Marion and Filhol, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6069--6072},
}

@inproceedings{bull_mediapi-skel_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MEDIAPI}-{SKEL} - {A} {2D}-{Skeleton} {Video} {Database} of {French} {Sign} {Language} {With} {Aligned} {French} {Subtitles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.743},
	abstract = {This paper presents MEDIAPI-SKEL, a 2D-skeleton database of French Sign Language videos aligned with French subtitles. The corpus contains 27 hours of video of body, face and hand keypoints, aligned to subtitles with a vocabulary size of 17k tokens. In contrast to existing sign language corpora such as videos produced under laboratory conditions or translations of TV programs into sign language, this database is constructed using original sign language content largely produced by deaf journalists at the media company Média-Pi. Moreover, the videos are accurately synchronized with French subtitles. We propose three challenges appropriate for this corpus that are related to processing units of signs in context: automatic alignment of text and video, semantic segmentation of sign language, and production of video-text embeddings for cross-modal retrieval. These challenges deviate from the classic task of identifying a limited number of lexical signs in a video stream.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bull, Hannah and Braffort, Annelies and Gouiffès, Michèle},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6063--6068},
}

@inproceedings{scicluna_vroav_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{VROAV}: {Using} {Iconicity} to {Visually} {Represent} {Abstract} {Verbs}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.742},
	abstract = {For a long time, philosophers, linguists and scientists have been keen on finding an answer to the mind-bending question “what does abstract language look like?", which has also sprung from the phenomenon of mental imagery and how this emerges in the mind. One way of approaching the matter of word representations is by exploring the common semantic elements that link words to each other. Visual languages like sign languages have been found to reveal enlightening patterns across signs of similar meanings, pointing towards the possibility of identifying clusters of iconic meanings. With this insight, merged with an understanding of verb predicates achieved from VerbNet, this study presents a novel verb classification system based on visual shapes, using graphic animation to visually represent 20 classes of abstract verbs. Considerable agreement between participants who judged the graphic animations based on representativeness suggests a positive way forward for this proposal, which may be developed as a language learning aid in educational contexts or as a multimodal language comprehension tool for digital text.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Scicluna, Simone and Strapparava, Carlo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6057--6062},
}

@inproceedings{tornay_hmm_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {HMM} {Approach} with {Inherent} {Model} {Selection} for {Sign} {Language} and {Gesture} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.741},
	abstract = {HMMs have been the one of the first models to be applied for sign recognition and have become the baseline models due to their success in modeling sequential and multivariate data. Despite the extensive use of HMMs for sign recognition, determining the HMM structure has still remained as a challenge, especially when the number of signs to be modeled is high. In this work, we present a continuous HMM framework for modeling and recognizing isolated signs, which inherently performs model selection to optimize the number of states for each sign separately during recognition. Our experiments on three different datasets, namely, German sign language DGS dataset, Turkish sign language HospiSign dataset and Chalearn14 dataset show that the proposed approach achieves better sign language or gesture recognition systems in comparison to the approach of selecting or presetting the number of HMM states based on k-means, and yields systems that perform competitive to the case where the number of states are determined based on the test set performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tornay, Sandrine and Aran, Oya and Magimai Doss, Mathew},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6049--6056},
}

@inproceedings{belissen_dicta-sign-lsf-v2_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dicta-{Sign}-{LSF}-v2: {Remake} of a {Continuous} {French} {Sign} {Language} {Dialogue} {Corpus} and a {First} {Baseline} for {Automatic} {Sign} {Language} {Processing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.740},
	abstract = {While the research in automatic Sign Language Processing (SLP) is growing, it has been almost exclusively focused on recognizing lexical signs, whether isolated or within continuous SL production. However, Sign Languages include many other gestural units like iconic structures, which need to be recognized in order to go towards a true SL understanding. In this paper, we propose a newer version of the publicly available SL corpus Dicta-Sign, limited to its French Sign Language part. Involving 16 different signers, this dialogue corpus was produced with very few constraints on the style and content. It includes lexical and non-lexical annotations over 11 hours of video recording, with 35000 manual units. With the aim of stimulating research in SL understanding, we also provide a baseline for the recognition of lexical signs and non-lexical structures on this corpus. A very compact modeling of a signer is built and a Convolutional-Recurrent Neural Network is trained and tested on Dicta-Sign-LSF-v2, with state-of-the-art results, including the ability to detect iconicity in SL production.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Belissen, Valentin and Braffort, Annelies and Gouiffès, Michèle},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6040--6048},
}

@inproceedings{kumar_augmenting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Augmenting {Small} {Data} to {Classify} {Contextualized} {Dialogue} {Acts} for {Exploratory} {Visualization}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.74},
	abstract = {Our goal is to develop an intelligent assistant to support users explore data via visualizations. We have collected a new corpus of conversations, CHICAGO-CRIME-VIS, geared towards supporting data visualization exploration, and we have annotated it for a variety of features, including contextualized dialogue acts. In this paper, we describe our strategies and their evaluation for dialogue act classification. We highlight how thinking aloud affects interpretation of dialogue acts in our setting and how to best capture that information. A key component of our strategy is data augmentation as applied to the training data, since our corpus is inherently small. We ran experiments with the Balanced Bagging Classifier (BAGC), Condiontal Random Field (CRF), and several Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and found that all of them improved compared to the baseline (e.g., without the data augmentation pipeline). CRF outperformed the other classification algorithms, with the LSTM networks showing modest improvement, even after obtaining a performance boost from domain-trained word embeddings. This result is of note because training a CRF is far less resource-intensive than training deep learning models, hence given a similar if not better performance, traditional methods may still be preferable in order to lower resource consumption.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kumar, Abhinav and Di Eugenio, Barbara and Aurisano, Jillian and Johnson, Andrew},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {590--599},
}

@inproceedings{neves_hamnosys2sigml_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HamNoSyS2SiGML}: {Translating} {HamNoSys} {Into} {SiGML}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.739},
	abstract = {Sign Languages are visual languages and the main means of communication used by Deaf people. However, the majority of the information available online is presented through written form. Hence, it is not of easy access to the Deaf community. Avatars that can animate sign languages have gained an increase of interest in this area due to their flexibility in the process of generation and edition. Synthetic animation of conversational agents can be achieved through the use of notation systems. HamNoSys is one of these systems, which describes movements of the body through symbols. Its XML-compliant, SiGML, is a machine-readable input of HamNoSys able to animate avatars. Nevertheless, current tools have no freely available open source libraries that allow the conversion from HamNoSys to SiGML. Our goal is to develop a tool of open access, which can perform this conversion independently from other platforms. This system represents a crucial intermediate step in the bigger pipeline of animating signing avatars. Two cases studies are described in order to illustrate different applications of our tool.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Neves, Carolina and Coheur, Luísa and Nicolau, Hugo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6035--6039},
}

@inproceedings{trolvi_annotating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotating a {Fable} in {Italian} {Sign} {Language} ({LIS})},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.738},
	abstract = {This paper introduces work carried out for the automatic generation of a written text in Italian starting from glosses of a fable in Italian Sign Language (LIS). The paper gives a brief overview of sign languages (SLs) and some peculiarities of SL fables such as the use of space, the strategy of Role Shift and classifiers. It also presents the annotation of the fable “The Tortoise and the Hare” - signed in LIS and made available by Alba Cooperativa Sociale -, which was annotated manually by first author for her master’s thesis. The annotation was the starting point of a generation process that allowed us to automatically generate a text in Italian starting from LIS glosses. LIS sentences have been transcribed with Italian words into tables on simultaneous layers, each of which contains specific linguistic or non-linguistic pieces of information. In addition, the present work discusses problems encountered in the annotation and generation process.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Trolvi, Serena and Delmonte, Rodolfo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6025--6034},
}

@inproceedings{de_coster_sign_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Sign {Language} {Recognition} with {Transformer} {Networks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.737},
	abstract = {Sign languages are complex languages. Research into them is ongoing, supported by large video corpora of which only small parts are annotated. Sign language recognition can be used to speed up the annotation process of these corpora, in order to aid research into sign languages and sign language recognition. Previous research has approached sign language recognition in various ways, using feature extraction techniques or end-to-end deep learning. In this work, we apply a combination of feature extraction using OpenPose for human keypoint estimation and end-to-end feature learning with Convolutional Neural Networks. The proven multi-head attention mechanism used in transformers is applied to recognize isolated signs in the Flemish Sign Language corpus. Our proposed method significantly outperforms the previous state of the art of sign language recognition on the Flemish Sign Language corpus: we obtain an accuracy of 74.7\% on a vocabulary of 100 classes. Our results will be implemented as a suggestion system for sign language corpus annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {De Coster, Mathieu and Van Herreweghe, Mieke and Dambre, Joni},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6018--6024},
}

@inproceedings{naert_lsf-animal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LSF}-{ANIMAL}: {A} {Motion} {Capture} {Corpus} in {French} {Sign} {Language} {Designed} for the {Animation} of {Signing} {Avatars}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.736},
	abstract = {Signing avatars allow deaf people to access information in their preferred language using an interactive visualization of the sign language spatio-temporal content. However, avatars are often procedurally animated, resulting in robotic and unnatural movements, which are therefore rejected by the community for which they are intended. To overcome this lack of authenticity, solutions in which the avatar is animated from motion capture data are promising. Yet, the initial data set drastically limits the range of signs that the avatar can produce. Therefore, it can be interesting to enrich the initial corpus with new content by editing the captured motions. For this purpose, we collected the LSF-ANIMAL corpus, a French Sign Language (LSF) corpus composed of captured isolated signs and full sentences that can be used both to study LSF features and to generate new signs and utterances. This paper presents the precise definition and content of this corpus, technical considerations relative to the motion capture process (including the marker set definition), the post-processing steps required to obtain data in a standard motion format and the annotation scheme used to label the data. The quality of the corpus with respect to intelligibility, accuracy and realism is perceptually evaluated by 41 participants including native LSF signers.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Naert, Lucie and Larboulette, Caroline and Gibet, Sylvie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6008--6017},
}

@inproceedings{jantunen_what_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {What {Comes} {First}: {Combining} {Motion} {Capture} and {Eye} {Tracking} {Data} to {Study} the {Order} of {Articulators} in {Constructed} {Action} in {Sign} {Language} {Narratives}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.735},
	abstract = {We use synchronized 120 fps motion capture and 50 fps eye tracking data from two native signers to investigate the temporal order in which the dominant hand, the head, the chest and the eyes start producing overt constructed action from regular narration in seven short Finnish Sign Language stories. From the material, we derive a sample of ten instances of regular narration to overt constructed action transfers in ELAN which we then further process and analyze in Matlab. The results indicate that the temporal order of articulators shows both contextual and individual variation but that there are also repeated patterns which are similar across all the analyzed sequences and signers. Most notably, when the discourse strategy changes from regular narration to overt constructed action, the head and the eyes tend to take the leading role, and the chest and the dominant hand tend to start acting last. Consequences of the findings are discussed.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jantunen, Tommi and Puupponen, Anna and Burger, Birgitta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6003--6007},
}

@inproceedings{moeller_russian_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Russian} {PropBank}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.734},
	abstract = {This paper presents a proposition bank for Russian (RuPB), a resource for semantic role labeling (SRL). The motivating goal for this resource is to automatically project semantic role labels from English to Russian. This paper describes frame creation strategies, coverage, and the process of sense disambiguation. It discusses language-specific issues that complicated the process of building the PropBank and how these challenges were exploited as language-internal guidance for consistency and coherence.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moeller, Sarah and Wagner, Irina and Palmer, Martha and Conger, Kathryn and Myers, Skatje},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5995--6002},
}

@inproceedings{peng_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} of {Adpositional} {Supersenses} for {Mandarin} {Chinese}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.733},
	abstract = {Adpositions are frequent markers of semantic relations, but they are highly ambiguous and vary significantly from language to language. Moreover, there is a dearth of annotated corpora for investigating the cross-linguistic variation of adposition semantics, or for building multilingual disambiguation systems. This paper presents a corpus in which all adpositions have been semantically annotated in Mandarin Chinese; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first Chinese corpus to be broadly annotated with adposition semantics. Our approach adapts a framework that defined a general set of supersenses according to ostensibly language-independent semantic criteria, though its development focused primarily on English prepositions (Schneider et al., 2018). We find that the supersense categories are well-suited to Chinese adpositions despite syntactic differences from English. On a Mandarin translation of The Little Prince, we achieve high inter-annotator agreement and analyze semantic correspondences of adposition tokens in bitext.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Peng, Siyao and Liu, Yang and Zhu, Yilun and Blodgett, Austin and Zhao, Yushi and Schneider, Nathan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5986--5994},
}

@inproceedings{choubey_one_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {One {Classifier} for {All} {Ambiguous} {Words}: {Overcoming} {Data} {Sparsity} by {Utilizing} {Sense} {Correlations} {Across} {Words}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.732},
	abstract = {Most supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems build word-specific classifiers by leveraging labeled data. However, when using word-specific classifiers, the sparseness of annotations leads to inferior sense disambiguation performance on less frequently seen words. To combat data sparsity, we propose to learn a single model that derives sense representations and meanwhile enforces congruence between a word instance and its right sense by using both sense-annotated data and lexical resources. The model is shared across words that allows utilizing sense correlations across words, and therefore helps to transfer common disambiguation rules from annotation-rich words to annotation-lean words. Empirical evaluation on benchmark datasets shows that the proposed shared model outperforms the equivalent classifier-based models by 1.7\%, 2.5\% and 3.8\% in F1-score when using GloVe, ELMo and BERT word embeddings respectively.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Choubey, Prafulla Kumar and Huang, Ruihong},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5978--5985},
}

@inproceedings{rehbein_new_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {New} {Resource} for {German} {Causal} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.731},
	abstract = {We present a new resource for German causal language, with annotations in context for verbs, nouns and prepositions. Our dataset includes 4,390 annotated instances for more than 150 different triggers. The annotation scheme distinguishes three different types of causal events (CONSEQUENCE , MOTIVATION, PURPOSE). We also provide annotations for semantic roles, i.e. of the cause and effect for the causal event as well as the actor and affected party, if present. In the paper, we present inter-annotator agreement scores for our dataset and discuss problems for annotating causal language. Finally, we present experiments where we frame causal annotation as a sequence labelling problem and report baseline results for the prediciton of causal arguments and for predicting different types of causation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rehbein, Ines and Ruppenhofer, Josef},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5968--5977},
}

@inproceedings{strohmaier_secoda_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SeCoDa}: {Sense} {Complexity} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.730},
	abstract = {The Sense Complexity Dataset (SeCoDa) provides a corpus that is annotated jointly for complexity and word senses. It thus provides a valuable resource for both word sense disambiguation and the task of complex word identification. The intention is that this dataset will be used to identify complexity at the level of word senses rather than word tokens. For word sense annotation SeCoDa uses a hierarchical scheme that is based on information available in the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. This way we can offer more coarse-grained senses than directly available in WordNet.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Strohmaier, David and Gooding, Sian and Taslimipoor, Shiva and Kochmar, Ekaterina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5962--5967},
}

@inproceedings{wu_getting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Getting {To} {Know} {You}: {User} {Attribute} {Extraction} from {Dialogues}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.73},
	abstract = {User attributes provide rich and useful information for user understanding, yet structured and easy-to-use attributes are often sparsely populated. In this paper, we leverage dialogues with conversational agents, which contain strong suggestions of user information, to automatically extract user attributes. Since no existing dataset is available for this purpose, we apply distant supervision to train our proposed two-stage attribute extractor, which surpasses several retrieval and generation baselines on human evaluation. Meanwhile, we discuss potential applications (e.g., personalized recommendation and dialogue systems) of such extracted user attributes, and point out current limitations to cast light on future work.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wu, Chien-Sheng and Madotto, Andrea and Lin, Zhaojiang and Xu, Peng and Fung, Pascale},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {581--589},
}

@inproceedings{san_martin_extraction_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Extraction of {Hyponymic} {Relations} in {French} with {Knowledge}-{Pattern}-{Based} {Word} {Sketches}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.729},
	abstract = {Hyponymy is the cornerstone of taxonomies and concept hierarchies. However, the extraction of hypernym-hyponym pairs from a corpus can be time-consuming, and reconstructing the hierarchical network of a domain is often an extremely complex process. This paper presents the development and evaluation of the French EcoLexicon Semantic Sketch Grammar (ESSG-fr), a French hyponymic sketch grammar for Sketch Engine based on knowledge patterns. It offers a user-friendly way of extracting hyponymic pairs in the form of word sketches in any user-owned corpus. The ESSG-fr contains three times more hyponymic patterns than its English counterpart and has been tested in a multidisciplinary corpus. It is thus expected to be domain-independent. Moreover, the following methodological innovations have been included in its development: (1) use of English hyponymic patterns in a parallel corpus to find new French patterns; (2) automatic inclusion of the results of the Sketch Engine thesaurus to find new variants of the patterns. As for its evaluation, the ESSG-fr returns 70\% valid hyperonyms and hyponyms, measured on 180 extracted pairs of terms in three different domains.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {San Martín, Antonio and Trekker, Catherine and León-Araúz, Pilar},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5953--5961},
}

@inproceedings{logacheva_word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Word {Sense} {Disambiguation} for 158 {Languages} using {Word} {Embeddings} {Only}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.728},
	abstract = {Disambiguation of word senses in context is easy for humans, but is a major challenge for automatic approaches. Sophisticated supervised and knowledge-based models were developed to solve this task. However, (i) the inherent Zipfian distribution of supervised training instances for a given word and/or (ii) the quality of linguistic knowledge representations motivate the development of completely unsupervised and knowledge-free approaches to word sense disambiguation (WSD). They are particularly useful for under-resourced languages which do not have any resources for building either supervised and/or knowledge-based models. In this paper, we present a method that takes as input a standard pre-trained word embedding model and induces a fully-fledged word sense inventory, which can be used for disambiguation in context. We use this method to induce a collection of sense inventories for 158 languages on the basis of the original pre-trained fastText word embeddings by Grave et al., (2018), enabling WSD in these languages. Models and system are available online.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Logacheva, Varvara and Teslenko, Denis and Shelmanov, Artem and Remus, Steffen and Ustalov, Dmitry and Kutuzov, Andrey and Artemova, Ekaterina and Biemann, Chris and Ponzetto, Simone Paolo and Panchenko, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5943--5952},
}

@inproceedings{eyal_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building a {Hebrew} {Semantic} {Role} {Labeling} {Lexical} {Resource} from {Parallel} {Movie} {Subtitles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.727},
	abstract = {We present a semantic role labeling resource for Hebrew built semi-automatically through annotation projection from English. This corpus is derived from the multilingual OpenSubtitles dataset and includes short informal sentences, for which reliable linguistic annotations have been computed. We provide a fully annotated version of the data including morphological analysis, dependency syntax and semantic role labeling in both FrameNet and ProbBank styles. Sentences are aligned between English and Hebrew, both sides include full annotations and the explicit mapping from the English arguments to the Hebrew ones. We train a neural SRL model on this Hebrew resource exploiting the pre-trained multilingual BERT transformer model, and provide the first available baseline model for Hebrew SRL as a reference point. The code we provide is generic and can be adapted to other languages to bootstrap SRL resources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Eyal, Ben and Elhadad, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5934--5942},
}

@inproceedings{kehat_improving_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Improving {Neural} {Metaphor} {Detection} with {Visual} {Datasets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.726},
	abstract = {We present new results on Metaphor Detection by using text from visual datasets. Using a straightforward technique for sampling text from Vision-Language datasets, we create a data structure we term a visibility word embedding. We then combine these embeddings in a relatively simple BiLSTM module augmented with contextualized word representations (ELMo), and show improvement over previous state-of-the-art approaches that use more complex neural network architectures and richer linguistic features, for the task of verb classification.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kehat, Gitit and Pustejovsky, James},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5928--5933},
}

@inproceedings{krishnaswamy_formal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Formal} {Analysis} of {Multimodal} {Referring} {Strategies} {Under} {Common} {Ground}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.725},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present an analysis of computationally generated mixed-modality definite referring expressions using combinations of gesture and linguistic descriptions. In doing so, we expose some striking formal semantic properties of the interactions between gesture and language, conditioned on the introduction of content into the common ground between the (computational) speaker and (human) viewer, and demonstrate how these formal features can contribute to training better models to predict viewer judgment of referring expressions, and potentially to the generation of more natural and informative referring expressions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Krishnaswamy, Nikhil and Pustejovsky, James},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5919--5927},
}

@inproceedings{barque_frsemcor_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{FrSemCor}: {Annotating} a {French} {Corpus} with {Supersenses}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.724},
	abstract = {French, as many languages, lacks semantically annotated corpus data. Our aim is to provide the linguistic and NLP research communities with a gold standard sense-annotated corpus of French, using WordNet Unique Beginners as semantic tags, thus allowing for interoperability. In this paper, we report on the first phase of the project, which focused on the annotation of common nouns. The resulting dataset consists of more than 12,000 French noun occurrences which were annotated in double blind and adjudicated according to a carefully redefined set of supersenses. The resource is released online under a Creative Commons Licence.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Barque, Lucie and Haas, Pauline and Huyghe, Richard and Tribout, Delphine and Candito, Marie and Crabbé, Benoit and Segonne, Vincent},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5912--5918},
}

@inproceedings{scarlini_sense-annotated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Sense-{Annotated} {Corpora} for {Word} {Sense} {Disambiguation} in {Multiple} {Languages} and {Domains}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.723},
	abstract = {The knowledge acquisition bottleneck problem dramatically hampers the creation of sense-annotated data for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). Sense-annotated data are scarce for English and almost absent for other languages. This limits the range of action of deep-learning approaches, which today are at the base of any NLP task and are hungry for data. We mitigate this issue and encourage further research in multilingual WSD by releasing to the NLP community five large datasets annotated with word-senses in five different languages, namely, English, French, Italian, German and Spanish, and 5 distinct datasets in English, each for a different semantic domain. We show that supervised WSD models trained on our data attain higher performance than when trained on other automatically-created corpora. We release all our data containing more than 15 million annotated instances in 5 different languages at http://trainomatic.org/onesec.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Scarlini, Bianca and Pasini, Tommaso and Navigli, Roberto},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5905--5911},
}

@inproceedings{yimam_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Compilation} of {Resources} for {Academic} {Writing} and {Evaluating} with {Informal} {Word} {Identification} and {Paraphrasing} {System}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.722},
	abstract = {We present the first approach to automatically building resources for academic writing. The aim is to build a writing aid system that automatically edits a text so that it better adheres to the academic style of writing. On top of existing academic resources, such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) academic Word List, the New Academic Word List, and the Academic Collocation List, we also explore how to dynamically build such resources that would be used to automatically identify informal or non-academic words or phrases. The resources are compiled using different generic approaches that can be extended for different domains and languages. We describe the evaluation of resources with a system implementation. The system consists of an informal word identification (IWI), academic candidate paraphrase generation, and paraphrase ranking components. To generate candidates and rank them in context, we have used the PPDB and WordNet paraphrase resources. We use the Concepts in Context (CoInCO) "All-Words" lexical substitution dataset both for the informal word identification and paraphrase generation experiments. Our informal word identification component achieves an F-1 score of 82\%, significantly outperforming a stratified classifier baseline. The main contribution of this work is a domain-independent methodology to build targeted resources for writing aids.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yimam, Seid Muhie and Venkatesh, Gopalakrishnan and Lee, John and Biemann, Chris},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5896--5904},
}

@inproceedings{amblard_french_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {French} {Version} of the {FraCaS} {Test} {Suite}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.721},
	abstract = {This paper presents a French version of the FraCaS test suite. This test suite, originally written in English, contains problems illustrating semantic inference in natural language. We describe linguistic choices we had to make when translating the FraCaS test suite in French, and discuss some of the issues that were raised by the translation. We also report an experiment we ran in order to test both the translation and the logical semantics underlying the problems of the test suite. This provides a way of checking formal semanticists' hypotheses against actual semantic capacity of speakers (in the present case, French speakers), and allow us to compare the results we obtained with the ones of similar experiments that have been conducted for other languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Amblard, Maxime and Beysson, Clément and de Groote, Philippe and Guillaume, Bruno and Pogodalla, Sylvain},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5887--5895},
}

@inproceedings{armendariz_cosimlex_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CoSimLex}: {A} {Resource} for {Evaluating} {Graded} {Word} {Similarity} in {Context}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.720},
	abstract = {State of the art natural language processing tools are built on context-dependent word embeddings, but no direct method for evaluating these representations currently exists. Standard tasks and datasets for intrinsic evaluation of embeddings are based on judgements of similarity, but ignore context; standard tasks for word sense disambiguation take account of context but do not provide continuous measures of meaning similarity. This paper describes an effort to build a new dataset, CoSimLex, intended to fill this gap. Building on the standard pairwise similarity task of SimLex-999, it provides context-dependent similarity measures; covers not only discrete differences in word sense but more subtle, graded changes in meaning; and covers not only a well-resourced language (English) but a number of less-resourced languages. We define the task and evaluation metrics, outline the dataset collection methodology, and describe the status of the dataset so far.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Armendariz, Carlos Santos and Purver, Matthew and Ulčar, Matej and Pollak, Senja and Ljubešić, Nikola and Granroth-Wilding, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5878--5886},
}

@inproceedings{laleye_french_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {French} {Medical} {Conversations} {Corpus} {Annotated} for a {Virtual} {Patient} {Dialogue} {System}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.72},
	abstract = {Data-driven approaches for creating virtual patient dialogue systems require the availability of large data specific to the language,domain and clinical cases studied. Based on the lack of dialogue corpora in French for medical education, we propose an annotatedcorpus of dialogues including medical consultation interactions between doctor and patient. In this work, we detail the building processof the proposed dialogue corpus, describe the annotation guidelines and also present the statistics of its contents. We then conducted aquestion categorization task to evaluate the benefits of the proposed corpus that is made publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Laleye, Fréjus A. A. and de Chalendar, Gaël and Blanié, Antonia and Brouquet, Antoine and Behnamou, Dan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {574--580},
}

@inproceedings{mykowiecka_are_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Are {White} {Ravens} {Ever} {White}? - {Non}-{Literal} {Adjective}-{Noun} {Phrases} in {Polish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.719},
	abstract = {In the paper we describe two resources of Polish data focused on literal and metaphorical meanings of adjective-noun phrases. The first one is FigAN and consists of isolated phrases which are divided into three types: phrases with only literal meaning, with only metaphorical meaning, and phrases which can be interpreted as literal or metaphorical ones depending on a context of use. The second data is the FigSen corpus which consists of 1833 short fragments of texts containing at least one phrase from the FigAN data which may have both meanings. The corpus is annotated in two ways. One approach concerns annotation of all adjective-noun phrases. In the second approach, literal or metaphorical senses are assigned to all adjectives and nouns in the data. The paper addresses statistics of data and compares two types of annotation. The corpora were used in experiments of automatic recognition of Polish non-literal adjective noun phrases.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mykowiecka, Agnieszka and Marciniak, Malgorzata},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5871--5877},
}

@inproceedings{sucameli_representing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Representing {Verbs} with {Visual} {Argument} {Vectors}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.718},
	abstract = {Is it possible to use images to model verb semantic similarities? Starting from this core question, we developed two textual distributional semantic models and a visual one. We found particularly interesting and challenging to investigate this Part of Speech since verbs are not often analysed in researches focused on multimodal distributional semantics. After the creation of the visual and textual distributional space, the three models were evaluated in relation to SimLex-999, a gold standard resource. Through this evaluation, we demonstrate that, using visual distributional models, it is possible to extract meaningful information and to effectively capture the semantic similarity between verbs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sucameli, Irene and Lenci, Alessandro},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5865--5870},
}

@inproceedings{dan_spatial_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {From {Spatial} {Relations} to {Spatial} {Configurations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.717},
	abstract = {Spatial Reasoning from language is essential for natural language understanding. Supporting it requires a representation scheme that can capture spatial phenomena encountered in language as well as in images and videos.Existing spatial representations are not sufficient for describing spatial configurations used in complex tasks. This paper extends the capabilities of existing spatial representation languages and increases coverage of the semantic aspects that are needed to ground spatial meaning of natural language text in the world. Our spatial relation language is able to represent a large, comprehensive set of spatial concepts crucial for reasoning and is designed to support composition of static and dynamic spatial configurations. We integrate this language with the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) annotation schema and present a corpus annotated by this extended AMR. To exhibit the applicability of our representation scheme, we annotate text taken from diverse datasets and show how we extend the capabilities of existing spatial representation languages with fine-grained decomposition of semantics and blend it seamlessly with AMRs of sentences and discourse representations as a whole.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dan, Soham and Kordjamshidi, Parisa and Bonn, Julia and Bhatia, Archna and Cai, Zheng and Palmer, Martha and Roth, Dan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5855--5864},
}

@inproceedings{hasegawa_word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Word {Attribute} {Prediction} {Enhanced} by {Lexical} {Entailment} {Tasks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.716},
	abstract = {Human semantic knowledge about concepts acquired through perceptual inputs and daily experiences can be expressed as a bundle of attributes. Unlike the conventional distributed word representations that are purely induced from a text corpus, a semantic attribute is associated with a designated dimension in attribute-based vector representations. Thus, semantic attribute vectors can effectively capture the commonalities and differences among concepts. However, as semantic attributes have been generally created by psychological experimental settings involving human annotators, an automatic method to create or extend such resources is highly demanded in terms of language resource development and maintenance. This study proposes a two-stage neural network architecture, Word2Attr, in which initially acquired attribute representations are then fine-tuned by employing supervised lexical entailment tasks. The quantitative empirical results demonstrated that the fine-tuning was indeed effective in improving the performances of semantic/visual similarity/relatedness evaluation tasks. Although the qualitative analysis confirmed that the proposed method could often discover valid but not-yet human-annotated attributes, they also exposed future issues to be worked: we should refine the inventory of semantic attributes that currently relies on an existing dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hasegawa, Mika and Kobayashi, Tetsunori and Hayashi, Yoshihiko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5846--5854},
}

@inproceedings{tanguy_extrinsic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Extrinsic {Evaluation} of {French} {Dependency} {Parsers} on a {Specialized} {Corpus}: {Comparison} of {Distributional} {Thesauri}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.713},
	abstract = {We present a study in which we compare 11 different French dependency parsers on a specialized corpus (consisting of research articles on NLP from the proceedings of the TALN conference). Due to the lack of a suitable gold standard, we use each of the parsers' output to generate distributional thesauri using a frequency-based method. We compare these 11 thesauri to assess the impact of choosing a parser over another. We show that, without any reference data, we can still identify relevant subsets among the different parsers. We also show that the similarity we identify between parsers is confirmed on a restricted distributional benchmark.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tanguy, Ludovic and Brunet, Pauline and Ferret, Olivier},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5820--5828},
}

@inproceedings{roussinov_recognizing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Recognizing {Semantic} {Relations} by {Combining} {Transformers} and {Fully} {Connected} {Models}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.715},
	abstract = {Automatically recognizing an existing semantic relation (e.g. “is a”, “part of”, “property of”, “opposite of” etc.) between two words (phrases, concepts, etc.) is an important task affecting many NLP applications and has been subject of extensive experimentation and modeling. Current approaches to automatically telling if a relation exists between two given concepts X and Y can be grouped into two types: 1) those modeling word-paths connecting X and Y in text and 2) those modeling distributional properties of X and Y separately, not necessary in the proximity to each other. Here, we investigate how both types can be improved and combined. We suggest a distributional approach that is based on an attention-based transformer. We have also developed a novel word path model that combines useful properties of a convolutional network with a fully connected language model. While our transformer-based approach works better, both our models significantly outperform the state-of-the-art within their classes of approaches. We also demonstrate that combining the two approaches results in additional gains since they use somewhat different data sources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Roussinov, Dmitri and Sharoff, Serge and Puchnina, Nadezhda},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5838--5845},
}

@inproceedings{yu_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dataset and {Enhanced} {Model} for {Eligibility} {Criteria}-to-{SQL} {Semantic} {Parsing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.714},
	abstract = {Clinical trials often require that patients meet eligibility criteria (e.g., have specific conditions) to ensure the safety and the effectiveness of studies. However, retrieving eligible patients for a trial from the electronic health record (EHR) database remains a challenging task for clinicians since it requires not only medical knowledge about eligibility criteria, but also an adequate understanding of structured query language (SQL). In this paper, we introduce a new dataset that includes the first-of-its-kind eligibility-criteria corpus and the corresponding queries for criteria-to-sql (Criteria2SQL), a task translating the eligibility criteria to executable SQL queries. Compared to existing datasets, the queries in the dataset here are derived from the eligibility criteria of clinical trials and include ıt Order-sensitive, Counting-based, and Boolean-type cases which are not seen before. In addition to the dataset, we propose a novel neural semantic parser as a strong baseline model. Extensive experiments show that the proposed parser outperforms existing state-of-the-art general-purpose text-to-sql models while highlighting the challenges presented by the new dataset. The uniqueness and the diversity of the dataset leave a lot of research opportunities for future improvement.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yu, Xiaojing and Chen, Tianlong and Yu, Zhengjie and Li, Huiyu and Yang, Yang and Jiang, Xiaoqian and Jiang, Anxiao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5829--5837},
}

@inproceedings{zayed_figure_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Figure {Me} {Out}: {A} {Gold} {Standard} {Dataset} for {Metaphor} {Interpretation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.712},
	abstract = {Metaphor comprehension and understanding is a complex cognitive task that requires interpreting metaphors by grasping the interaction between the meaning of their target and source concepts. This is very challenging for humans, let alone computers. Thus, automatic metaphor interpretation is understudied in part due to the lack of publicly available datasets. The creation and manual annotation of such datasets is a demanding task which requires huge cognitive effort and time. Moreover, there will always be a question of accuracy and consistency of the annotated data due to the subjective nature of the problem. This work addresses these issues by presenting an annotation scheme to interpret verb-noun metaphoric expressions in text. The proposed approach is designed with the goal of reducing the workload on annotators and maintain consistency. Our methodology employs an automatic retrieval approach which utilises external lexical resources, word embeddings and semantic similarity to generate possible interpretations of identified metaphors in order to enable quick and accurate annotation. We validate our proposed approach by annotating around 1,500 metaphors in tweets which were annotated by six native English speakers. As a result of this work, we publish as linked data the first gold standard dataset for metaphor interpretation which will facilitate research in this area.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zayed, Omnia and McCrae, John Philip and Buitelaar, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5810--5819},
}

@inproceedings{yen_msd-1030_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MSD}-1030: {A} {Well}-built {Multi}-{Sense} {Evaluation} {Dataset} for {Sense} {Representation} {Models}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.711},
	abstract = {Sense embedding models handle polysemy by giving each distinct meaning of a word form a separate representation. They are considered improvements over word models, and their effectiveness is usually judged with benchmarks such as semantic similarity datasets. However, most of these datasets are not designed for evaluating sense embeddings. In this research, we show that there are at least six concerns about evaluating sense embeddings with existing benchmark datasets, including the large proportions of single-sense words and the unexpected inferior performance of several multi-sense models to their single-sense counterparts. These observations call into serious question whether evaluations based on these datasets can reflect the sense model’s ability to capture different meanings. To address the issues, we propose the Multi-Sense Dataset (MSD-1030), which contains a high ratio of multi-sense word pairs. A series of analyses and experiments show that MSD-1030 serves as a more reliable benchmark for sense embeddings. The dataset is available at http://nlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw/nlpresource/MSD-1030/.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yen, Ting-Yu and Lee, Yang-Yin and Shiue, Yow-Ting and Huang, Hen-Hsen and Chen, Hsin-Hsi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5802--5809},
}

@inproceedings{silberer_object_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Object {Naming} in {Language} and {Vision}: {A} {Survey} and a {New} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.710},
	abstract = {People choose particular names for objects, such as dog or puppy for a given dog. Object naming has been studied in Psycholinguistics, but has received relatively little attention in Computational Linguistics. We review resources from Language and Vision that could be used to study object naming on a large scale, discuss their shortcomings, and create a new dataset that affords more opportunities for analysis and modeling. Our dataset, ManyNames, provides 36 name annotations for each of 25K objects in images selected from VisualGenome. We highlight the challenges involved and provide a preliminary analysis of the ManyNames data, showing that there is a high level of agreement in naming, on average. At the same time, the average number of name types associated with an object is much higher in our dataset than in existing corpora for Language and Vision, such that ManyNames provides a rich resource for studying phenomena like hierarchical variation (chihuahua vs. dog), which has been discussed at length in the theoretical literature, and other less well studied phenomena like cross-classification (cake vs. dessert).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Silberer, Carina and Zarrieß, Sina and Boleda, Gemma},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5792--5801},
}

@inproceedings{galetzka_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} of {Controlled} {Opinionated} and {Knowledgeable} {Movie} {Discussions} for {Training} {Neural} {Conversation} {Models}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.71},
	abstract = {Fully data driven Chatbots for non-goal oriented dialogues are known to suffer from inconsistent behaviour across their turns, stemming from a general difficulty in controlling parameters like their assumed background personality and knowledge of facts. One reason for this is the relative lack of labeled data from which personality consistency and fact usage could be learned together with dialogue behaviour. To address this, we introduce a new labeled dialogue dataset in the domain of movie discussions, where every dialogue is based on pre-specified facts and opinions. We thoroughly validate the collected dialogue for adherence of the participants to their given fact and opinion profile, and find that the general quality in this respect is high. This process also gives us an additional layer of annotation that is potentially useful for training models. We introduce as a baseline an end-to-end trained self-attention decoder model trained on this data and show that it is able to generate opinionated responses that are judged to be natural and knowledgeable and show attentiveness.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Galetzka, Fabian and Eneh, Chukwuemeka Uchenna and Schlangen, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {565--573},
}

@inproceedings{kovatchev_decomposing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Decomposing and {Comparing} {Meaning} {Relations}: {Paraphrasing}, {Textual} {Entailment}, {Contradiction}, and {Specificity}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.709},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a methodology for decomposing and comparing multiple meaning relations (paraphrasing, textual entailment, contradiction, and specificity). The methodology includes SHARel - a new typology that consists of 26 linguistic and 8 reason-based categories. We use the typology to annotate a corpus of 520 sentence pairs in English and we demonstrate that unlike previous typologies, SHARel can be applied to all relations of interest with a high inter-annotator agreement. We analyze and compare the frequency and distribution of the linguistic and reason-based phenomena involved in paraphrasing, textual entailment, contradiction, and specificity. This comparison allows for a much more in-depth analysis of the workings of the individual relations and the way they interact and compare with each other. We release all resources (typology, annotation guidelines, and annotated corpus) to the community.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kovatchev, Venelin and Gold, Darina and Marti, M. Antonia and Salamo, Maria and Zesch, Torsten},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5782--5791},
}

@inproceedings{pasini_short_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Short} {Survey} on {Sense}-{Annotated} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.706},
	abstract = {Large sense-annotated datasets are increasingly necessary for training deep supervised systems in Word Sense Disambiguation. However, gathering high-quality sense-annotated data for as many instances as possible is a laborious and expensive task. This has led to the proliferation of automatic and semi-automatic methods for overcoming the so-called knowledge-acquisition bottleneck. In this short survey we present an overview of sense-annotated corpora, annotated either manually- or (semi)automatically, that are currently available for different languages and featuring distinct lexical resources as inventory of senses, i.e. WordNet, Wikipedia, BabelNet. Furthermore, we provide the reader with general statistics of each dataset and an analysis of their specific features.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pasini, Tommaso and Camacho-Collados, Jose},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5759--5765},
}

@inproceedings{lima_lopez_nubes_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{NUBes}: {A} {Corpus} of {Negation} and {Uncertainty} in {Spanish} {Clinical} {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.708},
	abstract = {This paper introduces the first version of the NUBes corpus (Negation and Uncertainty annotations in Biomedical texts in Spanish). The corpus is part of an on-going research and currently consists of 29,682 sentences obtained from anonymised health records annotated with negation and uncertainty. The article includes an exhaustive comparison with similar corpora in Spanish, and presents the main annotation and design decisions. Additionally, we perform preliminary experiments using deep learning algorithms to validate the annotated dataset. As far as we know, NUBes is the largest available corpora for negation in Spanish and the first that also incorporates the annotation of speculation cues, scopes, and events.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lima Lopez, Salvador and Perez, Naiara and Cuadros, Montse and Rigau, German},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5772--5781},
}

@inproceedings{jana_using_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Using {Distributional} {Thesaurus} {Embedding} for {Co}-hyponymy {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.707},
	abstract = {Discriminating lexical relations among distributionally similar words has always been a challenge for natural language processing (NLP) community. In this paper, we investigate whether the network embedding of distributional thesaurus can be effectively utilized to detect co-hyponymy relations. By extensive experiments over three benchmark datasets, we show that the vector representation obtained by applying node2vec on distributional thesaurus outperforms the state-of-the-art models for binary classification of co-hyponymy vs. hypernymy, as well as co-hyponymy vs. meronymy, by huge margins.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jana, Abhik and Varimalla, Nikhil Reddy and Goyal, Pawan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5766--5771},
}

@inproceedings{king_must_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Must {Children} be {Vaccinated} or not? {Annotating} {Modal} {Verbs} in the {Vaccination} {Debate}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.703},
	abstract = {In this paper we analyze the use of modal verbs in a corpus of texts related to the vaccination debate. Broadly speaking, the vaccination debate centers around whether vaccination is safe, and whether it is morally acceptable to enforce mandatory vaccination. In order to successfully intervene and curb the spread of preventable diseases due to low vaccination rates, health practitioners need to be adequately informed on public perception of the safety and necessity of vaccines. Public perception can relate to the strength of conviction that an individual may have towards a proposition (e.g. `one must vaccinate' versus `one should vaccinate'), as well as qualify the type of proposition, be it related to morality (`government should not interfere in my personal choice') or related to possibility (`too many vaccines at once could hurt my child'). Text mining and analysis of modal auxiliaries are economically viable means of gaining insights into these perspectives, particularly on a large scale due to the widespread use of social media and blogs as vehicles of communication.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {King, Liza and Morante, Roser},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5730--5738},
}

@inproceedings{majewska_spatial_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Spatial {Multi}-{Arrangement} for {Clustering} and {Multi}-way {Similarity} {Dataset} {Construction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.705},
	abstract = {We present a novel methodology for fast bottom-up creation of large-scale semantic similarity resources to support development and evaluation of NLP systems. Our work targets verb similarity, but the methodology is equally applicable to other parts of speech. Our approach circumvents the bottleneck of slow and expensive manual development of lexical resources by leveraging semantic intuitions of native speakers and adapting a spatial multi-arrangement approach from cognitive neuroscience, used before only with visual stimuli, to lexical stimuli. Our approach critically obtains judgments of word similarity in the context of a set of related words, rather than of word pairs in isolation. We also handle lexical ambiguity as a natural consequence of a two-phase process where verbs are placed in broad semantic classes prior to the fine-grained spatial similarity judgments. Our proposed design produces a large-scale verb resource comprising 17 relatedness-based classes and a verb similarity dataset containing similarity scores for 29,721 unique verb pairs and 825 target verbs, which we release with this paper.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Majewska, Olga and McCarthy, Diana and van den Bosch, Jasper and Kriegeskorte, Nikolaus and Vulić, Ivan and Korhonen, Anna},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5749--5758},
}

@inproceedings{khandelwal_negbert_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{NegBERT}: {A} {Transfer} {Learning} {Approach} for {Negation} {Detection} and {Scope} {Resolution}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.704},
	abstract = {Negation is an important characteristic of language, and a major component of information extraction from text. This subtask is of considerable importance to the biomedical domain. Over the years, multiple approaches have been explored to address this problem: Rule-based systems, Machine Learning classifiers, Conditional Random Field models, CNNs and more recently BiLSTMs. In this paper, we look at applying Transfer Learning to this problem. First, we extensively review previous literature addressing Negation Detection and Scope Resolution across the 3 datasets that have gained popularity over the years: the BioScope Corpus, the Sherlock dataset, and the SFU Review Corpus. We then explore the decision choices involved with using BERT, a popular transfer learning model, for this task, and report state-of-the-art results for scope resolution across all 3 datasets. Our model, referred to as NegBERT, achieves a token level F1 score on scope resolution of 92.36 on the Sherlock dataset, 95.68 on the BioScope Abstracts subcorpus, 91.24 on the BioScope Full Papers subcorpus, 90.95 on the SFU Review Corpus, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art systems by a significant margin. We also analyze the model’s generalizability to datasets on which it is not trained.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khandelwal, Aditya and Sawant, Suraj},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5739--5748},
}

@inproceedings{anthonio_wikihowtoimprove_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{wikiHowToImprove}: {A} {Resource} and {Analyses} on {Edits} in {Instructional} {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.702},
	abstract = {Instructional texts, such as articles in wikiHow, describe the actions necessary to accomplish a certain goal. In wikiHow and other resources, such instructions are subject to revision edits on a regular basis. Do these edits improve instructions only in terms of style and correctness, or do they provide clarifications necessary to follow the instructions and to accomplish the goal? We describe a resource and first studies towards answering this question. Specifically, we create wikiHowToImprove, a collection of revision histories for about 2.7 million sentences from about 246{\textbackslash},000 wikiHow articles. We describe human annotation studies on categorizing a subset of sentence-level edits and provide baseline models for the task of automatically distinguishing “older” from “newer” revisions of a sentence.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Anthonio, Talita and Bhat, Irshad and Roth, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5721--5729},
}

@inproceedings{xiang_ciron_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Ciron: a {New} {Benchmark} {Dataset} for {Chinese} {Irony} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.701},
	abstract = {Automatic Chinese irony detection is a challenging task, and it has a strong impact on linguistic research. However, Chinese irony detection often lacks labeled benchmark datasets. In this paper, we introduce Ciron, the first Chinese benchmark dataset available for irony detection for machine learning models. Ciron includes more than 8.7K posts, collected from Weibo, a micro blogging platform. Most importantly, Ciron is collected with no pre-conditions to ensure a much wider coverage. Evaluation on seven different machine learning classifiers proves the usefulness of Ciron as an important resource for Chinese irony detection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Xiang, Rong and Gao, Xuefeng and Long, Yunfei and Li, Anran and Chersoni, Emmanuele and Lu, Qin and Huang, Chu-Ren},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5714--5720},
}

@inproceedings{chersoni_are_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Are {Word} {Embeddings} {Really} a {Bad} {Fit} for the {Estimation} of {Thematic} {Fit}?},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.700},
	abstract = {While neural embeddings represent a popular choice for word representation in a wide variety of NLP tasks, their usage for thematic fit modeling has been limited, as they have been reported to lag behind syntax-based count models. In this paper, we propose a complete evaluation of count models and word embeddings on thematic fit estimation, by taking into account a larger number of parameters and verb roles and introducing also dependency-based embeddings in the comparison. Our results show a complex scenario, where a determinant factor for the performance seems to be the availability to the model of reliable syntactic information for building the distributional representations of the roles.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chersoni, Emmanuele and Pannitto, Ludovica and Santus, Enrico and Lenci, Alessandro and Huang, Chu-Ren},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5708--5713},
}

@inproceedings{jokinen_aico_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {AICO} {Multimodal} {Corpus} – {Data} {Collection} and {Preliminary} {Analyses}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.70},
	abstract = {This paper describes data collection and the first explorative research on the AICO Multimodal Corpus. The corpus contains eye-gaze, Kinect, and video recordings of human-robot and human-human interactions, and was collected to study cooperation, engagement and attention of human participants in task-based as well as in chatty type interactive situations. In particular, the goal was to enable comparison between human-human and human-robot interactions, besides studying multimodal behaviour and attention in the different dialogue activities. The robot partner was a humanoid Nao robot, and it was expected that its agent-like behaviour would render humanrobot interactions similar to human-human interaction but also high-light important differences due to the robot’s limited conversational capabilities. The paper reports on the preliminary studies on the corpus, concerning the participants’ eye-gaze and gesturing behaviours,which were chosen as objective measures to study differences in their multimodal behaviour patterns with a human and a robot partner.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jokinen, Kristiina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {559--564},
}

@inproceedings{pagel_gerdracor-coref_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GerDraCor}-{Coref}: {A} {Coreference} {Corpus} for {Dramatic} {Texts} in {German}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.7},
	abstract = {Dramatic texts are a highly structured literary text type. Their quantitative analysis so far has relied on analysing structural properties (e.g., in the form of networks). Resolving coreferences is crucial for an analysis of the content of the character speech, but developing automatic coreference resolution (CR) systems depends on the existence of annotated corpora. In this paper, we present an annotated corpus of German dramatic texts, a preliminary analysis of the corpus as well as some baseline experiments on automatic CR. The analysis shows that with respect to the reference structure, dramatic texts are very different from news texts, but more similar to other dialogical text types such as interviews. Baseline experiments show a performance of 28.8 CoNLL score achieved by the rule-based CR system CorZu. In the future, we plan to integrate the (partial) information given in the dramatis personae into the CR model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pagel, Janis and Reiter, Nils},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {55--64},
}

@inproceedings{white_universal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Universal} {Decompositional} {Semantics} {Dataset} and {Decomp} {Toolkit}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.699},
	abstract = {We present the Universal Decompositional Semantics (UDS) dataset (v1.0), which is bundled with the Decomp toolkit (v0.1). UDS1.0 unifies five high-quality, decompositional semantics-aligned annotation sets within a single semantic graph specification—with graph structures defined by the predicative patterns produced by the PredPatt tool and real-valued node and edge attributes constructed using sophisticated normalization procedures. The Decomp toolkit provides a suite of Python 3 tools for querying UDS graphs using SPARQL. Both UDS1.0 and Decomp0.1 are publicly available at http://decomp.io.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {White, Aaron Steven and Stengel-Eskin, Elias and Vashishtha, Siddharth and Govindarajan, Venkata Subrahmanyan and Reisinger, Dee Ann and Vieira, Tim and Sakaguchi, Keisuke and Zhang, Sheng and Ferraro, Francis and Rudinger, Rachel and Rawlins, Kyle and Van Durme, Benjamin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5698--5707},
}

@inproceedings{robaldo_dapreco_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {DAPRECO} {Knowledge} {Base}: {Representing} the {GDPR} in {LegalRuleML}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.698},
	abstract = {The DAPRECO knowledge base (D-KB) is a repository of rules written in LegalRuleML, an XML formalism designed to represent the logical content of legal documents. The rules represent the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The D-KB builds upon the Privacy Ontology (PrOnto) (Palmirani et al., 2018), which provides a model for the legal concepts involved in the GDPR, by adding a further layer of constraints in the form of if-then rules, referring either to standard first order logic implications or to deontic statements. If-then rules are formalized in reified I/O logic (Robaldo and Sun, 2017) and then codified in (LegalRuleML, 2019). To date, the D-KB is the biggest knowledge base in LegalRuleML freely available online at (Robaldo et al., 2019).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Robaldo, Livio and Bartolini, Cesare and Lenzini, Gabriele},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5688--5697},
}

@inproceedings{alex_mathews_large_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Large} {Harvested} {Corpus} of {Location} {Metonymy}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.697},
	abstract = {Metonymy is a figure of speech in which an entity is referred to by another related entity. The existing datasets of metonymy are either too small in size or lack sufficient coverage. We propose a new, labelled, high-quality corpus of location metonymy called WiMCor, which is large in size and has high coverage. The corpus is harvested semi-automatically from English Wikipedia. We use different labels of varying granularity to annotate the corpus. The corpus can directly be used for training and evaluating automatic metonymy resolution systems. We construct benchmarks for metonymy resolution, and evaluate baseline methods using the new corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alex Mathews, Kevin and Strube, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5678--5687},
}

@inproceedings{chiarcos_annotation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotation {Interoperability} for the {Post}-{ISOCat} {Era}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.696},
	abstract = {With this paper, we provide an overview over ISOCat successor solutions and annotation standardization efforts since 2010, and we describe the low-cost harmonization of post-ISOCat vocabularies by means of modular, linked ontologies: The CLARIN Concept Registry, LexInfo, Universal Parts of Speech, Universal Dependencies and UniMorph are linked with the Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation and through it with ISOCat, the GOLD ontology, the Typological Database Systems ontology and a large number of annotation schemes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chiarcos, Christian and Fäth, Christian and Abromeit, Frank},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5668--5677},
}

@inproceedings{declerck_recent_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Recent {Developments} for the {Linguistic} {Linked} {Open} {Data} {Infrastructure}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.695},
	abstract = {In this paper we describe the contributions made by the European H2020 project “Prêt-à-LLOD” (‘Ready-to-use Multilingual Linked Language Data for Knowledge Services across Sectors’) to the further development of the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) infrastructure. Prêt-à-LLOD aims to develop a new methodology for building data value chains applicable to a wide range of sectors and applications and based around language resources and language technologies that can be integrated by means of semantic technologies. We describe the methods implemented for increasing the number of language data sets in the LLOD. We also present the approach for ensuring interoperability and for porting LLOD data sets and services to other infrastructures, as well as the contribution of the projects to existing standards.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Declerck, Thierry and McCrae, John Philip and Hartung, Matthias and Gracia, Jorge and Chiarcos, Christian and Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena and Cimiano, Philipp and Revenko, Artem and Saurí, Roser and Lee, Deirdre and Racioppa, Stefania and Abdul Nasir, Jamal and Orlikowsk, Matthias and Lanau-Coronas, Marta and Fäth, Christian and Rico, Mariano and Elahi, Mohammad Fazleh and Khvalchik, Maria and Gonzalez, Meritxell and Cooney, Katharine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5660--5667},
}

@inproceedings{martin-chozas_defying_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Defying {Wikidata}: {Validation} of {Terminological} {Relations} in the {Web} of {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.694},
	abstract = {In this paper we present an approach to validate terminological data retrieved from open encyclopaedic knowledge bases. This need arises from the enrichment of automatically extracted terms with information from existing resources in theLinguistic Linked Open Data cloud. Specifically, the resource employed for this enrichment is WIKIDATA, since it is one of the biggest knowledge bases freely available within the Semantic Web. During the experiment, we noticed that certain RDF properties in the Knowledge Base did not contain the data they are intended to represent, but a different type of information. In this paper we propose an approach to validate the retrieved data based on four axioms that rely on two linguistic theories: the x-bar theory and the multidimensional theory of terminology.The validation process is supported by a second knowledge base specialised in linguistic data; in this case, CONCEPTNET. In our experiment, we validate terms from the legal domain in four languages: Dutch, English, German and Spanish. The final aim is to generate a set of sound and reliable terminological resources in RDF to contribute to the population of the Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Martín-Chozas, Patricia and Ahmadi, Sina and Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5654--5659},
}

@inproceedings{bento_ontology_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Ontology {Matching} {Using} {Convolutional} {Neural} {Networks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.693},
	abstract = {In order to achieve interoperability of information in the context of the Semantic Web, it is necessary to find effective ways to align different ontologies. As the number of ontologies grows for a given domain, and as overlap between ontologies grows proportionally, it is becoming more and more crucial to develop accurate and reliable techniques to perform this task automatically. While traditional approaches to address this challenge are based on string metrics and structure analysis, in this paper we present a methodology to align ontologies automatically using machine learning techniques. Specifically, we use convolutional neural networks to perform string matching between class labels using character embeddings. We also rely on the set of superclasses to perform the best alignment. Our results show that we obtain state-of-the-art performance on ontologies from the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI). Our model also maintains good performance when tested on a different domain, which could lead to potential cross-domain applications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bento, Alexandre and Zouaq, Amal and Gagnon, Michel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5648--5653},
}

@inproceedings{portisch_kgvec2go_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{KGvec2go} – {Knowledge} {Graph} {Embeddings} as a {Service}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.692},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present KGvec2go, a Web API for accessing and consuming graph embeddings in a light-weight fashion in downstream applications. Currently, we serve pre-trained embeddings for four knowledge graphs. We introduce the service and its usage, and we show further that the trained models have semantic value by evaluating them on multiple semantic benchmarks. The evaluation also reveals that the combination of multiple models can lead to a better outcome than the best individual model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Portisch, Jan and Hladik, Michael and Paulheim, Heiko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5641--5647},
}

@inproceedings{arhiliuc_language_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Language {Proficiency} {Scoring}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.690},
	abstract = {The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) provides generic guidelines for the evaluation of language proficiency. Nevertheless, for automated proficiency classification systems, different approaches for different languages are proposed. Our paper evaluates and extends the results of an approach to Automatic Essay Scoring proposed as a part of the REPROLANG 2020 challenge. We provide a comparison between our results and the ones from the published paper and we include a new corpus for the English language for further experiments. Our results are lower than the expected ones when using the same approach and the system does not scale well with the added English corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Arhiliuc, Cristina and Mitrović, Jelena and Granitzer, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5624--5630},
}

@inproceedings{bunt_iso_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {ISO} {Standard} for {Dialogue} {Act} {Annotation}, {Second} {Edition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.69},
	abstract = {ISO standard 24617-2 for dialogue act annotation, established in 2012, has in the past few years been used both in corpus annotation and in the design of components for spoken and multimodal dialogue systems. This has brought some inaccuracies and undesirbale limitations of the standard to light, which are addressed in a proposed second edition. This second edition allows a more accurate annotation of dependence relations and rhetorical relations in dialogue. Following the ISO 24617-4 principles of semantic annotation, and borrowing ideas from EmotionML, a triple-layered plug-in mechanism is introduced which allows dialogue act descriptions to be enriched with information about their semantic content, about accompanying emotions, and other information, and allows the annotation scheme to be customised by adding application-specific dialogue act types.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bunt, Harry and Petukhova, Volha and Gilmartin, Emer and Pelachaud, Catherine and Fang, Alex and Keizer, Simon and Prévot, Laurent},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {549--558},
}

@inproceedings{ballier_learnability_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Learnability} of the {Annotated} {Input} in {NMT} {Replicating} ({Vanmassenhove} and {Way}, 2018) with {OpenNMT}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.691},
	abstract = {In this paper, we reproduce some of the experiments related to neural network training for Machine Translation as reported in (Vanmassenhove and Way, 2018). They annotated a sample from the EN-FR and EN-DE Europarl aligned corpora with syntactic and semantic annotations to train neural networks with the Nematus Neural Machine Translation (NMT) toolkit. Following the original publication, we obtained lower BLEU scores than the authors of the original paper, but on a more limited set of annotations. In the second half of the paper, we try to analyze the difference in the results obtained and suggest some methods to improve the results. We discuss the Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) used in the pre-processing phase and suggest feature ablation in relation to the granularity of syntactic and semantic annotations. The learnability of the annotated input is discussed in relation to existing resources for the target languages. We also discuss the feature representation likely to have been adopted for combining features.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ballier, Nicolas and Amari, Nabil and Merat, Laure and Yunès, Jean-Baptiste},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5631--5640},
}

@inproceedings{caines_reprolang_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{REPROLANG} 2020: {Automatic} {Proficiency} {Scoring} of {Czech}, {English}, {German}, {Italian}, and {Spanish} {Learner} {Essays}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.689},
	abstract = {We report on our attempts to reproduce the work described in Vajjala \& Rama 2018, `Experiments with universal CEFR classification', as part of REPROLANG 2020: this involves featured-based and neural approaches to essay scoring in Czech, German and Italian. Our results are broadly in line with those from the original paper, with some differences due to the stochastic nature of machine learning and programming language used. We correct an error in the reported metrics, introduce new baselines, apply the experiments to English and Spanish corpora, and generate adversarial data to test classifier robustness. We conclude that feature-based approaches perform better than neural network classifiers for text datasets of this size, though neural network modifications do bring performance closer to the best feature-based models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Caines, Andrew and Buttery, Paula},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5614--5623},
}

@inproceedings{huber_reproduction_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Reproduction and {Replication}: {A} {Case} {Study} with {Automatic} {Essay} {Scoring}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.688},
	abstract = {As in many experimental sciences, reproducibility of experiments has gained ever more attention in the NLP community. This paper presents our reproduction efforts of an earlier study of automatic essay scoring (AES) for determining the proficiency of second language learners in a multilingual setting. We present three sets of experiments with different objectives. First, as prescribed by the LREC 2020 REPROLANG shared task, we rerun the original AES system using the code published by the original authors on the same dataset. Second, we repeat the same experiments on the same data with a different implementation. And third, we test the original system on a different dataset and a different language. Most of our findings are in line with the findings of the original paper. Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies between our results and the results presented in the original paper. We report and discuss these differences in detail. We further go into some points related to confirmation of research findings through reproduction, including the choice of the dataset, reporting and accounting for variability, use of appropriate evaluation metrics, and making code and data available. We also discuss the varying uses and differences between the terms reproduction and replication, and we argue that reproduction, the confirmation of conclusions through independent experiments in varied settings is more valuable than exact replication of the published values.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Huber, Eva and Çöltekin, Çağrı},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5603--5613},
}

@inproceedings{bestgen_reproducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Reproducing {Monolingual}, {Multilingual} and {Cross}-{Lingual} {CEFR} {Predictions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.687},
	abstract = {his study aims to reproduce the research of Vajjala and Rama (2018) which showed that it is possible to predict the quality of a text written by learners of a given language by means of a model built on the basis of texts written by learners of another language. These authors also pointed out that POStag and dependency n-grams were significantly more effective than text length and global linguistic indices frequently used for this kind of task. The analyses performed show that some important points of their code did not correspond to the explanations given in the paper. These analyses confirm the possibility to use syntactic n-gram features in cross-lingual experiments to categorize texts according to their CEFR level (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). However, text length and some classical indexes of readability are much more effective in the monolingual and the multilingual experiments than what Vajjala and Rama concluded and are even the best performing features when the cross-lingual task is seen as a regression problem. This study emphasized the importance for reproducibility of setting explicitly the reading order of the instances when using a K-fold CV procedure and, more generally, the need to properly randomize these instances before. It also evaluates a two-step procedure to determine the degree of statistical significance of the differences observed in a K-fold cross-validation schema and argues against the use of a Bonferroni-type correction in this context.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bestgen, Yves},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5595--5602},
}

@inproceedings{cooper_combinmt_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CombiNMT}: {An} {Exploration} into {Neural} {Text} {Simplification} {Models}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.686},
	abstract = {This work presents a replication study of Exploring Neural Text Simplification Models (Nisioi et al., 2017). We were able to successfully replicate and extend the methods presented in the original paper. Alongside the replication results, we present our improvements dubbed CombiNMT. By using an updated implementation of OpenNMT, and incorporating the Newsela corpus alongside the original Wikipedia dataset (Hwang et al., 2016), as well as refining both datasets to select high quality training examples. Our work present two new systems, CombiNMT995, which is a result of matched sentences with a cosine similarity of 0.995 or less, and CombiNMT98, which, similarly, runs on a cosine similarity of 0.98 or less. By extending the human evaluation presented within the original paper, increasing both the number of annotators and the number of sentences annotated, with the intention of increasing the quality of the results, CombiNMT998 shows significant improvement over any of the Neural Text Simplification (NTS) systems from the original paper in terms of both the number of changes and the percentage of correct changes made.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cooper, Michael and Shardlow, Matthew},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5588--5594},
}

@inproceedings{abdellatif_ulmfit_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ULMFiT} replication},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.685},
	abstract = {Authors: Mohamed Abdellatif and Ahmed Elgammal Gitlab URL: https://gitlab.com/abdollatif/lrec\_app Commit hash: 3f20b2ddb96d8c865e5f56f5566edf371214785f Tag name: Splits2 Dataset file md5: 5aee3dac5e48d1ac3d279083212734c9 Dataset URL: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cv5HuQhgFVizupFI40dzreemS2gMM498/view?usp=sharing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abdellatif, Mohamed and Elgammal, Ahmed},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5579--5587},
}

@inproceedings{khoe_reproducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Reproducing a {Morphosyntactic} {Tagger} with a {Meta}-{BiLSTM} {Model} over {Context} {Sensitive} {Token} {Encodings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.683},
	abstract = {Reproducibility is generally regarded as being a requirement for any form of experimental science. Even so, reproduction of research results is only recently beginning to be practiced and acknowledged. In the context of the REPROLANG 2020 shared task, we contribute to this trend by reproducing the work reported on by Bohnet et al. (2018) on morphosyntactic tagging. Their meta-BiLSTM model achieved state-of-the-art results across a wide range of languages. This was done by integrating sentence-level and single-word context through synchronized training by a meta-model. Our reproduction only partially confirms the main results of the paper in terms of outperforming earlier models. The results of our reproductions improve on earlier models on the morphological tagging task, but not on the part-of-speech tagging task. Furthermore, even where we improve on earlier models, we fail to match the F1-scores reported for the meta-BiLSTM model. Because we chose not to contact the original authors for our reproduction study, the uncertainty about the degree of parallelism that was achieved between the original study and our reproduction limits the value of our findings as an assessment of the reliability of the original results. At the same time, however, it underscores the relevance of our reproduction effort in regard to the reproducibility and interpretability of those findings. The discrepancies between our findings and the original results demonstrate that there is room for improvement in many aspects of reporting regarding the reproducibility of the experiments. In addition, we suggest that different reporting choices could improve the interpretability of the results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khoe, Yung Han},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5563--5568},
}

@inproceedings{rim_reproducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Reproducing {Neural} {Ensemble} {Classifier} for {Semantic} {Relation} {Extraction} {inScientific} {Papers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.684},
	abstract = {Within the natural language processing (NLP) community, shared tasks play an important role. They define a common goal and allowthe the comparison of different methods on the same data. SemEval-2018 Task 7 involves the identification and classification of relationsin abstracts from computational linguistics (CL) publications. In this paper we describe an attempt to reproduce the methods and resultsfrom the top performing system at for SemEval-2018 Task 7. We describe challenges we encountered in the process, report on the resultsof our system, and discuss the ways that our attempt at reproduction can inform best practices.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rim, Kyeongmin and Tu, Jingxuan and Lynch, Kelley and Pustejovsky, James},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5569--5578},
}

@inproceedings{plucinski_closer_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Closer} {Look} on {Unsupervised} {Cross}-lingual {Word} {Embeddings} {Mapping}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.682},
	abstract = {In this work, we study the unsupervised cross-lingual word embeddings mapping method presented by Artetxe et al. (2018). First, wesuccessfully reproduced the experiments performed in the original work, finding only minor differences. Furthermore, we verified themethod’s robustness on different embedding representations and new language pairs, particularly these involving Slavic languages likePolish or Czech. We also performed an experimental analysis of the impact of the method’s parameters on the final result. Finally, welooked for an alternative way of initialization, which directly relies on the isometric assumption. Our work confirms the results presentedearlier, at the same time pointing at interesting problems occurring while using the method with different types of embeddings or onless-common language pairs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pluciński, Kamil and Lango, Mateusz and Zimniewicz, Michał},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5555--5562},
}

@inproceedings{garneau_robust_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Robust} {Self}-{Learning} {Method} for {Fully} {Unsupervised} {Cross}-{Lingual} {Mappings} of {Word} {Embeddings}: {Making} the {Method} {Robustly} {Reproducible} as {Well}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.681},
	abstract = {In this paper, we reproduce the experiments of Artetxe et al. (2018b) regarding the robust self-learning method for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mappings of word embeddings. We show that the reproduction of their method is indeed feasible with some minor assumptions. We further investigate the robustness of their model by introducing four new languages that are less similar to English than the ones proposed by the original paper. In order to assess the stability of their model, we also conduct a grid search over sensible hyperparameters. We then propose key recommendations that apply to any research project in order to deliver fully reproducible research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Garneau, Nicolas and Godbout, Mathieu and Beauchemin, David and Durand, Audrey and Lamontagne, Luc},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5546--5554},
}

@inproceedings{miehle_estimating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Estimating {User} {Communication} {Styles} for {Spoken} {Dialogue} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.68},
	abstract = {We present a neural network approach to estimate the communication style of spoken interaction, namely the stylistic variations elaborateness and directness, and investigate which type of input features to the estimator are necessary to achive good performance. First, we describe our annotated corpus of recordings in the health care domain and analyse the corpus statistics in terms of agreement, correlation and reliability of the ratings. We use this corpus to estimate the elaborateness and the directness of each utterance. We test different feature sets consisting of dialogue act features, grammatical features and linguistic features as input for our classifier and perform classification in two and three classes. Our classifiers use only features that can be automatically derived during an ongoing interaction in any spoken dialogue system without any prior annotation. Our results show that the elaborateness can be classified by only using the dialogue act and the amount of words contained in the corresponding utterance. The directness is a more difficult classification task and additional linguistic features in form of word embeddings improve the classification results. Afterwards, we run a comparison with a support vector machine and a recurrent neural network classifier.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Miehle, Juliana and Feustel, Isabel and Hornauer, Julia and Minker, Wolfgang and Ultes, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {540--548},
}

@inproceedings{branco_shared_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Shared} {Task} of a {New}, {Collaborative} {Type} to {Foster} {Reproducibility}: {A} {First} {Exercise} in the {Area} of {Language} {Science} and {Technology} with {REPROLANG2020}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.680},
	abstract = {n this paper, we introduce a new type of shared task — which is collaborative rather than competitive — designed to support and fosterthe reproduction of research results. We also describe the first event running such a novel challenge, present the results obtained, discussthe lessons learned and ponder on future undertakings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Branco, António and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Vossen, Piek and Van Noord, Gertjan and van Uytvanck, Dieter and Silva, João and Gomes, Luís and Moreira, André and Elbers, Willem},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5539--5545},
}

@inproceedings{soni_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Dataset} {Selection} for {Pre}-{Training} and {Fine}-{Tuning} {Transformer} {Language} {Models} for {Clinical} {Question} {Answering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.679},
	abstract = {We evaluate the performance of various Transformer language models, when pre-trained and fine-tuned on different combinations of open-domain, biomedical, and clinical corpora on two clinical question answering (QA) datasets (CliCR and emrQA). We perform our evaluations on the task of machine reading comprehension, which involves training the model to answer a question given an unstructured context paragraph. We conduct a total of 48 experiments on different combinations of the large open-domain and domain-specific corpora. We found that an initial fine-tuning on an open-domain dataset, SQuAD, consistently improves the clinical QA performance across all the model variants.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Soni, Sarvesh and Roberts, Kirk},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5532--5538},
}

@inproceedings{alizadeh_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} for {Visual} {Question} {Answering} {Annotated} with {Frame} {Semantic} {Information}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.678},
	abstract = {Visual Question Answering (VQA) has been widely explored as a computer vision problem, however enhancing VQA systems with linguistic information is necessary for tackling the complexity of the task. The language understanding part can play a major role especially for questions asking about events or actions expressed via verbs. We hypothesize that if the question focuses on events described by verbs, then the model should be aware of or trained with verb semantics, as expressed via semantic role labels, argument types, and/or frame elements. Unfortunately, no VQA dataset exists that includes verb semantic information. We created a new VQA dataset annotated with verb semantic information called imSituVQA. imSituVQA is built by taking advantage of the imSitu dataset annotations. The imSitu dataset consists of images manually labeled with semantic frame elements, mostly taken from FrameNet.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alizadeh, Mehrdad and Di Eugenio, Barbara},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5524--5531},
}

@inproceedings{carrino_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Spanish} {Translation} of {SQuAD} {Dataset} for {Multi}-lingual {Question} {Answering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.677},
	abstract = {Recently, multilingual question answering became a crucial research topic, and it is receiving increased interest in the NLP community. However, the unavailability of large-scale datasets makes it challenging to train multilingual QA systems with performance comparable to the English ones. In this work, we develop the Translate Align Retrieve (TAR) method to automatically translate the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) v1.1 to Spanish. We then used this dataset to train Spanish QA systems by fine-tuning a Multilingual-BERT model. Finally, we evaluated our QA models with the recently proposed MLQA and XQuAD benchmarks for cross-lingual Extractive QA. Experimental results show that our models outperform the previous Multilingual-BERT baselines achieving the new state-of-the-art values of 68.1 F1 on the Spanish MLQA corpus and 77.6 F1 on the Spanish XQuAD corpus. The resulting, synthetically generated SQuAD-es v1.1 corpora, with almost 100\% of data contained in the original English version, to the best of our knowledge, is the first large-scale QA training resource for Spanish.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Carrino, Casimiro Pio and Costa-jussà, Marta R. and Fonollosa, José A. R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5515--5523},
}

@inproceedings{laskar_contextualized_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Contextualized {Embeddings} based {Transformer} {Encoder} for {Sentence} {Similarity} {Modeling} in {Answer} {Selection} {Task}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.676},
	abstract = {Word embeddings that consider context have attracted great attention for various natural language processing tasks in recent years. In this paper, we utilize contextualized word embeddings with the transformer encoder for sentence similarity modeling in the answer selection task. We present two different approaches (feature-based and fine-tuning-based) for answer selection. In the feature-based approach, we utilize two types of contextualized embeddings, namely the Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) and the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and integrate each of them with the transformer encoder. We find that integrating these contextual embeddings with the transformer encoder is effective to improve the performance of sentence similarity modeling. In the second approach, we fine-tune two pre-trained transformer encoder models for the answer selection task. Based on our experiments on six datasets, we find that the fine-tuning approach outperforms the feature-based approach on all of them. Among our fine-tuning-based models, the Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach (RoBERTa) model results in new state-of-the-art performance across five datasets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Laskar, Md Tahmid Rahman and Huang, Jimmy Xiangji and Hoque, Enamul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5505--5514},
}

@inproceedings{saikh_scholarlyread_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ScholarlyRead}: {A} {New} {Dataset} for {Scientific} {Article} {Reading} {Comprehension}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.675},
	abstract = {We present ScholarlyRead, span-of-word-based scholarly articles’ Reading Comprehension (RC) dataset with approximately 10K manually checked passage-question-answer instances. ScholarlyRead was constructed in semi-automatic way. We consider the articles from two popular journals of a reputed publishing house. Firstly, we generate questions from these articles in an automatic way. Generated questions are then manually checked by the human annotators. We propose a baseline model based on Bi-Directional Attention Flow (BiDAF) network that yields the F1 score of 37.31\%. The framework would be useful for building Question-Answering (QA) systems on scientific articles.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Saikh, Tanik and Ekbal, Asif and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5498--5504},
}

@inproceedings{charlet_cross-lingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-lingual and {Cross}-domain {Evaluation} of {Machine} {Reading} {Comprehension} with {Squad} and {CALOR}-{Quest} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.674},
	abstract = {Machine Reading received recently a lot of attention thanks to both the availability of very large corpora such as SQuAD or MS MARCO containing triplets (document, question, answer), and the introduction of Transformer Language Models such as BERT which obtain excellent results, even matching human performance according to the SQuAD leaderboard. One of the key features of Transformer Models is their ability to be jointly trained across multiple languages, using a shared subword vocabulary, leading to the construction of cross-lingual lexical representations. This feature has been used recently to perform zero-shot cross-lingual experiments where a multilingual BERT model fine-tuned on a machine reading comprehension task exclusively for English was directly applied to Chinese and French documents with interesting performance. In this paper we study the cross-language and cross-domain capabilities of BERT on a Machine Reading Comprehension task on two corpora: SQuAD and a new French Machine Reading dataset, called CALOR-QUEST. The semantic annotation available on CALOR-QUEST allows us to give a detailed analysis on the kinds of questions that are properly handled through the cross-language process. We will try to answer this question: which factor between language mismatch and domain mismatch has the strongest influence on the performances of a Machine Reading Comprehension task?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Charlet, Delphine and Damnati, Geraldine and Bechet, Frederic and marzinotto, gabriel and Heinecke, Johannes},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5491--5497},
}

@inproceedings{keraron_project_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Project {PIAF}: {Building} a {Native} {French} {Question}-{Answering} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.673},
	abstract = {Motivated by the lack of data for non-English languages, in particular for the evaluation of downstream tasks such as Question Answering, we present a participatory effort to collect a native French Question Answering Dataset. Furthermore, we describe and publicly release the annotation tool developed for our collection effort, along with the data obtained and preliminary baselines.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Keraron, Rachel and Lancrenon, Guillaume and Bras, Mathilde and Allary, Frédéric and Moyse, Gilles and Scialom, Thomas and Soriano-Morales, Edmundo-Pavel and Staiano, Jacopo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5481--5490},
}

@inproceedings{luthier_chat_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Chat or {Learn}: a {Data}-{Driven} {Robust} {Question}-{Answering} {System}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.672},
	abstract = {We present a voice-based conversational agent which combines the robustness of chatbots and the utility of question answering (QA) systems. Indeed, while data-driven chatbots are typically user-friendly but not goal-oriented, QA systems tend to perform poorly at chitchat. The proposed chatbot relies on a controller which performs dialogue act classification and feeds user input either to a sequence-to-sequence chatbot or to a QA system. The resulting chatbot is a spoken QA application for the Google Home smart speaker. The system is endowed with general-domain knowledge from Wikipedia articles and uses coreference resolution to detect relatedness between questions. We present our choices of data sets for training and testing the components, and present the experimental results that helped us optimize the parameters of the chatbot. In particular, we discuss the appropriateness of using the SQuAD dataset for evaluating end-to-end QA, in the light of our system's behavior.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Luthier, Gabriel and Popescu-Belis, Andrei},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5474--5480},
}

@inproceedings{xie_worldtree_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WorldTree} {V2}: {A} {Corpus} of {Science}-{Domain} {Structured} {Explanations} and {Inference} {Patterns} supporting {Multi}-{Hop} {Inference}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.671},
	abstract = {Explainable question answering for complex questions often requires combining large numbers of facts to answer a question while providing a human-readable explanation for the answer, a process known as multi-hop inference. Standardized science questions require combining an average of 6 facts, and as many as 16 facts, in order to answer and explain, but most existing datasets for multi-hop reasoning focus on combining only two facts, significantly limiting the ability of multi-hop inference algorithms to learn to generate large inferences. In this work we present the second iteration of the WorldTree project, a corpus of 5,114 standardized science exam questions paired with large detailed multi-fact explanations that combine core scientific knowledge and world knowledge. Each explanation is represented as a lexically-connected "explanation graph" that combines an average of 6 facts drawn from a semi-structured knowledge base of 9,216 facts across 66 tables. We use this explanation corpus to author a set of 344 high-level science domain inference patterns similar to semantic frames supporting multi-hop inference. Together, these resources provide training data and instrumentation for developing many-fact multi-hop inference models for question answering.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Xie, Zhengnan and Thiem, Sebastian and Martin, Jaycie and Wainwright, Elizabeth and Marmorstein, Steven and Jansen, Peter},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5456--5473},
}

@inproceedings{colas_tutorialvqa_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TutorialVQA}: {Question} {Answering} {Dataset} for {Tutorial} {Videos}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.670},
	abstract = {Despite the number of currently available datasets on video-question answering, there still remains a need for a dataset involving multi-step and non-factoid answers. Moreover, relying on video transcripts remains an under-explored topic. To adequately address this, we propose a new question answering task on instructional videos, because of their verbose and narrative nature. While previous studies on video question answering have focused on generating a short text as an answer, given a question and video clip, our task aims to identify a span of a video segment as an answer which contains instructional details with various granularities. This work focuses on screencast tutorial videos pertaining to an image editing program. We introduce a dataset, TutorialVQA, consisting of about 6,000 manually collected triples of (video, question, answer span). We also provide experimental results with several baseline algorithms using the video transcripts. The results indicate that the task is challenging and call for the investigation of new algorithms.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Colas, Anthony and Kim, Seokhwan and Dernoncourt, Franck and Gupte, Siddhesh and Wang, Zhe and Kim, Doo Soon},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5450--5455},
}

@inproceedings{ribeiro_mapping_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Mapping the {Dialog} {Act} {Annotations} of the {LEGO} {Corpus} into {ISO} 24617-2 {Communicative} {Functions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.67},
	abstract = {ISO 24617-2, the ISO standard for dialog act annotation, sets the ground for more comparable research in the area. However, the amount of data annotated according to it is still reduced, which impairs the development of approaches for automatic recognition. In this paper, we describe a mapping of the original dialog act labels of the LEGO corpus, which have been neglected, into the communicative functions of the standard. Although this does not lead to a complete annotation according to the standard, the 347 dialogs provide a relevant amount of data that can be used in the development of automatic communicative function recognition approaches, which may lead to a wider adoption of the standard. Using the 17 English dialogs of the DialogBank as gold standard, our preliminary experiments have shown that including the mapped dialogs during the training phase leads to improved performance while recognizing communicative functions in the Task dimension.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ribeiro, Eugénio and Ribeiro, Ricardo and Martins de Matos, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {531--539},
}

@inproceedings{goncalo_oliveira_aia-bde_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{AIA}-{BDE}: {A} {Corpus} of {FAQs} in {Portuguese} and their {Variations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.669},
	abstract = {We present AIA-BDE, a corpus of 380 domain-oriented FAQs in Portuguese and their variations, i.e., paraphrases or entailed questions, created manually, by humans, or automatically, with Google Translate. Its aims to be used as a benchmark for FAQ retrieval and automatic question-answering, but may be useful in other contexts, such as the development of task-oriented dialogue systems, or models for natural language inference in an interrogative context. We also report on two experiments. Matching variations with their original questions was not trivial with a set of unsupervised baselines, especially for manually created variations. Besides high performances obtained with ELMo and BERT embeddings, an Information Retrieval system was surprisingly competitive when considering only the first hit. In the second experiment, text classifiers were trained with the original questions, and tested when assigning each variation to one of three possible sources, or assigning them as out-of-domain. Here, the difference between manual and automatic variations was not so significant.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gonçalo Oliveira, Hugo and Ferreira, João and Santos, José and Fialho, Pedro and Rodrigues, Ricardo and Coheur, Luisa and Alves, Ana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5442--5449},
}

@inproceedings{lee_squad2-cr_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SQuAD2}-{CR}: {Semi}-supervised {Annotation} for {Cause} and {Rationales} for {Unanswerability} in {SQuAD} 2.0},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.667},
	abstract = {Existing machine reading comprehension models are reported to be brittle for adversarially perturbed questions when optimizing only for accuracy, which led to the creation of new reading comprehension benchmarks, such as SQuAD 2.0 which contains such type of questions. However, despite the super-human accuracy of existing models on such datasets, it is still unclear how the model predicts the answerability of the question, potentially due to the absence of a shared annotation for the explanation. To address such absence, we release SQuAD2-CR dataset, which contains annotations on unanswerable questions from the SQuAD 2.0 dataset, to enable an explanatory analysis of the model prediction. Specifically, we annotate (1) explanation on why the most plausible answer span cannot be the answer and (2) which part of the question causes unanswerability. We share intuitions and experimental results that how this dataset can be used to analyze and improve the interpretability of existing reading comprehension model behavior.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lee, Gyeongbok and Hwang, Seung-won and Cho, Hyunsouk},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5425--5432},
}

@inproceedings{kodama_generating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Generating {Responses} that {Reflect} {Meta} {Information} in {User}-{Generated} {Question} {Answer} {Pairs}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.668},
	abstract = {This paper concerns the problem of realizing consistent personalities in neural conversational modeling by using user generated question-answer pairs as training data. Using the framework of role play-based question answering, we collected single-turn question-answer pairs for particular characters from online users. Meta information was also collected such as emotion and intimacy related to question-answer pairs. We verified the quality of the collected data and, by subjective evaluation, we also verified their usefulness in training neural conversational models for generating utterances reflecting the meta information, especially emotion.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kodama, Takashi and Higashinaka, Ryuichiro and Mitsuda, Koh and Masumura, Ryo and Aono, Yushi and Nakamura, Ryuta and Adachi, Noritake and Kawabata, Hidetoshi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5433--5441},
}

@inproceedings{wu_cross-sentence_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-sentence {Pre}-trained {Model} for {Interactive} {QA} matching},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.666},
	abstract = {Semantic matching measures the dependencies between query and answer representations, it is an important criterion for evaluating whether the matching is successful. In fact, such matching does not examine each sentence individually, context information outside a sentence should be considered equally important to the syntactic context inside a sentence. We proposed a new QA matching model, built upon a cross-sentence context-aware architecture. An interactive attention mechanism with a pre-trained language model is proposed to automatically select salient positional answer representations that contribute more significantly to the answer relevance of a given question. In addition to the context information captured at each word position, we incorporate a new quantity of context information jump to facilitate the attention weight formulation. This reflects the amount of new information brought by the next word and is computed by modeling the joint probability between two adjacent word states. The proposed method is compared to multiple state-of-the-art ones evaluated using the TREC library, WikiQA, and the Yahoo! community question datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms satisfactorily the competing ones.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wu, Jinmeng and Hao, Yanbin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5417--5424},
}

@inproceedings{cortes_empirical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Empirical} {Comparison} of {Question} {Classification} {Methods} for {Question} {Answering} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.665},
	abstract = {Question classification is an important component of Question Answering Systems responsible for identifying the type of an answer a particular question requires. For instance, “Who is the prime minister of the United Kingdom?" demands a name of a PERSON, while “When was the queen of the United Kingdom born?" entails a DATE. This work makes an extensible review of the most recent methods for Question Classification, taking into consideration their applicability in low-resourced languages. First, we propose a manual classification of the current state-of-the-art methods in four distinct categories: low, medium, high, and very high level of dependency on external resources. Second, we applied this categorization in an empirical comparison in terms of the amount of data necessary for training and performance in different languages. In addition to complementing earlier works in this field, our study shows a boost on methods relying on recent language models, overcoming methods not suitable for low-resourced languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cortes, Eduardo and Woloszyn, Vinicius and Binder, Arne and Himmelsbach, Tilo and Barone, Dante and Möller, Sebastian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5408--5416},
}

@inproceedings{yoon_propagate-selector_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Propagate-{Selector}: {Detecting} {Supporting} {Sentences} for {Question} {Answering} via {Graph} {Neural} {Networks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.664},
	abstract = {In this study, we propose a novel graph neural network called propagate-selector (PS), which propagates information over sentences to understand information that cannot be inferred when considering sentences in isolation. First, we design a graph structure in which each node represents an individual sentence, and some pairs of nodes are selectively connected based on the text structure. Then, we develop an iterative attentive aggregation and a skip-combine method in which a node interacts with its neighborhood nodes to accumulate the necessary information. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approaches, we conduct experiments with the standard HotpotQA dataset. The empirical results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed approach, which obtains the best performances, compared to the widely used answer-selection models that do not consider the intersentential relationship.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yoon, Seunghyun and Dernoncourt, Franck and Kim, Doo Soon and Bui, Trung and Jung, Kyomin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5400--5407},
}

@inproceedings{nishida_unsupervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Unsupervised {Domain} {Adaptation} of {Language} {Models} for {Reading} {Comprehension}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.663},
	abstract = {This study tackles unsupervised domain adaptation of reading comprehension (UDARC). Reading comprehension (RC) is a task to learn the capability for question answering with textual sources. State-of-the-art models on RC still do not have general linguistic intelligence; i.e., their accuracy worsens for out-domain datasets that are not used in the training. We hypothesize that this discrepancy is caused by a lack of the language modeling (LM) capability for the out-domain. The UDARC task allows models to use supervised RC training data in the source domain and only unlabeled passages in the target domain. To solve the UDARC problem, we provide two domain adaptation models. The first one learns the out-domain LM and in-domain RC task sequentially. The second one is the proposed model that uses a multi-task learning approach of LM and RC. The models can retain both the RC capability acquired from the supervised data in the source domain and the LM capability from the unlabeled data in the target domain. We evaluated the models on UDARC with five datasets in different domains. The models outperformed the model without domain adaptation. In particular, the proposed model yielded an improvement of 4.3/4.2 points in EM/F1 in an unseen biomedical domain.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nishida, Kosuke and Nishida, Kyosuke and Saito, Itsumi and Asano, Hisako and Tomita, Junji},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5392--5399},
}

@inproceedings{woldemariam_assessing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Assessing {Users}’ {Reputation} from {Syntactic} and {Semantic} {Information} in {Community} {Question} {Answering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.662},
	abstract = {Textual content is the most significant as well as substantially the big part of CQA (Community Question Answering) forums. Users gain reputation for contributing such content. Although linguistic quality is the very essence of textual information, that does not seem to be considered in estimating users’ reputation. As existing users’ reputation systems seem to solely rely on vote counting, adding that bit of linguistic information surely improves their quality. In this study, we investigate the relationship between users’ reputation and linguistic features extracted from their associated answers content. And we build statistical models on a Stack Overflow dataset that learn reputation from complex syntactic and semantic structures of such content. The resulting models reveal how users’ writing styles in answering questions play important roles in building reputation points. In our experiments, extracting answers from systematically selected users followed by linguistic features annotation and models building. The models are evaluated on in-domain (e.g., Server Fault, Super User) and out-domain (e.g., English, Maths) datasets. We found out that the selected linguistic features have quite significant influences over reputation scores. In the best case scenario, the selected linguistic feature set could explain 80\% variation in reputation scores with the prediction error of 3\%. The performance results obtained from the baseline models have been significantly improved by adding syntactic and punctuation marks features.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Woldemariam, Yonas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5383--5391},
}

@inproceedings{xu_multi-class_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multi-class {Hierarchical} {Question} {Classification} for {Multiple} {Choice} {Science} {Exams}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.661},
	abstract = {Prior work has demonstrated that question classification (QC), recognizing the problem domain of a question, can help answer it more accurately. However, developing strong QC algorithms has been hindered by the limited size and complexity of annotated data available. To address this, we present the largest challenge dataset for QC, containing 7,787 science exam questions paired with detailed classification labels from a fine-grained hierarchical taxonomy of 406 problem domains. We then show that a BERT-based model trained on this dataset achieves a large (+0.12 MAP) gain compared with previous methods, while also achieving state-of-the-art performance on benchmark open-domain and biomedical QC datasets. Finally, we show that using this model's predictions of question topic significantly improves the accuracy of a question answering system by +1.7\% P@1, with substantial future gains possible as QC performance improves.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Xu, Dongfang and Jansen, Peter and Martin, Jaycie and Xie, Zhengnan and Yadav, Vikas and Tayyar Madabushi, Harish and Tafjord, Oyvind and Clark, Peter},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5370--5382},
}

@inproceedings{schlegel_framework_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Framework} for {Evaluation} of {Machine} {Reading} {Comprehension} {Gold} {Standards}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.660},
	abstract = {Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is the task of answering a question over a paragraph of text. While neural MRC systems gain popularity and achieve noticeable performance, issues are being raised with the methodology used to establish their performance, particularly concerning the data design of gold standards that are used to evaluate them. There is but a limited understanding of the challenges present in this data, which makes it hard to draw comparisons and formulate reliable hypotheses. As a first step towards alleviating the problem, this paper proposes a unifying framework to systematically investigate the present linguistic features, required reasoning and background knowledge and factual correctness on one hand, and the presence of lexical cues as a lower bound for the requirement of understanding on the other hand. We propose a qualitative annotation schema for the first and a set of approximative metrics for the latter. In a first application of the framework, we analyse modern MRC gold standards and present our findings: the absence of features that contribute towards lexical ambiguity, the varying factual correctness of the expected answers and the presence of lexical cues, all of which potentially lower the reading comprehension complexity and quality of the evaluation data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schlegel, Viktor and Valentino, Marco and Freitas, Andre and Nenadic, Goran and Batista-Navarro, Riza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5359--5369},
}

@inproceedings{zarcone_pate_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{PATE}: {A} {Corpus} of {Temporal} {Expressions} for the {In}-car {Voice} {Assistant} {Domain}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.66},
	abstract = {The recognition and automatic annotation of temporal expressions (e.g. "Add an event for tomorrow evening at eight to my calendar") is a key module for AI voice assistants, in order to allow them to interact with apps (for example, a calendar app). However, in the NLP literature, research on temporal expressions has focused mostly on data from the news, from the clinical domain, and from social media. The voice assistant domain is very different than the typical domains that have been the focus of work on temporal expression identification, thus requiring a dedicated data collection. We present a crowdsourcing method for eliciting natural-language commands containing temporal expressions for an AI voice assistant, by using pictures and scenario descriptions. We annotated the elicited commands (480) as well as the commands in the Snips dataset following the TimeML/TIMEX3 annotation guidelines, reaching a total of 1188 annotated commands. The commands can be later used to train the NLU components of an AI voice assistant.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zarcone, Alessandra and Alam, Touhidul and Kolagar, Zahra},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {523--530},
}

@inproceedings{ahamad_accentdb_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{AccentDB}: {A} {Database} of {Non}-{Native} {English} {Accents} to {Assist} {Neural} {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.659},
	abstract = {Modern Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technology has evolved to identify the speech spoken by native speakers of a language very well. However, identification of the speech spoken by non-native speakers continues to be a major challenge for it. In this work, we first spell out the key requirements for creating a well-curated database of speech samples in non-native accents for training and testing robust ASR systems. We then introduce AccentDB, one such database that contains samples of 4 Indian-English accents collected by us, and a compilation of samples from 4 native-English, and a metropolitan Indian-English accent. We also present an analysis on separability of the collected accent data. Further, we present several accent classification models and evaluate them thoroughly against human-labelled accent classes. We test the generalization of our classifier models in a variety of setups of seen and unseen data. Finally, we introduce accent neutralization of non-native accents to native accents using autoencoder models with task-specific architectures. Thus, our work aims to aid ASR systems at every stage of development with a database for training, classification models for feature augmentation, and neutralization systems for acoustic transformations of non-native accents of English.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ahamad, Afroz and Anand, Ankit and Bhargava, Pranesh},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5351--5358},
}

@inproceedings{ibrahim_arabic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Arabic {Speech} {Rhythm} {Corpus}: {Read} and {Spontaneous} {Speaking} {Styles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.657},
	abstract = {Databases for studying speech rhythm and tempo exist for numerous languages. The present corpus was built to allow comparisons between Arabic speech rhythm and other languages. 10 Egyptian speakers (gender-balanced) produced speech in two different speaking styles (read and spontaneous). The design of the reading task replicates the methodology used in the creation of BonnTempo corpus (BTC). During the spontaneous task, speakers talked freely for more than one minute about their daily life and/or their studies, then they described the directions to come to the university from a famous near location using a map as a visual stimulus. For corpus annotation, the database has been manually and automatically time-labeled, which makes it feasible to perform a quantitative analysis of the rhythm of Arabic in both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Egyptian dialect variety. The database serves as a phonetic resource, which allows researchers to examine various aspects of Arabic supra-segmental features and it can be used for forensic phonetic research, for comparison of different speakers, analyzing variability in different speaking styles, and automatic speech and speaker recognition.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ibrahim, Omnia and Asadi, Homa and Kassem, Eman and Dellwo, Volker},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5337--5342},
}

@inproceedings{johannessen_comparing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Comparing {Methods} for {Measuring} {Dialect} {Similarity} in {Norwegian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.658},
	abstract = {The present article presents four experiments with two different methods for measuring dialect similarity in Norwegian: the Levenshtein method and the neural long short term memory (LSTM) autoencoder network, a machine learning algorithm. The visual output in the form of dialect maps is then compared with canonical maps found in the dialect literature. All of this enables us to say that one does not need fine-grained transcriptions of speech to replicate classical classification patterns.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Johannessen, Janne and Kåsen, Andre and Hagen, Kristin and Nøklestad, Anders and Priestley, Joel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5343--5350},
}

@inproceedings{mortensen_allovera_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{AlloVera}: {A} {Multilingual} {Allophone} {Database}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.656},
	abstract = {We introduce a new resource, AlloVera, which provides mappings from 218 allophones to phonemes for 14 languages. Phonemes are contrastive phonological units, and allophones are their various concrete realizations, which are predictable from phonological context. While phonemic representations are language specific, phonetic representations (stated in terms of (allo)phones) are much closer to a universal (language-independent) transcription. AlloVera allows the training of speech recognition models that output phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), regardless of the input language. We show that a “universal” allophone model, Allosaurus, built with AlloVera, outperforms “universal” phonemic models and language-specific models on a speech-transcription task. We explore the implications of this technology (and related technologies) for the documentation of endangered and minority languages. We further explore other applications for which AlloVera will be suitable as it grows, including phonological typology.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mortensen, David R. and Li, Xinjian and Littell, Patrick and Michaud, Alexis and Rijhwani, Shruti and Anastasopoulos, Antonios and Black, Alan W and Metze, Florian and Neubig, Graham},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5329--5336},
}

@inproceedings{lancien_developing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Developing {Resources} for {Automated} {Speech} {Processing} of {Quebec} {French}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.655},
	abstract = {The analysis of the structure of speech nearly always rests on the alignment of the speech recording with a phonetic transcription. Nowadays several tools can perform this speech segmentation automatically. However, none of them allows the automatic segmentation of Quebec French (QF hereafter), the acoustics and phonotactics of QF differing widely from that of France French (FF hereafter). To adequately segment QF, features like diphthongization of long vowels and affrication of coronal stops have to be taken into account. Thus acoustic models for automatic segmentation must be trained on speech samples exhibiting those phenomena. Dictionaries and lexicons must also be adapted and integrate differences in lexical units and in the phonology of QF. This paper presents the development of linguistic resources to be included into SPPAS software tool in order to get Text normalization, Phonetization, Alignment and Syllabification. We adapted the existing French lexicon and developed a QF-specific pronunciation dictionary. We then created an acoustic model from the existing ones and adapted it with 5 minutes of manually time-aligned data. These new resources are all freely distributed with SPPAS version 2.7; they perform the full process of speech segmentation in Quebec French.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lancien, Mélanie and Côté, Marie-Hélène and Bigi, Brigitte},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5323--5328},
}

@inproceedings{grossman_segbo_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SegBo}: {A} {Database} of {Borrowed} {Sounds} in the {World}’s {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.654},
	abstract = {Phonological segment borrowing is a process through which languages acquire new contrastive speech sounds as the result of borrowing new words from other languages. Despite the fact that phonological segment borrowing is documented in many of the world’s languages, to date there has been no large-scale quantitative study of the phenomenon. In this paper, we present SegBo, a novel cross-linguistic database of borrowed phonological segments. We describe our data aggregation pipeline and the resulting language sample. We also present two short case studies based on the database. The first deals with the impact of large colonial languages on the sound systems of the world’s languages; the second deals with universals of borrowing in the domain of rhotic consonants.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Grossman, Eitan and Eisen, Elad and Nikolaev, Dmitry and Moran, Steven},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5316--5322},
}

@inproceedings{guibon_when_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {When {Collaborative} {Treebank} {Curation} {Meets} {Graph} {Grammars}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.651},
	abstract = {In this paper we present Arborator-Grew, a collaborative annotation tool for treebank development. Arborator-Grew combines the features of two preexisting tools: Arborator and Grew. Arborator is a widely used collaborative graphical online dependency treebank annotation tool. Grew is a tool for graph querying and rewriting specialized in structures needed in NLP, i.e. syntactic and semantic dependency trees and graphs. Grew also has an online version, Grew-match, where all Universal Dependencies treebanks in their classical, deep and surface-syntactic flavors can be queried. Arborator-Grew is a complete redevelopment and modernization of Arborator, replacing its own internal database storage by a new Grew API, which adds a powerful query tool to Arborator's existing treebank creation and correction features. This includes complex access control for parallel expert and crowd-sourced annotation, tree comparison visualization, and various exercise modes for teaching and training of annotators. Arborator-Grew opens up new paths of collectively creating, updating, maintaining, and curating syntactic treebanks and semantic graph banks.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Guibon, Gaël and Courtin, Marine and Gerdes, Kim and Guillaume, Bruno},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5291--5300},
}

@inproceedings{wroblewska_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards the {Conversion} of {National} {Corpus} of {Polish} to {Universal} {Dependencies}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.653},
	abstract = {The research presented in this paper aims at enriching the manually morphosyntactically annotated part of National Corpus of Polish (NKJP1M) with a syntactic layer, i.e. dependency trees of sentences, and at converting both dependency trees and morphosyntactic annotations of particular tokens to Universal Dependencies. The dependency layer is built using a semi-automatic annotation procedure. The sentences from NKJP1M are first parsed with a dependency parser trained on Polish Dependency Bank, i.e. the largest bank of Polish dependency trees. The predicted dependency trees and the morphosyntactic annotations of tokens are then automatically converted into UD dependency graphs. NKJP1M sentences are an essential part of Polish Dependency Bank, we thus replace some automatically predicted dependency trees with their manually annotated equivalents. The final dependency treebank consists of 86K trees (including 15K gold-standard trees). A natural language pre-processing model trained on the enlarged set of (possibly noisy) dependency trees outperforms a model trained on a smaller set of the gold-standard trees in predicting part-of-speech tags, morphological features, lemmata, and labelled dependency trees},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wróblewska, Alina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5308--5315},
}

@inproceedings{wang_odil_syntax_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ODIL}\_Syntax: a {Free} {Spontaneous} {Spoken} {French} {Treebank} {Annotated} with {Constituent} {Trees}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.652},
	abstract = {This paper describes ODIL Syntax, a French treebank built on spontaneous speech transcripts. The syntactic structure of every speech turn is represented by constituent trees, through a procedure which combines an automatic annotation provided by a parser (here, the Stanford Parser) and a manual revision. ODIL Syntax respects the annotation scheme designed for the French TreeBank (FTB), with the addition of some annotation guidelines that aims at representing specific features of the spoken language such as speech disfluencies. The corpus will be freely distributed by January 2020 under a Creative Commons licence. It will ground a further semantic enrichment dedicated to the representation of temporal entities and temporal relations, as a second phase of the ODIL@Temporal project. The paper details the annotation scheme we followed with a emphasis on the representation of speech disfluencies. We then present the annotation procedure that was carried out on the Contemplata annotation platform. In the last section, we provide some distributional characteristics of the annotated corpus (POS distribution, multiword expressions).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wang, Ilaine and Pelletier, Aurore and Antoine, Jean-Yves and Halftermeyer, Anaïs},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5301--5307},
}

@inproceedings{hildebrand_recognizing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Recognizing {Sentence}-level {Logical} {Document} {Structures} with the {Help} of {Context}-free {Grammars}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.650},
	abstract = {Current sentence boundary detectors split documents into sequentially ordered sentences by detecting their beginnings and ends. Sentences, however, are more deeply structured even on this side of constituent and dependency structure: they can consist of a main sentence and several subordinate clauses as well as further segments (e.g. inserts in parentheses); they can even recursively embed whole sentences and then contain multiple sentence beginnings and ends. In this paper, we introduce a tool that segments sentences into tree structures to detect this type of recursive structure. To this end, we retrain different constituency parsers with the help of modified training data to transform them into sentence segmenters. With these segmenters, documents are mapped to sequences of sentence-related “logical document structures”. The resulting segmenters aim to improve downstream tasks by providing additional structural information. In this context, we experiment with German dependency parsing. We show that for certain sentence categories, which can be determined automatically, improvements in German dependency parsing can be achieved using our segmenter for preprocessing. The assumption suggests that improvements in other languages and tasks can be achieved.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hildebrand, Jonathan and Hemati, Wahed and Mehler, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5282--5290},
}

@inproceedings{quasthoff_typical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Typical {Sentences} as a {Resource} for {Valence}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.649},
	abstract = {Verb valence information can be derived from corpora by using subcorpora of typical sentences that are constructed in a language independent manner based on frequent POS structures. The inspection of typical sentences with a fixed verb in a certain position can show the valence information directly. Using verb fingerprints, consisting of the most typical sentence patterns the verb appears in, we are able to identify standard valence patterns and compare them against a language's valence profile. With a very limited number of training data per language, valence information for other verbs can be derived as well. Based on the Norwegian valence patterns we are able to find comparative patterns in German where typical sentences are able to express the same situation in an equivalent way and can so construct verb valence pairs for a bilingual PolyVal dictionary. This contribution discusses this application with a focus on the Norwegian valence dictionary NorVal.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Quasthoff, Uwe and Hellan, Lars and Körner, Erik and Eckart, Thomas and Goldhahn, Dirk and Beermann, Dorothee},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5276--5281},
}

@inproceedings{kogkalidis_aethel_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Æ{THEL}: {Automatically} {Extracted} {Typelogical} {Derivations} for {Dutch}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.647},
	abstract = {We present ÆTHEL, a semantic compositionality dataset for written Dutch. ÆTHEL consists of two parts. First, it contains a lexicon of supertags for about 900 000 words in context. The supertags correspond to types of the simply typed linear lambda-calculus, enhanced with dependency decorations that capture grammatical roles supplementary to function-argument structures. On the basis of these types, ÆTHEL further provides 72 192 validated derivations, presented in four formats: natural-deduction and sequent-style proofs, linear logic proofnets and the associated programs (lambda terms) for meaning composition. ÆTHEL's types and derivations are obtained by means of an extraction algorithm applied to the syntactic analyses of LASSY Small, the gold standard corpus of written Dutch. We discuss the extraction algorithm and show how `virtual elements' in the original LASSY annotation of unbounded dependencies and coordination phenomena give rise to higher-order types. We suggest some example usecases highlighting the benefits of a type-driven approach at the syntax semantics interface. The following resources are open-sourced with ÆTHEL: the lexical mappings between words and types, a subset of the dataset consisting of 7 924 semantic parses, and the Python code that implements the extraction algorithm.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kogkalidis, Konstantinos and Moortgat, Michael and Moot, Richard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5257--5266},
}

@inproceedings{rach_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Argument} {Search} {Approaches} in the {Context} of {Argumentative} {Dialogue} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.65},
	abstract = {We present an approach to evaluate argument search techniques in view of their use in argumentative dialogue systems by assessing quality aspects of the retrieved arguments. To this end, we introduce a dialogue system that presents arguments by means of a virtual avatar and synthetic speech to users and allows them to rate the presented content in four different categories (Interesting, Convincing, Comprehensible, Relation). The approach is applied in a user study in order to compare two state of the art argument search engines to each other and with a system based on traditional web search. The results show a significant advantage of the two search engines over the baseline. Moreover, the two search engines show significant advantages over each other in different categories, thereby reflecting strengths and weaknesses of the different underlying techniques.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rach, Niklas and Matsuda, Yuki and Daxenberger, Johannes and Ultes, Stefan and Yasumoto, Keiichi and Minker, Wolfgang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {513--522},
}

@inproceedings{gessler_gumby_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GUMBY} – {A} {Free}, {Balanced}, and {Rich} {English} {Web} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.648},
	abstract = {We present a freely available, genre-balanced English web corpus totaling 4M tokens and featuring a large number of high-quality automatic annotation layers, including dependency trees, non-named entity annotations, coreference resolution, and discourse trees in Rhetorical Structure Theory. By tapping open online data sources the corpus is meant to offer a more sizable alternative to smaller manually created annotated data sets, while avoiding pitfalls such as imbalanced or unknown composition, licensing problems, and low-quality natural language processing. We harness knowledge from multiple annotation layers in order to achieve a "better than NLP" benchmark and evaluate the accuracy of the resulting resource.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gessler, Luke and Peng, Siyao and Liu, Yang and Zhu, Yilun and Behzad, Shabnam and Zeldes, Amir},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5267--5275},
}

@inproceedings{berdicevskis_diachronic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Diachronic} {Treebank} of {Russian} {Spanning} {More} {Than} a {Thousand} {Years}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.646},
	abstract = {We describe the Tromsø Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic Treebank (TOROT) that spans from the earliest Old Church Slavonic to modern Russian texts, covering more than a thousand years of continuous language history. We focus on the latest additions to the treebank, first of all, the modern subcorpus that was created by a high-quality conversion of the existing treebank of contemporary standard Russian (SynTagRus).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs and Eckhoff, Hanne},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5251--5256},
}

@inproceedings{bouma_edges_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {EDGeS} {Diachronic} {Bible} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.644},
	abstract = {We present the EDGeS Diachronic Bible Corpus: a diachronically and synchronically parallel corpus of Bible translations in Dutch, English, German and Swedish, with texts from the 14th century until today. It is compiled in the context of an intended longitudinal and contrastive study of complex verb constructions in Germanic. The paper discusses the corpus design principles, its selection of 36 Bibles, and the information and metadata encoded for the corpus texts. The EDGeS corpus will be available in two forms: the whole corpus will be accessible for researchers behind a login in the well-known OPUS search infrastructure, and the open subpart of the corpus will be available for download.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bouma, Gerlof and Coussé, Evie and Dijkstra, Trude and van der Sijs, Nicoline},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5232--5239},
}

@inproceedings{sanguinetti_treebanking_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Treebanking {User}-{Generated} {Content}: {A} {Proposal} for a {Unified} {Representation} in {Universal} {Dependencies}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.645},
	abstract = {The paper presents a discussion on the main linguistic phenomena of user-generated texts found in web and social media, and proposes a set of annotation guidelines for their treatment within the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework. Given on the one hand the increasing number of treebanks featuring user-generated content, and its somewhat inconsistent treatment in these resources on the other, the aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide a short, though comprehensive, overview of such treebanks - based on available literature - along with their main features and a comparative analysis of their annotation criteria, and (2) to propose a set of tentative UD-based annotation guidelines, to promote consistent treatment of the particular phenomena found in these types of texts. The main goal of this paper is to provide a common framework for those teams interested in developing similar resources in UD, thus enabling cross-linguistic consistency, which is a principle that has always been in the spirit of UD.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sanguinetti, Manuela and Bosco, Cristina and Cassidy, Lauren and Çetinoğlu, Özlem and Cignarella, Alessandra Teresa and Lynn, Teresa and Rehbein, Ines and Ruppenhofer, Josef and Seddah, Djamé and Zeldes, Amir},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5240--5250},
}

@inproceedings{vacareanu_parsing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Parsing as {Tagging}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.643},
	abstract = {We propose a simple yet accurate method for dependency parsing that treats parsing as tagging (PaT). That is, our approach addresses the parsing of dependency trees with a sequence model implemented with a bidirectional LSTM over BERT embeddings, where the “tag” to be predicted at each token position is the relative position of the corresponding head. For example, for the sentence John eats cake, the tag to be predicted for the token cake is -1 because its head (eats) occurs one token to the left. Despite its simplicity, our approach performs well. For example, our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art method of (Fernández-González and Gómez-Rodrı́guez, 2019) on Universal Dependencies (UD) by 1.76\% unlabeled attachment score (UAS) for English, 1.98\% UAS for French, and 1.16\% UAS for German. On average, on 12 UD languages, our method with minimal tuning performs comparably with this state-of-the-art approach: better by 0.11\% UAS, and worse by 0.58\% LAS.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vacareanu, Robert and Gouveia Barbosa, George Caique and Valenzuela-Escárcega, Marco A. and Surdeanu, Mihai},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5225--5231},
}

@inproceedings{hajic_prague_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Prague {Dependency} {Treebank} - {Consolidated} 1.0},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.641},
	abstract = {We present a richly annotated and genre-diversified language resource, the Prague Dependency Treebank-Consolidated 1.0 (PDT-C 1.0), the purpose of which is - as it always been the case for the family of the Prague Dependency Treebanks - to serve both as a training data for various types of NLP tasks as well as for linguistically-oriented research. PDT-C 1.0 contains four different datasets of Czech, uniformly annotated using the standard PDT scheme (albeit not everything is annotated manually, as we describe in detail here). The texts come from different sources: daily newspaper articles, Czech translation of the Wall Street Journal, transcribed dialogs and a small amount of user-generated, short, often non-standard language segments typed into a web translator. Altogether, the treebank contains around 180,000 sentences with their morphological, surface and deep syntactic annotation. The diversity of the texts and annotations should serve well the NLP applications as well as it is an invaluable resource for linguistic research, including comparative studies regarding texts of different genres. The corpus is publicly and freely available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hajic, Jan and Bejček, Eduard and Hlavacova, Jaroslava and Mikulová, Marie and Straka, Milan and Štěpánek, Jan and Štěpánková, Barbora},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5208--5218},
}

@inproceedings{johansson_training_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Training a {Swedish} {Constituency} {Parser} on {Six} {Incompatible} {Treebanks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.642},
	abstract = {We investigate a transition-based parser that uses Eukalyptus, a function-tagged constituent treebank for Swedish which includes discontinuous constituents. In addition, we show that the accuracy of this parser can be improved by using a multitask learning architecture that makes it possible to train the parser on additional treebanks that use other annotation models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Johansson, Richard and Adesam, Yvonne},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5219--5224},
}

@inproceedings{ehsan_dependency_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dependency {Parsing} for {Urdu}: {Resources}, {Conversions} and {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.640},
	abstract = {This paper adds to the available resources for the under-resourced language Urdu by converting different types of existing treebanks for Urdu into a common format that is based on Universal Dependencies. We present comparative results for training two dependency parsers, the MaltParser and a transition-based BiLSTM parser on this new resource. The BiLSTM parser incorporates word embeddings which improve the parsing results significantly. The BiLSTM parser outperforms the MaltParser with a UAS of 89.6 and an LAS of 84.2 with respect to our standardized treebank resource.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ehsan, Toqeer and Butt, Miriam},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5202--5207},
}

@inproceedings{nedelchev_treating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Treating {Dialogue} {Quality} {Evaluation} as an {Anomaly} {Detection} {Problem}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.64},
	abstract = {Dialogue systems for interaction with humans have been enjoying increased popularity in the research and industry fields. To this day, the best way to estimate their success is through means of human evaluation and not automated approaches, despite the abundance of work done in the field. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of perceiving dialogue evaluation as an anomaly detection task. The paper looks into four dialogue modeling approaches and how their objective functions correlate with human annotation scores. A high-level perspective exhibits negative results. However, a more in-depth look shows some potential for using anomaly detection for evaluating dialogues.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nedelchev, Rostislav and Usbeck, Ricardo and Lehmann, Jens},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {508--512},
}

@inproceedings{kubota_development_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Development of a {General}-{Purpose} {Categorial} {Grammar} {Treebank}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.639},
	abstract = {This paper introduces ABC Treebank, a general-purpose categorial grammar (CG) treebank for Japanese. It is 'general-purpose' in the sense that it is not tailored to a specific variant of CG, but rather aims to offer a theory-neutral linguistic resource (as much as possible) which can be converted to different versions of CG (specifically, CCG and Type-Logical Grammar) relatively easily. In terms of linguistic analysis, it improves over the existing Japanese CG treebank (Japanese CCGBank) on the treatment of certain linguistic phenomena (passives, causatives, and control/raising predicates) for which the lexical specification of the syntactic information reflecting local dependencies turns out to be crucial. In this paper, we describe the underlying 'theory' dubbed ABC Grammar that is taken as a basis for our treebank, outline the general construction of the corpus, and report on some preliminary results applying the treebank in a semantic parsing system for generating logical representations of sentences.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kubota, Yusuke and Mineshima, Koji and Hayashi, Noritsugu and Okano, Shinya},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5195--5201},
}

@inproceedings{yamakata_english_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {English {Recipe} {Flow} {Graph} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.638},
	abstract = {We present an annotated corpus of English cooking recipe procedures, and describe and evaluate computational methods for learning these annotations. The corpus consists of 300 recipes written by members of the public, which we have annotated with domain-specific linguistic and semantic structure. Each recipe is annotated with (1) `recipe named entities' (r-NEs) specific to the recipe domain, and (2) a flow graph representing in detail the sequencing of steps, and interactions between cooking tools, food ingredients and the products of intermediate steps. For these two kinds of annotations, inter-annotator agreement ranges from 82.3 to 90.5 F1, indicating that our annotation scheme is appropriate and consistent. We experiment with producing these annotations automatically. For r-NE tagging we train a deep neural network NER tool; to compute flow graphs we train a dependency-style parsing procedure which we apply to the entire sequence of r-NEs in a recipe.In evaluations, our systems achieve 71.1 to 87.5 F1, demonstrating that our annotation scheme is learnable.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yamakata, Yoko and Mori, Shinsuke and Carroll, John},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5187--5194},
}

@inproceedings{ishola_yoruba_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Yorùbá {Dependency} {Treebank} ({YTB})},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.637},
	abstract = {Low-resource languages present enormous NLP opportunities as well as varying degrees of difficulties. The newly released treebank of hand-annotated parts of the Yoruba Bible provides an avenue for dependency analysis of the Yoruba language; the application of a new grammar formalism to the language. In this paper, we discuss our choice of Universal Dependencies, important dependency annotation decisions considered in the creation of the first annotation guidelines for Yoruba and results of our parsing experiments. We also lay the foundation for future incorporation of other domains with the initial test on Yoruba Wikipedia articles and highlighted future directions for the rapid expansion of the treebank.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ishola, Olájídé and Zeman, Daniel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5178--5186},
}

@inproceedings{eshkol-taravella_chunk_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Chunk {Different} {Kind} of {Spoken} {Discourse}: {Challenges} for {Machine} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.635},
	abstract = {This paper describes the development of a chunker for spoken data by supervised machine learning using the CRFs, based on a small reference corpus composed of two kinds of discourse: prepared monologue vs. spontaneous talk in interaction. The methodology considers the specific character of the spoken data. The machine learning uses the results of several available taggers, without correcting the results manually. Experiments show that the discourse type (monologue vs. free talk), the speech nature (spontaneous vs. prepared) and the corpus size can influence the results of the machine learning process and must be considered while interpreting the results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Eshkol-Taravella, Iris and Maarouf, Mariame and Badin, Flora and Skrovec, Marie and Tellier, Isabelle},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5164--5168},
}

@inproceedings{falenska_grain-s_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GRAIN}-{S}: {Manually} {Annotated} {Syntax} for {German} {Interviews}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.636},
	abstract = {We present GRAIN-S, a set of manually created syntactic annotations for radio interviews in German. The dataset extends an existing corpus GRAIN and comes with constituency and dependency trees for six interviews. The rare combination of gold- and silver-standard annotation layers coming from GRAIN with high-quality syntax trees can serve as a useful resource for speech- and text-based research. Moreover, since interviews can be put between carefully prepared speech and spontaneous conversational speech, they cover phenomena not seen in traditional newspaper-based treebanks. Therefore, GRAIN-S can contribute to research into techniques for model adaptation and for building more corpus-independent tools. GRAIN-S follows TIGER, one of the established syntactic treebanks of German. We describe the annotation process and discuss decisions necessary to adapt the original TIGER guidelines to the interviews domain. Next, we give details on the conversion from TIGER-style trees to dependency trees. We provide data statistics and demonstrate differences between the new dataset and existing out-of-domain test sets annotated with TIGER syntactic structures. Finally, we provide baseline parsing results for further comparison.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Falenska, Agnieszka and Czesznak, Zoltán and Jung, Kerstin and Völkel, Moritz and Seeker, Wolfgang and Kuhn, Jonas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5169--5177},
}

@inproceedings{kayadelen_gold_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Gold} {Standard} {Dependency} {Treebank} for {Turkish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.634},
	abstract = {We introduce TWT; a new treebank for Turkish which consists of web and Wikipedia sentences that are annotated for segmentation, morphology, part-of-speech and dependency relations. To date, it is the largest publicly available human-annotated morpho-syntactic Turkish treebank in terms of the annotated word count. It is also the first large Turkish dependency treebank that has a dedicated Wikipedia section. We present the tagsets and the methodology that are used in annotating the treebank and also the results of the baseline experiments on Turkish dependency parsing with this treebank.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kayadelen, Tolga and Ozturel, Adnan and Bohnet, Bernd},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5156--5163},
}

@inproceedings{hellwig_treebank_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Treebank} of {Vedic} {Sanskrit}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.632},
	abstract = {This paper introduces the first treebank of Vedic Sanskrit, a morphologically rich ancient Indian language that is of central importance for linguistic and historical research. The selection of the more than 3,700 sentences contained in this treebank reflects the development of metrical and prose texts over a period of 600 years. We discuss how these sentences are annotated in the Universal Dependencies scheme and which syntactic constructions required special attention. In addition, we describe a syntactic labeler based on neural networks that supports the initial annotation of the treebank, and whose evaluation can be helpful for setting up a full syntactic parser of Vedic Sanskrit.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hellwig, Oliver and Scarlata, Salvatore and Ackermann, Elia and Widmer, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5137--5146},
}

@inproceedings{dione_implementation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Implementation and {Evaluation} of an {LFG}-based {Parser} for {Wolof}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.631},
	abstract = {This paper reports on a parsing system for Wolof based on the LFG formalism. The parser covers core constructions of Wolof, including noun classes, cleft, copula, causative and applicative sentences. It also deals with several types of coordination, including same constituent coordination, asymmetric and asyndetic coordination. The system uses a cascade of finite-state transducers for word tokenization and morphological analysis as well as various lexicons. In addition, robust parsing techniques, including fragmenting and skimming, are used to optimize grammar coverage. Parsing coverage is evaluated by running test-suites of naturally occurring Wolof sentences through the parser. The evaluation of parsing coverage reveals that 72.72\% of the test sentences receive full parses; 27.27\% receive partial parses. To measure accuracy, the parsed sentences are disambiguated manually using an incremental parsebanking approach based on discriminants. The evaluation of parsing quality reveals that the parser achieves 67.2\% recall, 92.8\% precision and an f-score of 77.9\%.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dione, Cheikh M. Bamba},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5128--5136},
}

@inproceedings{bick_syntax_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Syntax and {Semantics} in a {Treebank} for {Esperanto}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.630},
	abstract = {In this paper we describe and evaluate syntactic and semantic aspects of Arbobanko, a treebank for the artificial language Esperanto, as well as tools and methods used in the production of the treebank. In addition to classical morphosyntax and dependency structure, the treebank was enriched with a lexical-semantic layer covering named entities, a semantic type ontology for nouns and adjectives and a framenet-inspired semantic classification of verbs. For an under-resourced language, the quality of automatic syntactic and semantic pre-annotation is of obvious importance, and by evaluating the underlying parser and the coverage of its semantic ontologies, we try to answer the question whether the language's extremely regular morphology and transparent semantic affixes translate into a more regular syntax and higher parsing accuracy. On the linguistic side, the treebank allows us to address and quantify typological issues such as the question of word order, auxiliary constructions, lexical transparency and semantic type ambiguity in Esperanto.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bick, Eckhard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5120--5127},
}

@inproceedings{anderson_inherent_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Inherent {Dependency} {Displacement} {Bias} of {Transition}-{Based} {Algorithms}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.633},
	abstract = {A wide variety of transition-based algorithms are currently used for dependency parsers. Empirical studies have shown that performance varies across different treebanks in such a way that one algorithm outperforms another on one treebank and the reverse is true for a different treebank. There is often no discernible reason for what causes one algorithm to be more suitable for a certain treebank and less so for another. In this paper we shed some light on this by introducing the concept of an algorithm's inherent dependency displacement distribution. This characterises the bias of the algorithm in terms of dependency displacement, which quantify both distance and direction of syntactic relations. We show that the similarity of an algorithm's inherent distribution to a treebank's displacement distribution is clearly correlated to the algorithm's parsing performance on that treebank, specificially with highly significant and substantial correlations for the predominant sentence lengths in Universal Dependency treebanks. We also obtain results which show a more discrete analysis of dependency displacement does not result in any meaningful correlations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Anderson, Mark and Gómez-Rodríguez, Carlos},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5147--5155},
}

@inproceedings{bangalore_kantharaju_multimodal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multimodal {Analysis} of {Cohesion} in {Multi}-party {Interactions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.63},
	abstract = {Group cohesion is an emergent phenomenon that describes the tendency of the group members' shared commitment to group tasks and the interpersonal attraction among them. This paper presents a multimodal analysis of group cohesion using a corpus of multi-party interactions. We utilize 16 two-minute segments annotated with cohesion from the AMI corpus. We define three layers of modalities: non-verbal social cues, dialogue acts and interruptions. The initial analysis is performed at the individual level and later, we combine the different modalities to observe their impact on perceived level of cohesion. Results indicate that occurrence of laughter and interruption are higher in high cohesive segments. We also observe that, dialogue acts and head nods did not have an impact on the level of cohesion by itself. However, when combined there was an impact on the perceived level of cohesion. Overall, the analysis shows that multimodal cues are crucial for accurate analysis of group cohesion.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bangalore Kantharaju, Reshmashree and Langlet, Caroline and Barange, Mukesh and Clavel, Chloé and Pelachaud, Catherine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {498--507},
}

@inproceedings{pitenis_offensive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Offensive {Language} {Identification} in {Greek}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.629},
	abstract = {As offensive language has become a rising issue for online communities and social media platforms, researchers have been investigating ways of coping with abusive content and developing systems to detect its different types: cyberbullying, hate speech, aggression, etc. With a few notable exceptions, most research on this topic so far has dealt with English. This is mostly due to the availability of language resources for English. To address this shortcoming, this paper presents the first Greek annotated dataset for offensive language identification: the Offensive Greek Tweet Dataset (OGTD). OGTD is a manually annotated dataset containing 4,779 posts from Twitter annotated as offensive and not offensive. Along with a detailed description of the dataset, we evaluate several computational models trained and tested on this data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pitenis, Zesis and Zampieri, Marcos and Ranasinghe, Tharindu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5113--5119},
}

@inproceedings{cignarella_marking_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Marking {Irony} {Activators} in a {Universal} {Dependencies} {Treebank}: {The} {Case} of an {Italian} {Twitter} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.627},
	abstract = {The recognition of irony is a challenging task in the domain of Sentiment Analysis, and the availability of annotated corpora may be crucial for its automatic processing. In this paper we describe a fine-grained annotation scheme centered on irony, in which we highlight the tokens that are responsible for its activation, (irony activators) and their morpho-syntactic features. As our case study we therefore introduce a recently released Universal Dependencies treebank for Italian which includes ironic tweets: TWITTIRÒ-UD. For the purposes of this study, we enriched the existing annotation in the treebank, with a further level that includes irony activators. A description and discussion of the annotation scheme is provided with a definition of irony activators and the guidelines for their annotation. This qualitative study on the different layers of annotation applied on the same dataset can shed some light on the process of human annotation, and irony annotation in particular, and on the usefulness of this representation for developing computational models of irony to be used for training purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cignarella, Alessandra Teresa and Sanguinetti, Manuela and Bosco, Cristina and Rosso, Paolo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5098--5105},
}

@inproceedings{assimakopoulos_annotating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotating for {Hate} {Speech}: {The} {MaNeCo} {Corpus} and {Some} {Input} from {Critical} {Discourse} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.626},
	abstract = {This paper presents a novel scheme for the annotation of hate speech in corpora of Web 2.0 commentary. The proposed scheme is motivated by the critical analysis of posts made in reaction to news reports on the Mediterranean migration crisis and LGBTIQ+ matters in Malta, which was conducted under the auspices of the EU-funded C.O.N.T.A.C.T. project. Based on the realisation that hate speech is not a clear-cut category to begin with, appears to belong to a continuum of discriminatory discourse and is often realised through the use of indirect linguistic means, it is argued that annotation schemes for its detection should refrain from directly including the label 'hate speech,' as different annotators might have different thresholds as to what constitutes hate speech and what not. In view of this, we propose a multi-layer annotation scheme, which is pilot-tested against a binary ±hate speech classification and appears to yield higher inter-annotator agreement. Motivating the postulation of our scheme, we then present the MaNeCo corpus on which it will eventually be used; a substantial corpus of on-line newspaper comments spanning 10 years.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Assimakopoulos, Stavros and Vella Muskat, Rebecca and van der Plas, Lonneke and Gatt, Albert},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5088--5097},
}

@inproceedings{tian_offensive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Offensive {Language} {Detection} {Using} {Brown} {Clustering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.625},
	abstract = {In this study, we investigate the use of Brown clustering for offensive language detection. Brown clustering has been shown to be of little use when the task involves distinguishing word polarity in sentiment analysis tasks. In contrast to previous work, we train Brown clusters separately on positive and negative sentiment data, but then combine the information into a single complex feature per word. This way of representing words results in stable improvements in offensive language detection, when used as the only features or in combination with words or character n-grams. Brown clusters add important information, even when combined with words or character n-grams or with standard word embeddings in a convolutional neural network. However, we also found different trends between the two offensive language data sets we used.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tian, Zuoyu and Kübler, Sandra},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5079--5087},
}

@inproceedings{chiruzzo_haha_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HAHA} 2019 {Dataset}: {A} {Corpus} for {Humor} {Analysis} in {Spanish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.628},
	abstract = {This paper presents the development of a corpus of 30,000 Spanish tweets that were crowd-annotated with humor value and funniness score. The corpus contains approximately 38.6\% of humorous tweets with an average score of 2.04 in a scale from 1 to 5 for the humorous tweets. The corpus has been used in an automatic humor recognition and analysis competition, obtaining encouraging results from the participants.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chiruzzo, Luis and Castro, Santiago and Rosá, Aiala},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5106--5112},
}

@inproceedings{abercrombie_parlvote_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ParlVote}: {A} {Corpus} for {Sentiment} {Analysis} of {Political} {Debates}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.624},
	abstract = {Debate transcripts from the UK Parliament contain information about the positions taken by politicians towards important topics, but are difficult for people to process manually. While sentiment analysis of debate speeches could facilitate understanding of the speakers’ stated opinions, datasets currently available for this task are small when compared to the benchmark corpora in other domains. We present ParlVote, a new, larger corpus of parliamentary debate speeches for use in the evaluation of sentiment analysis systems for the political domain. We also perform a number of initial experiments on this dataset, testing a variety of approaches to the classification of sentiment polarity in debate speeches. These include a linear classifier as well as a neural network trained using a transformer word embedding model (BERT), and fine-tuned on the parliamentary speeches. We find that in many scenarios, a linear classifier trained on a bag-of-words text representation achieves the best results. However, with the largest dataset, the transformer-based model combined with a neural classifier provides the best performance. We suggest that further experimentation with classification models and observations of the debate content and structure are required, and that there remains much room for improvement in parliamentary sentiment analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abercrombie, Gavin and Batista-Navarro, Riza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5073--5078},
}

@inproceedings{moreno-ortiz_design_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Design and {Evaluation} of {SentiEcon}: a fine-grained {Economic}/{Financial} {Sentiment} {Lexicon} from a {Corpus} of {Business} {News}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.623},
	abstract = {In this paper we present, describe, and evaluate SentiEcon, a large, comprehensive, domain-specific computational lexicon designed for sentiment analysis applications, for which we compiled our own corpus of online business news. SentiEcon was created as a plug-in lexicon for the sentiment analysis tool Lingmotif, and thus it follows its data structure requirements and presupposes the availability of a general-language core sentiment lexicon that covers non-specific sentiment-carrying terms and phrases. It contains 6,470 entries, both single and multi-word expressions, each with tags denoting their semantic orientation and intensity. We evaluate SentiEcon’s performance by comparing results in a sentence classification task using exclusively sentiment words as features. This sentence dataset was extracted from business news texts, and included certain key words known to recurrently convey strong semantic orientation, such as “debt”, “inflation” or “markets”. The results show that performance is significantly improved when adding SentiEcon to the general-language sentiment lexicon.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moreno-Ortiz, Antonio and Fernandez-Cruz, Javier and Hernández, Chantal Pérez Chantal},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5065--5072},
}

@inproceedings{antonio_rodrigues_reproduction_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Reproduction and {Revival} of the {Argument} {Reasoning} {Comprehension} {Task}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.622},
	abstract = {Reproduction of scientific findings is essential for scientific development across all scientific disciplines and reproducing results of previous works is a basic requirement for validating the hypothesis and conclusions put forward by them. This paper reports on the scientific reproduction of several systems addressing the Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task of SemEval2018. Given a recent publication that pointed out spurious statistical cues in the data set used in the shared task, and that produced a revised version of it, we also evaluated the reproduced systems with this new data set. The exercise reported here shows that, in general, the reproduction of these systems is successful with scores in line with those reported in SemEval2018. However, the performance scores are worst than those, and even below the random baseline, when the reproduced systems are run over the revised data set expunged from data artifacts. This demonstrates that this task is actually a much harder challenge than what could have been perceived from the inflated, close to human-level performance scores obtained with the data set used in SemEval2018. This calls for a revival of this task as there is much room for improvement until systems may come close to the upper bound provided by human performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {António Rodrigues, João and Branco, Ruben and Silva, João and Branco, António},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5055--5064},
}

@inproceedings{_multi-domain_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multi-domain {Tweet} {Corpora} for {Sentiment} {Analysis}: {Resource} {Creation} and {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.621},
	abstract = {Due to the phenomenal growth of online content in recent time, sentiment analysis has attracted attention of the researchers and developers. A number of benchmark annotated corpora are available for domains like movie reviews, product reviews, hotel reviews, etc.The pervasiveness of social media has also lead to a huge amount of content posted by users who are misusing the power of social media to spread false beliefs and to negatively influence others. This type of content is coming from the domains like terrorism, cybersecurity, technology, social issues, etc. Mining of opinions from these domains is important to create a socially intelligent system to provide security to the public and to maintain the law and order situations. To the best of our knowledge, there is no publicly available tweet corpora for such pervasive domains. Hence, we firstly create a multi-domain tweet sentiment corpora and then establish a deep neural network based baseline framework to address the above mentioned issues. Annotated corpus has Cohen’s Kappa measurement for annotation quality of 0.770, which shows that the data is of acceptable quality. We are able to achieve 84.65\% accuracy for sentiment analysis by using an ensemble of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {., Mamta and Ekbal, Asif and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak and Srivastava, Shikha and Kumar, Alka and Saha, Tista},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5046--5054},
}

@inproceedings{yuan_target-based_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Target-based {Sentiment} {Annotation} in {Chinese} {Financial} {News}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.620},
	abstract = {This paper presents the design and construction of a large-scale target-based sentiment annotation corpus on Chinese financial news text. Different from the most existing paragraph/document-based annotation corpus, in this study, target-based fine-grained sentiment annotation is performed. The companies, brands and other financial entities are regarded as the targets. The clause reflecting the profitability, loss or other business status of financial entities is regarded as the sentiment expression for determining the polarity. Based on high quality annotation guideline and effective quality control strategy, a corpus with 8,314 target-level sentiment annotation is constructed on 6,336 paragraphs from Chinese financial news text. Based on this corpus, several state-of-the-art sentiment analysis models are evaluated.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yuan, Chaofa and Liu, Yuhan and Yin, Rongdi and Zhang, Jun and Zhu, Qinling and Mao, Ruibin and Xu, Ruifeng},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5040--5045},
}

@inproceedings{asai_emotional_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Emotional {Speech} {Corpus} for {Persuasive} {Dialogue} {System}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.62},
	abstract = {Expressing emotion is known as an efficient way to persuade one’s dialogue partner to accept one’s claim or proposal. Emotional expression in speech can express the speaker’s emotion more directly than using only emotion expression in the text, which will lead to a more persuasive dialogue. In this paper, we built a speech dialogue corpus in a persuasive scenario that uses emotional expressions to build a persuasive dialogue system with emotional expressions. We extended an existing text dialogue corpus by adding variations of emotional responses to cover different combinations of broad dialogue context and a variety of emotional states by crowd-sourcing. Then, we recorded emotional speech consisting of of collected emotional expressions spoken by a voice actor. The experimental results indicate that the collected emotional expressions with their speeches have higher emotional expressiveness for expressing the system’s emotion to users.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Asai, Sara and Yoshino, Koichiro and Shinagawa, Seitaro and Sakti, Sakriani and Nakamura, Satoshi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {491--497},
}

@inproceedings{ovrelid_fine-grained_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Fine}-grained {Sentiment} {Dataset} for {Norwegian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.618},
	abstract = {We here introduce NoReC\_fine, a dataset for fine-grained sentiment analysis in Norwegian, annotated with respect to polar expressions, targets and holders of opinion. The underlying texts are taken from a corpus of professionally authored reviews from multiple news-sources and across a wide variety of domains, including literature, games, music, products, movies and more. We here present a detailed description of this annotation effort. We provide an overview of the developed annotation guidelines, illustrated with examples and present an analysis of inter-annotator agreement. We also report the first experimental results on the dataset, intended as a preliminary benchmark for further experiments.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Øvrelid, Lilja and Mæhlum, Petter and Barnes, Jeremy and Velldal, Erik},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5025--5033},
}

@inproceedings{regatte_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dataset {Creation} and {Evaluation} of {Aspect} {Based} {Sentiment} {Analysis} in {Telugu}, a {Low} {Resource} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.617},
	abstract = {In recent years, sentiment analysis has gained popularity as it is essential to moderate and analyse the information across the internet. It has various applications like opinion mining, social media monitoring, and market research. Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) is an area of sentiment analysis which deals with sentiment at a finer level. ABSA classifies sentiment with respect to each aspect to gain greater insights into the sentiment expressed. Significant contributions have been made in ABSA, but this progress is limited only to a few languages with adequate resources. Telugu lags behind in this area of research despite being one of the most spoken languages in India and an enormous amount of data being created each day. In this paper, we create a reliable resource for aspect based sentiment analysis in Telugu. The data is annotated for three tasks namely Aspect Term Extraction, Aspect Polarity Classification and Aspect Categorisation. Further, we develop baselines for the tasks using deep learning methods demonstrating the reliability and usefulness of the resource.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Regatte, Yashwanth Reddy and Gangula, Rama Rohit Reddy and Mamidi, Radhika},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5017--5024},
}

@inproceedings{schulder_enhancing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Enhancing a {Lexicon} of {Polarity} {Shifters} through the {Supervised} {Classification} of {Shifting} {Directions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.616},
	abstract = {The sentiment polarity of an expression (whether it is perceived as positive, negative or neutral) can be influenced by a number of phenomena, foremost among them negation. Apart from closed-class negation words like "no", "not" or "without", negation can also be caused by so-called polarity shifters. These are content words, such as verbs, nouns or adjectives, that shift polarities in their opposite direction, e.g. "abandoned" in "abandoned hope" or "alleviate" in "alleviate pain". Many polarity shifters can affect both positive and negative polar expressions, shifting them towards the opposing polarity. However, other shifters are restricted to a single shifting direction. "Recoup" shifts negative to positive in "recoup your losses", but does not affect the positive polarity of "fortune" in "recoup a fortune". Existing polarity shifter lexica only specify whether a word can, in general, cause shifting, but they do not specify when this is limited to one shifting direction. To address this issue we introduce a supervised classifier that determines the shifting direction of shifters. This classifier uses both resource-driven features, such as WordNet relations, and data-driven features like in-context polarity conflicts. Using this classifier we enhance the largest available polarity shifter lexicon.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schulder, Marc and Wiegand, Michael and Ruppenhofer, Josef},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5010--5016},
}

@inproceedings{gong_design_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Design} and {Construction} of a {Chinese} {Sarcasm} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.619},
	abstract = {As a typical multi-layered semi-conscious language phenomenon, sarcasm is widely existed in social media text for enhancing the emotion expression. Thus, the detection and processing of sarcasm is important to social media analysis.However, most existing sarcasm dataset are in English and there is still a lack of authoritative Chinese sarcasm dataset. In this paper, we presents the design and construction of a largest high-quality Chinese sarcasm dataset, which contains 2,486 manual annotated sarcastic texts and 89,296 non-sarcastic texts. Furthermore, a balanced dataset through elaborately sampling the same amount non-sarcastic texts for training sarcasm classifier. Using the dataset as the benchmark, some sarcasm classification methods are evaluated.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gong, Xiaochang and Zhao, Qin and Zhang, Jun and Mao, Ruibin and Xu, Ruifeng},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5034--5039},
}

@inproceedings{mohammadi_cooking_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cooking {Up} a {Neural}-based {Model} for {Recipe} {Classification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.615},
	abstract = {In this paper, we propose a neural-based model to address the first task of the DEFT 2013 shared task, with the main challenge of a highly imbalanced dataset, using state-of-the-art embedding approaches and deep architectures. We report on our experiments on the use of linguistic features, extracted by Charton et. al. (2014), in different neural models utilizing pretrained embeddings. Our results show that all of the models that use linguistic features outperform their counterpart models that only use pretrained embeddings. The best performing model uses pretrained CamemBERT embeddings as input and CNN as the hidden layer, and uses additional linguistic features. Adding the linguistic features to this model improves its performance by 4.5\% and 11.4\% in terms of micro and macro F1 scores, respectively, leading to state-of-the-art results and an improved classification of the rare classes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mohammadi, Elham and Naji, Nada and Marceau, Louis and Queudot, Marc and Charton, Eric and Kosseim, Leila and Meurs, Marie-Jean},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5000--5009},
}

@inproceedings{chinea-rios_aspect_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Aspect {On}: an {Interactive} {Solution} for {Post}-{Editing} the {Aspect} {Extraction} based on {Online} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.612},
	abstract = {The task of aspect extraction is an important component of aspect-based sentiment analysis. However, it usually requires an expensive human post-processing to ensure quality. In this work we introduce Aspect On, an interactive solution based on online learning that allows users to post-edit the aspect extraction with little effort. The Aspect On interface shows the aspects extracted by a neural model and, given a dataset, annotates its words with the corresponding aspects. Thanks to the online learning, Aspect On updates the model automatically and continuously improves the quality of the aspects displayed to the user. Experimental results show that Aspect On dramatically reduces the number of user clicks and effort required to post-edit the aspects extracted by the model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chinea-Rios, Mara and Franco-Salvador, Marc and Benajiba, Yassine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4974--4981},
}

@inproceedings{morante_annotating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotating {Perspectives} on {Vaccination}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.611},
	abstract = {In this paper we present the Vaccination Corpus, a corpus of texts related to the online vaccination debate that has been annotated with three layers of information about perspectives: attribution, claims and opinions. Additionally, events related to the vaccination debate are also annotated. The corpus contains 294 documents from the Internet which reflect different views on vaccinations. It has been compiled to study the language of online debates, with the final goal of experimenting with methodologies to extract and contrast perspectives in the framework of the vaccination debate.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Morante, Roser and van Son, Chantal and Maks, Isa and Vossen, Piek},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4964--4973},
}

@inproceedings{barhoumi_toward_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Toward {Qualitative} {Evaluation} of {Embeddings} for {Arabic} {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.610},
	abstract = {In this paper, we propose several protocols to evaluate specific embeddings for Arabic sentiment analysis (SA) task. In fact, Arabic language is characterized by its agglutination and morphological richness contributing to great sparsity that could affect embedding quality. This work presents a study that compares embeddings based on words and lemmas in SA frame. We propose first to study the evolution of embedding models trained with different types of corpora (polar and non polar) and explore the variation between embeddings by observing the sentiment stability of neighbors in embedding spaces. Then, we evaluate embeddings with a neural architecture based on convolutional neural network (CNN). We make available our pre-trained embeddings to Arabic NLP research community with free to use. We provide also for free resources used to evaluate our embeddings. Experiments are done on the Large Arabic-Book Reviews (LABR) corpus in binary (positive/negative) classification frame. Our best result reaches 91.9\%, that is higher than the best previous published one (91.5\%).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Barhoumi, Amira and Camelin, Nathalie and Aloulou, Chafik and Estève, Yannick and Hadrich Belguith, Lamia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4955--4963},
}

@inproceedings{yan_inference_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Inference {Annotation} of a {Chinese} {Corpus} for {Opinion} {Mining}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.614},
	abstract = {Polarity classification (positive, negative or neutral opinion detection) is well developed in the field of opinion mining. However, existing tools, which perform with high accuracy on short sentences and explicit expressions, have limited success interpreting narrative phrases and inference contexts. In this article, we will discuss an important aspect of opinion mining: inference. We will give our definition of inference, classify different types, provide an annotation framework and analyze the annotation results. While inferences are often studied in the field of Natural-language understanding (NLU), we propose to examine inference as it relates to opinion mining. Firstly, based on linguistic analysis, we clarify what kind of sentence contains an inference. We define five types of inference: logical inference, pragmatic inference, lexical inference, enunciative inference and discursive inference. Second, we explain our annotation framework which includes both inference detection and opinion mining. In short, this manual annotation determines whether or not a target contains an inference. If so, we then define inference type, polarity and topic. Using the results of this annotation, we observed several correlation relations which will be used to determine distinctive features for automatic inference classification in further research. We also demonstrate the results of three preliminary classification experiments.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yan, Liyun and E, Danni and Gan, Mei and Grouin, Cyril and Valette, Mathieu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4991--4999},
}

@inproceedings{sheoran_recommendation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Recommendation {Chart} of {Domains} for {Cross}-{Domain} {Sentiment} {Analysis}: {Findings} of {A} 20 {Domain} {Study}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.613},
	abstract = {Cross-domain sentiment analysis (CDSA) helps to address the problem of data scarcity in scenarios where labelled data for a domain (known as the target domain) is unavailable or insufficient. However, the decision to choose a domain (known as the source domain) to leverage from is, at best, intuitive. In this paper, we investigate text similarity metrics to facilitate source domain selection for CDSA. We report results on 20 domains (all possible pairs) using 11 similarity metrics. Specifically, we compare CDSA performance with these metrics for different domain-pairs to enable the selection of a suitable source domain, given a target domain. These metrics include two novel metrics for evaluating domain adaptability to help source domain selection of labelled data and utilize word and sentence-based embeddings as metrics for unlabelled data. The goal of our experiments is a recommendation chart that gives the K best source domains for CDSA for a given target domain. We show that the best K source domains returned by our similarity metrics have a precision of over 50\%, for varying values of K.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sheoran, Akash and Kanojia, Diptesh and Joshi, Aditya and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4982--4990},
}

@inproceedings{kameswari_manovaad_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Manovaad: {A} {Novel} {Approach} to {Event} {Oriented} {Corpus} {Creation} {Capturing} {Subjectivity} and {Focus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.609},
	abstract = {In today's era of globalisation, the increased outreach for every event across the world has been leading to conflicting opinions, arguments and disagreements, often reflected in print media and online social platforms. It is necessary to distinguish factual observations from personal judgements in news, as subjectivity in reporting can influence the audience's perception of reality. Several studies conducted on the different styles of reporting in journalism are essential in understanding phenomena such as media bias and multiple interpretations of the same event. This domain finds applications in fields such as Media Studies, Discourse Analysis, Information Extraction, Sentiment Analysis, and Opinion Mining. We present an event corpus Manovaad-v1.0 consisting of 1035 news articles corresponding to 65 events from 3 levels of newspapers viz., Local, National, and International levels. Using this novel format, we correlate the trends in the degree of subjectivity with the geographical closeness of reporting using a Bi-RNN model. We also analyse the role of background and focus in event reporting and capture the focus shift patterns within a global discourse structure for an event. We do this across different levels of reporting and compare the results with the existing work on discourse processing.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kameswari, Lalitha and Mamidi, Radhika},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4948--4954},
}

@inproceedings{rietzler_adapt_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Adapt or {Get} {Left} {Behind}: {Domain} {Adaptation} through {BERT} {Language} {Model} {Finetuning} for {Aspect}-{Target} {Sentiment} {Classification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.607},
	abstract = {Aspect-Target Sentiment Classification (ATSC) is a subtask of Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), which has many applications e.g. in e-commerce, where data and insights from reviews can be leveraged to create value for businesses and customers. Recently, deep transfer-learning methods have been applied successfully to a myriad of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, including ATSC. Building on top of the prominent BERT language model, we approach ATSC using a two-step procedure: self-supervised domain-specific BERT language model finetuning, followed by supervised task-specific finetuning. Our findings on how to best exploit domain-specific language model finetuning enable us to produce new state-of-the-art performance on the SemEval 2014 Task 4 restaurants dataset. In addition, to explore the real-world robustness of our models, we perform cross-domain evaluation. We show that a cross-domain adapted BERT language model performs significantly better than strong baseline models like vanilla BERT-base and XLNet-base. Finally, we conduct a case study to interpret model prediction errors.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rietzler, Alexander and Stabinger, Sebastian and Opitz, Paul and Engl, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4933--4941},
}

@inproceedings{van_den_berg_doctor_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Doctor {Who}? {Framing} {Through} {Names} and {Titles} in {German}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.606},
	abstract = {Entity framing is the selection of aspects of an entity to promote a particular viewpoint towards that entity. We investigate entity framing of political figures through the use of names and titles in German online discourse, enhancing current research in entity framing through titling and naming that concentrates on English only. We collect tweets that mention prominent German politicians and annotate them for stance. We find that the formality of naming in these tweets correlates positively with their stance. This confirms sociolinguistic observations that naming and titling can have a status-indicating function and suggests that this function is dominant in German tweets mentioning political figures. We also find that this status-indicating function is much weaker in tweets from users that are politically left-leaning than in tweets by right-leaning users. This is in line with observations from moral psychology that left-leaning and right-leaning users assign different importance to maintaining social hierarchies.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {van den Berg, Esther and Korfhage, Katharina and Ruppenhofer, Josef and Wiegand, Michael and Markert, Katja},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4924--4932},
}

@inproceedings{schmidt_how_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {How {Users} {React} to {Proactive} {Voice} {Assistant} {Behavior} {While} {Driving}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.61},
	abstract = {Nowadays Personal Assistants (PAs) are available in multiple environments and become increasingly popular to use via voice. Therefore, we aim to provide proactive PA suggestions to car drivers via speech. These suggestions should be neither obtrusive nor increase the drivers’ cognitive load, while enhancing user experience. To assess these factors, we conducted a usability study in which 42 participants perceive proactive voice output in a Wizard-of-Oz study in a driving simulator. Traffic density was varied during a highway drive and it included six in-car-specific use cases. The latter were presented by a proactive voice assistant and in a non-proactive control condition. We assessed the users’ subjective cognitive load and their satisfaction in different questionnaires during the interaction with both PA variants. Furthermore, we analyze the user reactions: both regarding their content and the elapsed response times to PA actions. The results show that proactive assistant behavior is rated similarly positive as non-proactive behavior. Furthermore, the participants agreed to 73.8\% of proactive suggestions. In line with previous research, driving-relevant use cases receive the best ratings, here we reach 82.5\% acceptance. Finally, the users reacted significantly faster to proactive PA actions, which we interpret as less cognitive load compared to non-proactive behavior.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schmidt, Maria and Minker, Wolfgang and Werner, Steffen},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {485--490},
}

@inproceedings{kang_empirical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Empirical} {Examination} of {Online} {Restaurant} {Reviews}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.608},
	abstract = {In the wake of (Pang et al., 2002; Turney, 2002; Liu, 2012) inter alia, opinion mining and sentiment analysis have focused on extracting either positive or negative opinions from texts and determining the targets of these opinions. In this study, we go beyond the coarse-grained positive vs. negative opposition and propose a corpus-based scheme that detects evaluative language at a finer-grained level. We classify each sentence into one of four evaluation types based on the proposed scheme: (1) the reviewer’s opinion on the restaurant (positive, negative, or mixed); (2) the reviewer’s input/feedback to potential customers and restaurant owners (suggestion, advice, or warning) (3) whether the reviewer wants to return to the restaurant (intention); (4) the factual statement about the experience (description). We apply classical machine learning and deep learning methods to show the effectiveness of our scheme. We also interpret the performances that we obtained for each category by taking into account the specificities of the corpus treated.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kang, Hyun Jung and Eshkol-Taravella, Iris},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4942--4947},
}

@inproceedings{antognini_hotelrec_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HotelRec}: a {Novel} {Very} {Large}-{Scale} {Hotel} {Recommendation} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.605},
	abstract = {Today, recommender systems are an inevitable part of everyone's daily digital routine and are present on most internet platforms. State-of-the-art deep learning-based models require a large number of data to achieve their best performance. Many datasets fulfilling this criterion have been proposed for multiple domains, such as Amazon products, restaurants, or beers. However, works and datasets in the hotel domain are limited: the largest hotel review dataset is below the million samples. Additionally, the hotel domain suffers from a higher data sparsity than traditional recommendation datasets and therefore, traditional collaborative-filtering approaches cannot be applied to such data. In this paper, we propose HotelRec, a very large-scale hotel recommendation dataset, based on TripAdvisor, containing 50 million reviews. To the best of our knowledge, HotelRec is the largest publicly available dataset in the hotel domain (50M versus 0.9M) and additionally, the largest recommendation dataset in a single domain and with textual reviews (50M versus 22M). We release HotelRec for further research: https://github.com/Diego999/HotelRec.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Antognini, Diego and Faltings, Boi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4917--4923},
}

@inproceedings{alsiyat_metaphorical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Metaphorical {Expressions} in {Automatic} {Arabic} {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.604},
	abstract = {Over the recent years, Arabic language resources and NLP tools have been under rapid development. One of the important tasks for Arabic natural language processing is the sentiment analysis. While a significant improvement has been achieved in this research area, the existing computational models and tools still suffer from the lack of capability of dealing with Arabic metaphorical expressions. Metaphor has an important role in Arabic language due to its unique history and culture. Metaphors provide a linguistic mechanism for expressing ideas and notions that can be different from their surface form. Therefore, in order to efficiently identify true sentiment of Arabic language data, a computational model needs to be able to “read between lines”. In this paper, we examine the issue of metaphors in automatic Arabic sentiment analysis by carrying out an experiment, in which we observe the performance of a state-of-art Arabic sentiment tool on metaphors and analyse the result to gain a deeper insight into the issue. Our experiment evidently shows that metaphors have a significant impact on the performance of current Arabic sentiment tools, and it is an important task to develop Arabic language resources and computational models for Arabic metaphors.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alsiyat, Israa and Piao, Scott},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4911--4916},
}

@inproceedings{klubicka_english_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {English {WordNet} {Random} {Walk} {Pseudo}-{Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.602},
	abstract = {This is a resource description paper that describes the creation and properties of a set of pseudo-corpora generated artificially from a random walk over the English WordNet taxonomy. Our WordNet taxonomic random walk implementation allows the exploration of different random walk hyperparameters and the generation of a variety of different pseudo-corpora. We find that different combinations of parameters result in varying statistical properties of the generated pseudo-corpora. We have published a total of 81 pseudo-corpora that we have used in our previous research, but have not exhausted all possible combinations of hyperparameters, which is why we have also published a codebase that allows the generation of additional WordNet taxonomic pseudo-corpora as needed. Ultimately, such pseudo-corpora can be used to train taxonomic word embeddings, as a way of transferring taxonomic knowledge into a word embedding space.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Klubička, Filip and Maldonado, Alfredo and Mahalunkar, Abhijit and Kelleher, John},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4893--4902},
}

@inproceedings{vezzani_formal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On the {Formal} {Standardization} of {Terminology} {Resources}: {The} {Case} {Study} of {TriMED}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.603},
	abstract = {The process of standardization plays an important role in the management of terminological resources. In this context, we present the work of re-modeling an existing multilingual terminological database for the medical domain, named TriMED. This resource was conceived in order to tackle some problems related to the complexity of medical terminology and to respond to different users' needs. We provide a methodology that should be followed in order to make a termbase compliant to the three most recent ISO/TC 37 standards. In particular, we focus on the definition of i) the structural meta-model of the resource, ii) the data categories provided, and iii) the TBX format for its implementation. In addition to the formal standardization of the resource, we describe the realization of a new data category repository for the management of the TriMED terminological data and a Web application that can be used to access the multilingual terminological records.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vezzani, Federica and Di Nunzio, Giorgio Maria},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4903--4910},
}

@inproceedings{bonn_spatial_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Spatial {AMR}: {Expanded} {Spatial} {Annotation} in the {Context} of a {Grounded} {Minecraft} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.601},
	abstract = {This paper presents an expansion to the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) annotation schema that captures fine-grained semantically and pragmatically derived spatial information in grounded corpora. We describe a new lexical category conceptualization and set of spatial annotation tools built in the context of a multimodal corpus consisting of 170 3D structure-building dialogues between a human architect and human builder in Minecraft. Minecraft provides a particularly beneficial spatial relation-elicitation environment because it automatically tracks locations and orientations of objects and avatars in the space according to an absolute Cartesian coordinate system. Through a two-step process of sentence-level and document-level annotation designed to capture implicit information, we leverage these coordinates and bearings in the AMRs in combination with spatial framework annotation to ground the spatial language in the dialogues to absolute space.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bonn, Julia and Palmer, Martha and Cai, Zheng and Wright-Bettner, Kristin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4883--4892},
}

@inproceedings{dekova_ontology_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Ontology} of {Bulgarian} {Dialects} – {Architecture} and {Information} {Retrieval}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.600},
	abstract = {Following a concise description of the structure, the paper focuses on the potential of the Ontology of the Bulgarian Dialects, which demonstrates a novel usage of the ontological modelling for the purposes of dialect digital archiving and information processing. The ontology incorporates information on the dialects of the Bulgarian language and includes data from 84 dialects, spoken not only on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, but also abroad. It encodes both their geographical distribution and some of their main diagnostic features, such as the different mutations (also referred to as reflexes) of some of the Old Bulgarian vowels. The mutations modelled so far in the ontology include the reflex of the back nasal vowel /ѫ/ under stress, the reflex of the back er vowel /ъ/ under stress, and the reflex of the yat vowel /ѣ/ under stress when it precedes a syllable with a back vowel. Besides the opportunity for formal structuring of the considerable amount of data gathered through the years by dialectologists, the ontology also provides numerous possibilities for information retrieval – searches by dialect, country, dialect region, city or village, various combinations of diagnostic features.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dekova, Rositsa},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4877--4882},
}

@inproceedings{chierici_margarita_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Margarita} {Dialogue} {Corpus}: {A} {Data} {Set} for {Time}-{Offset} {Interactions} and {Unstructured} {Dialogue} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.60},
	abstract = {Time-Offset Interaction Applications (TOIAs) are systems that simulate face-to-face conversations between humans and digital human avatars recorded in the past. Developing a well-functioning TOIA involves several research areas: artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction, natural language processing, question answering, and dialogue systems. The first challenges are to define a sensible methodology for data collection and to create useful data sets for training the system to retrieve the best answer to a user's question. In this paper, we present three main contributions: a methodology for creating the knowledge base for a TOIA, a dialogue corpus, and baselines for single-turn answer retrieval. We develop the methodology using a two-step strategy. First, we let the avatar maker list pairs by intuition, guessing what possible questions a user may ask to the avatar. Second, we record actual dialogues between random individuals and the avatar-maker. We make the Margarita Dialogue Corpus available to the research community. This corpus comprises the knowledge base in text format, the video clips for each answer, and the annotated dialogues.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chierici, Alberto and Habash, Nizar and Bicec, Margarita},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {476--484},
}

@inproceedings{bamman_annotated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Annotated} {Dataset} of {Coreference} in {English} {Literature}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.6},
	abstract = {We present in this work a new dataset of coreference annotations for works of literature in English, covering 29,103 mentions in 210,532 tokens from 100 works of fiction published between 1719 and 1922. This dataset differs from previous coreference corpora in containing documents whose average length (2,105.3 words) is four times longer than other benchmark datasets (463.7 for OntoNotes), and contains examples of difficult coreference problems common in literature. This dataset allows for an evaluation of cross-domain performance for the task of coreference resolution, and analysis into the characteristics of long-distance within-document coreference.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bamman, David and Lewke, Olivia and Mansoor, Anya},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {44--54},
}

@inproceedings{bou_ontology-style_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Ontology-{Style} {Relation} {Annotation}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.599},
	abstract = {This paper proposes an Ontology-Style Relation (OSR) annotation approach. In conventional Relation Extraction (RE) datasets, relations are annotated as links between entity mentions. In contrast, in our OSR annotation, a relation is annotated as a relation mention (i.e., not a link but a node) and domain and range links are annotated from the relation mention to its argument entity mentions. We expect the following benefits: (1) the relation annotations can be easily converted to Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples to populate an Ontology, (2) some part of conventional RE tasks can be tackled as Named Entity Recognition (NER) tasks. The relation classes are limited to several RDF properties such as domain, range, and subClassOf, and (3) OSR annotations can be clear documentations of Ontology contents. As a case study, we converted an in-house corpus of Japanese traffic rules in conventional annotations into the OSR annotations and built a novel OSR-RoR (Rules of the Road) corpus. The inter-annotator agreements of the conversion were 85-87\%. We evaluated the performance of neural NER and RE tools on the conventional and OSR annotations. The experimental results showed that the OSR annotations make the RE task easier while introducing slight complexity into the NER task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bou, Savong and Suzuki, Naoki and Miwa, Makoto and Sasaki, Yutaka},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4867--4876},
}

@inproceedings{branco_mwnpt_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {MWN}.{PT} {WordNet} for {Portuguese}: {Projection}, {Validation}, {Cross}-lingual {Alignment} and {Distribution}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.598},
	abstract = {The objective of the present paper is twofold, to present the MWN.PT WordNet and to report on its construction and on the lessons learned with it. The MWN.PT WordNet for Portuguese includes 41,000 concepts, expressed by 38,000 lexical units. Its synsets were manually validated and are linked to semantically equivalent synsets of the Princeton WordNet of English, and thus transitively to the many wordnets for other languages that are also linked to this English wordnet. To the best of our knowledge, it is the largest high quality, manually validated and cross-lingually integrated, wordnet of Portuguese distributed for reuse. Its construction was initiated more than one decade ago and its description is published for the first time in the present paper. It follows a three step {\textless}projection, validation with alignment, completion{\textgreater} methodology consisting on the manual validation and expansion of the outcome of an automatic projection procedure of synsets and their hypernym relations, followed by another automatic procedure that transferred the relations of remaining semantic types across wordnets of different languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Branco, António and Grilo, Sara and Bolrinha, Márcia and Saedi, Chakaveh and Branco, Ruben and Silva, João and Querido, Andreia and de Carvalho, Rita and Gaudio, Rosa and Avelãs, Mariana and Pinto, Clara},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4859--4866},
}

@inproceedings{alsudias_developing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Developing an {Arabic} {Infectious} {Disease} {Ontology} to {Include} {Non}-{Standard} {Terminology}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.596},
	abstract = {Building ontologies is a crucial part of the semantic web endeavour. In recent years, research interest has grown rapidly in supporting languages such as Arabic in NLP in general but there has been very little research on medical ontologies for Arabic. We present a new Arabic ontology in the infectious disease domain to support various important applications including the monitoring of infectious disease spread via social media. This ontology meaningfully integrates the scientific vocabularies of infectious diseases with their informal equivalents. We use ontology learning strategies with manual checking to build the ontology. We applied three statistical methods for term extraction from selected Arabic infectious diseases articles: TF-IDF, C-value, and YAKE. We also conducted a study, by consulting around 100 individuals, to discover the informal terms related to infectious diseases in Arabic. In future work, we will automatically extract the relations for infectious disease concepts but for now these are manually created. We report two complementary experiments to evaluate the ontology. First, a quantitative evaluation of the term extraction results and an additional qualitative evaluation by a domain expert.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alsudias, Lama and Rayson, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4842--4850},
}

@inproceedings{oliver_aligning_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Aligning {Wikipedia} with {WordNet}:a {Review} and {Evaluation} of {Different} {Techniques}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.597},
	abstract = {In this paper we explore techniques for aligning Wikipedia articles with WordNet synsets, their successful alignment being our main goal. We evaluate techniques that use the definitions and sense relations in Wordnet and the text and categories in Wikipedia articles. The results we present are based on two evaluation strategies: one uses a new gold and silver standard (for which the creation process is explained); the other creates wordnets in other languages and then compares them with existing wordnets for those languages found in the Open Multilingual Wordnet project. A reliable alignment between WordNet and Wikipedia is a very valuable resource for the creation of new wordnets in other languages and for the development of existing wordnets. The evaluation of alignments between WordNet and lexical resources is a difficult and time-consuming task, but the evaluation strategy using the Open Multilingual Wordnet can be used as an automated evaluation measure to assess the quality of alignments between these two resources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Oliver, Antoni},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4851--4858},
}

@inproceedings{lendvai_detection_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Detection of {Reading} {Absorption} in {User}-{Generated} {Book} {Reviews}: {Resources} {Creation} and {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.595},
	abstract = {To detect how and when readers are experiencing engagement with a literary work, we bring together empirical literary studies and language technology via focusing on the affective state of absorption. The goal of our resource development is to enable the detection of different levels of reading absorption in millions of user-generated reviews hosted on social reading platforms. We present a corpus of social book reviews in English that we annotated with reading absorption categories. Based on these data, we performed supervised, sentence level, binary classification of the explicit presence vs. absence of the mental state of absorption. We compared the performances of classical machine learners where features comprised sentence representations obtained from a pretrained embedding model (Universal Sentence Encoder) vs. neural classifiers in which sentence embedding vector representations are adapted or fine-tuned while training for the absorption recognition task. We discuss the challenges in creating the labeled data as well as the possibilities for releasing a benchmark corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lendvai, Piroska and Darányi, Sándor and Geng, Christian and Kuijpers, Moniek and Lopez de Lacalle, Oier and Mensonides, Jean-Christophe and Rebora, Simone and Reichel, Uwe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4835--4841},
}

@inproceedings{santos_word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Word {Embedding} {Evaluation} in {Downstream} {Tasks} and {Semantic} {Analogies}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.594},
	abstract = {Language Models have long been a prolific area of study in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). One of the newer kinds of language models, and some of the most used, are Word Embeddings (WE). WE are vector space representations of a vocabulary learned by a non-supervised neural network based on the context in which words appear. WE have been widely used in downstream tasks in many areas of study in NLP. These areas usually use these vector models as a feature in the processing of textual data. This paper presents the evaluation of newly released WE models for the Portuguese langauage, trained with a corpus composed of 4.9 billion tokens. The first evaluation presented an intrinsic task in which WEs had to correctly build semantic and syntactic relations. The second evaluation presented an extrinsic task in which the WE models were used in two downstream tasks: Named Entity Recognition and Semantic Similarity between Sentences. Our results show that a diverse and comprehensive corpus can often outperform a larger, less textually diverse corpus, and that batch training may cause quality loss in WE models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Santos, Joaquim and Consoli, Bernardo and Vieira, Renata},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4828--4834},
}

@inproceedings{dougal_improving_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Improving {NMT} {Quality} {Using} {Terminology} {Injection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.593},
	abstract = {Many organizations use domain- or organization-specific words and phrases. This paper explores the use of vetted terminology as an input to neural machine translation (NMT) for improved results: ensuring that the translation of individual terms is consistent with an approved multilingual terminology collection. We discuss, implement, and evaluate a method for injecting terminology and for evaluating terminology injection. Our use of the long short-term memory (LSTM) attention mechanism prevalent in state-of-the-art NMT systems involves attention vectors for correctly identifying semantic entities and aligning the tokens that represent them, both in the source and the target languages. Appropriate terminology is then injected into matching alignments during decoding. We also introduce a new translation metric more sensitive to approved terminological content in MT output.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dougal, Duane K. and Lonsdale, Deryle},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4820--4827},
}

@inproceedings{martinc_leveraging_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Leveraging {Contextual} {Embeddings} for {Detecting} {Diachronic} {Semantic} {Shift}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.592},
	abstract = {We propose a new method that leverages contextual embeddings for the task of diachronic semantic shift detection by generating time specific word representations from BERT embeddings. The results of our experiments in the domain specific LiverpoolFC corpus suggest that the proposed method has performance comparable to the current state-of-the-art without requiring any time consuming domain adaptation on large corpora. The results on the newly created Brexit news corpus suggest that the method can be successfully used for the detection of a short-term yearly semantic shift. And lastly, the model also shows promising results in a multilingual settings, where the task was to detect differences and similarities between diachronic semantic shifts in different languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Martinc, Matej and Kralj Novak, Petra and Pollak, Senja},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4811--4819},
}

@inproceedings{domotor_much_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Much {Ado} {About} {Nothing} – {Identification} of {Zero} {Copulas} in {Hungarian} {Using} an {NMT} {Model}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.591},
	abstract = {The research presented in this paper concerns zero copulas in Hungarian, i.e. the phenomenon that nominal predicates lack an explicit verbal copula in the default present tense 3rd person indicative case. We created a tool based on the state-of-the-art transformer architecture implemented in Marian NMT framework that can identify and mark the location of zero copulas, i.e. the position where an overt copula would appear in the non-default cases. Our primary aim was to support quantitative corpus-based linguistic research by creating a tool that can be used to compile a corpus of significant size containing examples of nominal predicates including the location of the zero copulas. We created the training corpus for our system transforming sentences containing overt copulas into ones containing zero copula labels. However, we first needed to disambiguate occurrences of the massively ambiguous verb van `exist/be/have'. We performed this using a rule-base classifier relying on English translations in the English-Hungarian parallel subcorpus of the OpenSubtitles corpus. We created several NMT-based models using different sampling methods and optionally using our baseline model to synthesize additional training data. Our best model obtains almost 90\% precision and 80\% recall on an in-domain test set.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dömötör, Andrea and Yang, Zijian Győző and Novák, Attila},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4802--4810},
}

@inproceedings{novak_cbow-tag_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CBOW}-tag: a {Modified} {CBOW} {Algorithm} for {Generating} {Embedding} {Models} from {Annotated} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.590},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a modified version of the CBOW algorithm implemented in the fastText framework. Our modified algorithm, CBOW-tag builds a vector space model that includes the representation of the original word forms and their annotation at the same time. We illustrate the results by presenting a model built from a corpus that includes morphological and syntactic annotations. The simultaneous presence of unannotated elements and different annotations at the same time in the model makes it possible to constrain nearest neighbour queries to specific types of elements. The model can thus efficiently answer questions such as What do we eat?, What can we do with a skeleton? What else do we do with what we eat?, etc. Error analysis reveals that the model can highlight errors introduced into the annotation by the tagger and parser we used to generate the annotations as well as lexical peculiarities in the corpus itself, especially if we do not limit the vocabulary of the model to frequent items.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Novák, Attila and Laki, László and Novák, Borbála},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4798--4801},
}

@inproceedings{priego-valverde_cheese_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {"{Cheese}!": a {Corpus} of {Face}-to-face {French} {Interactions}. {A} {Case} {Study} for {Analyzing} {Smiling} and {Conversational} {Humor}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.59},
	abstract = {Cheese! is a conversational corpus. It consists of 11 French face-to-face conversations lasting around 15 minutes each. Cheese! is a duplication of an American corpus (ref) in order to conduct a cross-cultural comparison of participants’ smiling behavior in humorous and non-humorous sequences in American English and French conversations. In this article, the methodology used to collect and enrich the corpus is presented: experimental protocol, technical choices, transcription, semi-automatic annotations, manual annotations of smiling and humor. An exploratory study investigating the links between smile and humor is then proposed. Based on the analysis of two interactions, two questions are asked: (1) Does smile frame humor? (2) Does smile has an impact on its success or failure? If the experimental design of Cheese! has been elaborated to study specifically smiles and humor in conversations, the high quality of the dataset obtained, and the methodology used are also replicable and can be applied to analyze many other conversational activities and other multimodal modalities.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Priego-Valverde, Béatrice and Bigi, Brigitte and Amoyal, Mary},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {467--475},
}

@inproceedings{torregrossa_correlation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On the {Correlation} of {Word} {Embedding} {Evaluation} {Metrics}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.589},
	abstract = {Word embeddings intervene in a wide range of natural language processing tasks. These geometrical representations are easy to manipulate for automatic systems. Therefore, they quickly invaded all areas of language processing. While they surpass all predecessors, it is still not straightforward why and how they do so. In this article, we propose to investigate all kind of evaluation metrics on various datasets in order to discover how they correlate with each other. Those correlations lead to 1) a fast solution to select the best word embeddings among many others, 2) a new criterion that may improve the current state of static Euclidean word embeddings, and 3) a way to create a set of complementary datasets, i.e. each dataset quantifies a different aspect of word embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Torregrossa, François and Claveau, Vincent and Kooli, Nihel and Gravier, Guillaume and Allesiardo, Robin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4789--4797},
}

@inproceedings{agerri_give_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Give your {Text} {Representation} {Models} some {Love}: the {Case} for {Basque}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.588},
	abstract = {Word embeddings and pre-trained language models allow to build rich representations of text and have enabled improvements across most NLP tasks. Unfortunately they are very expensive to train, and many small companies and research groups tend to use models that have been pre-trained and made available by third parties, rather than building their own. This is suboptimal as, for many languages, the models have been trained on smaller (or lower quality) corpora. In addition, monolingual pre-trained models for non-English languages are not always available. At best, models for those languages are included in multilingual versions, where each language shares the quota of substrings and parameters with the rest of the languages. This is particularly true for smaller languages such as Basque. In this paper we show that a number of monolingual models (FastText word embeddings, FLAIR and BERT language models) trained with larger Basque corpora produce much better results than publicly available versions in downstream NLP tasks, including topic classification, sentiment classification, PoS tagging and NER. This work sets a new state-of-the-art in those tasks for Basque. All benchmarks and models used in this work are publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Agerri, Rodrigo and San Vicente, Iñaki and Campos, Jon Ander and Barrena, Ander and Saralegi, Xabier and Soroa, Aitor and Agirre, Eneko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4781--4788},
}

@inproceedings{kim_representation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Representation {Learning} for {Unseen} {Words} by {Bridging} {Subwords} to {Semantic} {Networks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.587},
	abstract = {Pre-trained word embeddings are widely used in various fields. However, the coverage of pre-trained word embeddings only includes words that appeared in corpora where pre-trained embeddings are learned. It means that the words which do not appear in training corpus are ignored in tasks, and it could lead to the limited performance of neural models. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method to represent out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. Unlike prior works that solely utilize subword information or knowledge, our method makes use of both information to represent OOV words. To this end, we propose two stages of representation learning. In the first stage, we learn subword embeddings from the pre-trained word embeddings by using an additive composition function of subwords. In the second stage, we map the learned subwords into semantic networks (e.g., WordNet). We then re-train the subword embeddings by using lexical entries on semantic lexicons that could include newly observed subwords. This two-stage learning makes the coverage of words broaden to a great extent. The experimental results clearly show that our method provides consistent performance improvements over strong baselines that use subwords or lexical resources separately.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kim, Yeachan and Kim, Kang-Min and Lee, SangKeun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4774--4780},
}

@inproceedings{wilson_urban_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Urban {Dictionary} {Embeddings} for {Slang} {NLP} {Applications}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.586},
	abstract = {The choice of the corpus on which word embeddings are trained can have a sizable effect on the learned representations, the types of analyses that can be performed with them, and their utility as features for machine learning models. To contribute to the existing sets of pre-trained word embeddings, we introduce and release the first set of word embeddings trained on the content of Urban Dictionary, a crowd-sourced dictionary for slang words and phrases. We show that although these embeddings are trained on fewer total tokens (by at least an order of magnitude compared to most popular pre-trained embeddings), they have high performance across a range of common word embedding evaluations, ranging from semantic similarity to word clustering tasks. Further, for some extrinsic tasks such as sentiment analysis and sarcasm detection where we expect to require some knowledge of colloquial language on social media data, initializing classifiers with the Urban Dictionary Embeddings resulted in improved performance compared to initializing with a range of other well-known, pre-trained embeddings that are order of magnitude larger in size.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wilson, Steven and Magdy, Walid and McGillivray, Barbara and Garimella, Kiran and Tyson, Gareth},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4764--4773},
}

@inproceedings{schneidermann_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards a {Gold} {Standard} for {Evaluating} {Danish} {Word} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.585},
	abstract = {This paper presents the process of compiling a model-agnostic similarity goal standard for evaluating Danish word embeddings based on human judgments made by 42 native speakers of Danish. Word embeddings resemble semantic similarity solely by distribution (meaning that word vectors do not reflect relatedness as differing from similarity), and we argue that this generalization poses a problem in most intrinsic evaluation scenarios. In order to be able to evaluate on both dimensions, our human-generated dataset is therefore designed to reflect the distinction between relatedness and similarity. The goal standard is applied for evaluating the "goodness" of six existing word embedding models for Danish, and it is discussed how a relatively low correlation can be explained by the fact that semantic similarity is substantially more challenging to model than relatedness, and that there seems to be a need for future human judgments to measure similarity in full context and along more than a single spectrum.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schneidermann, Nina and Hvingelby, Rasmus and Pedersen, Bolette},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4754--4763},
}

@inproceedings{maupome_language_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Language {Modeling} with a {General} {Second}-{Order} {RNN}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.584},
	abstract = {Different Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architectures update their state in different manners as the input sequence is processed. RNNs including a multiplicative interaction between their current state and the current input, second-order ones, show promising performance in language modeling. In this paper, we introduce a second-order RNNs that generalizes existing ones. Evaluating on the Penn Treebank dataset, we analyze how its different components affect its performance in character-lever recurrent language modeling. We perform our experiments controlling the parameter counts of models. We find that removing the first-order terms does not hinder performance. We perform further experiments comparing the effects of the relative size of the state space and the multiplicative interaction space on performance. Our expectation was that a larger states would benefit language models built on longer documents, and larger multiplicative interaction states would benefit ones built on larger input spaces. However, our results suggest that this is not the case and the optimal relative size is the same for both document tokenizations used.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Maupomé, Diego and Meurs, Marie-Jean},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4749--4753},
}

@inproceedings{schneider_is_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Is {Language} {Modeling} {Enough}? {Evaluating} {Effective} {Embedding} {Combinations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.583},
	abstract = {Universal embeddings, such as BERT or ELMo, are useful for a broad set of natural language processing tasks like text classification or sentiment analysis. Moreover, specialized embeddings also exist for tasks like topic modeling or named entity disambiguation. We study if we can complement these universal embeddings with specialized embeddings. We conduct an in-depth evaluation of nine well known natural language understanding tasks with SentEval. Also, we extend SentEval with two additional tasks to the medical domain. We present PubMedSection, a novel topic classification dataset focussed on the biomedical domain. Our comprehensive analysis covers 11 tasks and combinations of six embeddings. We report that combined embeddings outperform state of the art universal embeddings without any embedding fine-tuning. We observe that adding topic model based embeddings helps for most tasks and that differing pre-training tasks encode complementary features. Moreover, we present new state of the art results on the MPQA and SUBJ tasks in SentEval.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schneider, Rudolf and Oberhauser, Tom and Grundmann, Paul and Gers, Felix Alexander and Loeser, Alexander and Staab, Steffen},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4739--4748},
}

@inproceedings{ulcar_high_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {High {Quality} {ELMo} {Embeddings} for {Seven} {Less}-{Resourced} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.582},
	abstract = {Recent results show that deep neural networks using contextual embeddings significantly outperform non-contextual embeddings on a majority of text classification task. We offer precomputed embeddings from popular contextual ELMo model for seven languages: Croatian, Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Slovenian, and Swedish. We demonstrate that the quality of embeddings strongly depends on the size of training set and show that existing publicly available ELMo embeddings for listed languages shall be improved. We train new ELMo embeddings on much larger training sets and show their advantage over baseline non-contextual FastText embeddings. In evaluation, we use two benchmarks, the analogy task and the NER task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ulčar, Matej and Robnik-Šikonja, Marko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4731--4738},
}

@inproceedings{yang_ggp_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GGP}: {Glossary} {Guided} {Post}-processing for {Word} {Embedding} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.581},
	abstract = {Word embedding learning is the task to map each word into a low-dimensional and continuous vector based on a large corpus. To enhance corpus based word embedding models, researchers utilize domain knowledge to learn more distinguishable representations via joint optimization and post-processing based models. However, joint optimization based models require much training time. Existing post-processing models mostly consider semantic knowledge while learned embedding models show less functional information. Glossary is a comprehensive linguistic resource. And in previous works, the glossary is usually used to enhance the word representations via joint optimization based methods. In this paper, we post-process pre-trained word embedding models with incorporating the glossary and capture more topical and functional information. We propose GGP (Glossary Guided Post-processing word embedding) model which consists of a global post-processing function to fine-tune each word vector, and an auto-encoding model to learn sense representations, furthermore, constrains each post-processed word representation and the composition of its sense representations to be similar. We evaluate our model by comparing it with two state-of-the-art models on six word topical/functional similarity datasets, and the results show that it outperforms competitors by an average of 4.1\% across all datasets. And our model outperforms GloVe by more than 7\%.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yang, Ruosong and Cao, Jiannong and Wen, Zhiyuan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4726--4730},
}

@inproceedings{doughman_time-aware_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Time-{Aware} {Word} {Embeddings} for {Three} {Lebanese} {News} {Archives}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.580},
	abstract = {Word embeddings have proven to be an effective method for capturing semantic relations among distinct terms within a large corpus. In this paper, we present a set of word embeddings learnt from three large Lebanese news archives, which collectively consist of 609,386 scanned newspaper images and spanning a total of 151 years, ranging from 1933 till 2011. The diversified ideological nature of the news archives alongside the temporal variability of the embeddings offer a rare glimpse onto the variation of word representation across the left-right political spectrum. To train the word embeddings, Google’s Tesseract 4.0 OCR engine was employed to transcribe the scanned news archives, and various archive-level as well as decade-level word embeddings were learnt. To evaluate the accuracy of the learnt word embeddings, a benchmark of analogy tasks was used. Finally, we demonstrate an interactive system that allows the end user to visualize for a given word of interest, the variation of the top-k closest words in the embedding space as a function of time and across news archives using an animated scatter plot.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Doughman, Jad and Abu Salem, Fatima and Elbassuoni, Shady},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4717--4725},
}

@inproceedings{chen_jddc_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {JDDC} {Corpus}: {A} {Large}-{Scale} {Multi}-{Turn} {Chinese} {Dialogue} {Dataset} for {E}-commerce {Customer} {Service}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.58},
	abstract = {Human conversations are complicated and building a human-like dialogue agent is an extremely challenging task. With the rapid development of deep learning techniques, data-driven models become more and more prevalent which need a huge amount of real conversation data. In this paper, we construct a large-scale real scenario Chinese E-commerce conversation corpus, JDDC, with more than 1 million multi-turn dialogues, 20 million utterances, and 150 million words. The dataset reflects several characteristics of human-human conversations, e.g., goal-driven, and long-term dependency among the context. It also covers various dialogue types including task-oriented, chitchat and question-answering. Extra intent information and three well-annotated challenge sets are also provided. Then, we evaluate several retrieval-based and generative models to provide basic benchmark performance on the JDDC corpus. And we hope JDDC can serve as an effective testbed and benefit the development of fundamental research in dialogue task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chen, Meng and Liu, Ruixue and Shen, Lei and Yuan, Shaozu and Zhou, Jingyan and Wu, Youzheng and He, Xiaodong and Zhou, Bowen},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {459--466},
}

@inproceedings{liyanage_multi-lingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multi-lingual {Mathematical} {Word} {Problem} {Generation} using {Long} {Short} {Term} {Memory} {Networks} with {Enhanced} {Input} {Features}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.579},
	abstract = {A Mathematical Word Problem (MWP) differs from a general textual representation due to the fact that it is comprised of numerical quantities and units, in addition to text. Therefore, MWP generation should be carefully handled. When it comes to multi-lingual MWP generation, language specific morphological and syntactic features become additional constraints. Standard template-based MWP generation techniques are incapable of identifying these language specific constraints, particularly in morphologically rich yet low resource languages such as Sinhala and Tamil. This paper presents the use of a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network that is capable of generating elementary level MWPs, while satisfying the aforementioned constraints. Our approach feeds a combination of character embeddings, word embeddings, and Part of Speech (POS) tag embeddings to the LSTM, in which attention is provided for numerical values and units. We trained our model for three languages, English, Sinhala and Tamil using separate MWP datasets. Irrespective of the language and the type of the MWP, our model could generate accurate single sentenced and multi sentenced problems. Accuracy reported in terms of average BLEU score for English, Sinhala and Tamil languages were 22.97\%, 24.49\% and 20.74\%, respectively.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Liyanage, Vijini and Ranathunga, Surangika},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4709--4716},
}

@inproceedings{amin-nejad_exploring_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Exploring {Transformer} {Text} {Generation} for {Medical} {Dataset} {Augmentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.578},
	abstract = {Natural Language Processing (NLP) can help unlock the vast troves of unstructured data in clinical text and thus improve healthcare research. However, a big barrier to developments in this field is data access due to patient confidentiality which prohibits the sharing of this data, resulting in small, fragmented and sequestered openly available datasets. Since NLP model development requires large quantities of data, we aim to help side-step this roadblock by exploring the usage of Natural Language Generation in augmenting datasets such that they can be used for NLP model development on downstream clinically relevant tasks. We propose a methodology guiding the generation with structured patient information in a sequence-to-sequence manner. We experiment with state-of-the-art Transformer models and demonstrate that our augmented dataset is capable of beating our baselines on a downstream classification task. Finally, we also create a user interface and release the scripts to train generation models to stimulate further research in this area.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Amin-Nejad, Ali and Ive, Julia and Velupillai, Sumithra},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4699--4708},
}

@inproceedings{martin_controllable_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Controllable {Sentence} {Simplification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.577},
	abstract = {Text simplification aims at making a text easier to read and understand by simplifying grammar and structure while keeping the underlying information identical. It is often considered an all-purpose generic task where the same simplification is suitable for all; however multiple audiences can benefit from simplified text in different ways. We adapt a discrete parametrization mechanism that provides explicit control on simplification systems based on Sequence-to-Sequence models. As a result, users can condition the simplifications returned by a model on attributes such as length, amount of paraphrasing, lexical complexity and syntactic complexity. We also show that carefully chosen values of these attributes allow out-of-the-box Sequence-to-Sequence models to outperform their standard counterparts on simplification benchmarks. Our model, which we call ACCESS (as shorthand for AudienCe-CEntric Sentence Simplification), establishes the state of the art at 41.87 SARI on the WikiLarge test set, a +1.42 improvement over the best previously reported score.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Martin, Louis and de la Clergerie, Éric and Sagot, Benoît and Bordes, Antoine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4689--4698},
}

@inproceedings{sauder_best_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Best {Student} {Forcing}: {A} {Simple} {Training} {Mechanism} in {Adversarial} {Language} {Generation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.576},
	abstract = {Language models trained with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) have been considered as a mainstream solution in Natural Language Generation (NLG) for years. Recently, various approaches with Generative Adversarial Nets (GANs) have also been proposed. While offering exciting new prospects, GANs in NLG by far are nevertheless reportedly suffering from training instability and mode collapse, and therefore outperformed by conventional MLE models. In this work, we propose techniques for improving GANs in NLG, namely Best Student Forcing (BSF), a novel yet simple adversarial training mechanism in which generated sequences of high quality are selected as temporary ground-truth to further train the generator. We also use an ensemble of discriminators to increase training stability and sample diversity. Evaluation shows that the combination of BSF and multiple discriminators consistently performs better than previous GAN approaches over various metrics, and outperforms a baseline MLE in terms of Fr´ech´et Distance, a recently proposed metric capturing both sample quality and diversity.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sauder, Jonathan and Hu, Ting and Che, Xiaoyin and Mordido, Goncalo and Yang, Haojin and Meinel, Christoph},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4680--4688},
}

@inproceedings{wen_decode_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Decode with {Template}: {Content} {Preserving} {Sentiment} {Transfer}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.575},
	abstract = {Sentiment transfer aims to change the underlying sentiment of input sentences. The two major challenges in existing works lie in (1) effectively disentangling the original sentiment from input sentences; and (2) preserving the semantic content while transferring the sentiment. We find that identifying the sentiment-irrelevant content from input sentences to facilitate generating output sentences could address the above challenges and then propose the Decode with Template model in this paper. We first mask the explicit sentiment words in input sentences and use the rest parts as templates to eliminate the original sentiment. Then, we input the templates and the target sentiments into our bidirectionally guided variational auto-encoder (VAE) model to generate output. In our method, the template preserves most of the semantics in input sentences, and the bidirectionally guided decoding captures both forward and backward contextual information to generate output. Both two parts contribute to better content preservation. We evaluate our method on two review datasets, Amazon and Yelp, with automatic evaluation methods and human rating. The experimental results show that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art models, especially in content preservation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wen, Zhiyuan and Cao, Jiannong and Yang, Ruosong and Wang, Senzhang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4671--4679},
}

@inproceedings{shigeto_video_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Video {Caption} {Dataset} for {Describing} {Human} {Actions} in {Japanese}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.574},
	abstract = {In recent years, automatic video caption generation has attracted considerable attention. This paper focuses on the generation of Japanese captions for describing human actions. While most currently available video caption datasets have been constructed for English, there is no equivalent Japanese dataset. To address this, we constructed a large-scale Japanese video caption dataset consisting of 79,822 videos and 399,233 captions. Each caption in our dataset describes a video in the form of “who does what and where.” To describe human actions, it is important to identify the details of a person, place, and action. Indeed, when we describe human actions, we usually mention the scene, person, and action. In our experiments, we evaluated two caption generation methods to obtain benchmark results. Further, we investigated whether those generation methods could specify “who does what and where.”},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Shigeto, Yutaro and Yoshikawa, Yuya and Lin, Jiaqing and Takeuchi, Akikazu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4664--4670},
}

@inproceedings{hu_generating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Generating {Major} {Types} of {Chinese} {Classical} {Poetry} in a {Uniformed} {Framework}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.573},
	abstract = {Poetry generation is an interesting research topic in the field of text generation. As one of the most valuable literary and cultural heritages of China, Chinese classical poetry is very familiar and loved by Chinese people from generation to generation. It has many particular characteristics in its language structure, ranging from form, sound to meaning, thus is regarded as an ideal testing task for text generation. In this paper, we propose a GPT-2 based uniformed framework for generating major types of Chinese classical poems. We define a unified format for formulating all types of training samples by integrating detailed form information, then present a simple form- stressed weighting method in GPT-2 to strengthen the control to the form of the generated poems, with special emphasis on those forms with longer body length. Preliminary experimental results show this enhanced model can generate Chinese classical poems of major types with high quality in both form and content, validating the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The model has been incorporated into Jiuge, the most influential Chinese classical poetry generation system developed by Tsinghua University.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hu, Jinyi and Sun, Maosong},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4658--4663},
}

@inproceedings{klimt_muclex_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MucLex}: {A} {German} {Lexicon} for {Surface} {Realisation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.572},
	abstract = {Language resources for languages other than English are often scarce. Rule-based surface realisers need elaborate lexica in order to be able to generate correct language, especially in languages like German, which include many irregular word forms. In this paper, we present MucLex, a German lexicon for the Natural Language Generation task of surface realisation, based on the crowd-sourced online lexicon Wiktionary. MucLex contains more than 100,000 lemmata and more than 670,000 different word forms in a well-structured XML file and is available under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Klimt, Kira and Braun, Daniel and Schneider, Daniela and Matthes, Florian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4653--4657},
}

@inproceedings{marinova_reconstructing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Reconstructing {NER} {Corpora}: a {Case} {Study} on {Bulgarian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.571},
	abstract = {The paper reports on the usage of deep learning methods for improving a Named Entity Recognition (NER) training corpus and for predicting and annotating new types in a test corpus. We show how the annotations in a type-based corpus of named entities (NE) were populated as occurrences within it, thus ensuring density of the training information. A deep learning model was adopted for discovering inconsistencies in the initial annotation and for learning new NE types. The evaluation results get improved after data curation, randomization and deduplication.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Marinova, Iva and Laskova, Laska and Osenova, Petya and Simov, Kiril and Popov, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4647--4652},
}

@inproceedings{lawrie_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building {OCR}/{NER} {Test} {Collections}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.570},
	abstract = {Named entity recognition (NER) identifies spans of text that contain names. Many researchers have reported the results of NER on text created through optical character recognition (OCR) over the past two decades. Unfortunately, the test collections that support this research are annotated with named entities after optical character recognition (OCR) has been run. This means that the collection must be re-annotated if the OCR output changes. Instead by tying annotations to character locations on the page, a collection can be built that supports OCR and NER research without requiring re-annotation when either improves. This means that named entities are annotated on the transcribed text. The transcribed text is all that is needed to evaluate the performance of OCR. For NER evaluation, the tagged OCR output is aligned to the transcriptions the aligned files, creating modified files of each, which are scored. This paper presents a methodology for building such a test collection and releases a collection of Chinese OCR-NER data constructed using the methodology. The paper provides performance baselines for current OCR and NER systems applied to this new collection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lawrie, Dawn and Mayfield, James and Etter, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4639--4646},
}

@inproceedings{ortiz_suarez_establishing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Establishing a {New} {State}-of-the-{Art} for {French} {Named} {Entity} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.569},
	abstract = {The French TreeBank developed at the University Paris 7 is the main source of morphosyntactic and syntactic annotations for French. However, it does not include explicit information related to named entities, which are among the most useful information for several natural language processing tasks and applications. Moreover, no large-scale French corpus with named entity annotations contain referential information, which complement the type and the span of each mention with an indication of the entity it refers to. We have manually annotated the French TreeBank with such information, after an automatic pre-annotation step. We sketch the underlying annotation guidelines and we provide a few figures about the resulting annotations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ortiz Suárez, Pedro Javier and Dupont, Yoann and Muller, Benjamin and Romary, Laurent and Sagot, Benoît},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4631--4638},
}

@inproceedings{van_waterschoot_bliss_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{BLISS}: {An} {Agent} for {Collecting} {Spoken} {Dialogue} {Data} about {Health} and {Well}-being},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.57},
	abstract = {An important objective in health-technology is the ability to gather information about people's well-being. Structured interviews can be used to obtain this information, but are time-consuming and not scalable. Questionnaires provide an alternative way to extract such information, though typically lack depth. In this paper, we present our first prototype of the BLISS agent, an artificial intelligent agent which intends to automatically discover what makes people happy and healthy. The goal of Behaviour-based Language-Interactive Speaking Systems (BLISS) is to understand the motivations behind people's happiness by conducting a personalized spoken dialogue based on a happiness model. We built our first prototype of the model to collect 55 spoken dialogues, in which the BLISS agent asked questions to users about their happiness and well-being. Apart from a description of the BLISS architecture, we also provide details about our dataset, which contains over 120 activities and 100 motivations and is made available for usage.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {van Waterschoot, Jelte and Hendrickx, Iris and Khan, Arif and Klabbers, Esther and de Korte, Marcel and Strik, Helmer and Cucchiarini, Catia and Theune, Mariët},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {449--458},
}

@inproceedings{luoma_broad-coverage_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Broad}-coverage {Corpus} for {Finnish} {Named} {Entity} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.567},
	abstract = {We present a new manually annotated corpus for broad-coverage named entity recognition for Finnish. Building on the original Universal Dependencies Finnish corpus of 754 documents (200,000 tokens) representing ten different genres of text, we introduce annotation marking person, organization, location, product and event names as well as dates. The new annotation identifies in total over 10,000 mentions. An evaluation of inter-annotator agreement indicates that the quality and consistency of annotation are high, at 94.5\% F-score for exact match. A comprehensive evaluation using state-of-the-art machine learning methods demonstrates that the new resource maintains compatibility with a previously released single-domain corpus for Finnish NER and makes it possible to recognize named entity mentions in texts drawn from most domains at precision and recall approaching or exceeding 90\%. Remaining challenges such as the identification of names in blog posts and transcribed speech are also identified. The newly introduced Turku NER corpus and related resources introduced in this work are released under open licenses via https://turkunlp.org/turku-ner-corpus .},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Luoma, Jouni and Oinonen, Miika and Pyykönen, Maria and Laippala, Veronika and Pyysalo, Sampo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4615--4624},
}

@inproceedings{consoli_embeddings_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Embeddings for {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} in {Geoscience} {Portuguese} {Literature}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.568},
	abstract = {This work focuses on Portuguese Named Entity Recognition (NER) in the Geology domain. The only domain-specific dataset in the Portuguese language annotated for NER is the GeoCorpus. Our approach relies on BiLSTM-CRF neural networks (a widely used type of network for this area of research) that use vector and tensor embedding representations. Three types of embedding models were used (Word Embeddings, Flair Embeddings, and Stacked Embeddings) under two versions (domain-specific and generalized). The domain specific Flair Embeddings model was originally trained with a generalized context in mind, but was then fine-tuned with domain-specific Oil and Gas corpora, as there simply was not enough domain corpora to properly train such a model. Each of these embeddings was evaluated separately, as well as stacked with another embedding. Finally, we achieved state-of-the-art results for this domain with one of our embeddings, and we performed an error analysis on the language model that achieved the best results. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of domain-specific versus generalized embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Consoli, Bernardo and Santos, Joaquim and Gomes, Diogo and Cordeiro, Fabio and Vieira, Renata and Moreira, Viviane},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4625--4630},
}

@inproceedings{ruppenhofer_fine-grained_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Fine-grained {Named} {Entity} {Annotations} for {German} {Biographic} {Interviews}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.566},
	abstract = {We present a fine-grained NER annotations with 30 labels and apply it to German data. Building on the OntoNotes 5.0 NER inventory, our scheme is adapted for a corpus of transcripts of biographic interviews by adding categories for AGE and LAN(guage) and also features extended numeric and temporal categories. Applying the scheme to the spoken data as well as a collection of teaser tweets from newspaper sites, we can confirm its generality for both domains, also achieving good inter-annotator agreement. We also show empirically how our inventory relates to the well-established 4-category NER inventory by re-annotating a subset of the GermEval 2014 NER coarse-grained dataset with our fine label inventory. Finally, we use a BERT-based system to establish some baseline models for NER tagging on our two new datasets. Global results in in-domain testing are quite high on the two datasets, near what was achieved for the coarse inventory on the CoNLLL2003 data. Cross-domain testing produces much lower results due to the severe domain differences.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ruppenhofer, Josef and Rehbein, Ines and Flinz, Carolina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4605--4614},
}

@inproceedings{hvingelby_dane_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DaNE}: {A} {Named} {Entity} {Resource} for {Danish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.565},
	abstract = {We present a named entity annotation for the Danish Universal Dependencies treebank using the CoNLL-2003 annotation scheme: DaNE. It is the largest publicly available, Danish named entity gold annotation. We evaluate the quality of our annotations intrinsically by double annotating the entire treebank and extrinsically by comparing our annotations to a recently released named entity annotation of the validation and test sections of the Danish Universal Dependencies treebank. We benchmark the new resource by training and evaluating competitive architectures for supervised named entity recognition (NER), including FLAIR, monolingual (Danish) BERT and multilingual BERT. We explore cross-lingual transfer in multilingual BERT from five related languages in zero-shot and direct transfer setups, and we show that even with our modestly-sized training set, we improve Danish NER over a recent cross-lingual approach, as well as over zero-shot transfer from five related languages. Using multilingual BERT, we achieve higher performance by fine-tuning on both DaNE and a larger Bokmål (Norwegian) training set compared to only using DaNE. However, the highest performance isachieved by using a Danish BERT fine-tuned on DaNE. Our dataset enables improvements and applicability for Danish NER beyond cross-lingual methods. We employ a thorough error analysis of the predictions of the best models for seen and unseen entities, as well as their robustness on un-capitalized text. The annotated dataset and all the trained models are made publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hvingelby, Rasmus and Pauli, Amalie Brogaard and Barrett, Maria and Rosted, Christina and Lidegaard, Lasse Malm and Søgaard, Anders},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4597--4604},
}

@inproceedings{zhang_development_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Development of a {Medical} {Incident} {Report} {Corpus} with {Intention} and {Factuality} {Annotation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.563},
	abstract = {Medical incident reports (MIRs) are documents that record what happened in a medical incident. A typical MIR consists of two sections: a structured categorical part and an unstructured text part. Most texts in MIRs describe what medication was intended to be given and what was actually given, because what happened in an incident is largely due to discrepancies between intended and actual medications. Recognizing the intention of clinicians and the factuality of medication is essential to understand the causes of medical incidents and avoid similar incidents in the future. Therefore, we are developing an MIR corpus with annotation of intention and factuality as well as of medication entities and their relations. In this paper, we present our annotation scheme with respect to the definition of medication entities that we take into account, the method to annotate the relations between entities, and the details of the intention and factuality annotation. We then report the annotated corpus consisting of 349 Japanese medical incident reports.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zhang, Hongkuan and Sasano, Ryohei and Takeda, Koichi and Shui-Yee Wong, Zoie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4578--4584},
}

@inproceedings{faessler_progene_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ProGene} - {A} {Large}-scale, {High}-{Quality} {Protein}-{Gene} {Annotated} {Benchmark} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.564},
	abstract = {Genes and proteins constitute the fundamental entities of molecular genetics. We here introduce ProGene (formerly called FSU-PRGE), a corpus that reflects our efforts to cope with this important class of named entities within the framework of a long-lasting large-scale annotation campaign at the Jena University Language \& Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab. We assembled the entire corpus from 11 subcorpora covering various biological domains to achieve an overall subdomain-independent corpus. It consists of 3,308 MEDLINE abstracts with over 36k sentences and more than 960k tokens annotated with nearly 60k named entity mentions. Two annotators strove for carefully assigning entity mentions to classes of genes/proteins as well as families/groups, complexes, variants and enumerations of those where genes and proteins are represented by a single class. The main purpose of the corpus is to provide a large body of consistent and reliable annotations for supervised training and evaluation of machine learning algorithms in this relevant domain. Furthermore, we provide an evaluation of two state-of-the-art baseline systems — BioBert and flair — on the ProGene corpus. We make the evaluation datasets and the trained models available to encourage comparable evaluations of new methods in the future.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Faessler, Erik and Modersohn, Luise and Lohr, Christina and Hahn, Udo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4585--4596},
}

@inproceedings{yada_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards a {Versatile} {Medical}-{Annotation} {Guideline} {Feasible} {Without} {Heavy} {Medical} {Knowledge}: {Starting} {From} {Critical} {Lung} {Diseases}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.561},
	abstract = {Applying natural language processing (NLP) to medical and clinical texts can bring important social benefits by mining valuable information from unstructured text. A popular application for that purpose is named entity recognition (NER), but the annotation policies of existing clinical corpora have not been standardized across clinical texts of different types. This paper presents an annotation guideline aimed at covering medical documents of various types such as radiography interpretation reports and medical records. Furthermore, the annotation was designed to avoid burdensome requirements related to medical knowledge, thereby enabling corpus development without medical specialists. To achieve these design features, we specifically focus on critical lung diseases to stabilize linguistic patterns in corpora. After annotating around 1100 electronic medical records following the annotation scheme, we demonstrated its feasibility using an NER task. Results suggest that our guideline is applicable to large-scale clinical NLP projects.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yada, Shuntaro and Joh, Ayami and Tanaka, Ribeka and Cheng, Fei and Aramaki, Eiji and Kurohashi, Sadao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4565--4572},
}

@inproceedings{brandsen_creating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Creating a {Dataset} for {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} in the {Archaeology} {Domain}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.562},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present the development of a training dataset for Dutch Named Entity Recognition (NER) in the archaeology domain. This dataset was created as there is a dire need for semantic search within archaeology, in order to allow archaeologists to find structured information in collections of Dutch excavation reports, currently totalling around 60,000 (658 million words) and growing rapidly. To guide this search task, NER is needed. We created rigorous annotation guidelines in an iterative process, then instructed five archaeology students to annotate a number of documents. The resulting dataset contains 31k annotations between six entity types (artefact, time period, place, context, species \& material). The inter-annotator agreement is 0.95, and when we used this data for machine learning, we observed an increase in F1 score from 0.51 to 0.70 in comparison to a machine learning model trained on a dataset created in prior work. This indicates that the data is of high quality, and can confidently be used to train NER classifiers.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Brandsen, Alex and Verberne, Suzan and Wansleeben, Milco and Lambers, Karsten},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4573--4577},
}

@inproceedings{loffler_tag_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Tag {Me} {If} {You} {Can}! {Semantic} {Annotation} of {Biodiversity} {Metadata} with the {QEMP} {Corpus} and the {BiodivTagger}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.560},
	abstract = {Dataset Retrieval is gaining importance due to a large amount of research data and the great demand for reusing scientific data. Dataset Retrieval is mostly based on metadata, structured information about the primary data. Enriching these metadata with semantic annotations based on Linked Open Data (LOD) enables datasets, publications and authors to be connected and expands the search on semantically related terms. In this work, we introduce the BiodivTagger, an ontology-based Information Extraction pipeline, developed for metadata from biodiversity research. The system recognizes biological, physical and chemical processes, environmental terms, data parameters and phenotypes as well as materials and chemical compounds and links them to concepts in dedicated ontologies. To evaluate our pipeline, we created a gold standard of 50 metadata files (QEMP corpus) selected from five different data repositories in biodiversity research. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first annotated metadata corpus for biodiversity research data. The results reveal a mixed picture. While materials and data parameters are properly matched to ontological concepts in most cases, some ontological issues occurred for processes and environmental terms.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Löffler, Felicitas and Abdelmageed, Nora and Babalou, Samira and Kaur, Pawandeep and König-Ries, Birgitta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4557--4564},
}

@inproceedings{yamazaki_construction_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Construction and {Analysis} of a {Multimodal} {Chat}-talk {Corpus} for {Dialog} {Systems} {Considering} {Interpersonal} {Closeness}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.56},
	abstract = {There are high expectations for multimodal dialog systems that can make natural small talk with facial expressions, gestures, and gaze actions as next-generation dialog-based systems. Two important roles of the chat-talk system are keeping the user engaged and establishing rapport. Many studies have conducted user evaluations of such systems, some of which reported that considering the relationship with the user is an effective way to improve the subjective evaluation. To facilitate research of such dialog systems, we are currently constructing a large-scale multimodal dialog corpus focusing on the relationship between speakers. In this paper, we describe the data collection and annotation process, and analysis of the corpus collected in the early stage of the project. This corpus contains 19,303 utterances (10 hours) from 19 pairs of participants. A dialog act tag is annotated to each utterance by two annotators. We compare the frequency and the transition probability of the tags between different closeness levels to help construct a dialog system for establishing a relationship with the user.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yamazaki, Yoshihiro and Chiba, Yuya and Nose, Takashi and Ito, Akinori},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {443--448},
}

@inproceedings{jorgensen_norne_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{NorNE}: {Annotating} {Named} {Entities} for {Norwegian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.559},
	abstract = {This paper presents NorNE, a manually annotated corpus of named entities which extends the annotation of the existing Norwegian Dependency Treebank. Comprising both of the official standards of written Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk), the corpus contains around 600,000 tokens and annotates a rich set of entity types including persons, organizations, locations, geo-political entities, products, and events, in addition to a class corresponding to nominals derived from names. We here present details on the annotation effort, guidelines, inter-annotator agreement and an experimental analysis of the corpus using a neural sequence labeling architecture.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jørgensen, Fredrik and Aasmoe, Tobias and Ruud Husevåg, Anne-Stine and Øvrelid, Lilja and Velldal, Erik},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4547--4556},
}

@inproceedings{smith_scienceexamcer_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ScienceExamCER}: {A} {High}-{Density} {Fine}-{Grained} {Science}-{Domain} {Corpus} for {Common} {Entity} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.558},
	abstract = {Named entity recognition identifies common classes of entities in text, but these entity labels are generally sparse, limiting utility to downstream tasks. In this work we present ScienceExamCER, a densely-labeled semantic classification corpus of 133k mentions in the science exam domain where nearly all (96\%) of content words have been annotated with one or more fine-grained semantic class labels including taxonomic groups, meronym groups, verb/action groups, properties and values, and synonyms. Semantic class labels are drawn from a manually-constructed fine-grained typology of 601 classes generated through a data-driven analysis of 4,239 science exam questions. We show an off-the-shelf BERT-based named entity recognition model modified for multi-label classification achieves an accuracy of 0.85 F1 on this task, suggesting strong utility for downstream tasks in science domain question answering requiring densely-labeled semantic classification.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Smith, Hannah and Zhang, Zeyu and Culnan, John and Jansen, Peter},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4529--4546},
}

@inproceedings{mcnamee_tagging_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Tagging {Location} {Phrases} in {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.557},
	abstract = {For over thirty years researchers have studied the problem of automatically detecting named entities in written language. Throughout this time the majority of such work has focused on detection and classification of entities into coarse-grained types like: PERSON, ORGANIZATION, and LOCATION. Less attention has been focused on non-named mentions of entities, including non-named location phrases such as "the medical clinic in Telonge" or "2 km below the Dolin Maniche bridge". In this work we describe the Location Phrase Detection task to identify such spans. Our key accomplishments include: developing a sequential tagging approach; crafting annotation guidelines; building annotated datasets for English and Russian news; and, conducting experiments in automated detection of location phrases with both statistical and neural taggers. This work is motivated by extracting rich location information to support situational awareness during humanitarian crises such as natural disasters.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {McNamee, Paul and Mayfield, James and Costello, Cash and Bishop, Caitlyn and Anderson, Shelby},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4521--4528},
}

@inproceedings{klang_hedwig_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Hedwig: {A} {Named} {Entity} {Linker}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.554},
	abstract = {Named entity linking is the task of identifying mentions of named things in text, such as "Barack Obama" or "New York", and linking these mentions to unique identifiers. In this paper, we describe Hedwig, an end-to-end named entity linker, which uses a combination of word and character BILSTM models for mention detection, a Wikidata and Wikipedia-derived knowledge base with global information aggregated over nine language editions, and a PageRank algorithm for entity linking. We evaluated Hedwig on the TAC2017 dataset, consisting of news texts and discussion forums, and we obtained a final score of 59.9\% on CEAFmC+, an improvement over our previous generation linker Ugglan, and a trilingual entity link score of 71.9\%.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Klang, Marcus and Nugues, Pierre},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4501--4508},
}

@inproceedings{caubriere_where_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Where are we in {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} from {Speech}?},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.556},
	abstract = {Named entity recognition (NER) from speech is usually made through a pipeline process that consists in (i) processing audio using an automatic speech recognition system (ASR) and (ii) applying a NER to the ASR outputs. The latest data available for named entity extraction from speech in French were produced during the ETAPE evaluation campaign in 2012. Since the publication of ETAPE's campaign results, major improvements were done on NER and ASR systems, especially with the development of neural approaches for both of these components. In addition, recent studies have shown the capability of End-to-End (E2E) approach for NER / SLU tasks. In this paper, we propose a study of the improvements made in speech recognition and named entity recognition for pipeline approaches. For this type of systems, we propose an original 3-pass approach. We also explore the capability of an E2E system to do structured NER. Finally, we compare the performances of ETAPE's systems (state-of-the-art systems in 2012) with the performances obtained using current technologies. The results show the interest of the E2E approach, which however remains below an updated pipeline approach.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Caubrière, Antoine and Rosset, Sophie and Estève, Yannick and Laurent, Antoine and Morin, Emmanuel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4514--4520},
}

@inproceedings{barreaux_experiment_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Experiment} in {Annotating} {Animal} {Species} {Names} from {ISTEX} {Resources}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.555},
	abstract = {To exploit scientific publications from global research for TDM purposes, the ISTEX platform enriched its data with value-added information to ease access to its full-text documents. We built an experiment to explore new enrichment possibilities in documents focussing on scientific named entities recognition which could be integrated into ISTEX resources. This led to testing two detection tools for animal species names in a corpus of 100 documents in zoology. This makes it possible to provide the French scientific community with an annotated reference corpus available for use to measure these tools’ performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Barreaux, Sabine and Besagni, Dominique},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4509--4513},
}

@inproceedings{garcia_pablos_sensitive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Sensitive {Data} {Detection} and {Classification} in {Spanish} {Clinical} {Text}: {Experiments} with {BERT}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.552},
	abstract = {Massive digital data processing provides a wide range of opportunities and benefits, but at the cost of endangering personal data privacy. Anonymisation consists in removing or replacing sensitive information from data, enabling its exploitation for different purposes while preserving the privacy of individuals. Over the years, a lot of automatic anonymisation systems have been proposed; however, depending on the type of data, the target language or the availability of training documents, the task remains challenging still. The emergence of novel deep-learning models during the last two years has brought large improvements to the state of the art in the field of Natural Language Processing. These advancements have been most noticeably led by BERT, a model proposed by Google in 2018, and the shared language models pre-trained on millions of documents. In this paper, we use a BERT-based sequence labelling model to conduct a series of anonymisation experiments on several clinical datasets in Spanish. We also compare BERT with other algorithms. The experiments show that a simple BERT-based model with general-domain pre-training obtains highly competitive results without any domain specific feature engineering.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {García Pablos, Aitor and Perez, Naiara and Cuadros, Montse},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4486--4494},
}

@inproceedings{schulz_named_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Named {Entities} in {Medical} {Case} {Reports}: {Corpus} and {Experiments}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.553},
	abstract = {We present a new corpus comprising annotations of medical entities in case reports, originating from PubMed Central’s open access library. In the case reports, we annotate cases, conditions, findings, factors and negation modifiers. Moreover, where applicable, we annotate relations between these entities. As such, this is the first corpus of this kind made available to the scientific community in English. It enables the initial investigation of automatic information extraction from case reports through tasks like Named Entity Recognition, Relation Extraction and (sentence/paragraph) relevance detection. Additionally, we present four strong baseline systems for the detection of medical entities made available through the annotated dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schulz, Sarah and Ševa, Jurica and Rodriguez, Samuel and Ostendorff, Malte and Rehm, Georg},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4495--4500},
}

@inproceedings{leitner_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Dataset} of {German} {Legal} {Documents} for {Named} {Entity} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.551},
	abstract = {We describe a dataset developed for Named Entity Recognition in German federal court decisions. It consists of approx. 67,000 sentences with over 2 million tokens. The resource contains 54,000 manually annotated entities, mapped to 19 fine-grained semantic classes: person, judge, lawyer, country, city, street, landscape, organization, company, institution, court, brand, law, ordinance, European legal norm, regulation, contract, court decision, and legal literature. The legal documents were, furthermore, automatically annotated with more than 35,000 TimeML-based time expressions. The dataset, which is available under a CC-BY 4.0 license in the CoNNL-2002 format, was developed for training an NER service for German legal documents in the EU project Lynx.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Leitner, Elena and Rehm, Georg and Moreno-Schneider, Julian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4478--4485},
}

@inproceedings{eder_code_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CodE} {Alltag} 2.0 — {A} {Pseudonymized} {German}-{Language} {Email} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.550},
	abstract = {The vast amount of social communication distributed over various electronic media channels (tweets, blogs, emails, etc.), so-called user-generated content (UGC), creates entirely new opportunities for today's NLP research. Yet, data privacy concerns implied by the unauthorized use of these text streams as a data resource are often neglected. In an attempt to reconciliate the diverging needs of unconstrained raw data use and preservation of data privacy in digital communication, we here investigate the automatic recognition of privacy-sensitive stretches of text in UGC and provide an algorithmic solution for the protection of personal data via pseudonymization. Our focus is directed at the de-identification of emails where personally identifying information does not only refer to the sender but also to those people, locations, dates, and other identifiers mentioned in greetings, boilerplates and the content-carrying body of emails. We evaluate several de-identification procedures and systems on two hitherto non-anonymized German-language email corpora (CodE AlltagS+d and CodE AlltagXL), and generate fully pseudonymized versions for both (CodE Alltag 2.0) in which personally identifying information of all social actors addressed in these mails has been camouflaged (to the greatest extent possible).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Eder, Elisabeth and Krieg-Holz, Ulrike and Hahn, Udo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4466--4477},
}

@inproceedings{otegi_conversational_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Conversational {Question} {Answering} in {Low} {Resource} {Scenarios}: {A} {Dataset} and {Case} {Study} for {Basque}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.55},
	abstract = {Conversational Question Answering (CQA) systems meet user information needs by having conversations with them, where answers to the questions are retrieved from text. There exist a variety of datasets for English, with tens of thousands of training examples, and pre-trained language models have allowed to obtain impressive results. The goal of our research is to test the performance of CQA systems under low-resource conditions which are common for most non-English languages: small amounts of native annotations and other limitations linked to low resource languages, like lack of crowdworkers or smaller wikipedias. We focus on the Basque language, and present the first non-English CQA dataset and results. Our experiments show that it is possible to obtain good results with low amounts of native data thanks to cross-lingual transfer, with quality comparable to those obtained for English. We also discovered that dialogue history models are not directly transferable to another language, calling for further research. The dataset is publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Otegi, Arantxa and Agirre, Aitor and Campos, Jon Ander and Soroa, Aitor and Agirre, Eneko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {436--442},
}

@inproceedings{lee_chinese_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Chinese} {Corpus} for {Fine}-grained {Entity} {Typing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.548},
	abstract = {Fine-grained entity typing is a challenging task with wide applications. However, most existing datasets for this task are in English. In this paper, we introduce a corpus for Chinese fine-grained entity typing that contains 4,800 mentions manually labeled through crowdsourcing. Each mention is annotated with free-form entity types. To make our dataset useful in more possible scenarios, we also categorize all the fine-grained types into 10 general types. Finally, we conduct experiments with some neural models whose structures are typical in fine-grained entity typing and show how well they perform on our dataset. We also show the possibility of improving Chinese fine-grained entity typing through cross-lingual transfer learning.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lee, Chin and Dai, Hongliang and Song, Yangqiu and Li, Xin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4451--4457},
}

@inproceedings{hubkova_czech_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Czech {Historical} {Named} {Entity} {Corpus} v 1.0},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.549},
	abstract = {As the number of digitized archival documents increases very rapidly, named entity recognition (NER) in historical documents has become very important for information extraction and data mining. For this task an annotated corpus is needed, which has up to now been missing for Czech. In this paper we present a new annotated data collection for historical NER, composed of Czech historical newspapers. This corpus is freely available for research purposes. For this corpus, we have defined relevant domain-specific named entity types and created an annotation manual for corpus labelling. We further conducted some experiments on this corpus using recurrent neural networks. We experimented with randomly initialized embeddings and static and dynamic fastText word embeddings. We achieved 0.73 F1 score with a bidirectional LSTM model using static fastText embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hubková, Helena and Kral, Pavel and Pettersson, Eva},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4458--4465},
}

@inproceedings{kochmar_detecting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Detecting {Multiword} {Expression} {Type} {Helps} {Lexical} {Complexity} {Assessment}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.545},
	abstract = {Multiword expressions (MWEs) represent lexemes that should be treated as single lexical units due to their idiosyncratic nature. Multiple NLP applications have been shown to benefit from MWE identification, however the research on lexical complexity of MWEs is still an under-explored area. In this work, we re-annotate the Complex Word Identification Shared Task 2018 dataset of Yimam et al. (2017), which provides complexity scores for a range of lexemes, with the types of MWEs. We release the MWE-annotated dataset with this paper, and we believe this dataset represents a valuable resource for the text simplification community. In addition, we investigate which types of expressions are most problematic for native and non-native readers. Finally, we show that a lexical complexity assessment system benefits from the information about MWE types.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kochmar, Ekaterina and Gooding, Sian and Shardlow, Matthew},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4426--4435},
}

@inproceedings{berg_semi-supervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Semi}-supervised {Approach} for {De}-identification of {Swedish} {Clinical} {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.547},
	abstract = {An abundance of electronic health records (EHR) is produced every day within healthcare. The records possess valuable information for research and future improvement of healthcare. Multiple efforts have been done to protect the integrity of patients while making electronic health records usable for research by removing personally identifiable information in patient records. Supervised machine learning approaches for de-identification of EHRs need annotated data for training, annotations that are costly in time and human resources. The annotation costs for clinical text is even more costly as the process must be carried out in a protected environment with a limited number of annotators who must have signed confidentiality agreements. In this paper is therefore, a semi-supervised method proposed, for automatically creating high-quality training data. The study shows that the method can be used to improve recall from 84.75\% to 89.20\% without sacrificing precision to the same extent, dropping from 95.73\% to 94.20\%. The model’s recall is arguably more important for de-identification than precision.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Berg, Hanna and Dalianis, Hercules},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4444--4450},
}

@inproceedings{dumitrescu_introducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Introducing {RONEC} - the {Romanian} {Named} {Entity} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.546},
	abstract = {We present RONEC - the Named Entity Corpus for the Romanian language. The corpus contains over 26000 entities in 5000 annotated sentences, belonging to 16 distinct classes. The sentences have been extracted from a copy-right free newspaper, covering several styles. This corpus represents the first initiative in the Romanian language space specifically targeted for named entity recognition. It is available in BRAT and CoNLL-U Plus formats, and it is free to use and extend at github.com/dumitrescustefan/ronec},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dumitrescu, Stefan Daniel and Avram, Andrei-Marius},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4436--4443},
}

@inproceedings{krotova_joint_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Joint} {Approach} to {Compound} {Splitting} and {Idiomatic} {Compound} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.543},
	abstract = {Applications such as machine translation, speech recognition, and information retrieval require efficient handling of noun compounds as they are one of the possible sources for out of vocabulary words. In-depth processing of noun compounds requires not only splitting them into smaller components (or even roots) but also the identification of instances that should remain unsplitted as they are of idiomatic nature. We develop a two-fold deep learning-based approach of noun compound splitting and idiomatic compound detection for the German language that we train using a newly collected corpus of annotated German compounds. Our neural noun compound splitter operates on a sub-word level and outperforms the current state of the art by about 5\%},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Krotova, Irina and Aksenov, Sergey and Artemova, Ekaterina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4410--4417},
}

@inproceedings{hubers_dedicated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dedicated {Language} {Resources} for {Interdisciplinary} {Research} on {Multiword} {Expressions}: {Best} {Thing} since {Sliced} {Bread}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.544},
	abstract = {Multiword expressions such as idioms (beat about the bush), collocations (plastic surgery) and lexical bundles (in the middle of) are challenging for disciplines like Natural Language Processing (NLP), psycholinguistics and second language acquisition, , due to their more or less fixed character. Idiomatic expressions are especially problematic, because they convey a figurative meaning that cannot always be inferred from the literal meanings of the component words. Researchers acknowledge that important properties that characterize idioms such as frequency of exposure, familiarity, transparency, and imageability, should be taken into account in research, but these are typically properties that rely on subjective judgments. This is probably one of the reasons why many studies that investigated idiomatic expressions collected limited information about idiom properties for very small numbers of idioms only. In this paper we report on cross-boundary work aimed at developing a set of tools and language resources that are considered crucial for this kind of multifaceted research. We discuss the results of our research and suggest possible avenues for future research},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hubers, Ferdy and Cucchiarini, Catia and Strik, Helmer},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4418--4425},
}

@inproceedings{kurfali_multi-word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Multi}-word {Expression} {Dataset} for {Swedish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.542},
	abstract = {We present a new set of 96 Swedish multi-word expressions annotated with degree of (non-)compositionality. In contrast to most previous compositionality datasets we also consider syntactically complex constructions and publish a formal specification of each expression. This allows evaluation of computational models beyond word bigrams, which have so far been the norm. Finally, we use the annotations to evaluate a system for automatic compositionality estimation based on distributional semantics. Our analysis of the disagreements between human annotators and the distributional model reveal interesting questions related to the perception of compositionality, and should be informative to future work in the area.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kurfalı, Murathan and Östling, Robert and Sjons, Johan and Wirén, Mats},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4402--4409},
}

@inproceedings{nigam_varying_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Varying {Vector} {Representations} and {Integrating} {Meaning} {Shifts} into a {PageRank} {Model} for {Automatic} {Term} {Extraction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.540},
	abstract = {We perform a comparative study for automatic term extraction from domain-specific language using a PageRank model with different edge-weighting methods. We vary vector space representations within the PageRank graph algorithm, and we go beyond standard co-occurrence and investigate the influence of measures of association strength and first- vs. second-order co-occurrence. In addition, we incorporate meaning shifts from general to domain-specific language as personalized vectors, in order to distinguish between termhood strengths of ambiguous words across word senses. Our study is performed for two domain-specific English corpora: ACL and do-it-yourself (DIY); and a domain-specific German corpus: cooking. The models are assessed by applying average precision and the roc score as evaluation metrices.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nigam, Anurag and Hätty, Anna and Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4388--4394},
}

@inproceedings{fort_rigor_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Rigor {Mortis}: {Annotating} {MWEs} with a {Gamified} {Platform}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.541},
	abstract = {We present here Rigor Mortis, a gamified crowdsourcing platform designed to evaluate the intuition of the speakers, then train them to annotate multi-word expressions (MWEs) in French corpora. We previously showed that the speakers' intuition is reasonably good (65\% in recall on non-fixed MWE). We detail here the annotation results, after a training phase using some of the tests developed in the PARSEME-FR project.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fort, Karën and Guillaume, Bruno and Pilatte, Yann-Alan and Constant, Mathieu and Lefèbvre, Nicolas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4395--4401},
}

@inproceedings{kraus_comparison_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Comparison} of {Explicit} and {Implicit} {Proactive} {Dialogue} {Strategies} for {Conversational} {Recommendation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.54},
	abstract = {Recommendation systems aim at facilitating information retrieval for users by taking into account their preferences. Based on previous user behaviour, such a system suggests items or provides information that a user might like or find useful. Nonetheless, how to provide suggestions is still an open question. Depending on the way a recommendation is communicated influences the user’s perception of the system. This paper presents an empirical study on the effects of proactive dialogue strategies on user acceptance. Therefore, an explicit strategy based on user preferences provided directly by the user, and an implicit proactive strategy, using autonomously gathered information, are compared. The results show that proactive dialogue systems significantly affect the perception of human-computer interaction. Although no significant differences are found between implicit and explicit strategies, proactivity significantly influences the user experience compared to reactive system behaviour. The study contributes new insights to the human-agent interaction and the voice user interface design. Furthermore, we discover interesting tendencies that motivate futurework.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kraus, Matthias and Fischbach, Fabian and Jansen, Pascal and Minker, Wolfgang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {429--435},
}

@inproceedings{alipoor_variants_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Variants of {Vector} {Space} {Reductions} for {Predicting} the {Compositionality} of {English} {Noun} {Compounds}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.539},
	abstract = {Predicting the degree of compositionality of noun compounds such as "snowball" and "butterfly" is a crucial ingredient for lexicography and Natural Language Processing applications, to know whether the compound should be treated as a whole, or through its constituents, and what it means. Computational approaches for an automatic prediction typically represent and compare compounds and their constituents within a vector space and use distributional similarity as a proxy to predict the semantic relatedness between the compounds and their constituents as the compound’s degree of compositionality. This paper provides a systematic evaluation of vector-space reduction variants across kinds, exploring reductions based on part-of-speech next to and also in combination with Principal Components Analysis using Singular Value and word2vec embeddings. We show that word2vec and nouns only dimensionality reductions are the most successful and stable vector space variants for our task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alipoor, Pegah and Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4379--4387},
}

@inproceedings{castro_lifeqa_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LifeQA}: {A} {Real}-life {Dataset} for {Video} {Question} {Answering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.536},
	abstract = {We introduce LifeQA, a benchmark dataset for video question answering that focuses on day-to-day real-life situations. Current video question answering datasets consist of movies and TV shows. However, it is well-known that these visual domains are not representative of our day-to-day lives. Movies and TV shows, for example, benefit from professional camera movements, clean editing, crisp audio recordings, and scripted dialog between professional actors. While these domains provide a large amount of data for training models, their properties make them unsuitable for testing real-life question answering systems. Our dataset, by contrast, consists of video clips that represent only real-life scenarios. We collect 275 such video clips and over 2.3k multiple-choice questions. In this paper, we analyze the challenging but realistic aspects of LifeQA, and we apply several state-of-the-art video question answering models to provide benchmarks for future research. The full dataset is publicly available at https://lit.eecs.umich.edu/lifeqa/.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Castro, Santiago and Azab, Mahmoud and Stroud, Jonathan and Noujaim, Cristina and Wang, Ruoyao and Deng, Jia and Mihalcea, Rada},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4352--4358},
}

@inproceedings{strakatova_all_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {All {That} {Glitters} is {Not} {Gold}: {A} {Gold} {Standard} of {Adjective}-{Noun} {Collocations} for {German}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.538},
	abstract = {In this paper we present the GerCo dataset of adjective-noun collocations for German, such as alter Freund `old friend' and tiefe Liebe `deep love'. The annotation has been performed by experts based on the annotation scheme introduced in this paper. The resulting dataset contains 4,732 positive and negative instances of collocations and covers all the 16 semantic classes of adjectives as defined in the German wordnet GermaNet. The dataset can serve as a reliable empirical basis for comparing different theoretical frameworks concerned with collocations or as material for data-driven approaches to the studies of collocations including different machine learning experiments. This paper addresses the latter issue by using the GerCo dataset for evaluating different models on the task of automatic collocation identification. We compare lexical association measures with static and contextualized word embeddings. The experiments show that word embeddings outperform methods based on statistical association measures by a wide margin.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Strakatova, Yana and Falk, Neele and Fuhrmann, Isabel and Hinrichs, Erhard and Rossmann, Daniela},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4368--4378},
}

@inproceedings{bettinger_domain-specific_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Domain}-{Specific} {Dataset} of {Difficulty} {Ratings} for {German} {Noun} {Compounds} in the {Domains} {DIY}, {Cooking} and {Automotive}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.537},
	abstract = {We present a dataset with difficulty ratings for 1,030 German closed noun compounds extracted from domain-specific texts for do-it-ourself (DIY), cooking and automotive. The dataset includes two-part compounds for cooking and DIY, and two- to four-part compounds for automotive. The compounds were identified in text using the Simple Compound Splitter (Weller-Di Marco, 2017); a subset was filtered and balanced for frequency and productivity criteria as basis for manual annotation and fine-grained interpretation. This study presents the creation, the final dataset with ratings from 20 annotators and statistics over the dataset, to provide insight into the perception of domain-specific term difficulty. It is particularly striking that annotators agree on a coarse, binary distinction between easy vs. difficult domain-specific compounds but that a more fine grained distinction of difficulty is not meaningful. We finally discuss the challenges of an annotation for difficulty, which includes both the task description as well as the selection of the data basis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bettinger, Julia and Hätty, Anna and Dorna, Michael and Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4359--4367},
}

@inproceedings{jansen_introducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Introducing {MULAI}: {A} {Multimodal} {Database} of {Laughter} during {Dyadic} {Interactions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.534},
	abstract = {Although laughter has gained considerable interest from a diversity of research areas, there still is a need for laughter specific databases. We present the Multimodal Laughter during Interaction (MULAI) database to study the expressive patterns of conversational and humour related laughter. The MULAI database contains 2 hours and 14 minutes of recorded and annotated dyadic human-human interactions and includes 601 laughs, 168 speech-laughs and 538 on- or offset respirations. This database is unique in several ways; 1) it focuses on different types of social laughter including conversational- and humour related laughter, 2) it contains annotations from participants, who understand the social context, on how humourous they perceived themselves and their interlocutor during each task, and 3) it contains data rarely captured by other laughter databases including participant personality profiles and physiological responses. We use the MULAI database to explore the link between acoustic laughter properties and annotated humour ratings over two settings. The results reveal that the duration, pitch and intensity of laughs from participants do not correlate with their own perception of how humourous they are, however the acoustics of laughter do correlate with how humourous they are being perceived by their conversational partner.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jansen, Michel-Pierre and Truong, Khiet P. and Heylen, Dirk K.J. and Nazareth, Deniece S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4333--4342},
}

@inproceedings{oostdijk_connection_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Connection} between the {Text} and {Images} of {News} {Articles}: {New} {Insights} for {Multimedia} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.535},
	abstract = {We report on a case study of text and images that reveals the inadequacy of simplistic assumptions about their connection and interplay. The context of our work is a larger effort to create automatic systems that can extract event information from online news articles about flooding disasters. We carry out a manual analysis of 1000 articles containing a keyword related to flooding. The analysis reveals that the articles in our data set cluster into seven categories related to different topical aspects of flooding, and that the images accompanying the articles cluster into five categories related to the content they depict. The results demonstrate that flood-related news articles do not consistently report on a single, currently unfolding flooding event and we should also not assume that a flood-related image will directly relate to a flooding-event described in the corresponding article. In particular, spatiotemporal distance is important. We validate the manual analysis with an automatic classifier demonstrating the technical feasibility of multimedia analysis approaches that admit more realistic relationships between text and images. In sum, our case study confirms that closer attention to the connection between text and images has the potential to improve the collection of multimodal information from news articles.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Oostdijk, Nelleke and van Halteren, Hans and Bașar, Erkan and Larson, Martha},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4343--4351},
}

@inproceedings{ho-dac_ecalm_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {E:{Calm} {Resource}: a {Resource} for {Studying} {Texts} {Produced} by {French} {Pupils} and {Students}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.533},
	abstract = {The E:Calm resource is constructed from French student texts produced in a variety of usual contexts of teaching. The distinction of the E:Calm resource is to provide an ecological data set that gives a broad overview of texts written at elementary school, high school and university. This paper describes the whole data processing: encoding of the main graphical aspects of the handwritten primary sources according to the TEI-P5 norm; spelling standardizing; POS tagging and syntactic parsing evaluation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ho-Dac, Lydia-Mai and Fleury, Serge and Ponton, Claude},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4327--4332},
}

@inproceedings{trotta_adding_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Adding {Gesture}, {Posture} and {Facial} {Displays} to the {PoliModal} {Corpus} of {Political} {Interviews}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.532},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a multimodal corpus in the political domain, which on top of transcribed face-to-face interviews presents the annotation of facial displays, hand gestures and body posture. While the fully annotated corpus consists of 3 interviews for a total of 90 minutes, it is extracted from a larger available corpus of 56 face-to-face interviews (14 hours) that has been manually annotated with information about metadata (i.e. tools used for the transcription, link to the interview etc.), pauses (used to mark a pause either between or within utterances), vocal expressions (marking non-lexical expressions such as burp and semi-lexical expressions such as primary interjections), deletions (false starts, repetitions and truncated words) and overlaps. In this work, we describe the additional level of annotation relating to nonverbal elements used by three Italian politicians belonging to three different political parties and who at the time of the talk-show were all candidates for the presidency of the Council of Minister. We also present the results of some analyses aimed at identifying existing relations between the proxemics phenomena and the linguistic structures in which they occur in order to capture recurring patterns and differences in the communication strategy.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Trotta, Daniela and Palmero Aprosio, Alessio and Tonelli, Sara and Elia, Annibale},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4320--4326},
}

@inproceedings{alcantara_offensive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Offensive {Video} {Detection}: {Dataset} and {Baseline} {Results}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.531},
	abstract = {Web-users produce and publish high volumes of data of various types, such as text, images, and videos. The platforms try to restrain their users from publishing offensive content to keep a friendly and respectful environment and rely on moderators to filter the posts. However, this method is insufficient due to the high volume of publications. The identification of offensive material can be performed automatically using machine learning, which needs annotated datasets. Among the published datasets in this matter, the Portuguese language is underrepresented, and videos are little explored. We investigated the problem of offensive video detection by assembling and publishing a dataset of videos in Portuguese containing mostly textual features. We ran experiments using popular machine learning classifiers used in this domain and reported our findings, alongside multiple evaluation metrics. We found that using word embedding with Deep Learning classifiers achieved the best results on average. CNN architectures, Naive Bayes, and Random Forest ranked top among different experiments. Transfer Learning models outperformed Classic algorithms when processing video transcriptions, but scored lower using other feature sets. These findings can be used as a baseline for future works on this subject.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alcântara, Cleber and Moreira, Viviane and Feijo, Diego},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4309--4319},
}

@inproceedings{kameko_annotating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotating {Event} {Appearance} for {Japanese} {Chess} {Commentary} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.530},
	abstract = {In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in natural language processing related to the real world, such as symbol grounding, language generation, and non-linguistic data search by natural language queries. Researchers usually collect pairs of text and non-text data for research. However, the text and non-text data are not always a “true” pair. We focused on the shogi (Japanese chess) commentaries, which are accompanied by game states as a well-defined “real world”. For analyzing and processing texts accurately, considering only the given states is insufficient, and we must consider the relationship between texts and the real world. In this paper, we propose “Event Appearance” labels that show the relationship between events mentioned in texts and those happening in the real world. Our event appearance label set consists of temporal relation, appearance probability, and evidence of the event. Statistics of the annotated corpus and the experimental result show that there exists temporal relation which skillful annotators realize in common. However, it is hard to predict the relationship only by considering the given states.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kameko, Hirotaka and Mori, Shinsuke},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4302--4308},
}

@inproceedings{eric_multiwoz_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MultiWOZ} 2.1: {A} {Consolidated} {Multi}-{Domain} {Dialogue} {Dataset} with {State} {Corrections} and {State} {Tracking} {Baselines}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.53},
	abstract = {MultiWOZ 2.0 (Budzianowski et al., 2018) is a recently released multi-domain dialogue dataset spanning 7 distinct domains and containing over 10,000 dialogues. Though immensely useful and one of the largest resources of its kind to-date, MultiWOZ 2.0 has a few shortcomings. Firstly, there are substantial noise in the dialogue state annotations and dialogue utterances which negatively impact the performance of state-tracking models. Secondly, follow-up work (Lee et al., 2019) has augmented the original dataset with user dialogue acts. This leads to multiple co-existent versions of the same dataset with minor modifications. In this work we tackle the aforementioned issues by introducing MultiWOZ 2.1. To fix the noisy state annotations, we use crowdsourced workers to re-annotate state and utterances based on the original utterances in the dataset. This correction process results in changes to over 32\% of state annotations across 40\% of the dialogue turns. In addition, we fix 146 dialogue utterances by canonicalizing slot values in the utterances to the values in the dataset ontology. To address the second problem, we combined the contributions of the follow-up works into MultiWOZ 2.1. Hence, our dataset also includes user dialogue acts as well as multiple slot descriptions per dialogue state slot. We then benchmark a number of state-of-the-art dialogue state tracking models on the MultiWOZ 2.1 dataset and show the joint state tracking performance on the corrected state annotations. We are publicly releasing MultiWOZ 2.1 to the community, hoping that this dataset resource will allow for more effective models across various dialogue subproblems to be built in the future.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Eric, Mihail and Goel, Rahul and Paul, Shachi and Sethi, Abhishek and Agarwal, Sanchit and Gao, Shuyang and Kumar, Adarsh and Goyal, Anuj and Ku, Peter and Hakkani-Tur, Dilek},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {422--428},
}

@inproceedings{mdhaffar_multimodal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Multimodal} {Educational} {Corpus} of {Oral} {Courses}: {Annotation}, {Analysis} and {Case} {Study}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.529},
	abstract = {This corpus is part of the PAS℡ (Performing Automated Speech Transcription for Enhancing Learning) project aiming to explore the potential of synchronous speech transcription and application in specific teaching situations. It includes 10 hours of different lectures, manually transcribed and segmented. The main interest of this corpus lies in its multimodal aspect: in addition to speech, the courses were filmed and the written presentation supports (slides) are made available. The dataset may then serve researches in multiple fields, from speech and language to image and video processing. The dataset will be freely available to the research community. In this paper, we first describe in details the annotation protocol, including a detailed analysis of the manually labeled data. Then, we propose some possible use cases of the corpus with baseline results. The use cases concern scientific fields from both speech and text processing, with language model adaptation, thematic segmentation and transcription to slide alignment.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {mdhaffar, salima and Estève, Yannick and Laurent, Antoine and Hernandez, Nicolas and Dufour, Richard and Charlet, Delphine and Damnati, Geraldine and Quiniou, Solen and Camelin, Nathalie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4293--4301},
}

@inproceedings{adjali_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building a {Multimodal} {Entity} {Linking} {Dataset} {From} {Tweets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.528},
	abstract = {The task of Entity linking, which aims at associating an entity mention with a unique entity in a knowledge base (KB), is useful for advanced Information Extraction tasks such as relation extraction or event detection. Most of the studies that address this problem rely only on textual documents while an increasing number of sources are multimedia, in particular in the context of social media where messages are often illustrated with images. In this article, we address the Multimodal Entity Linking (MEL) task, and more particularly the problem of its evaluation. To this end, we propose a novel method to quasi-automatically build annotated datasets to evaluate methods on the MEL task. The method collects text and images to jointly build a corpus of tweets with ambiguous mentions along with a Twitter KB defining the entities. We release a new annotated dataset of Twitter posts associated with images. We study the key characteristics of the proposed dataset and evaluate the performance of several MEL approaches on it.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Adjali, Omar and Besançon, Romaric and Ferret, Olivier and Le Borgne, Hervé and Grau, Brigitte},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4285--4292},
}

@inproceedings{nishimura_visual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Visual {Grounding} {Annotation} of {Recipe} {Flow} {Graph}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.527},
	abstract = {In this paper, we provide a dataset that gives visual grounding annotations to recipe flow graphs. A recipe flow graph is a representation of the cooking workflow, which is designed with the aim of understanding the workflow from natural language processing. Such a workflow will increase its value when grounded to real-world activities, and visual grounding is a way to do so. Visual grounding is provided as bounding boxes to image sequences of recipes, and each bounding box is linked to an element of the workflow. Because the workflows are also linked to the text, this annotation gives visual grounding with workflow's contextual information between procedural text and visual observation in an indirect manner. We subsidiarily annotated two types of event attributes with each bounding box: “doing-the-action,” or “done-the-action”. As a result of the annotation, we got 2,300 bounding boxes in 272 flow graph recipes. Various experiments showed that the proposed dataset enables us to estimate contextual information described in recipe flow graphs from an image sequence.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nishimura, Taichi and Tomori, Suzushi and Hashimoto, Hayato and Hashimoto, Atsushi and Yamakata, Yoko and Harashima, Jun and Ushiku, Yoshitaka and Mori, Shinsuke},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4275--4284},
}

@inproceedings{muraoka_image_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Image {Position} {Prediction} in {Multimodal} {Documents}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.526},
	abstract = {Conventional multimodal tasks, such as caption generation and visual question answering, have allowed machines to understand an image by describing or being asked about it in natural language, often via a sentence. Datasets for these tasks contain a large number of pairs of an image and the corresponding sentence as an instance. However, a real multimodal document such as a news article or Wikipedia page consists of multiple sentences with multiple images. Such documents require an advanced skill of jointly considering the multiple texts and multiple images, beyond a single sentence and image, for the interpretation. Therefore, aiming at building a system that can understand multimodal documents, we propose a task called image position prediction (IPP). In this task, a system learns plausible positions of images in a given document. To study this task, we automatically constructed a dataset of 66K multimodal documents with 320K images from Wikipedia articles. We conducted a preliminary experiment to evaluate the performance of a current multimodal system on our task. The experimental results show that the system outperformed simple baselines while the performance is still far from human performance, which thus poses new challenges in multimodal research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Muraoka, Masayasu and Kohita, Ryosuke and Ishii, Etsuko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4265--4274},
}

@inproceedings{bost_serial_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Serial {Speakers}: a {Dataset} of {TV} {Series}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.525},
	abstract = {For over a decade, TV series have been drawing increasing interest, both from the audience and from various academic fields. But while most viewers are hooked on the continuous plots of TV serials, the few annotated datasets available to researchers focus on standalone episodes of classical TV series. We aim at filling this gap by providing the multimedia/speech processing communities with “Serial Speakers”, an annotated dataset of 155 episodes from three popular American TV serials: “Breaking Bad”, “Game of Thrones” and “House of Cards”. “Serial Speakers” is suitable both for investigating multimedia retrieval in realistic use case scenarios, and for addressing lower level speech related tasks in especially challenging conditions. We publicly release annotations for every speech turn (boundaries, speaker) and scene boundary, along with annotations for shot boundaries, recurring shots, and interacting speakers in a subset of episodes. Because of copyright restrictions, the textual content of the speech turns is encrypted in the public version of the dataset, but we provide the users with a simple online tool to recover the plain text from their own subtitle files.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bost, Xavier and Labatut, Vincent and Linares, Georges},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4256--4264},
}

@inproceedings{khakhmovich_cross-lingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-lingual {Named} {Entity} {List} {Search} via {Transliteration}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.524},
	abstract = {Out-of-vocabulary words are still a challenge in cross-lingual Natural Language Processing tasks, for which transliteration from source to target language or script is one of the solutions. In this study, we collect a personal name dataset in 445 Wikidata languages (37 scripts), train Transformer-based multilingual transliteration models on 6 high- and 4 less-resourced languages, compare them with bilingual models from (Merhav and Ash, 2018) and determine that multilingual models perform better for less-resourced languages. We discover that intrinsic evaluation, i.e comparison to a single gold standard, might not be appropriate in the task of transliteration due to its high variability. For this reason, we propose using extrinsic evaluation of transliteration via the cross-lingual named entity list search task (e.g. personal name search in contacts list). Our code and datasets are publicly available online.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khakhmovich, Aleksandr and Pavlova, Svetlana and Kirillova, Kira and Arefyev, Nikolay and Savilova, Ekaterina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4247--4255},
}

@inproceedings{hamed_arzen_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ArzEn}: {A} {Speech} {Corpus} for {Code}-switched {Egyptian} {Arabic}-{English}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.523},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present our ArzEn corpus, an Egyptian Arabic-English code-switching (CS) spontaneous speech corpus. The corpus is collected through informal interviews with 38 Egyptian bilingual university students and employees held in a soundproof room. A total of 12 hours are recorded, transcribed, validated and sentence segmented. The corpus is mainly designed to be used in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems, however, it also provides a useful resource for analyzing the CS phenomenon from linguistic, sociological, and psychological perspectives. In this paper, we first discuss the CS phenomenon in Egypt and the factors that gave rise to the current language. We then provide a detailed description on how the corpus was collected, giving an overview on the participants involved. We also present statistics on the CS involved in the corpus, as well as a summary to the effort exerted in the corpus development, in terms of number of hours required for transcription, validation, segmentation and speaker annotation. Finally, we discuss some factors contributing to the complexity of the corpus, as well as Arabic-English CS behaviour that could pose potential challenges to ASR systems.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hamed, Injy and Vu, Ngoc Thang and Abdennadher, Slim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4237--4246},
}

@inproceedings{yli-jyra_helfi_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HELFI}: a {Hebrew}-{Greek}-{Finnish} {Parallel} {Bible} {Corpus} with {Cross}-{Lingual} {Morpheme} {Alignment}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.522},
	abstract = {Twenty-five years ago, morphologically aligned Hebrew-Finnish and Greek-Finnish bitexts (texts accompanied by a translation) were constructed manually in order to create an analytical concordance (Luoto et al., eds. 1997) for a Finnish Bible translation. The creators of the bitexts recently secured the publisher's permission to release its fine-grained alignment, but the alignment was still dependent on proprietary, third-party resources such as a copyrighted text edition and proprietary morphological analyses of the source texts. In this paper, we describe a nontrivial editorial process starting from the creation of the original one-purpose database and ending with its reconstruction using only freely available text editions and annotations. This process produced an openly available dataset that contains (i) the source texts and their translations, (ii) the morphological analyses, (iii) the cross-lingual morpheme alignments.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yli-Jyrä, Anssi and Purhonen, Josi and Liljeqvist, Matti and Antturi, Arto and Nieminen, Pekka and Räntilä, Kari M. and Luoto, Valtter},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4229--4236},
}

@inproceedings{lee_massively_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Massively {Multilingual} {Pronunciation} {Modeling} with {WikiPron}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.521},
	abstract = {We introduce WikiPron, an open-source command-line tool for extracting pronunciation data from Wiktionary, a collaborative multilingual online dictionary. We first describe the design and use of WikiPron. We then discuss the challenges faced scaling this tool to create an automatically-generated database of 1.7 million pronunciations from 165 languages. Finally, we validate the pronunciation database by using it to train and evaluating a collection of generic grapheme-to-phoneme models. The software, pronunciation data, and models are all made available under permissive open-source licenses.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lee, Jackson L. and Ashby, Lucas F.E. and Garza, M. Elizabeth and Lee-Sikka, Yeonju and Miller, Sean and Wong, Alan and McCarthy, Arya D. and Gorman, Kyle},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4223--4228},
}

@inproceedings{ardila_common_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Common {Voice}: {A} {Massively}-­{Multilingual} {Speech} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.520},
	abstract = {The Common Voice corpus is a massively-­multilingual collection of transcribed speech intended for speech technology research and development. Common Voice is designed for Automatic Speech Recognition purposes but can be useful in other domains (e.g. language identification). To achieve scale and sustainability, the Common Voice project employs crowdsourcing for both data collection and data validation. The most recent release includes 29 languages, and as of November 2019 there are a total of 38 languages collecting data. Over 50,000 individuals have participated so far, resulting in 2,500 hours of collected audio. To our knowledge this is the largest audio corpus in the public domain for speech recognition, both in terms of number of hours and number of languages. As an example use case for Common Voice, we present speech recognition experiments using Mozilla’s DeepSpeech Speech­-to-­Text toolkit. By applying transfer learning from a source English model, we find an average Character Error Rate improvement of 5.99 ± 5.48 for twelve target languages (German, French, Italian, Turkish, Catalan, Slovenian, Welsh, Irish, Breton, Tatar, Chuvash, and Kabyle). For most of these languages, these are the first ever published results on end­-to­-end Automatic Speech Recognition.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ardila, Rosana and Branson, Megan and Davis, Kelly and Kohler, Michael and Meyer, Josh and Henretty, Michael and Morais, Reuben and Saunders, Lindsay and Tyers, Francis and Weber, Gregor},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4218--4222},
}

@inproceedings{yim_alignment_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Alignment {Annotation} for {Clinic} {Visit} {Dialogue} to {Clinical} {Note} {Sentence} {Language} {Generation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.52},
	abstract = {For every patient's visit to a clinician, a clinical note is generated documenting their medical conversation, including complaints discussed, treatments, and medical plans. Despite advances in natural language processing, automating clinical note generation from a clinic visit conversation is a largely unexplored area of research. Due to the idiosyncrasies of the task, traditional methods of corpus creation are not effective enough approaches for this problem. In this paper, we present an annotation methodology that is content- and technique- agnostic while associating note sentences to sets of dialogue sentences. The sets can further be grouped with higher order tags to mark sets with related information. This direct linkage from input to output decouples the annotation from specific language understanding or generation strategies. Here we provide data statistics and qualitative analysis describing the unique annotation challenges. Given enough annotated data, such a resource would support multiple modeling methods including information extraction with template language generation, information retrieval type language generation, or sequence to sequence modeling.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yim, Wen-wai and Yetisgen, Meliha and Huang, Jenny and Grossman, Micah},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {413--421},
}

@inproceedings{nakayama_visually-grounded_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Visually}-{Grounded} {Parallel} {Corpus} with {Phrase}-to-{Region} {Linking}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.518},
	abstract = {Visually-grounded natural language processing has become an important research direction in the past few years. However, majorities of the available cross-modal resources (e.g., image-caption datasets) are built in English and cannot be directly utilized in multilingual or non-English scenarios. In this study, we present a novel multilingual multimodal corpus by extending the Flickr30k Entities image-caption dataset with Japanese translations, which we name Flickr30k Entities JP (F30kEnt-JP). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multilingual image-caption dataset where the captions in the two languages are parallel and have the shared annotations of many-to-many phrase-to-region linking. We believe that phrase-to-region as well as phrase-to-phrase supervision can play a vital role in fine-grained grounding of language and vision, and will promote many tasks such as multilingual image captioning and multimodal machine translation. To verify our dataset, we performed phrase localization experiments in both languages and investigated the effectiveness of our Japanese annotations as well as multilingual learning realized by our dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nakayama, Hideki and Tamura, Akihiro and Ninomiya, Takashi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4204--4210},
}

@inproceedings{wang_covost_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CoVoST}: {A} {Diverse} {Multilingual} {Speech}-{To}-{Text} {Translation} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.517},
	abstract = {Spoken language translation has recently witnessed a resurgence in popularity, thanks to the development of end-to-end models and the creation of new corpora, such as Augmented LibriSpeech and MuST-C. Existing datasets involve language pairs with English as a source language, involve very specific domains or are low resource. We introduce CoVoST, a multilingual speech-to-text translation corpus from 11 languages into English, diversified with over 11,000 speakers and over 60 accents. We describe the dataset creation methodology and provide empirical evidence of the quality of the data. We also provide initial benchmarks, including, to our knowledge, the first end-to-end many-to-one multilingual models for spoken language translation. CoVoST is released under CC0 license and free to use. We also provide additional evaluation data derived from Tatoeba under CC licenses.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wang, Changhan and Pino, Juan and Wu, Anne and Gu, Jiatao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4197--4203},
}

@inproceedings{wu_multilingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multilingual {Dictionary} {Based} {Construction} of {Core} {Vocabulary}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.519},
	abstract = {We propose a new functional definition and construction method for core vocabulary sets for multiple applications based on the relative coverage of a target concept in thousands of bilingual dictionaries. Our newly developed core concept vocabulary list derived from these dictionary consensus methods achieves high overlap with existing widely utilized core vocabulary lists targeted at applications such as first and second language learning or field linguistics. Our in-depth analysis illustrates multiple desirable properties of our newly proposed core vocabulary set, including their non-compositionality. We employ a cognate prediction method to recover missing coverage of this core vocabulary in massively multilingual dictionary construction, and we argue that this core vocabulary should be prioritized for elicitation when creating new dictionaries for low-resource languages for multiple downstream tasks including machine translation and language learning.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wu, Winston and Nicolai, Garrett and Yarowsky, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4211--4217},
}

@inproceedings{ahmed_multilingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multilingual {Corpus} {Creation} for {Multilingual} {Semantic} {Similarity} {Task}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.516},
	abstract = {In natural language processing, the performance of a semantic similarity task relies heavily on the availability of a large corpus. Various monolingual corpora are available (mainly English); but multilingual resources are very limited. In this work, we describe a semi-automated framework to create a multilingual corpus which can be used for the multilingual semantic similarity task. The similar sentence pairs are obtained by crawling bilingual websites, whereas the dissimilar sentence pairs are selected by applying topic modeling and an Open-AI GPT model on the similar sentence pairs. We focus on websites in the government, insurance, and banking domains to collect English-French and English-Spanish sentence pairs; however, this corpus creation approach can be applied to any other industry vertical provided that a bilingual website exists. We also show experimental results for multilingual semantic similarity to verify the quality of the corpus and demonstrate its usage.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ahmed, Mahtab and Dixit, Chahna and Mercer, Robert E. and Khan, Atif and Samee, Muhammad Rifayat and Urra, Felipe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4190--4196},
}

@inproceedings{sas_wikibank_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WikiBank}: {Using} {Wikidata} to {Improve} {Multilingual} {Frame}-{Semantic} {Parsing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.515},
	abstract = {Frame-semantic annotations exist for a tiny fraction of the world's languages, Wikidata, however, links knowledge base triples to texts in many languages, providing a common, distant supervision signal for semantic parsers. We present WikiBank, a multilingual resource of partial semantic structures that can be used to extend pre-existing resources rather than creating new man-made resources from scratch. We also integrate this form of supervision into an off-the-shelf frame-semantic parser and allow cross-lingual transfer. Using Google's Sling architecture, we show significant improvements on the English and Spanish CoNLL 2009 datasets, whether training on the full available datasets or small subsamples thereof.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sas, Cezar and Beloucif, Meriem and Søgaard, Anders},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4183--4189},
}

@inproceedings{firdaus_incorporating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Incorporating {Politeness} across {Languages} in {Customer} {Care} {Responses}: {Towards} building a {Multi}-lingual {Empathetic} {Dialogue} {Agent}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.514},
	abstract = {Customer satisfaction is an essential aspect of customer care systems. It is imperative for such systems to be polite while handling customer requests/demands. In this paper, we present a large multi-lingual conversational dataset for English and Hindi. We choose data from Twitter having both generic and courteous responses between customer care agents and aggrieved users. We also propose strong baselines that can induce courteous behaviour in generic customer care response in a multi-lingual scenario. We build a deep learning framework that can simultaneously handle different languages and incorporate polite behaviour in the customer care agent's responses. Our system is competent in generating responses in different languages (here, English and Hindi) depending on the customer’s preference and also is able to converse with humans in an empathetic manner to ensure customer satisfaction and retention. Experimental results show that our proposed models can converse in both the languages and the information shared between the languages helps in improving the performance of the overall system. Qualitative and quantitative analysis shows that the proposed method can converse in an empathetic manner by incorporating courteousness in the responses and hence increasing customer satisfaction.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Firdaus, Mauajama and Ekbal, Asif and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4172--4182},
}

@inproceedings{chen_multilingualization_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multilingualization of {Medical} {Terminology}: {Semantic} and {Structural} {Embedding} {Approaches}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.512},
	abstract = {The multilingualization of terminology is an essential step in the translation pipeline, to ensure the correct transfer of domain-specific concepts. Many institutions and language service providers construct and maintain multilingual terminologies, which constitute important assets. However, the curation of such multilingual resources requires significant human effort; though automatic multilingual term extraction methods have been proposed so far, they are of limited success as term translation cannot be satisfied by simply conveying meaning, but requires the terminologists and domain experts' knowledge to fit the term within the existing terminology. Here we propose a method to encode the structural property of a term by aligning their embeddings using graph convolutional networks trained from separate languages. We observe that the structural information can augment the semantic methods also explored in this work, and recognize the unique nature of terminologies allows our method to fully take advantage and produce superior results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chen, Long-Huei and Kageura, Kyo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4157--4166},
}

@inproceedings{abate_large_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Large {Vocabulary} {Read} {Speech} {Corpora} for {Four} {Ethiopian} {Languages}: {Amharic}, {Tigrigna}, {Oromo} and {Wolaytta}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.513},
	abstract = {Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is one of the most important technologies to support spoken communication in modern life. However, its development benefits from large speech corpus. The development of such a corpus is expensive and most of the human languages, including the Ethiopian languages, do not have such resources. To address this problem, we have developed four large (about 22 hours) speech corpora for four Ethiopian languages: Amharic, Tigrigna, Oromo and Wolaytta. To assess usability of the corpora for (the purpose of) speech processing, we have developed ASR systems for each language. In this paper, we present the corpora and the baseline ASR systems we have developed. We have achieved word error rates (WERs) of 37.65\%, 31.03\%, 38.02\%, 33.89\% for Amharic, Tigrigna, Oromo and Wolaytta, respectively. This results show that the corpora are suitable for further investigation towards the development of ASR systems. Thus, the research community can use the corpora to further improve speech processing systems. From our results, it is clear that the collection of text corpora to train strong language models for all of the languages is still required, especially for Oromo and Wolaytta.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abate, Solomon Teferra and Tachbelie, Martha Yifiru and Melese, Michael and Abera, Hafte and Abebe, Tewodros and Mulugeta, Wondwossen and Assabie, Yaregal and Meshesha, Million and Afnafu, Solomon and Seyoum, Binyam Ephrem},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4167--4171},
}

@inproceedings{tachbelie_analysis_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Analysis of {GlobalPhone} and {Ethiopian} {Languages} {Speech} {Corpora} for {Multilingual} {ASR}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.511},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present the analysis of GlobalPhone (GP) and speech corpora of Ethiopian languages (Amharic, Tigrigna, Oromo and Wolaytta). The aim of the analysis is to select speech data from GP for the development of multilingual Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system for the Ethiopian languages. To this end, phonetic overlaps among GP and Ethiopian languages have been analyzed. The result of our analysis shows that there is much phonetic overlap among Ethiopian languages although they are from three different language families. From GP, Turkish, Uyghur and Croatian are found to have much overlap with the Ethiopian languages. On the other hand, Korean has less phonetic overlap with the rest of the languages. Moreover, morphological complexity of the GP and Ethiopian languages, reflected by type to token ration (TTR) and out of vocabulary (OOV) rate, has been analyzed. Both metrics indicated the morphological complexity of the languages. Korean and Amharic have been identified as extremely morphologically complex compared to the other languages. Tigrigna, Russian, Turkish, Polish, etc. are also among the morphologically complex languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tachbelie, Martha Yifiru and Abate, Solomon Teferra and Schultz, Tanja},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4152--4156},
}

@inproceedings{krasselt_swiss-_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Swiss-{AL}: {A} {Multilingual} {Swiss} {Web} {Corpus} for {Applied} {Linguistics}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.510},
	abstract = {The Swiss Web Corpus for Applied Linguistics (Swiss-AL) is a multilingual (German, French, Italian) collection of texts from selected web sources. Unlike most other web corpora it is not intended for NLP purposes, but rather designed to support data-based and data-driven research on societal and political discourses in Switzerland. It currently contains 8 million texts (approx. 1.55 billion tokens), including news and specialist publications, governmental opinions, and parliamentary records, web sites of political parties, companies, and universities, statements from industry associations and NGOs, etc. A flexible processing pipeline using state-of-the-art components allows researchers in applied linguistics to create tailor-made subcorpora for studying discourse in a wide range of domains. So far, Swiss-AL has been used successfully in research on Swiss public discourses on energy and on antibiotic resistance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Krasselt, Julia and Dressen, Philipp and Fluor, Matthias and Mahlow, Cerstin and Rothenhäusler, Klaus and Runte, Maren},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4145--4151},
}

@inproceedings{lin_adjusting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Adjusting {Image} {Attributes} of {Localized} {Regions} with {Low}-level {Dialogue}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.51},
	abstract = {Natural Language Image Editing (NLIE) aims to use natural language instructions to edit images. Since novices are inexperienced with image editing techniques, their instructions are often ambiguous and contain high-level abstractions which require complex editing steps. Motivated by this inexperience aspect, we aim to smooth the learning curve by teaching the novices to edit images using low-level command terminologies. Towards this end, we develop a task-oriented dialogue system to investigate low-level instructions for NLIE. Our system grounds language on the level of edit operations, and suggests options for users to choose from. Though compelled to express in low-level terms, user evaluation shows that 25\% of users found our system easy-to-use, resonating with our motivation. Analysis shows that users generally adapt to utilizing the proposed low-level language interface. We also identified object segmentation as the key factor to user satisfaction. Our work demonstrates advantages of low-level, direct language-action mapping approach that can be applied to other problem domains beyond image editing such as audio editing or industrial design.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lin, Tzu-Hsiang and Rudnicky, Alexander and Bui, Trung and Kim, Doo Soon and Oh, Jean},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {405--412},
}

@inproceedings{eryani_spelling_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Spelling} {Correction} {Corpus} for {Multiple} {Arabic} {Dialects}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.508},
	abstract = {Arabic dialects are the non-standard varieties of Arabic commonly spoken – and increasingly written on social media – across the Arab world. Arabic dialects do not have standard orthographies, a challenge for natural language processing applications. In this paper, we present the MADAR CODA Corpus, a collection of 10,000 sentences from five Arabic city dialects (Beirut, Cairo, Doha, Rabat, and Tunis) represented in the Conventional Orthography for Dialectal Arabic (CODA) in parallel with their raw original form. The sentences come from the Multi-Arabic Dialect Applications and Resources (MADAR) Project and are in parallel across the cities (2,000 sentences from each city). This publicly available resource is intended to support research on spelling correction and text normalization for Arabic dialects. We present results on a bootstrapping technique we use to speed up the CODA annotation, as well as on the degree of similarity across the dialects before and after CODA annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Eryani, Fadhl and Habash, Nizar and Bouamor, Houda and Khalifa, Salam},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4130--4138},
}

@inproceedings{nguyen_canvec_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CanVEC} - the {Canberra} {Vietnamese}-{English} {Code}-switching {Natural} {Speech} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.507},
	abstract = {This paper introduces the Canberra Vietnamese-English Code-switching corpus (CanVEC), an original corpus of natural mixed speech that we semi-automatically annotated with language information, part of speech (POS) tags and Vietnamese translations. The corpus, which was built to inform a sociolinguistic study on language variation and code-switching, consists of 10 hours of recorded speech (87k tokens) between 45 Vietnamese-English bilinguals living in Canberra, Australia. We describe how we collected and annotated the corpus by pipelining several monolingual toolkits to considerably speed up the annotation process. We also describe how we evaluated the automatic annotations to ensure corpus reliability. We make the corpus available for research purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nguyen, Li and Bryant, Christopher},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4121--4129},
}

@inproceedings{mutuvi_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Dataset} for {Multi}-lingual {Epidemiological} {Event} {Extraction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.509},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a corpus for the development and evaluation of tools and techniques for identifying emerging infectious disease threats in online news text. The corpus can not only be used for information extraction, but also for other natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as text classification. We make use of articles published on the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED) platform, which provides current information about outbreaks of infectious diseases globally. Among the key pieces of information present in the articles is the uniform resource locator (URL) to the online news sources where the outbreaks were originally reported. We detail the procedure followed to build the dataset, which includes leveraging the source URLs to retrieve the news reports and subsequently pre-processing the retrieved documents. We also report on experimental results of event extraction on the dataset using the Data Analysis for Information Extraction in any Language(DAnIEL) system. DAnIEL is a multilingual news surveillance system that leverages unique attributes associated with news reporting to extract events: repetition and saliency. The system has wide geographical and language coverage, including low-resource languages. In addition, we compare different classification approaches in terms of their ability to differentiate between epidemic-related and unrelated news articles that constitute the corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mutuvi, Stephen and Doucet, Antoine and Lejeune, Gael and Odeo, Moses},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4139--4144},
}

@inproceedings{kunilovskaya_lexicogrammatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Lexicogrammatic translationese across two targets and competence levels},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.505},
	abstract = {This research employs genre-comparable data from a number of parallel and comparable corpora to explore the specificity of translations from English into German and Russian produced by students and professional translators. We introduce an elaborate set of human-interpretable lexicogrammatic translationese indicators and calculate the amount of translationese manifested in the data for each target language and translation variety. By placing translations into the same feature space as their sources and the genre-comparable non-translated reference texts in the target language, we observe two separate translationese effects: a shift of translations into the gap between the two languages and a shift away from either language. These trends are linked to the features that contribute to each of the effects. Finally, we compare the translation varieties and find out that the professionalism levels seem to have some correlation with the amount and types of translationese detected, while each language pair demonstrates a specific socio-linguistically determined combination of the translationese effects.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kunilovskaya, Maria and Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4102--4112},
}

@inproceedings{asgari_unisent_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{UniSent}: {Universal} {Adaptable} {Sentiment} {Lexica} for 1000+ {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.506},
	abstract = {In this paper, we introduce UniSent universal sentiment lexica for 1000+ languages. Sentiment lexica are vital for sentiment analysis in absence of document-level annotations, a very common scenario for low-resource languages. To the best of our knowledge, UniSent is the largest sentiment resource to date in terms of the number of covered languages, including many low resource ones. In this work, we use a massively parallel Bible corpus to project sentiment information from English to other languages for sentiment analysis on Twitter data. We introduce a method called DomDrift to mitigate the huge domain mismatch between Bible and Twitter by a confidence weighting scheme that uses domain-specific embeddings to compare the nearest neighbors for a candidate sentiment word in the source (Bible) and target (Twitter) domain. We evaluate the quality of UniSent in a subset of languages for which manually created ground truth was available, Macedonian, Czech, German, Spanish, and French. We show that the quality of UniSent is comparable to manually created sentiment resources when it is used as the sentiment seed for the task of word sentiment prediction on top of embedding representations. In addition, we show that emoticon sentiments could be reliably predicted in the Twitter domain using only UniSent and monolingual embeddings in German, Spanish, French, and Italian. With the publication of this paper, we release the UniSent sentiment lexica at http://language-lab.info/unisent.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Asgari, Ehsaneddin and Braune, Fabienne and Roth, Benjamin and Ringlstetter, Christoph and Mofrad, Mohammad},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4113--4120},
}

@inproceedings{lefever_identifying_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Identifying {Cognates} in {English}-{Dutch} and {French}-{Dutch} by means of {Orthographic} {Information} and {Cross}-lingual {Word} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.504},
	abstract = {This paper investigates the validity of combining more traditional orthographic information with cross-lingual word embeddings to identify cognate pairs in English-Dutch and French-Dutch. In a first step, lists of potential cognate pairs in English-Dutch and French-Dutch are manually labelled. The resulting gold standard is used to train and evaluate a multi-layer perceptron that can distinguish cognates from non-cognates. Fifteen orthographic features capture string similarities between source and target words, while the cosine similarity between their word embeddings represents the semantic relation between these words. By adding domain-specific information to pretrained fastText embeddings, we are able to obtain good embeddings for words that did not yet have a pretrained embedding (e.g. Dutch compound nouns). These embeddings are then aligned in a cross-lingual vector space by exploiting their structural similarity (cf. adversarial learning). Our results indicate that although the classifier already achieves good results on the basis of orthographic information, the performance further improves by including semantic information in the form of cross-lingual word embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lefever, Els and Labat, Sofie and Singh, Pranaydeep},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4096--4101},
}

@inproceedings{johnson_spice_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SpiCE}: {A} {New} {Open}-{Access} {Corpus} of {Conversational} {Bilingual} {Speech} in {Cantonese} and {English}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.503},
	abstract = {This paper describes the design, collection, orthographic transcription, and phonetic annotation of SpiCE, a new corpus of conversational Cantonese-English bilingual speech recorded in Vancouver, Canada. The corpus includes high-quality recordings of 34 early bilinguals in both English and Cantonese—to date, 27 have been recorded for a total of 19 hours of participant speech. Participants completed a sentence reading task, storyboard narration, and conversational interview in each language. Transcription and annotation for the corpus are currently underway. Transcripts produced with Google Cloud Speech-to-Text are available for all participants, and will be included in the initial SpiCE corpus release. Hand-corrected orthographic transcripts and force-aligned phonetic transcripts will be released periodically, and upon completion for all recordings, comprise the second release of the corpus. As an open-access language resource, SpiCE will promote bilingualism research for a typologically distinct pair of languages, of which Cantonese remains understudied despite there being millions of speakers around the world. The SpiCE corpus is especially well-suited for phonetic research on conversational speech, and enables researchers to study cross-language within-speaker phenomena for a diverse group of early Cantonese-English bilinguals. These are areas with few existing high-quality resources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Johnson, Khia A. and Babel, Molly and Fong, Ivan and Yiu, Nancy},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4089--4095},
}

@inproceedings{costa-jussa_gebiotoolkit_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GeBioToolkit}: {Automatic} {Extraction} of {Gender}-{Balanced} {Multilingual} {Corpus} of {Wikipedia} {Biographies}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.502},
	abstract = {We introduce GeBioToolkit, a tool for extracting multilingual parallel corpora at sentence level, with document and gender information from Wikipedia biographies. Despite the gender inequalities present in Wikipedia, the toolkit has been designed to extract corpus balanced in gender. While our toolkit is customizable to any number of languages (and different domains), in this work we present a corpus of 2,000 sentences in English, Spanish and Catalan, which has been post-edited by native speakers to become a high-quality dataset for machine translation evaluation. While GeBioCorpus aims at being one of the first non-synthetic gender-balanced test datasets, GeBioToolkit aims at paving the path to standardize procedures to produce gender-balanced datasets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Costa-jussà, Marta R. and Li Lin, Pau and España-Bonet, Cristina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4081--4088},
}

@inproceedings{ulcar_multilingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multilingual {Culture}-{Independent} {Word} {Analogy} {Datasets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.501},
	abstract = {In text processing, deep neural networks mostly use word embeddings as an input. Embeddings have to ensure that relations between words are reflected through distances in a high-dimensional numeric space. To compare the quality of different text embeddings, typically, we use benchmark datasets. We present a collection of such datasets for the word analogy task in nine languages: Croatian, English, Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, Slovenian, and Swedish. We designed the monolingual analogy task to be much more culturally independent and also constructed cross-lingual analogy datasets for the involved languages. We present basic statistics of the created datasets and their initial evaluation using fastText embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ulčar, Matej and Vaik, Kristiina and Lindström, Jessica and Dailidėnaitė, Milda and Robnik-Šikonja, Marko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4074--4080},
}

@inproceedings{kanayama_how_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {How {Universal} are {Universal} {Dependencies}? {Exploiting} {Syntax} for {Multilingual} {Clause}-level {Sentiment} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.500},
	abstract = {This paper investigates clause-level sentiment detection in a multilingual scenario. Aiming at a high-precision, fine-grained, configurable, and non-biased system for practical use cases, we have designed a pipeline method that makes the most of syntactic structures based on Universal Dependencies, avoiding machine-learning approaches that may cause obstacles to our purposes. We achieved high precision in sentiment detection for 17 languages and identified the advantages of common syntactic structures as well as issues stemming from structural differences on Universal Dependencies. In addition to reusable tips for handling multilingual syntax, we provide a parallel benchmarking data set for further research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kanayama, Hiroshi and Iwamoto, Ran},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4063--4073},
}

@inproceedings{de_clercq_exploratory_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Exploratory} {Study} into {Automated} {Précis} {Grading}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.50},
	abstract = {Automated writing evaluation is a popular research field, but the main focus has been on evaluating argumentative essays. In this paper, we consider a different genre, namely précis texts. A précis is a written text that provides a coherent summary of main points of a spoken or written text. We present a corpus of English précis texts which all received a grade assigned by a highly-experienced English language teacher and were subsequently annotated following an exhaustive error typology. With this corpus we trained a machine learning model which relies on a number of linguistic, automatic summarization and AWE features. Our results reveal that this model is able to predict the grade of précis texts with only a moderate error margin.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {De Clercq, Orphee and Van Hoecke, Senne},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {397--404},
}

@inproceedings{khullar_noel_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{NoEl}: {An} {Annotated} {Corpus} for {Noun} {Ellipsis} in {English}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.5},
	abstract = {Ellipsis resolution has been identified as an important step to improve the accuracy of mainstream Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as information retrieval, event extraction, dialog systems, etc. Previous computational work on ellipsis resolution has focused on one type of ellipsis, namely Verb Phrase Ellipsis (VPE) and a few other related phenomenon. We extend the study of ellipsis by presenting the No(oun)El(lipsis) corpus - an annotated corpus for noun ellipsis and closely related phenomenon using the first hundred movies of Cornell Movie Dialogs Dataset. The annotations are carried out in a standoff annotation scheme that encodes the position of the licensor, the antecedent boundary, and Part-of-Speech (POS) tags of the licensor and antecedent modifier. Our corpus has 946 instances of exophoric and endophoric noun ellipsis, making it the biggest resource of noun ellipsis in English, to the best of our knowledge. We present a statistical study of our corpus with novel insights on the distribution of noun ellipsis, its licensors and antecedents. Finally, we perform the tasks of detection and resolution of noun ellipsis with different classifiers trained on our corpus and report baseline results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khullar, Payal and Majmundar, Kushal and Shrivastava, Manish},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {34--43},
}

@inproceedings{kuriyozov_cross-lingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-{Lingual} {Word} {Embeddings} for {Turkic} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.499},
	abstract = {There has been an increasing interest in learning cross-lingual word embeddings to transfer knowledge obtained from a resource-rich language, such as English, to lower-resource languages for which annotated data is scarce, such as Turkish, Russian, and many others. In this paper, we present the first viability study of established techniques to align monolingual embedding spaces for Turkish, Uzbek, Azeri, Kazakh and Kyrgyz, members of the Turkic family which is heavily affected by the low-resource constraint. Those techniques are known to require little explicit supervision, mainly in the form of bilingual dictionaries, hence being easily adaptable to different domains, including low-resource ones. We obtain new bilingual dictionaries and new word embeddings for these languages and show the steps for obtaining cross-lingual word embeddings using state-of-the-art techniques. Then, we evaluate the results using the bilingual dictionary induction task. Our experiments confirm that the obtained bilingual dictionaries outperform previously-available ones, and that word embeddings from a low-resource language can benefit from resource-rich closely-related languages when they are aligned together. Furthermore, evaluation on an extrinsic task (Sentiment analysis on Uzbek) proves that monolingual word embeddings can, although slightly, benefit from cross-lingual alignments.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kuriyozov, Elmurod and Doval, Yerai and Gómez-Rodríguez, Carlos},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4054--4062},
}

@inproceedings{serrat_roozen_empac_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{EMPAC}: an {English}–{Spanish} {Corpus} of {Institutional} {Subtitles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.498},
	abstract = {The EuroparlTV Multimedia Parallel Corpus (EMPAC) is a collection of subtitles in English and Spanish for videos from the EuropeanParliament’s Multimedia Centre. The corpus has been compiled with the EMPAC toolkit. The aim of this corpus is to provide a resource to study institutional subtitling on the one hand, and, on the other hand, facilitate the analysis of web accessibility to institutional multimedia content. The corpus covers a time span from 2009 to 2017, it is made up of 4,000 texts amounting to two and half millions of tokens for every language, corresponding to approximately 280 hours of video. This paper provides 1) a review of related corpora; 2) a revision of typical compilation methodologies of subtitle corpora; 3) a detailed account of the corpus compilation methodology followed; and, 4) a description of the corpus. In the conclusion, the key findings are summarised regarding formal aspects of the subtitles conditioning the accessibility to the multimedia content of the EuroparlTV.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Serrat Roozen, Iris and Martínez Martínez, José Manuel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4044--4053},
}

@inproceedings{nivre_universal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Universal {Dependencies} v2: {An} {Evergrowing} {Multilingual} {Treebank} {Collection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.497},
	abstract = {Universal Dependencies is an open community effort to create cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages within a dependency-based lexicalist framework. The annotation consists in a linguistically motivated word segmentation; a morphological layer comprising lemmas, universal part-of-speech tags, and standardized morphological features; and a syntactic layer focusing on syntactic relations between predicates, arguments and modifiers. In this paper, we describe version 2 of the universal guidelines (UD v2), discuss the major changes from UD v1 to UD v2, and give an overview of the currently available treebanks for 90 languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nivre, Joakim and de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine and Ginter, Filip and Hajic, Jan and Manning, Christopher D. and Pyysalo, Sampo and Schuster, Sebastian and Tyers, Francis and Zeman, Daniel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4034--4043},
}

@inproceedings{zhai_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building an {English}-{Chinese} {Parallel} {Corpus} {Annotated} with {Sub}-sentential {Translation} {Techniques}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.496},
	abstract = {Human translators often resort to different non-literal translation techniques besides the literal translation, such as idiom equivalence, generalization, particularization, semantic modulation, etc., especially when the source and target languages have different and distant origins. Translation techniques constitute an important subject in translation studies, which help researchers to understand and analyse translated texts. However, they receive less attention in developing Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. To fill this gap, one of our long term objectives is to have a better semantic control of extracting paraphrases from bilingual parallel corpora. Based on this goal, we suggest this hypothesis: it is possible to automatically recognize different sub-sentential translation techniques. For this original task, since there is no dedicated data set for English-Chinese, we manually annotated a parallel corpus of eleven genres. Fifty sentence pairs for each genre have been annotated in order to consolidate our annotation guidelines. Based on this data set, we conducted an experiment to classify between literal and non-literal translations. The preliminary results confirm our hypothesis. The corpus and code are available. We hope that this annotated corpus will be useful for linguistic contrastive studies and for fine-grained evaluation of NLP tasks, such as automatic word alignment and machine translation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zhai, Yuming and Liu, Lufei and Zhong, Xinyi and Illouz, Gbariel and Vilnat, Anne},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4024--4033},
}

@inproceedings{wenzek_ccnet_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CCNet}: {Extracting} {High} {Quality} {Monolingual} {Datasets} from {Web} {Crawl} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.494},
	abstract = {Pre-training text representations have led to significant improvements in many areas of natural language processing. The quality of these models benefits greatly from the size of the pretraining corpora as long as its quality is preserved. In this paper, we describe an automatic pipeline to extract massive high-quality monolingual datasets from Common Crawl for a variety of languages. Our pipeline follows the data processing introduced in fastText (Mikolov et al., 2017; Grave et al., 2018), that deduplicates documents and identifies their language. We augment this pipeline with a filtering step to select documents that are close to high quality corpora like Wikipedia.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wenzek, Guillaume and Lachaux, Marie-Anne and Conneau, Alexis and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Guzmán, Francisco and Joulin, Armand and Grave, Edouard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4003--4012},
}

@inproceedings{doval_robustness_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On the {Robustness} of {Unsupervised} and {Semi}-supervised {Cross}-lingual {Word} {Embedding} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.495},
	abstract = {Cross-lingual word embeddings are vector representations of words in different languages where words with similar meaning are represented by similar vectors, regardless of the language. Recent developments which construct these embeddings by aligning monolingual spaces have shown that accurate alignments can be obtained with little or no supervision, which usually comes in the form of bilingual dictionaries. However, the focus has been on a particular controlled scenario for evaluation, and there is no strong evidence on how current state-of-the-art systems would fare with noisy text or for language pairs with major linguistic differences. In this paper we present an extensive evaluation over multiple cross-lingual embedding models, analyzing their strengths and limitations with respect to different variables such as target language, training corpora and amount of supervision. Our conclusions put in doubt the view that high-quality cross-lingual embeddings can always be learned without much supervision.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Doval, Yerai and Camacho-Collados, Jose and Espinosa Anke, Luis and Schockaert, Steven},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4013--4023},
}

@inproceedings{mott_morphological_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Morphological {Segmentation} for {Low} {Resource} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.493},
	abstract = {This paper describes a new morphology resource created by Linguistic Data Consortium and the University of Pennsylvania for the DARPA LORELEI Program. The data consists of approximately 2000 tokens annotated for morphological segmentation in each of 9 low resource languages, along with root information for 7 of the languages. The languages annotated show a broad diversity of typological features. A minimal annotation scheme for segmentation was developed such that it could capture the patterns of a wide range of languages and also be performed reliably by non-linguist annotators. The basic annotation guidelines were designed to be language-independent, but included language-specific morphological paradigms and other specifications. The resulting annotated corpus is designed to support and stimulate the development of unsupervised morphological segmenters and analyzers by providing a gold standard for their evaluation on a more typologically diverse set of languages than has previously been available. By providing root annotation, this corpus is also a step toward supporting research in identifying richer morphological structures than simple morpheme boundaries.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mott, Justin and Bies, Ann and Strassel, Stephanie and Kodner, Jordan and Richter, Caitlin and Xu, Hongzhi and Marcus, Mitchell},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3996--4002},
}

@inproceedings{dargis_quality_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Quality {Focused} {Approach} to a {Learner} {Corpus} {Development}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.49},
	abstract = {The paper presents quality focused approach to a learner corpus development. The methodology was developed with multiple design considerations put in place to make the annotation process easier and at the same time reduce the amount of mistakes that could be introduced due to inconsistent text correction or carelessness. The approach suggested in this paper consists of multiple parts: comparison of digitized texts by several annotators, text correction, automated morphological analysis, and manual review of annotations. The described approach is used to create Latvian Language Learner corpus (LaVA) which is part of a currently ongoing project Development of Learner corpus of Latvian: methods, tools and applications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Darģis, Roberts and Auziņa, Ilze and Levāne-Petrova, Kristīne and Kaija, Inga},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {392--396},
}

@inproceedings{daason_kvistur_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Kvistur 2.0: a {BiLSTM} {Compound} {Splitter} for {Icelandic}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.492},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a character-based BiLSTM model for splitting Icelandic compound words, and show how varying amounts of training data affects the performance of the model. Compounding is highly productive in Icelandic, and new compounds are constantly being created. This results in a large number of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, negatively impacting the performance of many NLP tools. Our model is trained on a dataset of 2.9 million unique word forms and their constituent structures from the Database of Icelandic Morphology. The model learns how to split compound words into two parts and can be used to derive the constituent structure of any word form. Knowing the constituent structure of a word form makes it possible to generate the optimal split for a given task, e.g., a full split for subword tokenization, or, in the case of part-of-speech tagging, splitting an OOV word until the largest known morphological head is found. The model outperforms other previously published methods when evaluated on a corpus of manually split word forms. This method has been integrated into Kvistur, an Icelandic compound word analyzer.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Daðason, Jón and Mollberg, David and Loftsson, Hrafn and Bjarnadóttir, Kristín},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3991--3995},
}

@inproceedings{ozenc_visual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Visual {Modeling} of {Turkish} {Morphology}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.491},
	abstract = {In this paper, we describe the steps in a visual modeling of Turkish morphology using diagramming tools. We aimed to make modeling easier and more maintainable while automating much of the code generation. We released the resulting analyzer, MorTur, and the diagram conversion tool, DiaMor as free, open-source utilities. MorTur analyzer is also publicly available on its web page as a web service. MorTur and DiaMor are part of our ongoing efforts in building a set of natural language processing tools for Turkic languages under a consistent framework.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Özenç, Berke and Solak, Ercan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3984--3990},
}

@inproceedings{sorokin_getting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Getting {More} {Data} for {Low}-resource {Morphological} {Inflection}: {Language} {Models} and {Data} {Augmentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.490},
	abstract = {We investigate how to improve quality of low-resource morphological inflection without annotating more data. We examine two methods, language models and data augmentation. We show that the model whose decoder that additionally uses the states of the langauge model improves the model quality by 1.5\% in combination with both baselines. We also demonstrate that the augmentation of data improves performance by 9\% in average when adding \$1000\$ artificially generated word forms to the dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sorokin, Alexey},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3978--3983},
}

@inproceedings{nicolai_fine-grained_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Fine-grained {Morphosyntactic} {Analysis} and {Generation} {Tools} for {More} {Than} {One} {Thousand} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.488},
	abstract = {Exploiting the broad translation of the Bible into the world's languages, we train and distribute morphosyntactic tools for approximately one thousand languages, vastly outstripping previous distributions of tools devoted to the processing of inflectional morphology. Evaluation of the tools on a subset of available inflectional dictionaries demonstrates strong initial models, supplemented and improved through ensembling and dictionary-based reranking. Likewise, a novel type-to-token based evaluation metric allows us to confirm that models generalize well across rare and common forms alike},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nicolai, Garrett and Lewis, Dylan and McCarthy, Arya D. and Mueller, Aaron and Wu, Winston and Yarowsky, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3963--3972},
}

@inproceedings{stankovic_machine_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Machine {Learning} and {Deep} {Neural} {Network}-{Based} {Lemmatization} and {Morphosyntactic} {Tagging} for {Serbian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.487},
	abstract = {The training of new tagger models for Serbian is primarily motivated by the enhancement of the existing tagset with the grammatical category of a gender. The harmonization of resources that were manually annotated within different projects over a long period of time was an important task, enabled by the development of tools that support partial automation. The supporting tools take into account different taggers and tagsets. This paper focuses on TreeTagger and spaCy taggers, and the annotation schema alignment between Serbian morphological dictionaries, MULTEXT-East and Universal Part-of-Speech tagset. The trained models will be used to publish the new version of the Corpus of Contemporary Serbian as well as the Serbian literary corpus. The performance of developed taggers were compared and the impact of training set size was investigated, which resulted in around 98\% PoS-tagging precision per token for both new models. The sr\_basic annotated dataset will also be published.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Stankovic, Ranka and Šandrih, Branislava and Krstev, Cvetana and Utvić, Miloš and Skoric, Mihailo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3954--3962},
}

@inproceedings{balabel_cairo_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cairo {Student} {Code}-{Switch} ({CSCS}) {Corpus}: {An} {Annotated} {Egyptian} {Arabic}-{English} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.489},
	abstract = {Code-switching has become a prevalent phenomenon across many communities. It poses a challenge to NLP researchers, mainly due to the lack of available data needed for training and testing applications. In this paper, we introduce a new resource: a corpus of Egyptian- Arabic code-switch speech data that is fully tokenized, lemmatized and annotated for part-of-speech tags. Beside the corpus itself, we provide annotation guidelines to address the unique challenges of annotating code-switch data. Another challenge that we address is the fact that Egyptian Arabic orthography and grammar are not standardized.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Balabel, Mohamed and Hamed, Injy and Abdennadher, Slim and Vu, Ngoc Thang and Çetinoğlu, Özlem},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3973--3977},
}

@inproceedings{gronroos_morfessor_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Morfessor {EM}+{Prune}: {Improved} {Subword} {Segmentation} with {Expectation} {Maximization} and {Pruning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.486},
	abstract = {Data-driven segmentation of words into subword units has been used in various natural language processing applications such as automatic speech recognition and statistical machine translation for almost 20 years. Recently it has became more widely adopted, as models based on deep neural networks often benefit from subword units even for morphologically simpler languages. In this paper, we discuss and compare training algorithms for a unigram subword model, based on the Expectation Maximization algorithm and lexicon pruning. Using English, Finnish, North Sami, and Turkish data sets, we show that this approach is able to find better solutions to the optimization problem defined by the Morfessor Baseline model than its original recursive training algorithm. The improved optimization also leads to higher morphological segmentation accuracy when compared to a linguistic gold standard. We publish implementations of the new algorithms in the widely-used Morfessor software package.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Grönroos, Stig-Arne and Virpioja, Sami and Kurimo, Mikko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3944--3953},
}

@inproceedings{vodolazsky_derivbaseru_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DerivBase}.{Ru}: a {Derivational} {Morphology} {Resource} for {Russian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.485},
	abstract = {Russian morphology has been studied for decades, but there is still no large high coverage resource that contains the derivational families (groups of words that share the same root) of Russian words. The number of words used in different areas of the language grows rapidly, thus the human-made dictionaries published long time ago cannot cover the neologisms and the domain-specific lexicons. To fill such resource gap, we have developed a rule-based framework for deriving words and we applied it to build a derivational morphology resource named DerivBase.Ru, which we introduce in this paper.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vodolazsky, Daniil},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3937--3943},
}

@inproceedings{mikelenic_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building the {Spanish}-{Croatian} {Parallel} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.484},
	abstract = {This paper describes the building of the first Spanish-Croatian unidirectional parallel corpus, which has been constructed at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb. The corpus is comprised of eleven Spanish novels and their translations to Croatian done by six different professional translators. All the texts were published between 1999 and 2012. The corpus has more than 2 Mw, with approximately 1 Mw for each language. It was automatically sentence segmented and aligned, as well as manually post-corrected, and contains 71,778 translation units. In order to protect the copyright and to make the corpus available under permissive CC-BY licence, the aligned translation units are shuffled. This limits the usability of the corpus for research of language units at sentence and lower language levels only. There are two versions of the corpus in TMX format that will be available for download through META-SHARE and CLARIN ERIC infrastructure. The former contains plain TMX, while the latter is lemmatised and POS-tagged and stored in the aTMX format.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mikelenić, Bojana and Tadić, Marko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3932--3936},
}

@inproceedings{khalifa_morphological_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Morphological {Analysis} and {Disambiguation} for {Gulf} {Arabic}: {The} {Interplay} between {Resources} and {Methods}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.480},
	abstract = {In this paper we present the first full morphological analysis and disambiguation system for Gulf Arabic. We use an existing state-of-the-art morphological disambiguation system to investigate the effects of different data sizes and different combinations of morphological analyzers for Modern Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, and Gulf Arabic. We find that in very low settings, morphological analyzers help boost the performance of the full morphological disambiguation task. However, as the size of resources increase, the value of the morphological analyzers decreases.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khalifa, Salam and Zalmout, Nasser and Habash, Nizar},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3895--3904},
}

@inproceedings{mccarthy_unimorph_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{UniMorph} 3.0: {Universal} {Morphology}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.483},
	abstract = {The Universal Morphology (UniMorph) project is a collaborative effort providing broad-coverage instantiated normalized morphological paradigms for hundreds of diverse world languages. The project comprises two major thrusts: a language-independent feature schema for rich morphological annotation and a type-level resource of annotated data in diverse languages realizing that schema. We have implemented several improvements to the extraction pipeline which creates most of our data, so that it is both more complete and more correct. We have added 66 new languages, as well as new parts of speech for 12 languages. We have also amended the schema in several ways. Finally, we present three new community tools: two to validate data for resource creators, and one to make morphological data available from the command line. UniMorph is based at the Center for Language and Speech Processing (CLSP) at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. This paper details advances made to the schema, tooling, and dissemination of project resources since the UniMorph 2.0 release described at LREC 2018.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {McCarthy, Arya D. and Kirov, Christo and Grella, Matteo and Nidhi, Amrit and Xia, Patrick and Gorman, Kyle and Vylomova, Ekaterina and Mielke, Sabrina J. and Nicolai, Garrett and Silfverberg, Miikka and Arkhangelskiy, Timofey and Krizhanovsky, Nataly and Krizhanovsky, Andrew and Klyachko, Elena and Sorokin, Alexey and Mansfield, John and Ernštreits, Valts and Pinter, Yuval and Jacobs, Cassandra L. and Cotterell, Ryan and Hulden, Mans and Yarowsky, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3922--3931},
}

@inproceedings{tran_introducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Introducing a {Large}-{Scale} {Dataset} for {Vietnamese} {POS} {Tagging} on {Conversational} {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.482},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a large-scale human-labeled dataset for the Vietnamese POS tagging task on conversational texts. To this end, wepropose a new tagging scheme (with 36 POS tags) consisting of exclusive tags for special phenomena of conversational words, developthe annotation guideline and manually annotate 16.310K sentences using this guideline. Based on this corpus, a series of state-of-the-art tagging methods has been conducted to estimate their performances. Experimental results showed that the Conditional Random Fields model using both automatically learnt features from deep neural networks and handcrafted features yielded the best performance. Thismodel achieved 93.36\% in the accuracy score which is 1.6\% and 2.7\% higher than the model using either handcrafted features orautomatically-learnt features, respectively. This result is also a little bit higher than the model of fine-tuning BERT by 0.94\% in theaccuracy score. The performance measured on each POS tag is also very high with {\textgreater}90\% in the F1 score for 20 POS tags and {\textgreater}80\%in the F1 score for 11 POS tags. This work provides the public dataset and preliminary results for follow-up research on this interesting direction.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tran, Oanh and Pham, Tu and Dang, Vu and Nguyen, Bang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3913--3921},
}

@inproceedings{metheniti_wikinflection_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Wikinflection {Corpus}: {A} ({Better}) {Multilingual}, {Morpheme}-{Annotated} {Inflectional} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.481},
	abstract = {Multilingual, inflectional corpora are a scarce resource in the NLP community, especially corpora with annotated morpheme boundaries. We are evaluating a generated, multilingual inflectional corpus with morpheme boundaries, generated from the English Wiktionary (Metheniti and Neumann, 2018), against the largest, multilingual, high-quality inflectional corpus of the UniMorph project (Kirov et al., 2018). We confirm that the generated Wikinflection corpus is not of such quality as UniMorph, but we were able to extract a significant amount of words from the intersection of the two corpora. Our Wikinflection corpus benefits from the morpheme segmentations of Wiktionary/Wikinflection and from the manually-evaluated morphological feature tags of the UniMorph project, and has 216K lemmas and 5.4M word forms, in a total of 68 languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Metheniti, Eleni and Neumann, Guenter},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3905--3912},
}

@inproceedings{sahala_babyfst_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{BabyFST} - {Towards} a {Finite}-{State} {Based} {Computational} {Model} of {Ancient} {Babylonian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.479},
	abstract = {Akkadian is a fairly well resourced extinct language that does not yet have a comprehensive morphological analyzer available. In this paper we describe a general finite-state based morphological model for Babylonian, a southern dialect of the Akkadian language, that can achieve a coverage up to 97.3\% and recall up to 93.7\% on lemmatization and POS-tagging task on token level from a transcribed input. Since Akkadian word forms exhibit a high degree of morphological ambiguity, in that only 20.1\% of running word tokens receive a single unambiguous analysis, we attempt a first pass at weighting our finite-state transducer, using existing extensive Akkadian corpora which have been partially validated for their lemmas and parts-of-speech but not the entire morphological analyses. The resultant weighted finite-state transducer yields a moderate improvement so that for 57.4\% of the word tokens the highest ranked analysis is the correct one. We conclude with a short discussion on how morphological ambiguity in the analysis of Akkadian could be further reduced with improvements in the training data used in weighting the finite-state transducer as well as through other, context-based techniques.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sahala, Aleksi and Silfverberg, Miikka and Arppe, Antti and Lindén, Krister},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3886--3894},
}

@inproceedings{hathout_glawinette_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Glawinette: a {Linguistically} {Motivated} {Derivational} {Description} of {French} {Acquired} from {GLAWI}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.478},
	abstract = {Glawinette is a derivational lexicon of French that will be used to feed the Démonette database. It has been created from the GLAWI machine readable dictionary. We collected couples of words from the definitions and the morphological sections of the dictionary and then selected the ones that form regular formal analogies and that instantiate frequent enough formal patterns. The graph structure of the morphological families has then been used to identify for each couple of lexemes derivational patterns that are close to the intuition of the morphologists.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hathout, Nabil and Sajous, Franck and Calderone, Basilio and Namer, Fiammetta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3877--3885},
}

@inproceedings{jonker_bag_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Bag \& {Tag}'em - {A} {New} {Dutch} {Stemmer}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.477},
	abstract = {We propose a novel stemming algorithm that is both robust and accurate compared to state-of-the-art solutions, yet addresses several of the problems that current stemmers face in the Dutch language. The main issue is that most current stemmers cannot handle 3rd person singular forms of verbs and many irregular words and conjugations, unless a (nearly) brute-force approach is used. Our algorithm combines a new tagging module with a stemmer that uses tag-specific sets of rigid rules: the Bag \& Tag’em (BT) algorithm. The tagging module is developed and evaluated using three algorithms: Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Neural Network (NN) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). The stemming module’s performance is compared with that of current state-of-the-art stemming algorithms for the Dutch Language. Even though there is still room for improvement, the new BT algorithm performs well in the sense that it is more accurate than the current stemmers and faster than brute-force-like algorithms. The code and data used for this paper can be found at: https://github.com/Anne-Jonker/Bag-Tag-em.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jonker, Anne and de Ruijt, Corné and de Gruijl, Jornt},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3868--3876},
}

@inproceedings{katinskaia_toward_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Toward a {Paradigm} {Shift} in {Collection} of {Learner} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.48},
	abstract = {We present the first version of the longitudinal Revita Learner Corpus (ReLCo), for Russian. In contrast to traditional learner corpora, ReLCo is collected and annotated fully automatically, while students perform exercises using the Revita language-learning platform. The corpus currently contains 8 422 sentences exhibiting several types of errors—grammatical, lexical, orthographic, etc.—which were committed by learners during practice and were automatically annotated by Revita. The corpus provides valuable information about patterns of learner errors and can be used as a language resource for a number of research tasks, while its creation is much cheaper and faster than for traditional learner corpora. A crucial advantage of ReLCo that it grows continually while learners practice with Revita, which opens the possibility of creating an unlimited learner resource with longitudinal data collected over time. We make the pilot version of the Russian ReLCo publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Katinskaia, Anisia and Ivanova, Sardana and Yangarber, Roman},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {386--391},
}

@inproceedings{nikiforos_supervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Supervised} {Part}-{Of}-{Speech} {Tagger} for the {Greek} {Language} of the {Social} {Web}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.476},
	abstract = {The increasing volume of communication via microblogging messages on social networks has created the need for efficient Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools, especially for unstructured text processing. Extracting information from unstructured social text is one of the most demanding NLP tasks. This paper presents the first part-of-speech tagged data set of social text in Greek, as well as the first supervised part-of-speech tagger developed for such data sets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nikiforos, Maria Nefeli and Kermanidis, Katia Lida},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3861--3867},
}

@inproceedings{keleg_unsupervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Unsupervised} {Method} for {Weighting} {Finite}-state {Morphological} {Analyzers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.474},
	abstract = {Morphological analysis is one of the tasks that have been studied for years. Different techniques have been used to develop models for performing morphological analysis. Models based on finite state transducers have proved to be more suitable for languages with low available resources. In this paper, we have developed a method for weighting a morphological analyzer built using finite state transducers in order to disambiguate its results. The method is based on a word2vec model that is trained in a completely unsupervised way using raw untagged corpora and is able to capture the semantic meaning of the words. Most of the methods used for disambiguating the results of a morphological analyzer relied on having tagged corpora that need to manually built. Additionally, the method developed uses information about the token irrespective of its context unlike most of the other techniques that heavily rely on the word's context to disambiguate its set of candidate analyses.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Keleg, Amr and Tyers, Francis and Howell, Nick and Pirinen, Tommi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3842--3850},
}

@inproceedings{kim_enhanced_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Enhanced} {Mapping} {Scheme} of the {Universal} {Part}-{Of}-{Speech} for {Korean}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.472},
	abstract = {When mapping a language specific Part-Of-Speech (POS) tag set to the Universal POS tag set (UPOS), it is critical to consider the individual language’s linguistic features and the UPOS definitions. In this paper, we present an enhanced Sejong POS mapping to the UPOS in accordance with the Korean linguistic typology and the substantive definitions of the UPOS categories. This work updated one third of the Sejong POS mapping to the UPOS. We also introduced a new mapping for the KAIST POS tag set, another widely used Korean POS tag set, to the UPOS.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kim, Myung Hee and Colineau, Nathalie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3826--3833},
}

@inproceedings{bollegala_language-independent_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Language-{Independent} {Tokenisation} {Rivals} {Language}-{Specific} {Tokenisation} for {Word} {Similarity} {Prediction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.475},
	abstract = {Language-independent tokenisation (LIT) methods that do not require labelled language resources or lexicons have recently gained popularity because of their applicability in resource-poor languages. Moreover, they compactly represent a language using a fixed size vocabulary and can efficiently handle unseen or rare words. On the other hand, language-specific tokenisation (LST) methods have a long and established history, and are developed using carefully created lexicons and training resources. Unlike subtokens produced by LIT methods, LST methods produce valid morphological subwords. Despite the contrasting trade-offs between LIT vs. LST methods, their performance on downstream NLP tasks remain unclear. In this paper, we empirically compare the two approaches using semantic similarity measurement as an evaluation task across a diverse set of languages. Our experimental results covering eight languages show that LST consistently outperforms LIT when the vocabulary size is large, but LIT can produce comparable or better results than LST in many languages with comparatively smaller (i.e. less than 100K words) vocabulary sizes, encouraging the use of LIT when language-specific resources are unavailable, incomplete or a smaller model is required. Moreover, we find that smoothed inverse frequency (SIF) to be an accurate method to create word embeddings from subword embeddings for multilingual semantic similarity prediction tasks. Further analysis of the nearest neighbours of tokens show that semantically and syntactically related tokens are closely embedded in subword embedding spaces.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bollegala, Danushka and Kiryo, Ryuichi and Tsujino, Kosuke and Yukawa, Haruki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3851--3860},
}

@inproceedings{alkhairy_finite_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Finite {State} {Machine} {Pattern}-{Root} {Arabic} {Morphological} {Generator}, {Analyzer} and {Diacritizer}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.473},
	abstract = {We describe and evaluate the Finite-State Arabic Morphologizer (FSAM) – a concatenative (prefix-stem-suffix) and templatic (root- pattern) morphologizer that generates and analyzes undiacritized Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) words, and diacritizes them. Our bidirectional unified-architecture finite state machine (FSM) is based on morphotactic MSA grammatical rules. The FSM models the root-pattern structure related to semantics and syntax, making it readily scalable unlike stem-tabulations in prevailing systems. We evaluate the coverage and accuracy of our model, with coverage being percentage of words in Tashkeela (a large corpus) that can be analyzed. Accuracy is computed against a gold standard, comprising words and properties, created from the intersection of UD PADT treebank and Tashkeela. Coverage of analysis (extraction of root and properties from word) is 82\%. Accuracy results are: root computed from a word (92\%), word generation from a root (100\%), non-root properties of a word (97\%), and diacritization (84\%). FSAM’s non-root results match or surpass MADAMIRA’s, and root result comparisons are not made because of the concatenative nature of publicly available morphologizers.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alkhairy, Maha and Jafri, Afshan and Smith, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3834--3841},
}

@inproceedings{tiedemann_fiskmo_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {FISKMÖ} {Project}: {Resources} and {Tools} for {Finnish}-{Swedish} {Machine} {Translation} and {Cross}-{Linguistic} {Research}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.470},
	abstract = {This paper presents FISKMÖ, a project that focuses on the development of resources and tools for cross-linguistic research and machine translation between Finnish and Swedish. The goal of the project is the compilation of a massive parallel corpus out of translated material collected from web sources, public and private organisations and language service providers in Finland with its two official languages. The project also aims at the development of open and freely accessible translation services for those two languages for the general purpose and for domain-specific use. We have released new data sets with over 3 million translation units, a benchmark test set for MT development, pre-trained neural MT models with high coverage and competitive performance and a self-contained MT plugin for a popular CAT tool. The latter enables offline translation without dependencies on external services making it possible to work with highly sensitive data without compromising security concerns.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tiedemann, Jörg and Nieminen, Tommi and Aulamo, Mikko and Kanerva, Jenna and Leino, Akseli and Ginter, Filip and Papula, Niko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3808--3815},
}

@inproceedings{zaninello_multiword_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multiword {Expression} aware {Neural} {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.471},
	abstract = {Multiword Expressions (MWEs) are a frequently occurring phenomenon found in all natural languages that is of great importance to linguistic theory, natural language processing applications, and machine translation systems. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) architectures do not handle these expressions well and previous studies have rarely addressed MWEs in this framework. In this work, we show that annotation and data augmentation, using external linguistic resources, can improve both translation of MWEs that occur in the source, and the generation of MWEs on the target, and increase performance by up to 5.09 BLEU points on MWE test sets. We also devise a MWE score to specifically assess the quality of MWE translation which agrees with human evaluation. We make available the MWE score implementation – along with MWE-annotated training sets and corpus-based lists of MWEs – for reproduction and extension.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zaninello, Andrea and Birch, Alexandra},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3816--3825},
}

@inproceedings{gretter_tlt-school_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TLT}-school: a {Corpus} of {Non} {Native} {Children} {Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.47},
	abstract = {This paper describes “TLT-school” a corpus of speech utterances collected in schools of northern Italy for assessing the performance of students learning both English and German. The corpus was recorded in the years 2017 and 2018 from students aged between nine and sixteen years, attending primary, middle and high school. All utterances have been scored, in terms of some predefined proficiency indicators, by human experts. In addition, most of utterances recorded in 2017 have been manually transcribed carefully. Guidelines and procedures used for manual transcriptions of utterances will be described in detail, as well as results achieved by means of an automatic speech recognition system developed by us. Part of the corpus is going to be freely distributed to scientific community particularly interested both in non-native speech recognition and automatic assessment of second language proficiency.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gretter, Roberto and Matassoni, Marco and Bannò, Stefano and Daniele, Falavigna},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {378--385},
}

@inproceedings{etchegoyhen_handle_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Handle with {Care}: {A} {Case} {Study} in {Comparable} {Corpora} {Exploitation} for {Neural} {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.469},
	abstract = {We present the results of a case study in the exploitation of comparable corpora for Neural Machine Translation. A large comparable corpus for Basque-Spanish was prepared, on the basis of independently-produced news by the Basque public broadcaster EiTB, and we discuss the impact of various techniques to exploit the original data in order to determine optimal variants of the corpus. In particular, we show that filtering in terms of alignment thresholds and length-difference outliers has a significant impact on translation quality. The impact of tags identifying comparable data in the training datasets is also evaluated, with results indicating that this technique might be useful to help the models discriminate noisy information, in the form of informational imbalance between aligned sentences. The final corpus was prepared according to the experimental results and is made available to the scientific community for research purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Etchegoyhen, Thierry and Gete, Harritxu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3799--3807},
}

@inproceedings{fonteyne_literary_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Literary {Machine} {Translation} under the {Magnifying} {Glass}: {Assessing} the {Quality} of an {NMT}-{Translated} {Detective} {Novel} on {Document} {Level}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.468},
	abstract = {Several studies (covering many language pairs and translation tasks) have demonstrated that translation quality has improved enormously since the emergence of neural machine translation systems. This raises the question whether such systems are able to produce high-quality translations for more creative text types such as literature and whether they are able to generate coherent translations on document level. Our study aimed to investigate these two questions by carrying out a document-level evaluation of the raw NMT output of an entire novel. We translated Agatha Christie's novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles with Google’s NMT system from English into Dutch and annotated it in two steps: first all fluency errors, then all accuracy errors. We report on the overall quality, determine the remaining issues, compare the most frequent error types to those in general-domain MT, and investigate whether any accuracy and fluency errors co-occur regularly. Additionally, we assess the inter-annotator agreement on the first chapter of the novel.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fonteyne, Margot and Tezcan, Arda and Macken, Lieve},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3790--3798},
}

@inproceedings{aulamo_opustools_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{OpusTools} and {Parallel} {Corpus} {Diagnostics}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.467},
	abstract = {This paper introduces OpusTools, a package for downloading and processing parallel corpora included in the OPUS corpus collection. The package implements tools for accessing compressed data in their archived release format and make it possible to easily convert between common formats. OpusTools also includes tools for language identification and data filtering as well as tools for importing data from various sources into the OPUS format. We show the use of these tools in parallel corpus creation and data diagnostics. The latter is especially useful for the identification of potential problems and errors in the extensive data set. Using these tools, we can now monitor the validity of data sets and improve the overall quality and consitency of the data collection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Aulamo, Mikko and Sulubacak, Umut and Virpioja, Sami and Tiedemann, Jörg},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3782--3789},
}

@inproceedings{soares_parapat_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ParaPat}: {The} {Multi}-{Million} {Sentences} {Parallel} {Corpus} of {Patents} {Abstracts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.465},
	abstract = {The Google Patents is one of the main important sources of patents information. A striking characteristic is that many of its abstracts are presented in more than one language, thus making it a potential source of parallel corpora. This article presents the development of a parallel corpus from the open access Google Patents dataset in 74 language pairs, comprising more than 68 million sentences and 800 million tokens. Sentences were automatically aligned using the Hunalign algorithm for the largest 22 language pairs, while the others were abstract (i.e. paragraph) aligned. We demonstrate the capabilities of our corpus by training Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models for the main 9 language pairs, with a total of 18 models. Our parallel corpus is freely available in TSV format and with a SQLite database, with complementary information regarding patent metadata.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Soares, Felipe and Stevenson, Mark and Bartolome, Diego and Zaretskaya, Anna},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3769--3774},
}

@inproceedings{liu_corpora_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpora for {Document}-{Level} {Neural} {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.466},
	abstract = {Instead of translating sentences in isolation, document-level machine translation aims to capture discourse dependencies across sentences by considering a document as a whole. In recent years, there have been more interests in modelling larger context for the state-of-the-art neural machine translation (NMT). Although various document-level NMT models have shown significant improvements, there nonetheless exist three main problems: 1) compared with sentence-level translation tasks, the data for training robust document-level models are relatively low-resourced; 2) experiments in previous work are conducted on their own datasets which vary in size, domain and language; 3) proposed approaches are implemented on distinct NMT architectures such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and self-attention networks (SANs). In this paper, we aims to alleviate the low-resource and under-universality problems for document-level NMT. First, we collect a large number of existing document-level corpora, which covers 7 language pairs and 6 domains. In order to address resource sparsity, we construct a novel document parallel corpus in Chinese-Portuguese, which is a non-English-centred and low-resourced language pair. Besides, we implement and evaluate the commonly-cited document-level method on top of the advanced Transformer model with universal settings. Finally, we not only demonstrate the effectiveness and universality of document-level NMT, but also release the preprocessed data, source code and trained models for comparison and reproducibility.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Liu, Siyou and Zhang, Xiaojun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3775--3781},
}

@inproceedings{etchegoyhen_case_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {To {Case} or not to case: {Evaluating} {Casing} {Methods} for {Neural} {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.463},
	abstract = {We present a comparative evaluation of casing methods for Neural Machine Translation, to help establish an optimal pre- and post-processing methodology. We trained and compared system variants on data prepared with the main casing methods available, namely translation of raw data without case normalisation, lowercasing with recasing, truecasing, case factors and inline casing. Machine translation models were prepared on WMT 2017 English-German and English-Turkish datasets, for all translation directions, and the evaluation includes reference metric results as well as a targeted analysis of case preservation accuracy. Inline casing, where case information is marked along lowercased words in the training data, proved to be the optimal approach overall in these experiments.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Etchegoyhen, Thierry and Gete, Harritxu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3752--3760},
}

@inproceedings{siripragrada_multilingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Multilingual} {Parallel} {Corpora} {Collection} {Effort} for {Indian} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.462},
	abstract = {We present sentence aligned parallel corpora across 10 Indian Languages - Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Gujarati, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Marathi, Punjabi, and English - many of which are categorized as low resource. The corpora are compiled from online sources which have content shared across languages. The corpora presented significantly extends present resources that are either not large enough or are restricted to a specific domain (such as health). We also provide a separate test corpus compiled from an independent online source that can be independently used for validating the performance in 10 Indian languages. Alongside, we report on the methods of constructing such corpora using tools enabled by recent advances in machine translation and cross-lingual retrieval using deep neural network based methods.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Siripragrada, Shashank and Philip, Jerin and Namboodiri, Vinay P. and Jawahar, C V},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3743--3751},
}

@inproceedings{varadi_marcell_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {MARCELL} {Legislative} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.464},
	abstract = {This article presents the current outcomes of the MARCELL CEF Telecom project aiming to collect and deeply annotate a large comparable corpus of legal documents. The MARCELL corpus includes 7 monolingual sub-corpora (Bulgarian, Croatian, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Slovak and Slovenian) containing the total body of respective national legislative documents. These sub-corpora are automatically sentence split, tokenized, lemmatized and morphologically and syntactically annotated. The monolingual sub-corpora are complemented by a thematically related parallel corpus (Croatian-English). The metadata and the annotations are uniformly provided for each language specific sub-corpus. Besides the standard morphosyntactic analysis plus named entity and dependency annotation, the corpus is enriched with the IATE and EUROVOC labels. The file format is CoNLL-U Plus Format, containing the ten columns specific to the CoNLL-U format and four extra columns specific to our corpora. The MARCELL corpora represents a rich and valuable source for further studies and developments in machine learning, cross-lingual terminological data extraction and classification.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Váradi, Tamás and Koeva, Svetla and Yamalov, Martin and Tadić, Marko and Sass, Bálint and Nitoń, Bartłomiej and Ogrodniczuk, Maciej and Pęzik, Piotr and Barbu Mititelu, Verginica and Ion, Radu and Irimia, Elena and Mitrofan, Maria and Păiș, Vasile and Tufiș, Dan and Garabík, Radovan and Krek, Simon and Repar, Andraz and Rihtar, Matjaž and Brank, Janez},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3761--3768},
}

@inproceedings{castilho_context_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On {Context} {Span} {Needed} for {Machine} {Translation} {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.461},
	abstract = {Despite increasing efforts to improve evaluation of machine translation (MT) by going beyond the sentence level to the document level, the definition of what exactly constitutes a "document level" is still not clear. This work deals with the context span necessary for a more reliable MT evaluation. We report results from a series of surveys involving three domains and 18 target languages designed to identify the necessary context span as well as issues related to it. Our findings indicate that, despite the fact that some issues and spans are strongly dependent on domain and on the target language, a number of common patterns can be observed so that general guidelines for context-aware MT evaluation can be drawn.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Castilho, Sheila and Popović, Maja and Way, Andy},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3735--3742},
}

@inproceedings{karakanta_must-cinema_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MuST}-{Cinema}: a {Speech}-to-{Subtitles} corpus},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.460},
	abstract = {Growing needs in localising audiovisual content in multiple languages through subtitles call for the development of automatic solutions for human subtitling. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) can contribute to the automatisation of subtitling, facilitating the work of human subtitlers and reducing turn-around times and related costs. NMT requires high-quality, large, task-specific training data. The existing subtitling corpora, however, are missing both alignments to the source language audio and important information about subtitle breaks. This poses a significant limitation for developing efficient automatic approaches for subtitling, since the length and form of a subtitle directly depends on the duration of the utterance. In this work, we present MuST-Cinema, a multilingual speech translation corpus built from TED subtitles. The corpus is comprised of (audio, transcription, translation) triplets. Subtitle breaks are preserved by inserting special symbols. We show that the corpus can be used to build models that efficiently segment sentences into subtitles and propose a method for annotating existing subtitling corpora with subtitle breaks, conforming to the constraint of length.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Karakanta, Alina and Negri, Matteo and Turchi, Marco},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3727--3734},
}

@inproceedings{morgado_da_costa_automated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automated {Writing} {Support} {Using} {Deep} {Linguistic} {Parsers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.46},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a new web system that integrates English Grammatical Error Detection (GED) and course-specific stylistic guidelines to automatically review and provide feedback on student assignments. The system is being developed as a pedagogical tool for English Scientific Writing. It uses both general NLP methods and high precision parsers to check student assignments before they are submitted for grading. Instead of generalized error detection, our system aims to identify, with high precision, specific classes of problems that are known to be common among engineering students. Rather than correct the errors, our system generates constructive feedback to help students identify and correct them on their own. A preliminary evaluation of the system's in-class performance has shown measurable improvements in the quality of student assignments.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Morgado da Costa, Luís and V P Winder, Roger and Li, Shu Yun and Lin Tzer Liang, Benedict Christopher and Mackinnon, Joseph and Bond, Francis},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {369--377},
}

@inproceedings{doi_tddc_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TDDC}: {Timely} {Disclosure} {Documents} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.459},
	abstract = {In this paper, we describe the details of the Timely Disclosure Documents Corpus (TDDC). TDDC was prepared by manually aligning the sentences from past Japanese and English timely disclosure documents in PDF format published by companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. TDDC consists of approximately 1.4 million parallel sentences in Japanese and English. TDDC was used as the official dataset for the 6th Workshop on Asian Translation to encourage the development of machine translation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Doi, Nobushige and Oda, Yusuke and Nakazawa, Toshiaki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3719--3726},
}

@inproceedings{mueller_analysis_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Analysis} of {Massively} {Multilingual} {Neural} {Machine} {Translation} for {Low}-{Resource} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.458},
	abstract = {In this work, we explore massively multilingual low-resource neural machine translation. Using translations of the Bible (which have parallel structure across languages), we train models with up to 1,107 source languages. We create various multilingual corpora, varying the number and relatedness of source languages. Using these, we investigate the best ways to use this many-way aligned resource for multilingual machine translation. Our experiments employ a grammatically and phylogenetically diverse set of source languages during testing for more representative evaluations. We find that best practices in this domain are highly language-specific: adding more languages to a training set is often better, but too many harms performance—the best number depends on the source language. Furthermore, training on related languages can improve or degrade performance, depending on the language. As there is no one-size-fits-most answer, we find that it is critical to tailor one's approach to the source language and its typology.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mueller, Aaron and Nicolai, Garrett and McCarthy, Arya D. and Lewis, Dylan and Wu, Winston and Yarowsky, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3710--3718},
}

@inproceedings{nagata_test_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Test} {Set} for {Discourse} {Translation} from {Japanese} to {English}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.457},
	abstract = {We made a test set for Japanese-to-English discourse translation to evaluate the power of context-aware machine translation. For each discourse phenomenon, we systematically collected examples where the translation of the second sentence depends on the first sentence. Compared with a previous study on test sets for English-to-French discourse translation {\textbackslash}citeBawden\_elal\_NAACL2018, we needed different approaches to make the data because Japanese has zero pronouns and represents different senses in different characters. We improved the translation accuracy using context-aware neural machine translation, and the improvement mainly reflects the betterment of the translation of zero pronouns.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nagata, Masaaki and Morishita, Makoto},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3704--3709},
}

@inproceedings{goyal_linguistically_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Linguistically {Informed} {Hindi}-{English} {Neural} {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.456},
	abstract = {Hindi-English Machine Translation is a challenging problem, owing to multiple factors including the morphological complexity and relatively free word order of Hindi, in addition to the lack of sufficient parallel training data. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a rapidly advancing MT paradigm and has shown promising results for many language pairs, especially in large training data scenarios. To overcome the data sparsity issue caused by the lack of large parallel corpora for Hindi-English, we propose a method to employ additional linguistic knowledge which is encoded by different phenomena depicted by Hindi. We generalize the embedding layer of the state-of-the-art Transformer model to incorporate linguistic features like POS tag, lemma and morph features to improve the translation performance. We compare the results obtained on incorporating this knowledge with the baseline systems and demonstrate significant performance improvements. Although, the Transformer NMT models have a strong efficacy to learn language constructs, we show that the usage of specific features further help in improving the translation performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Goyal, Vikrant and Mishra, Pruthwik and Sharma, Dipti Misra},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3698--3703},
}

@inproceedings{ive_post-editing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Post}-{Editing} {Dataset} in the {Legal} {Domain}: {Do} we {Underestimate} {Neural} {Machine} {Translation} {Quality}?},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.455},
	abstract = {We introduce a machine translation dataset for three pairs of languages in the legal domain with post-edited high-quality neural machine translation and independent human references. The data was collected as part of the EU APE-QUEST project and comprises crawled content from EU websites with translation from English into three European languages: Dutch, French and Portuguese. Altogether, the data consists of around 31K tuples including a source sentence, the respective machine translation by a neural machine translation system, a post-edited version of such translation by a professional translator, and - where available - the original reference translation crawled from parallel language websites. We describe the data collection process, provide an analysis of the resulting post-edits and benchmark the data using state-of-the-art quality estimation and automatic post-editing models. One interesting by-product of our post-editing analysis suggests that neural systems built with publicly available general domain data can provide high-quality translations, even though comparison to human references suggests that this quality is quite low. This makes our dataset a suitable candidate to test evaluation metrics. The data is freely available as an ELRC-SHARE resource.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ive, Julia and Specia, Lucia and Szoc, Sara and Vanallemeersch, Tom and Van den Bogaert, Joachim and Farah, Eduardo and Maroti, Christine and Ventura, Artur and Khalilov, Maxim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3692--3697},
}

@inproceedings{mao_jass_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{JASS}: {Japanese}-specific {Sequence} to {Sequence} {Pre}-training for {Neural} {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.454},
	abstract = {Neural machine translation (NMT) needs large parallel corpora for state-of-the-art translation quality. Low-resource NMT is typically addressed by transfer learning which leverages large monolingual or parallel corpora for pre-training. Monolingual pre-training approaches such as MASS (MAsked Sequence to Sequence) are extremely effective in boosting NMT quality for languages with small parallel corpora. However, they do not account for linguistic information obtained using syntactic analyzers which is known to be invaluable for several Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. To this end, we propose JASS, Japanese-specific Sequence to Sequence, as a novel pre-training alternative to MASS for NMT involving Japanese as the source or target language. JASS is joint BMASS (Bunsetsu MASS) and BRSS (Bunsetsu Reordering Sequence to Sequence) pre-training which focuses on Japanese linguistic units called bunsetsus. In our experiments on ASPEC Japanese–English and News Commentary Japanese–Russian translation we show that JASS can give results that are competitive with if not better than those given by MASS. Furthermore, we show for the first time that joint MASS and JASS pre-training gives results that significantly surpass the individual methods indicating their complementary nature. We will release our code, pre-trained models and bunsetsu annotated data as resources for researchers to use in their own NLP tasks.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mao, Zhuoyuan and Cromieres, Fabien and Dabre, Raj and Song, Haiyue and Kurohashi, Sadao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3683--3691},
}

@inproceedings{raganato_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Evaluation} {Benchmark} for {Testing} the {Word} {Sense} {Disambiguation} {Capabilities} of {Machine} {Translation} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.452},
	abstract = {Lexical ambiguity is one of the many challenging linguistic phenomena involved in translation, i.e., translating an ambiguous word with its correct sense. In this respect, previous work has shown that the translation quality of neural machine translation systems can be improved by explicitly modeling the senses of ambiguous words. Recently, several evaluation test sets have been proposed to measure the word sense disambiguation (WSD) capability of machine translation systems. However, to date, these evaluation test sets do not include any training data that would provide a fair setup measuring the sense distributions present within the training data itself. In this paper, we present an evaluation benchmark on WSD for machine translation for 10 language pairs, comprising training data with known sense distributions. Our approach for the construction of the benchmark builds upon the wide-coverage multilingual sense inventory of BabelNet, the multilingual neural parsing pipeline TurkuNLP, and the OPUS collection of translated texts from the web. The test suite is available at http://github.com/Helsinki-NLP/MuCoW.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Raganato, Alessandro and Scherrer, Yves and Tiedemann, Jörg},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3668--3675},
}

@inproceedings{dobreva_document_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Document {Sub}-structure in {Neural} {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.451},
	abstract = {Current approaches to machine translation (MT) either translate sentences in isolation, disregarding the context they appear in, or model context at the level of the full document, without a notion of any internal structure the document may have. In this work we consider the fact that documents are rarely homogeneous blocks of text, but rather consist of parts covering different topics. Some documents, such as biographies and encyclopedia entries, have highly predictable, regular structures in which sections are characterised by different topics. We draw inspiration from Louis and Webber (2014) who use this information to improve statistical MT and transfer their proposal into the framework of neural MT. We compare two different methods of including information about the topic of the section within which each sentence is found: one using side constraints and the other using a cache-based model. We create and release the data on which we run our experiments - parallel corpora for three language pairs (Chinese-English, French-English, Bulgarian-English) from Wikipedia biographies, which we extract automatically, preserving the boundaries of sections within the articles.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dobreva, Radina and Zhou, Jie and Bawden, Rachel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3657--3667},
}

@inproceedings{defauw_being_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Being {Generous} with {Sub}-{Words} towards {Small} {NMT} {Children}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.450},
	abstract = {In the context of under-resourced neural machine translation (NMT), transfer learning from an NMT model trained on a high resource language pair, or from a multilingual NMT (M-NMT) model, has been shown to boost performance to a large extent. In this paper, we focus on so-called cold start transfer learning from an M-NMT model, which means that the parent model is not trained on any of the child data. Such a set-up enables quick adaptation of M-NMT models to new languages. We investigate the effectiveness of cold start transfer learning from a many-to-many M-NMT model to an under-resourced child. We show that sufficiently large sub-word vocabularies should be used for transfer learning to be effective in such a scenario. When adopting relatively large sub-word vocabularies we observe increases in performance thanks to transfer learning from a parent M-NMT model, both when translating to and from the under-resourced language. Our proposed approach involving dynamic vocabularies is both practical and effective. We report results on two under-resourced language pairs, i.e. Icelandic-English and Irish-English.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Defauw, Arne and Vanallemeersch, Tom and Van Winckel, Koen and Szoc, Sara and Van den Bogaert, Joachim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3650--3656},
}

@inproceedings{neveol_medline_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MEDLINE} as a {Parallel} {Corpus}: a {Survey} to {Gain} {Insight} on {French}-, {Spanish}- and {Portuguese}-speaking {Authors}’ {Abstract} {Writing} {Practice}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.453},
	abstract = {Background: Parallel corpora are used to train and evaluate machine translation systems. To alleviate the cost of producing parallel resources for evaluation campaigns, existing corpora are leveraged. However, little information may be available about the methods used for producing the corpus, including translation direction. Objective: To gain insight on MEDLINE parallel corpus used in the biomedical task at the Workshop on Machine Translation in 2019 (WMT 2019). Material and Methods: Contact information for the authors of MEDLINE articles included in the English/Spanish (EN/ES), English/French (EN/FR), and English/Portuguese (EN/PT) WMT 2019 test sets was obtained from PubMed and publisher websites. The authors were asked about their abstract writing practices in a survey. Results: The response rate was above 20\%. Authors reported that they are mainly native speakers of languages other than English. Although manual translation, sometimes via professional translation services, was commonly used for abstract translation, authors of articles in the EN/ES and EN/PT sets also relied on post-edited machine translation. Discussion: This study provides a characterization of MEDLINE authors’ language skills and abstract writing practices. Conclusion: The information collected in this study will be used to inform test set design for the next WMT biomedical task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Névéol, Aurélie and Jimeno Yepes, Antonio and Neves, Mariana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3676--3682},
}

@inproceedings{conijn_process-oriented_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Process}-oriented {Dataset} of {Revisions} during {Writing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.45},
	abstract = {Revision plays a major role in writing and the analysis of writing processes. Revisions can be analyzed using a product-oriented approach (focusing on a finished product, the text that has been produced) or a process-oriented approach (focusing on the process that the writer followed to generate this product). Although several language resources exist for the product-oriented approach to revisions, there are hardly any resources available yet for an in-depth analysis of the process of revisions. Therefore, we provide an extensive dataset on revisions made during writing (accessible via https://hdl.handle.net/10411/VBDYGX). This dataset is based on keystroke data and eye tracking data of 65 students from a variety of backgrounds (undergraduate and graduate English as a first language and English as a second language students) and a variety of tasks (argumentative text and academic abstract). In total, 7,120 revisions were identified in the dataset. For each revision, 18 features have been manually annotated and 31 features have been automatically extracted. As a case study, we show two potential use cases of the dataset. In addition, future uses of the dataset are described.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Conijn, Rianne and Dux Speltz, Emily and van Zaanen, Menno and Van Waes, Luuk and Chukharev-Hudilainen, Evgeny},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {363--368},
}

@inproceedings{song_coursera_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Coursera {Corpus} {Mining} and {Multistage} {Fine}-{Tuning} for {Improving} {Lectures} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.449},
	abstract = {Lectures translation is a case of spoken language translation and there is a lack of publicly available parallel corpora for this purpose. To address this, we examine a framework for parallel corpus mining which is a quick and effective way to mine a parallel corpus from publicly available lectures at Coursera. Our approach determines sentence alignments, relying on machine translation and cosine similarity over continuous-space sentence representations. We also show how to use the resulting corpora in a multistage fine-tuning based domain adaptation for high-quality lectures translation. For Japanese–English lectures translation, we extracted parallel data of approximately 40,000 lines and created development and test sets through manual filtering for benchmarking translation performance. We demonstrate that the mined corpus greatly enhances the quality of translation when used in conjunction with out-of-domain parallel corpora via multistage training. This paper also suggests some guidelines to gather and clean corpora, mine parallel sentences, address noise in the mined data, and create high-quality evaluation splits. For the sake of reproducibility, we have released our code for parallel data creation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Song, Haiyue and Dabre, Raj and Fujita, Atsushi and Kurohashi, Sadao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3640--3649},
}

@inproceedings{caseli_nmt_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{NMT} and {PBSMT} {Error} {Analyses} in {English} to {Brazilian} {Portuguese} {Automatic} {Translations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.446},
	abstract = {Machine Translation (MT) is one of the most important natural language processing applications. Independently of the applied MT approach, a MT system automatically generates an equivalent version (in some target language) of an input sentence (in some source language). Recently, a new MT approach has been proposed: neural machine translation (NMT). NMT systems have already outperformed traditional phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) systems for some pairs of languages. However, any MT approach outputs errors. In this work we present a comparative study of MT errors generated by a NMT system and a PBSMT system trained on the same English – Brazilian Portuguese parallel corpus. This is the first study of this kind involving NMT for Brazilian Portuguese. Furthermore, the analyses and conclusions presented here point out the specific problems of NMT outputs in relation to PBSMT ones and also give lots of insights into how to implement automatic post-editing for a NMT system. Finally, the corpora annotated with MT errors generated by both PBSMT and NMT systems are also available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Caseli, Helena and Inácio, Marcio},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3623--3629},
}

@inproceedings{kovacs_better_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Better {Together}: {Modern} {Methods} {Plus} {Traditional} {Thinking} in {NP} {Alignment}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.448},
	abstract = {We study a typical intermediary task to Machine Translation, the alignment of NPs in the bitext. After arguing that the task remains relevant even in an end-to-end paradigm, we present simple, dictionary- and word vector-based baselines and a BERT-based system. Our results make clear that even state of the art systems relying on the best end-to-end methods can be improved by bringing in old-fashioned methods such as stopword removal, lemmatization, and dictionaries},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kovács, Ádám and Ács, Judit and Kornai, Andras and Recski, Gábor},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3635--3639},
}

@inproceedings{shimazu_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation {Dataset} for {Zero} {Pronoun} in {Japanese} to {English} {Translation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.447},
	abstract = {In natural language, we often omit some words that are easily understandable from the context. In particular, pronouns of subject, object, and possessive cases are often omitted in Japanese; these are known as zero pronouns. In translation from Japanese to other languages, we need to find a correct antecedent for each zero pronoun to generate a correct and coherent translation. However, it is difficult for conventional automatic evaluation metrics (e.g., BLEU) to focus on the success of zero pronoun resolution. Therefore, we present a hand-crafted dataset to evaluate whether translation models can resolve the zero pronoun problems in Japanese to English translations. We manually and statistically validate that our dataset can effectively evaluate the correctness of the antecedents selected in translations. Through the translation experiments using our dataset, we reveal shortcomings of an existing context-aware neural machine translation model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Shimazu, Sho and Takase, Sho and Nakazawa, Toshiaki and Okazaki, Naoaki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3630--3634},
}

@inproceedings{mino_content-equivalent_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Content-{Equivalent} {Translated} {Parallel} {News} {Corpus} and {Extension} of {Domain} {Adaptation} for {NMT}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.445},
	abstract = {In this paper, we deal with two problems in Japanese-English machine translation of news articles. The first problem is the quality of parallel corpora. Neural machine translation (NMT) systems suffer degraded performance when trained with noisy data. Because there is no clean Japanese-English parallel data for news articles, we build a novel parallel news corpus consisting of Japanese news articles translated into English in a content-equivalent manner. This is the first content-equivalent Japanese-English news corpus translated specifically for training NMT systems. The second problem involves the domain-adaptation technique. NMT systems suffer degraded performance when trained with mixed data having different features, such as noisy data and clean data. Though the existing methods try to overcome this problem by using tags for distinguishing the differences between corpora, it is not sufficient. We thus extend a domain-adaptation method using multi-tags to train an NMT model effectively with the clean corpus and existing parallel news corpora with some types of noise. Experimental results show that our corpus increases the translation quality, and that our domain-adaptation method is more effective for learning with the multiple types of corpora than existing domain-adaptation methods are.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mino, Hideya and Tanaka, Hideki and Ito, Hitoshi and Goto, Isao and Yamada, Ichiro and Tokunaga, Takenobu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3616--3622},
}

@inproceedings{morishita_jparacrawl_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{JParaCrawl}: {A} {Large} {Scale} {Web}-{Based} {English}-{Japanese} {Parallel} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.443},
	abstract = {Recent machine translation algorithms mainly rely on parallel corpora. However, since the availability of parallel corpora remains limited, only some resource-rich language pairs can benefit from them. We constructed a parallel corpus for English-Japanese, for which the amount of publicly available parallel corpora is still limited. We constructed the parallel corpus by broadly crawling the web and automatically aligning parallel sentences. Our collected corpus, called JParaCrawl, amassed over 8.7 million sentence pairs. We show how it includes a broader range of domains and how a neural machine translation model trained with it works as a good pre-trained model for fine-tuning specific domains. The pre-training and fine-tuning approaches achieved or surpassed performance comparable to model training from the initial state and reduced the training time. Additionally, we trained the model with an in-domain dataset and JParaCrawl to show how we achieved the best performance with them. JParaCrawl and the pre-trained models are freely available online for research purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Morishita, Makoto and Suzuki, Jun and Nagata, Masaaki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3603--3609},
}

@inproceedings{ghaddar_sedar_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SEDAR}: a {Large} {Scale} {French}-{English} {Financial} {Domain} {Parallel} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.442},
	abstract = {This paper describes the acquisition, preprocessing and characteristics of SEDAR, a large scale English-French parallel corpus for the financial domain. Our extensive experiments on machine translation show that SEDAR is essential to obtain good performance on finance. We observe a large gain in the performance of machine translation systems trained on SEDAR when tested on finance, which makes SEDAR suitable to study domain adaptation for neural machine translation. The first release of the corpus comprises 8.6 million high quality sentence pairs that are publicly available for research at https://github.com/autorite/sedar-bitext.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas and Langlais, Phillippe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3595--3602},
}

@inproceedings{beilharz_librivoxdeen_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LibriVoxDeEn}: {A} {Corpus} for {German}-to-{English} {Speech} {Translation} and {German} {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.441},
	abstract = {We present a corpus of sentence-aligned triples of German audio, German text, and English translation, based on German audio books. The speech translation data consist of 110 hours of audio material aligned to over 50k parallel sentences. An even larger dataset comprising 547 hours of German speech aligned to German text is available for speech recognition. The audio data is read speech and thus low in disfluencies. The quality of audio and sentence alignments has been checked by a manual evaluation, showing that speech alignment quality is in general very high. The sentence alignment quality is comparable to well-used parallel translation data and can be adjusted by cutoffs on the automatic alignment score. To our knowledge, this corpus is to date the largest resource for German speech recognition and for end-to-end German-to-English speech translation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Beilharz, Benjamin and Sun, Xin and Karimova, Sariya and Riezler, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3590--3594},
}

@inproceedings{choudhary_neural_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Neural {Machine} {Translation} for {Low}-{Resourced} {Indian} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.444},
	abstract = {A large number of significant assets are available online in English, which is frequently translated into native languages to ease the information sharing among local people who are not much familiar with English. However, manual translation is a very tedious, costly, and time-taking process. To this end, machine translation is an effective approach to convert text to a different language without any human involvement. Neural machine translation (NMT) is one of the most proficient translation techniques amongst all existing machine translation systems. In this paper, we have applied NMT on two of the most morphological rich Indian languages, i.e. English-Tamil and English-Malayalam. We proposed a novel NMT model using Multihead self-attention along with pre-trained Byte-Pair-Encoded (BPE) and MultiBPE embeddings to develop an efficient translation system that overcomes the OOV (Out Of Vocabulary) problem for low resourced morphological rich Indian languages which do not have much translation available online. We also collected corpus from different sources, addressed the issues with these publicly available data and refined them for further uses. We used the BLEU score for evaluating our system performance. Experimental results and survey confirmed that our proposed translator (24.34 and 9.78 BLEU score) outperforms Google translator (9.40 and 5.94 BLEU score) respectively.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Choudhary, Himanshu and Rao, Shivansh and Rohilla, Rajesh},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3610--3615},
}

@inproceedings{zhao_non-linearity_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Non-{Linearity} in {Mapping} {Based} {Cross}-{Lingual} {Word} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.440},
	abstract = {Recent works on cross-lingual word embeddings have been mainly focused on linear-mapping-based approaches, where pre-trained word embeddings are mapped into a shared vector space using a linear transformation. However, there is a limitation in such approaches–they follow a key assumption: words with similar meanings share similar geometric arrangements between their monolingual word embeddings, which suggest that there is a linear relationship between languages. However, such assumption may not hold for all language pairs across all semantic concepts. We investigate whether non-linear mappings can better describe the relationship between different languages by utilising kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis (KCCA). Experimental results on five language pairs show an improvement over current state-of-art results in both supervised and self-learning scenarios, confirming that non-linear mapping is a better way to describe the relationship between languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zhao, Jiawei and Gilman, Andrew},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3583--3589},
}

@inproceedings{platte_immersive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Immersive {Language} {Exploration} with {Object} {Recognition} and {Augmented} {Reality}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.44},
	abstract = {The use of Augmented Reality (AR) in teaching and learning contexts for language is still young. The ideas are endless, the concrete educational offers available emerge only gradually. Educational opportunities that were unthinkable a few years ago are now feasible. We present a concrete realization: an executable application for mobile devices with which users can explore their environment interactively in different languages. The software recognizes up to 1000 objects in the user's environment using a deep learning method based on Convolutional Neural Networks and names this objects accordingly. Using Augmented Reality the objects are superimposed with 3D information in different languages. By switching the languages, the user is able to interactively discover his surrounding everyday items in all languages. The application is available as Open Source.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Platte, Benny and Platte, Anett and Roschke, Christian and Thomanek, Rico and Rolletschke, Thony and Zimmer, Frank and Ritter, Marc},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {356--362},
}

@inproceedings{monteiro_performance_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On {The} {Performance} of {Time}-{Pooling} {Strategies} for {End}-to-{End} {Spoken} {Language} {Identification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.438},
	abstract = {Automatic speech processing applications often have to deal with the problem of aggregating local descriptors (i.e., representations of input speech data corresponding to specific portions across the time dimension) and turning them into a single fixed-dimension representation, known as global descriptor, on top of which downstream classification tasks can be performed. In this paper, we provide an empirical assessment of different time pooling strategies when used with state-of-the-art representation learning models. In particular, insights are provided as to when it is suitable to use simple statistics of local descriptors or when more sophisticated approaches are needed. Here, language identification is used as a case study and a database containing ten oriental languages under varying test conditions (short-duration test recordings, confusing languages, unseen languages) is used. Experiments are performed with classifiers trained on top of global descriptors to provide insights on open-set evaluation performance and show that appropriate selection of such pooling strategies yield embeddings able to outperform well-known benchmark systems as well as previously results based on attention only.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Monteiro, Joao and Alam, Md Jahangir and Falk, Tiago},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3566--3572},
}

@inproceedings{strobel_how_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {How {Much} {Data} {Do} {You} {Need}? {About} the {Creation} of a {Ground} {Truth} for {Black} {Letter} and the {Effectiveness} of {Neural} {OCR}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.436},
	abstract = {Recent advances in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) have led to more accurate textrecognition of historical documents. The Digital Humanities heavily profit from these developments, but they still struggle whenchoosing from the plethora of OCR systems available on the one hand and when defining workflows for their projects on the other hand.In this work, we present our approach to build a ground truth for a historical German-language newspaper published in black letter. Wealso report how we used it to systematically evaluate the performance of different OCR engines. Additionally, we used this ground truthto make an informed estimate as to how much data is necessary to achieve high-quality OCR results. The outcomes of our experimentsshow that HTR architectures can successfully recognise black letter text and that a ground truth size of 50 newspaper pages suffices toachieve good OCR accuracy. Moreover, our models perform equally well on data they have not seen during training, which means thatadditional manual correction for diverging data is superfluous.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ströbel, Phillip Benjamin and Clematide, Simon and Volk, Martin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3551--3559},
}

@inproceedings{hoya_quecedo_neural_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Neural {Disambiguation} of {Lemma} and {Part} of {Speech} in {Morphologically} {Rich} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.439},
	abstract = {We consider the problem of disambiguating the lemma and part of speech of ambiguous words in morphologically rich languages. We propose a method for disambiguating ambiguous words in context, using a large un-annotated corpus of text, and a morphological analyser—with no manual disambiguation or data annotation. We assume that the morphological analyser produces multiple analyses for ambiguous words. The idea is to train recurrent neural networks on the output that the morphological analyser produces for unambiguous words. We present performance on POS and lemma disambiguation that reaches or surpasses the state of the art—including supervised models—using no manually annotated data. We evaluate the method on several morphologically rich languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hoya Quecedo, José María and Maximilian, Koppatz and Yangarber, Roman},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3573--3582},
}

@inproceedings{jungmaier_dirichlet-smoothed_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dirichlet-{Smoothed} {Word} {Embeddings} for {Low}-{Resource} {Settings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.437},
	abstract = {Nowadays, classical count-based word embeddings using positive pointwise mutual information (PPMI) weighted co-occurrence matrices have been widely superseded by machine-learning-based methods like word2vec and GloVe. But these methods are usually applied using very large amounts of text data. In many cases, however, there is not much text data available, for example for specific domains or low-resource languages. This paper revisits PPMI by adding Dirichlet smoothing to correct its bias towards rare words. We evaluate on standard word similarity data sets and compare to word2vec and the recent state of the art for low-resource settings: Positive and Unlabeled (PU) Learning for word embeddings. The proposed method outperforms PU-Learning for low-resource settings and obtains competitive results for Maltese and Luxembourgish.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jungmaier, Jakob and Kassner, Nora and Roth, Benjamin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3560--3565},
}

@inproceedings{correia_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {In}-the-wild {Dataset} {Annotation} with {Deep} {Generalized} {Multiple} {Instance} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.435},
	abstract = {The automation of the diagnosis and monitoring of speech affecting diseases in real life situations, such as Depression or Parkinson's disease, depends on the existence of rich and large datasets that resemble real life conditions, such as those collected from in-the-wild multimedia repositories like YouTube. However, the cost of manually labeling these large datasets can be prohibitive. In this work, we propose to overcome this problem by automating the annotation process, without any requirements for human intervention. We formulate the annotation problem as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem, and propose a novel solution that is based on end-to-end differentiable neural networks. Our solution has the additional advantage of generalizing the MIL framework to more scenarios where the data is stil organized in bags but does not meet the MIL bag label conditions. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in labeling the in-the-Wild Speech Medical (WSM) Corpus, using simple textual cues extracted from videos and their metadata. Furthermore we show what is the contribution of each type of textual cues for the final model performance, as well as study the influence of the size of the bags of instances in determining the difficulty of the learning problem},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Correia, Joana and Trancoso, Isabel and Raj, Bhiksha},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3542--3550},
}

@inproceedings{barancikova_costra_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{COSTRA} 1.0: {A} {Dataset} of {Complex} {Sentence} {Transformations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.434},
	abstract = {We present COSTRA 1.0, a dataset of complex sentence transformations. The dataset is intended for the study of sentence-level embeddings beyond simple word alternations or standard paraphrasing. This first version of the dataset is limited to sentences in Czech but the construction method is universal and we plan to use it also for other languages. The dataset consist of 4,262 unique sentences with average length of 10 words, illustrating 15 types of modifications such as simplification, generalization, or formal and informal language variation. The hope is that with this dataset, we should be able to test semantic properties of sentence embeddings and perhaps even to find some topologically interesting “skeleton” in the sentence embedding space. A preliminary analysis using LASER, multi-purpose multi-lingual sentence embeddings suggests that the LASER space does not exhibit the desired properties.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Barancikova, Petra and Bojar, Ondřej},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3535--3541},
}

@inproceedings{sahala_automated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automated {Phonological} {Transcription} of {Akkadian} {Cuneiform} {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.433},
	abstract = {Akkadian was an East-Semitic language spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The language is attested on hundreds of thousands of cuneiform clay tablets. Several Akkadian text corpora contain only the transliterated text. In this paper, we investigate automated phonological transcription of the transliterated corpora. The phonological transcription provides a linguistically appealing form to represent Akkadian, because the transcription is normalized according to the grammatical description of a given dialect and explicitly shows the Akkadian renderings for Sumerian logograms. Because cuneiform text does not mark the inflection for logograms, the inflected form needs to be inferred from the sentence context. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented attempt to automatically transcribe Akkadian. Using a context-aware neural network model, we are able to automatically transcribe syllabic tokens at near human performance with 96\% recall @ 3, while the logogram transcription remains more challenging at 82\% recall @ 3.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sahala, Aleksi and Silfverberg, Miikka and Arppe, Antti and Lindén, Krister},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3528--3534},
}

@inproceedings{tambi_search_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Search {Query} {Language} {Identification} {Using} {Weak} {Labeling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.432},
	abstract = {Language identification is a well-known task for natural language documents. In this paper we explore search query language identification which is usually the first task before any other query understanding. Without loss of generalization, we run our experiments on the Adobe Stock search engine. Even though the domain is relatively generic because Adobe Stock queries cover a broad range of objects and concepts, out-of-the-box language identifiers do not perform well due to the extremely short text found in queries. Unlike other well-studied supervised approaches for this task, we examine a practical approach for the cold start problem for automatically getting large-scale query-language pairs for training. We describe the process of creating weak-labeled training data and then human-annotated evaluation data for the search query language identification task. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by training a gradient boosting model for language classification given a query. We out-perform the open domain text model baselines by a large margin.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tambi, Ritiz and Kale, Ajinkya and King, Tracy Holloway},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3520--3527},
}

@inproceedings{yong_semi-supervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Semi-supervised {Deep} {Embedded} {Clustering} with {Anomaly} {Detection} for {Semantic} {Frame} {Induction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.431},
	abstract = {Although FrameNet is recognized as one of the most fine-grained lexical databases, its coverage of lexical units is still limited. To tackle this issue, we propose a two-step frame induction process: for a set of lexical units not yet present in Berkeley FrameNet data release 1.7, first remove those that cannot fit into any existing semantic frame in FrameNet; then, assign the remaining lexical units to their correct frames. We also present the Semi-supervised Deep Embedded Clustering with Anomaly Detection (SDEC-AD) model—an algorithm that maps high-dimensional contextualized vector representations of lexical units to a low-dimensional latent space for better frame prediction and uses reconstruction error to identify lexical units that cannot evoke frames in FrameNet. SDEC-AD outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in both steps of the frame induction process. Empirical results also show that definitions provide contextual information for representing and characterizing the frame membership of lexical units.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yong, Zheng Xin and Timponi Torrent, Tiago},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3509--3519},
}

@inproceedings{sigurbergsson_offensive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Offensive {Language} and {Hate} {Speech} {Detection} for {Danish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.430},
	abstract = {The presence of offensive language on social media platforms and the implications this poses is becoming a major concern in modern society. Given the enormous amount of content created every day, automatic methods are required to detect and deal with this type of content. Until now, most of the research has focused on solving the problem for the English language, while the problem is multilingual. We construct a Danish dataset DKhate containing user-generated comments from various social media platforms, and to our knowledge, the first of its kind, annotated for various types and target of offensive language. We develop four automatic classification systems, each designed to work for both the English and the Danish language. In the detection of offensive language in English, the best performing system achieves a macro averaged F1-score of 0.74, and the best performing system for Danish achieves a macro averaged F1-score of 0.70. In the detection of whether or not an offensive post is targeted, the best performing system for English achieves a macro averaged F1-score of 0.62, while the best performing system for Danish achieves a macro averaged F1-score of 0.73. Finally, in the detection of the target type in a targeted offensive post, the best performing system for English achieves a macro averaged F1-score of 0.56, and the best performing system for Danish achieves a macro averaged F1-score of 0.63. Our work for both the English and the Danish language captures the type and targets of offensive language, and present automatic methods for detecting different kinds of offensive language such as hate speech and cyberbullying.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sigurbergsson, Gudbjartur Ingi and Derczynski, Leon},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3498--3508},
}

@inproceedings{moon_jamo_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Jamo {Pair} {Encoding}: {Subcharacter} {Representation}-based {Extreme} {Korean} {Vocabulary} {Compression} for {Efficient} {Subword} {Tokenization}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.429},
	abstract = {In the context of multilingual language model pre-training, vocabulary size for languages with a broad set of potential characters is an unsolved problem. We propose two algorithms applicable in any unsupervised multilingual pre-training task, increasing the elasticity of budget required for building the vocabulary in Byte-Pair Encoding inspired tokenizers, significantly reducing the cost of supporting Korean in a multilingual model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moon, Sangwhan and Okazaki, Naoaki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3490--3497},
}

@inproceedings{qasmi_simplifyur_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SimplifyUR}: {Unsupervised} {Lexical} {Text} {Simplification} for {Urdu}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.428},
	abstract = {This paper presents the first attempt at Automatic Text Simplification (ATS) for Urdu, the language of 170 million people worldwide. Being a low-resource language in terms of standard linguistic resources, recent text simplification approaches that rely on manually crafted simplified corpora or lexicons such as WordNet are not applicable to Urdu. Urdu is a morphologically rich language that requires unique considerations such as proper handling of inflectional case and honorifics. We present an unsupervised method for lexical simplification of complex Urdu text. Our method only requires plain Urdu text and makes use of word embeddings together with a set of morphological features to generate simplifications. Our system achieves a BLEU score of 80.15 and SARI score of 42.02 upon automatic evaluation on manually crafted simplified corpora. We also report results for human evaluations for correctness, grammaticality, meaning-preservation and simplicity of the output. Our code and corpus are publicly available to make our results reproducible.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Qasmi, Namoos Hayat and Zia, Haris Bin and Athar, Awais and Raza, Agha Ali},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3484--3489},
}

@inproceedings{mollberg_samromur_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Samrómur: {Crowd}-sourcing {Data} {Collection} for {Icelandic} {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.425},
	abstract = {This contribution describes an ongoing project of speech data collection, using the web application Samrómur which is built upon Common Voice, Mozilla Foundation's web platform for open-source voice collection. The goal of the project is to build a large-scale speech corpus for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for Icelandic. Upon completion, Samrómur will be the largest open speech corpus for Icelandic collected from the public domain. We discuss the methods used for the crowd-sourcing effort and show the importance of marketing and good media coverage when launching a crowd-sourcing campaign. Preliminary results exceed our expectations, and in one month we collected data that we had estimated would take three months to obtain. Furthermore, our initial dataset of around 45 thousand utterances has good demographic coverage, is gender-balanced and with proper age distribution. We also report on the task of validating the recordings, which we have not promoted, but have had numerous hours invested by volunteers.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mollberg, David Erik and Jónsson, Ólafur Helgi and Þorsteinsdóttir, Sunneva and Steingrímsson, Steinþór and Magnúsdóttir, Eydís Huld and Gudnason, Jon},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3463--3467},
}

@inproceedings{graen_using_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Using {Multilingual} {Resources} to {Evaluate} {CEFRLex} for {Learner} {Applications}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.43},
	abstract = {The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) defines six levels of learner proficiency, and links them to particular communicative abilities. The CEFRLex project aims at compiling lexical resources that link single words and multi-word expressions to particular CEFR levels. The resources are thought to reflect second language learner needs as they are compiled from CEFR-graded textbooks and other learner-directed texts. In this work, we investigate the applicability of CEFRLex resources for building language learning applications. Our main concerns were that vocabulary in language learning materials might be sparse, i.e. that not all vocabulary items that belong to a particular level would also occur in materials for that level, and, on the other hand, that vocabulary items might be used on lower-level materials if required by the topic (e.g. with a simpler paraphrasing or translation). Our results indicate that the English CEFRLex resource is in accordance with external resources that we jointly employ as gold standard. Together with other values obtained from monolingual and parallel corpora, we can indicate which entries need to be adjusted to obtain values that are even more in line with this gold standard. We expect that this finding also holds for the other languages},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Graën, Johannes and Alfter, David and Schneider, Gerold},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {346--355},
}

@inproceedings{mersinias_clfd_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CLFD}: {A} {Novel} {Vectorization} {Technique} and {Its} {Application} in {Fake} {News} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.427},
	abstract = {In recent years, fake news detection has been an emerging research area. In this paper, we put forward a novel statistical approach for the generation of feature vectors to describe a document. Our so-called class label frequency distance (clfd), is shown experimentally to provide an effective way for boosting the performance of machine learning methods. Specifically, our experiments, carried out in the fake news detection domain, verify that efficient traditional machine learning methods that use our vectorization approach, consistently outperform deep learning methods that use word embeddings for small and medium sized datasets, while the results are comparable for large datasets. In addition, we demonstrate that a novel hybrid method that utilizes both a clfd-boosted logistic regression classifier and a deep learning one, clearly outperforms deep learning methods even in large datasets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mersinias, Michail and Afantenos, Stergos and Chalkiadakis, Georgios},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3475--3483},
}

@inproceedings{biswas_semi-supervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Semi-supervised {Development} of {ASR} {Systems} for {Multilingual} {Code}-switched {Speech} in {Under}-resourced {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.426},
	abstract = {This paper reports on the semi-supervised development of acoustic and language models for under-resourced, code-switched speech in five South African languages. Two approaches are considered. The first constructs four separate bilingual automatic speech recognisers (ASRs) corresponding to four different language pairs between which speakers switch frequently. The second uses a single, unified, five-lingual ASR system that represents all the languages (English, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Setswana and Sesotho). We evaluate the effectiveness of these two approaches when used to add additional data to our extremely sparse training sets. Results indicate that batch-wise semi-supervised training yields better results than a non-batch-wise approach. Furthermore, while the separate bilingual systems achieved better recognition performance than the unified system, they benefited more from pseudolabels generated by the five-lingual system than from those generated by the bilingual systems.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Biswas, Astik and Yilmaz, Emre and De Wet, Febe and Van der westhuizen, Ewald and Niesler, Thomas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3468--3474},
}

@inproceedings{lyding_digital_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Digital {Language} {Infrastructures} – {Documenting} {Language} {Actors}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.424},
	abstract = {The major European language infrastructure initiatives like CLARIN (Hinrichs and Krauwer, 2014), DARIAH (Edmond et al., 2017) or Europeana (Europeana Foundation, 2015) have been built by focusing in the first place on institutions of larger scale, like specialized research departments and larger official units like national libraries, etc. However, besides these principal players also a large number of smaller language actors could contribute to and benefit from language infrastructures. Especially since these smaller institutions, like local libraries, archives and publishers, often collect, manage and host language resources of particular value for their geographical and cultural region, it seems highly relevant to find ways of engaging and connecting them to existing European infrastructure initiatives. In this article, we first highlight the need for reaching out to smaller local language actors and discuss challenges related to this ambition. Then we present the first step in how this objective was approached within a local language infrastructure project, namely by means of a structured documentation of the local language actors landscape in South Tyrol. We describe how the documentation efforts were structured and organized, and what tool we have set up to distribute the collected data online, by adapting existing CLARIN solutions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lyding, Verena and König, Alexander and Pretti, Monica},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3457--3462},
}

@inproceedings{smal_language_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Language {Data} {Sharing} in {European} {Public} {Services} – {Overcoming} {Obstacles} and {Creating} {Sustainable} {Data} {Sharing} {Infrastructures}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.422},
	abstract = {Data is key in training modern language technologies. In this paper, we summarise the findings of the first pan-European study on obstacles to sharing language data across 29 EU Member States and CEF-affiliated countries carried out under the ELRC White Paper action on Sustainable Language Data Sharing to Support Language Equality in Multilingual Europe. Why Language Data Matters. We present the methodology of the study, the obstacles identified and report on recommendations on how to overcome those. The obstacles are classified into (1) lack of appreciation of the value of language data, (2) structural challenges, (3) disposition towards CAT tools and lack of digital skills, (4) inadequate language data management practices, (5) limited access to outsourced translations, and (6) legal concerns. Recommendations are grouped into addressing the European/national policy level, and the organisational/institutional level.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Smal, Lilli and Lösch, Andrea and van Genabith, Josef and Giagkou, Maria and Declerck, Thierry and Busemann, Stephan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3443--3448},
}

@inproceedings{cieri_progress_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Progress} {Report} on {Activities} at the {Linguistic} {Data} {Consortium} {Benefitting} the {LREC} {Community}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.423},
	abstract = {This latest in a series of Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) progress reports to the LREC community does not describe any single language resource, evaluation campaign or technology but sketches the activities, since the last report, of a data center devoted to supporting the work of LREC attendees among other research communities. Specifically, we describe 96 new corpora released in 2018-2020 to date, a new technology evaluation campaign, ongoing activities to support multiple common task human language technology programs, and innovations to advance the methodology of language data collection and annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cieri, Christopher and Fiumara, James and Strassel, Stephanie and Wright, Jonathan and DiPersio, Denise and Liberman, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3449--3456},
}

@inproceedings{jaquette_related_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Related {Works} in the {Linguistic} {Data} {Consortium} {Catalog}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.421},
	abstract = {Defining relations between language resources provides an archive with the ability to better serve its users. This paper covers the development and implementation of a Related Works addition to the Linguistic Data Consortium’s (LDC) catalog. The authors go step-by-step through the development of the Related Works schema, implementation of the software and database changes, and data entry of the relations. The Related Work schema involved developing of a set of controlled terms for relations based on previous work and other schema. Software and database changes consisted of both front and back end interface additions, along with modification and additions to the LDC Catalog database tables. Data entry consisted of two parts: seed data from previous work and 2019 language resources, and ongoing legacy population. Previous work in this area is discussed as well as overview information about the LDC Catalog. A list of the full LDC Related Works terms is included with brief explanations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jaquette, Daniel and Cieri, Christopher and DiPersio, Denise},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3438--3442},
}

@inproceedings{labropoulou_making_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Making {Metadata} {Fit} for {Next} {Generation} {Language} {Technology} {Platforms}: {The} {Metadata} {Schema} of the {European} {Language} {Grid}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.420},
	abstract = {The current scientific and technological landscape is characterised by the increasing availability of data resources and processing tools and services. In this setting, metadata have emerged as a key factor facilitating management, sharing and usage of such digital assets. In this paper we present ELG-SHARE, a rich metadata schema catering for the description of Language Resources and Technologies (processing and generation services and tools, models, corpora, term lists, etc.), as well as related entities (e.g., organizations, projects, supporting documents, etc.). The schema powers the European Language Grid platform that aims to be the primary hub and marketplace for industry-relevant Language Technology in Europe. ELG-SHARE has been based on various metadata schemas, vocabularies, and ontologies, as well as related recommendations and guidelines.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Labropoulou, Penny and Gkirtzou, Katerina and Gavriilidou, Maria and Deligiannis, Miltos and Galanis, Dimitris and Piperidis, Stelios and Rehm, Georg and Berger, Maria and Mapelli, Valérie and Rigault, Michael and Arranz, Victoria and Choukri, Khalid and Backfried, Gerhard and Gomez-Perez, Jose Manuel and Garcia-Silva, Andres},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3428--3437},
}

@inproceedings{nagata_creating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Creating {Corpora} for {Research} in {Feedback} {Comment} {Generation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.42},
	abstract = {In this paper, we report on datasets that we created for research in feedback comment generation — a task of automatically generating feedback comments such as a hint or an explanatory note for writing learning. There has been almost no such corpus open to the public and accordingly there has been a very limited amount of work on this task. In this paper, we first discuss the principle and guidelines for feedback comment annotation. Then, we describe two corpora that we have manually annotated with feedback comments (approximately 50,000 general comments and 6,700 on preposition use). A part of the annotation results is now available on the web, which will facilitate research in feedback comment generation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nagata, Ryo and Inui, Kentaro and Ishikawa, Shin'ichiro},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {340--345},
}

@inproceedings{kamocki_privacy_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Privacy by {Design} and {Language} {Resources}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.419},
	abstract = {Privacy by Design (also referred to as Data Protection by Design) is an approach in which solutions and mechanisms addressing privacy and data protection are embedded through the entire project lifecycle, from the early design stage, rather than just added as an additional lawyer to the final product. Formulated in the 1990 by the Privacy Commissionner of Ontario, the principle of Privacy by Design has been discussed by institutions and policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic, and mentioned already in the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC). More recently, Privacy by Design was introduced as one of the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), obliging data controllers to define and adopt, already at the conception phase, appropriate measures and safeguards to implement data protection principles and protect the rights of the data subject. Failing to meet this obligation may result in a hefty fine, as it was the case in the Uniontrad decision by the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL). The ambition of the proposed paper is to analyse the practical meaning of Privacy by Design in the context of Language Resources, and propose measures and safeguards that can be implemented by the community to ensure respect of this principle.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kamocki, Pawel and Witt, Andreas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3423--3427},
}

@inproceedings{steingrimsson_facilitating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Facilitating {Corpus} {Usage}: {Making} {Icelandic} {Corpora} {More} {Accessible} for {Researchers} and {Language} {Users}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.416},
	abstract = {We introduce an array of open and accessible tools to facilitate the use of the Icelandic Gigaword Corpus, in the field of Natural Language Processing as well as for students, linguists, sociologists and others benefitting from using large corpora. A KWIC engine, powered by the Swedish Korp tool is adapted to the specifics of the corpus. An n-gram viewer, highly customizable to suit different needs, allows users to study word usage throughout the period of our text collection. A frequency dictionary provides much sought after information about word frequency statistics, computed for each subcorpus as well as aggregate, disambiguating homographs based on their respective lemmas and morphosyntactic tags. Furthermore, we provide n-grams based on the corpus, and a variety of pre-trained word embeddings models, based on word2vec, GloVe, fastText and ELMo. For three of the model types, multiple word embedding models are available trained with different algorithms and using either lemmatised or unlemmatised texts.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Steingrímsson, Steinþór and Barkarson, Starkaður and Örnólfsson, Gunnar Thor},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3399--3405},
}

@inproceedings{altammami_constructing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Constructing a {Bilingual} {Hadith} {Corpus} {Using} a {Segmentation} {Tool}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.415},
	abstract = {This article describes the process of gathering and constructing a bilingual parallel corpus of Islamic Hadith, which is the set of narratives reporting different aspects of the prophet Muhammad's life. The corpus data is gathered from the six canonical Hadith collections using a custom segmentation tool that automatically segments and annotates the two Hadith components with 92\% accuracy. This Hadith segmenter minimises the costs of language resource creation and produces consistent results independently from previous knowledge and experiences that usually influence human annotators. The corpus includes more than 10M tokens and will be freely available via the LREC repository.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Altammami, Shatha and Atwell, Eric and Alsalka, Ammar},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3390--3398},
}

@inproceedings{vasiljevs_competitiveness_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Competitiveness} {Analysis} of the {European} {Language} {Technology} {Market}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.414},
	abstract = {This paper presents the key results of a study on the global competitiveness of the European Language Technology market for three areas – Machine Translation, speech technology, and cross-lingual search. EU competitiveness is analyzed in comparison to North America and Asia. The study focuses on seven dimensions (research, innovations, investments, market dominance, industry, infrastructure, and Open Data) that have been selected to characterize the language technology market. The study concludes that while Europe still has strong positions in Research and Innovation, it lags behind North America and Asia in scaling innovations and conquering market share.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vasiļjevs, Andrejs and Skadina, Inguna and Samite, Indra and Kauliņš, Kaspars and Ajausks, Ēriks and Meļņika, Jūlija and Bērziņš, Aivars},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3381--3389},
}

@inproceedings{nikulasdottir_language_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Language {Technology} {Programme} for {Icelandic} 2019-2023},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.418},
	abstract = {In this paper, we describe a new national language technology programme for Icelandic. The programme, which spans a period of five years, aims at making Icelandic usable in communication and interactions in the digital world, by developing accessible, open-source language resources and software. The research and development work within the programme is carried out by a consortium of universities, institutions, and private companies, with a strong emphasis on cooperation between academia and industries. Five core projects will be the main content of the programme: language resources, speech recognition, speech synthesis, machine translation, and spell and grammar checking. We also describe other national language technology programmes and give an overview over the history of language technology in Iceland.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nikulásdóttir, Anna and Guðnason, Jón and Ingason, Anton Karl and Loftsson, Hrafn and Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur and Sigurðsson, Einar Freyr and Steingrímsson, Steinþór},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3414--3422},
}

@inproceedings{de_jong_interoperability_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Interoperability in an {Infrastructure} {Enabling} {Multidisciplinary} {Research}: {The} case of {CLARIN}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.417},
	abstract = {CLARIN is a European Research Infrastructure providing access to language resources and technologies for researchers in the humanities and social sciences. It supports the use and study of language data in general and aims to increase the potential for comparative research of cultural and societal phenomena across the boundaries of languages and disciplines, all in line with the European agenda for Open Science. Data infrastructures such as CLARIN have recently embarked on the emerging frameworks for the federation of infrastructural services, such as the European Open Science Cloud and the integration of services resulting from multidisciplinary collaboration in federated services for the wider SSH domain. In this paper we describe the interoperability requirements that arise through the existing ambitions and the emerging frameworks. The interoperability theme will be addressed at several levels, including organisation and ecosystem, design of workflow services, data curation, performance measurement and collaboration.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {de Jong, Franciska and Maegaard, Bente and Fišer, Darja and van Uytvanck, Dieter and Witt, Andreas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3406--3413},
}

@inproceedings{petasis_ellogon_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Ellogon {Casual} {Annotation} {Infrastructure}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.412},
	abstract = {This paper presents a new annotation paradigm, casual annotation, along with a proposed architecture and a reference implementation, the Ellogon Casual Annotation Tool, which implements this paradigm and architecture. The novel aspects of the proposed paradigm originate from the vision to tightly integrate annotation with the casual, everyday activities of users. Annotating in a less "controlled" environment, and removing the bottleneck of selecting content and importing it to annotation infrastructures, casual annotation provides the ability to vastly increase the content that can be annotated and ease the annotation process through automatic pre-training. The proposed paradigm, architecture and reference implementation has been evaluated for more than two years on an annotation task related to sentiment analysis. Evaluation results suggest that, at least for this annotation task, there is a huge improvement in productivity after casual annotation adoption, in comparison to the more traditional annotation paradigms followed in the early stages of the annotation task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Petasis, Georgios and Tsekouras, Leonidas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3360--3365},
}

@inproceedings{rehm_european_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {European {Language} {Grid}: {An} {Overview}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.413},
	abstract = {With 24 official EU and many additional languages, multilingualism in Europe and an inclusive Digital Single Market can only be enabled through Language Technologies (LTs). European LT business is dominated by hundreds of SMEs and a few large players. Many are world-class, with technologies that outperform the global players. However, European LT business is also fragmented – by nation states, languages, verticals and sectors, significantly holding back its impact. The European Language Grid (ELG) project addresses this fragmentation by establishing the ELG as the primary platform for LT in Europe. The ELG is a scalable cloud platform, providing, in an easy-to-integrate way, access to hundreds of commercial and non-commercial LTs for all European languages, including running tools and services as well as data sets and resources. Once fully operational, it will enable the commercial and non-commercial European LT community to deposit and upload their technologies and data sets into the ELG, to deploy them through the grid, and to connect with other resources. The ELG will boost the Multilingual Digital Single Market towards a thriving European LT community, creating new jobs and opportunities. Furthermore, the ELG project organises two open calls for up to 20 pilot projects. It also sets up 32 national competence centres and the European LT Council for outreach and coordination purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rehm, Georg and Berger, Maria and Elsholz, Ela and Hegele, Stefanie and Kintzel, Florian and Marheinecke, Katrin and Piperidis, Stelios and Deligiannis, Miltos and Galanis, Dimitris and Gkirtzou, Katerina and Labropoulou, Penny and Bontcheva, Kalina and Jones, David and Roberts, Ian and Hajic, Jan and Hamrlová, Jana and Kačena, Lukáš and Choukri, Khalid and Arranz, Victoria and Vasiļjevs, Andrejs and Anvari, Orians and Lagzdiņš, Andis and Meļņika, Jūlija and Backfried, Gerhard and Dikici, Erinç and Janosik, Miroslav and Prinz, Katja and Prinz, Christoph and Stampler, Severin and Thomas-Aniola, Dorothea and Gomez-Perez, Jose Manuel and Garcia Silva, Andres and Berrío, Christian and Germann, Ulrich and Renals, Steve and Klejch, Ondrej},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3366--3380},
}

@inproceedings{krek_gigafida_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Gigafida 2.0: {The} {Reference} {Corpus} of {Written} {Standard} {Slovene}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.409},
	abstract = {We describe a new version of the Gigafida reference corpus of Slovene. In addition to updating the corpus with new material and annotating it with better tools, the focus of the upgrade was also on its transformation from a general reference corpus, which contains all language variants including non-standard language, to the corpus of standard (written) Slovene. This decision could be implemented as new corpora dedicated specifically to non-standard language emerged recently. In the new version, the whole Gigafida corpus was deduplicated for the first time, which facilitates automatic extraction of data for the purposes of compilation of new lexicographic resources such as the collocations dictionary and the thesaurus of Slovene.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Krek, Simon and Arhar Holdt, Špela and Erjavec, Tomaž and Čibej, Jaka and Repar, Andraz and Gantar, Polona and Ljubešić, Nikola and Kosem, Iztok and Dobrovoljc, Kaja},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3340--3345},
}

@inproceedings{draxler_clarin_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {CLARIN} {Transcription} {Portal} for {Interview} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.411},
	abstract = {In this paper we present a first version of a transcription portal for audio files based on automatic speech recognition (ASR) in various languages. The portal is implemented in the CLARIN resources research network and intended for use by non-technical scholars. We explain the background and interdisciplinary nature of interview data, the perks and quirks of using ASR for transcribing the audio in a research context, the dos and don’ts for optimal use of the portal, and future developments foreseen. The portal is promoted in a range of workshops, but there are a number of challenges that have to be met. These challenges concern privacy issues, ASR quality, and cost, amongst others.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Draxler, Christoph and van den Heuvel, Henk and van Hessen, Arjan and Calamai, Silvia and Corti, Louise},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3353--3359},
}

@inproceedings{evert_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpus {Query} {Lingua} {Franca} part {II}: {Ontology}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.410},
	abstract = {The present paper outlines the projected second part of the Corpus Query Lingua Franca (CQLF) family of standards: CQLF Ontology, which is currently in the process of standardization at the International Standards Organization (ISO), in its Technical Committee 37, Subcommittee 4 (TC37SC4) and its national mirrors. The first part of the family, ISO 24623-1 (henceforth CQLF Metamodel), was successfully adopted as an international standard at the beginning of 2018. The present paper reflects the state of the CQLF Ontology at the moment of submission for the Committee Draft ballot. We provide a brief overview of the CQLF Metamodel, present the assumptions and aims of the CQLF Ontology, its basic structure, and its potential extended applications. The full ontology is expected to emerge from a community process, starting from an initial version created by the authors of the present paper.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Evert, Stefan and Harlamov, Oleg and Heinrich, Philipp and Banski, Piotr},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3346--3352},
}

@inproceedings{pilan_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Dataset} for {Investigating} the {Impact} of {Feedback} on {Student} {Revision} {Outcome}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.41},
	abstract = {We present an annotation scheme and a dataset of teacher feedback provided for texts written by non-native speakers of English. The dataset consists of student-written sentences in their original and revised versions with teacher feedback provided for the errors. Feedback appears both in the form of open-ended comments and error category tags. We focus on a specific error type, namely linking adverbial (e.g. however, moreover) errors. The dataset has been annotated for two aspects: (i) revision outcome establishing whether the re-written student sentence was correct and (ii) directness, indicating whether teachers provided explicitly the correction in their feedback. This dataset allows for studies around the characteristics of teacher feedback and how these influence students’ revision outcome. We describe the data preparation process and we present initial statistical investigations regarding the effect of different feedback characteristics on revision outcome. These show that open-ended comments and mitigating expressions appear in a higher proportion of successful revisions than unsuccessful ones, while directness and metalinguistic terms have no effect. Given that the use of this type of data is relatively unexplored in natural language processing (NLP) applications, we also report some observations and challenges when working with feedback data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pilan, Ildiko and Lee, John and Yeung, Chak Yan and Webster, Jonathan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {332--339},
}

@inproceedings{gillis-webber_framework_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Framework} for {Shared} {Agreement} of {Language} {Tags} beyond {ISO} 639},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.408},
	abstract = {The identification and annotation of languages in an unambiguous and standardized way is essential for the description of linguistic data. It is the prerequisite for machine-based interpretation, aggregation, and re-use of the data with respect to different languages. This makes it a key aspect especially for Linked Data and the multilingual Semantic Web. The standard for language tags is defined by IETF’s BCP 47 and ISO 639 provides the language codes that are the tags’ main constituents. However, for the identification of lesser-known languages, endangered languages, regional varieties or historical stages of a language, the ISO 639 codes are insufficient. Also, the optional language sub-tags compliant with BCP 47 do not offer a possibility fine-grained enough to represent linguistic variation. We propose a versatile pattern that extends the BCP 47 sub-tag 'privateuse' and is, thus, able to overcome the limits of BCP 47 and ISO 639. Sufficient coverage of the pattern is demonstrated with the use case of linguistic Linked Data of the endangered Gascon language. We show how to use a URI shortcode for the extended sub-tag, making the length compliant with BCP 47. We achieve this with a web application and API developed to encode and decode the language tag.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gillis-Webber, Frances and Tittel, Sabine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3333--3339},
}

@inproceedings{van_den_heuvel_clarin_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {CLARIN} {Knowledge} {Centre} for {Atypical} {Communication} {Expertise}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.405},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a new CLARIN Knowledge Center which is the K-Centre for Atypical Communication Expertise (ACE for short) which has been established at the Centre for Language and Speech Technology (CLST) at Radboud University. Atypical communication is an umbrella term used here to denote language use by second language learners, people with language disorders or those suffering from language disabilities, but also more broadly by bilinguals and users of sign languages. It involves multiple modalities (text, speech, sign, gesture) and encompasses different developmental stages. ACE closely collaborates with The Language Archive (TLA) at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in order to safeguard GDPR-compliant data storage and access. We explain the mission of ACE and show its potential on a number of showcases and a use case.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {van den Heuvel, Henk and Oostdijk, Nelleke and Rowland, Caroline and Trilsbeek, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3312--3316},
}

@inproceedings{battisti_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} for {Automatic} {Readability} {Assessment} and {Text} {Simplification} of {German}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.404},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a corpus for use in automatic readability assessment and automatic text simplification for German, the first of its kind for this language. The corpus is compiled from web sources and consists of parallel as well as monolingual-only (simplified German) data amounting to approximately 6,200 documents (nearly 211,000 sentences). As a unique feature, the corpus contains information on text structure (e.g., paragraphs, lines), typography (e.g., font type, font style), and images (content, position, and dimensions). While the importance of considering such information in machine learning tasks involving simplified language, such as readability assessment, has repeatedly been stressed in the literature, we provide empirical evidence for its benefit. We also demonstrate the added value of leveraging monolingual-only data for automatic text simplification via machine translation through applying back-translation, a data augmentation technique.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Battisti, Alessia and Pfütze, Dominik and Säuberli, Andreas and Kostrzewa, Marek and Ebling, Sarah},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3302--3311},
}

@inproceedings{rehm_european_2020-1,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {European} {Language} {Technology} {Landscape} in 2020: {Language}-{Centric} and {Human}-{Centric} {AI} for {Cross}-{Cultural} {Communication} in {Multilingual} {Europe}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.407},
	abstract = {Multilingualism is a cultural cornerstone of Europe and firmly anchored in the European treaties including full language equality. However, language barriers impacting business, cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication are still omnipresent. Language Technologies (LTs) are a powerful means to break down these barriers. While the last decade has seen various initiatives that created a multitude of approaches and technologies tailored to Europe’s specific needs, there is still an immense level of fragmentation. At the same time, AI has become an increasingly important concept in the European Information and Communication Technology area. For a few years now, AI – including many opportunities, synergies but also misconceptions – has been overshadowing every other topic. We present an overview of the European LT landscape, describing funding programmes, activities, actions and challenges in the different countries with regard to LT, including the current state of play in industry and the LT market. We present a brief overview of the main LT-related activities on the EU level in the last ten years and develop strategic guidance with regard to four key dimensions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rehm, Georg and Marheinecke, Katrin and Hegele, Stefanie and Piperidis, Stelios and Bontcheva, Kalina and Hajic, Jan and Choukri, Khalid and Vasiļjevs, Andrejs and Backfried, Gerhard and Prinz, Christoph and Gomez-Perez, Jose Manuel and Meertens, Luc and Lukowicz, Paul and van Genabith, Josef and Lösch, Andrea and Slusallek, Philipp and Irgens, Morten and Gatellier, Patrick and Köhler, Joachim and Le Bars, Laure and Anastasiou, Dimitra and Auksoriūtė, Albina and Bel, Núria and Branco, António and Budin, Gerhard and Daelemans, Walter and De Smedt, Koenraad and Garabík, Radovan and Gavriilidou, Maria and Gromann, Dagmar and Koeva, Svetla and Krek, Simon and Krstev, Cvetana and Lindén, Krister and Magnini, Bernardo and Odijk, Jan and Ogrodniczuk, Maciej and Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur and Rosner, Mike and Pedersen, Bolette and Skadina, Inguna and Tadić, Marko and Tufiș, Dan and Váradi, Tamás and Vider, Kadri and Way, Andy and Yvon, François},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3322--3332},
}

@inproceedings{van_den_heuvel_corpora_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpora of {Disordered} {Speech} in the {Light} of the {GDPR}: {Two} {Use} {Cases} from the {DELAD} {Initiative}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.406},
	abstract = {Corpora of disordered speech (CDS) are costly to collect and difficult to share due to personal data protection and intellectual property (IP) issues. In this contribution we discuss the legal grounds for processing CDS in the light of the GDPR, and illustrate these with two use cases from the DELAD context. One use case deals with clinical datasets and another with legacy data from Polish hearing-impaired children. For both cases, processing based on consent and on public interest are taken into consideration.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {van den Heuvel, Henk and Kelli, Aleksei and Klessa, Katarzyna and Salaasti, Satu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3317--3321},
}

@inproceedings{kirchmeier_world_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {World {Class} {Language} {Technology} - {Developing} a {Language} {Technology} {Strategy} for {Danish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.403},
	abstract = {Although Denmark is one of the most digitized countries in Europe, no coordinated efforts have been made in recent years to support the Danish language with regard to language technology and artificial intelligence. In March 2019, however, the Danish government adopted a new, ambitious strategy for LT and artificial intelligence. In this paper, we describe the process behind the development of the language-related parts of the strategy: A Danish Language Technology Committee was constituted and a comprehensive series of workshops were organized in which users, suppliers, developers, and researchers gave their valuable input based on their experiences. We describe how, based on this experience, the focus areas and recommendations for the LT strategy were established, and which steps are currently taken in order to put the strategy into practice.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kirchmeier, Sabine and Pedersen, Bolette and Nimb, Sanni and Diderichsen, Philip and Henrichsen, Peter Juel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3297--3301},
}

@inproceedings{chiarcos_acoli_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {ACoLi} {Dictionary} {Graph}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.401},
	abstract = {In this paper, we report the release of the ACoLi Dictionary Graph, a large-scale collection of multilingual open source dictionaries available in two machine-readable formats, a graph representation in RDF, using the OntoLex-Lemon vocabulary, and a simple tabular data format to facilitate their use in NLP tasks, such as translation inference across dictionaries. We describe the mapping and harmonization of the underlying data structures into a unified representation, its serialization in RDF and TSV, and the release of a massive and coherent amount of lexical data under open licenses.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chiarcos, Christian and Fäth, Christian and Ionov, Maxim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3281--3290},
}

@inproceedings{midrigan_-_ciochina_resources_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Resources in {Underrepresented} {Languages}: {Building} a {Representative} {Romanian} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.402},
	abstract = {The effort in the field of Linguistics to develop theories that aim to explain language-dependent effects on language processing is greatly facilitated by the availability of reliable resources representing different languages. This project presents a detailed description of the process of creating a large and representative corpus in Romanian – a relatively under-resourced language with unique structural and typological characteristics, that can be used as a reliable language resource for linguistic studies. The decisions that have guided the construction of the corpus, including the type of corpus, its size and component resource files are discussed. Issues related to data collection, data organization and storage, as well as characteristics of the data included in the corpus are described. Currently, the corpus has approximately 5,500,000 tokens originating from written text and 100,000 tokens of spoken language. it includes language samples that represent a wide variety of registers (i.e. written language - 16 registers and 5 registers of spoken language), as well as different authors and speakers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Midrigan - Ciochina, Ludmila and Boyd, Victoria and Sanchez-Ortega, Lucila and Malancea\_Malac, Diana and Midrigan, Doina and Corina, David P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3291--3296},
}

@inproceedings{l_m_jeronimo_computing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Computing with {Subjectivity} {Lexicons}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.400},
	abstract = {In this paper, we introduce a new set of lexicons for expressing subjectivity in text documents written in Brazilian Portuguese. Besides the non-English idiom, in contrast to other subjectivity lexicons available, these lexicons represent different subjectivity dimensions (other than sentiment) and are more compact in number of terms. This last feature was designed intentionally to leverage the power of word embedding techniques, i.e., with the words mapped to an embedding space and the appropriate distance measures, we can easily capture semantically related words to the ones in the lexicons. Thus, we do not need to build comprehensive vocabularies and can focus on the most representative words for each lexicon dimension. We showcase the use of these lexicons in three highly non-trivial tasks: (1) Automated Essay Scoring in the Presence of Biased Ratings, (2) Subjectivity Bias in Brazilian Presidential Elections and (3) Fake News Classification Based on Text Subjectivity. All these tasks involve text documents written in Portuguese.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {L. M. Jeronimo, Caio and E. C. Campelo, Claudio and Balby Marinho, Leandro and Sales, Allan and Veloso, Adriano and Viola, Roberta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3272--3280},
}

@inproceedings{akhlaghi_constructing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Constructing {Multimodal} {Language} {Learner} {Texts} {Using} {LARA}: {Experiences} with {Nine} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.40},
	abstract = {LARA (Learning and Reading Assistant) is an open source platform whose purpose is to support easy conversion of plain texts into multimodal online versions suitable for use by language learners. This involves semi-automatically tagging the text, adding other annotations and recording audio. The platform is suitable for creating texts in multiple languages via crowdsourcing techniques that can be used for teaching a language via reading and listening. We present results of initial experiments by various collaborators where we measure the time required to produce substantial LARA resources, up to the length of short novels, in Dutch, English, Farsi, French, German, Icelandic, Irish, Swedish and Turkish. The first results are encouraging. Although there are some startup problems, the conversion task seems manageable for the languages tested so far. The resulting enriched texts are posted online and are freely available in both source and compiled form.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Akhlaghi, Elham and Bédi, Branislav and Bektaş, Fatih and Berthelsen, Harald and Butterweck, Matthias and Chua, Cathy and Cucchiarin, Catia and Eryiğit, Gülşen and Gerlach, Johanna and Habibi, Hanieh and Ní Chiaráin, Neasa and Rayner, Manny and Steingrímsson, Steinþór and Strik, Helmer},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {323--331},
}

@inproceedings{henlein_influence_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On the {Influence} of {Coreference} {Resolution} on {Word} {Embeddings} in {Lexical}-semantic {Evaluation} {Tasks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.4},
	abstract = {Coreference resolution (CR) aims to find all spans of a text that refer to the same entity. The F1-Scores on these task have been greatly improved by new developed End2End-approaches and transformer networks. The inclusion of CR as a pre-processing step is expected to lead to improvements in downstream tasks. The paper examines this effect with respect to word embeddings. That is, we analyze the effects of CR on six different embedding methods and evaluate them in the context of seven lexical-semantic evaluation tasks and instantiation/hypernymy detection. Especially in the last tasks we hoped for a significant increase in performance. We show that all word embedding approaches do not benefit significantly from pronoun substitution. The measurable improvements are only marginal (around 0.5\% in most test cases). We explain this result with the loss of contextual information, reduction of the relative occurrence of rare words and the lack of pronouns to be replaced.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Henlein, Alexander and Mehler, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {27--33},
}

@inproceedings{benites_translit_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TRANSLIT}: {A} {Large}-scale {Name} {Transliteration} {Resource}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.399},
	abstract = {Transliteration is the process of expressing a proper name from a source language in the characters of a target language (e.g. from Cyrillic to Latin characters). We present TRANSLIT, a large-scale corpus with approx. 1.6 million entries in more than 180 languages with about 3 million variations of person and geolocation names. The corpus is based on various public data sources, which have been transformed into a unified format to simplify their usage, plus a newly compiled dataset from Wikipedia. In addition, we apply several machine learning methods to establish baselines for automatically detecting transliterated names in various languages. Our best systems achieve an accuracy of 92\% on identification of transliterated pairs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Benites, Fernando and Duivesteijn, Gilbert François and von Däniken, Pius and Cieliebak, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3265--3271},
}

@inproceedings{rudnicka_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Dataset} of {Translational} {Equivalents} {Built} on the {Basis} of {plWordNet}-{Princeton} {WordNet} {Synset} {Mapping}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.398},
	abstract = {The paper presents a dataset of 11,000 Polish-English translational equivalents in the form of pairs of plWordNet and Princeton WordNet lexical units linked by three types of equivalence links: strong equivalence, regular equivalence, and weak equivalence. The resource consists of the two subsets. The first subset was built in result of manual annotation of an extended sample of Polish-English sense pairs partly randomly extracted from synsets linked by interlingual relations such as I-synononymy, I-partial synonymy and I-hyponymy and partly manually selected from the surrounding synsets in the hypernymy hierarchy. The second subset was created as a result of the manual checkup of an automatically generated lists of pairs of sense equivalents on the basis of a couple of simple, rule-based heuristics. For both subsets, the same methodology of equivalence annotation was adopted based on the verification of a set of formal, semantic-pragmatic and translational features. The constructed dataset is a novum in the wordnet domain and can facilitate the precision of bilingual NLP tasks such as automatic translation, bilingual word sense disambiguation and sentiment annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rudnicka, Ewa and Naskręt, Tomasz},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3260--3264},
}

@inproceedings{wu_computational_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Computational {Etymology} and {Word} {Emergence}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.397},
	abstract = {We developed an extensible, comprehensive Wiktionary parser that improves over several existing parsers. We predict the etymology of a word across the full range of etymology types and languages in Wiktionary, showing improvements over a strong baseline. We also model word emergence and show the application of etymology in modeling this phenomenon. We release our parser to further research in this understudied field.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wu, Winston and Yarowsky, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3252--3259},
}

@inproceedings{allen_broad-coverage_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Broad}-{Coverage} {Deep} {Semantic} {Lexicon} for {Verbs}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.396},
	abstract = {Progress on deep language understanding is inhibited by the lack of a broad coverage lexicon that connects linguistic behavior to ontological concepts and axioms. We have developed COLLIE-V, a deep lexical resource for verbs, with the coverage of WordNet and syntactic and semantic details that meet or exceed existing resources. Bootstrapping from a hand-built lexicon and ontology, new ontological concepts and lexical entries, together with semantic role preferences and entailment axioms, are automatically derived by combining multiple constraints from parsing dictionary definitions and examples. We evaluated the accuracy of the technique along a number of different dimensions and were able to obtain high accuracy in deriving new concepts and lexical entries. COLLIE-V is publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Allen, James and An, Hannah and Bose, Ritwik and de Beaumont, Will and Teng, Choh Man},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3243--3251},
}

@inproceedings{ahmadi_multilingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Multilingual} {Evaluation} {Dataset} for {Monolingual} {Word} {Sense} {Alignment}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.395},
	abstract = {Aligning senses across resources and languages is a challenging task with beneficial applications in the field of natural language processing and electronic lexicography. In this paper, we describe our efforts in manually aligning monolingual dictionaries. The alignment is carried out at sense-level for various resources in 15 languages. Moreover, senses are annotated with possible semantic relationships such as broadness, narrowness, relatedness, and equivalence. In comparison to previous datasets for this task, this dataset covers a wide range of languages and resources and focuses on the more challenging task of linking general-purpose language. We believe that our data will pave the way for further advances in alignment and evaluation of word senses by creating new solutions, particularly those notoriously requiring data such as neural networks. Our resources are publicly available at https://github.com/elexis-eu/MWSA.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ahmadi, Sina and McCrae, John Philip and Nimb, Sanni and Khan, Fahad and Monachini, Monica and Pedersen, Bolette and Declerck, Thierry and Wissik, Tanja and Bellandi, Andrea and Pisani, Irene and Troelsgård, Thomas and Olsen, Sussi and Krek, Simon and Lipp, Veronika and Váradi, Tamás and Simon, László and Gyorffy, András and Tiberius, Carole and Schoonheim, Tanneke and Ben Moshe, Yifat and Rudich, Maya and Abu Ahmad, Raya and Lonke, Dorielle and Kovalenko, Kira and Langemets, Margit and Kallas, Jelena and Dereza, Oksana and Fransen, Theodorus and Cillessen, David and Lindemann, David and Alonso, Mikel and Salgado, Ana and Luis Sancho, José and Ureña-Ruiz, Rafael-J. and Porta Zamorano, Jordi and Simov, Kiril and Osenova, Petya and Kancheva, Zara and Radev, Ivaylo and Stanković, Ranka and Perdih, Andrej and Gabrovsek, Dejan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3232--3242},
}

@inproceedings{fourrier_methodological_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Methodological {Aspects} of {Developing} and {Managing} an {Etymological} {Lexical} {Resource}: {Introducing} {EtymDB}-2.0},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.392},
	abstract = {Diachronic lexical information is not only important in the field of historical linguistics, but is also increasingly used in NLP, most recently for machine translation of low resource languages. Therefore, there is a need for fine-grained, large-coverage and accurate etymological lexical resources. In this paper, we propose a set of guidelines to generate such resources, for each step of the life-cycle of an etymological lexicon: creation, update, evaluation, dissemination, and exploitation. To illustrate the guidelines, we introduce EtymDB 2.0, an etymological database automatically generated from the Wiktionary, which contains 1.8 million lexemes, linked by more than 700,000 fine-grained etymological relations, across 2,536 living and dead languages. We also introduce use cases for which EtymDB 2.0 could represent a key resource, such as phylogenetic tree generation, low resource machine translation or medieval languages study.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fourrier, Clémentine and Sagot, Benoît},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3207--3216},
}

@inproceedings{ciobanu_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Reconstruction} of {Missing} {Romanian} {Cognates} and {Unattested} {Latin} {Words}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.394},
	abstract = {Producing related words is a key concern in historical linguistics. Given an input word, the task is to automatically produce either its proto-word, a cognate pair or a modern word derived from it. In this paper, we apply a method for producing related words based on sequence labeling, aiming to fill in the gaps in incomplete cognate sets in Romance languages with Latin etymology (producing Romanian cognates that are missing) and to reconstruct uncertified Latin words. We further investigate an ensemble-based aggregation for combining and re-ranking the word productions of multiple languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ciobanu, Alina Maria and Dinu, Liviu P. and Zoicas, Laurentiu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3226--3231},
}

@inproceedings{guibon_ofrlex_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{OFrLex}: {A} {Computational} {Morphological} and {Syntactic} {Lexicon} for {Old} {French}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.393},
	abstract = {In this paper we describe our work on the development and enrichment of OFrLex, a freely available, large-coverage morphological and syntactic Old French lexicon. We rely on several heterogeneous language resources to extract structured and exploitable information. The extraction follows a semi-automatic procedure with substantial manual steps to respond to difficulties encountered while aligning lexical entries from distinct language resources. OFrLex aims at improving natural language processing tasks on Old French such as part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing. We provide quantitative information on OFrLex and discuss its reliability. We also describe and evaluate a semi-automatic, word-embedding-based lexical enrichment process aimed at increasing the accuracy of the resource. Results of this extension technique will be manually validated in the near future, a step that will take advantage of OFrLex's viewing, searching and editing interface, which is already accessible online.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Guibon, Gaël and Sagot, Benoît},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3217--3225},
}

@inproceedings{bond_issues_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Some {Issues} with {Building} a {Multilingual} {Wordnet}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.390},
	abstract = {In this paper we discuss the experience of bringing together over 40 different wordnets. We introduce some extensions to the GWA wordnet LMF format proposed in Vossen et al. (2016) and look at how this new information can be displayed. Notable extensions include: confidence, corpus frequency, orthographic variants, lexicalized and non-lexicalized synsets and lemmas, new parts of speech, and more. Many of these extensions already exist in multiple wordnets – the challenge was to find a compatible representation. To this end, we introduce a new version of the Open Multilingual Wordnet (Bond and Foster, 2013), that integrates a new set of tools that tests the extensions introduced by this new format, while also ensuring the integrity of the Collaborative Interlingual Index (CILI: Bond et al., 2016), avoiding the same new concept to be introduced through multiple projects.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bond, Francis and Morgado da Costa, Luis and Goodman, Michael Wayne and McCrae, John Philip and Lohk, Ahti},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3189--3197},
}

@inproceedings{khokhlova_collocations_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Collocations in {Russian} {Lexicography} and {Russian} {Collocations} {Database}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.391},
	abstract = {The paper presents the issue of collocability and collocations in Russian and gives a survey of a wide range of dictionaries both printed and online ones that describe collocations. Our project deals with building a database that will include dictionary and statistical collocations. The former can be described in various lexicographic resources whereas the latter can be extracted automatically from corpora. Dictionaries differ among themselves, the information is given in various ways, making it hard for language learners and researchers to acquire data. A number of dictionaries were analyzed and processed to retrieve verified collocations, however the overlap between the lists of collocations extracted from them is still rather small. This fact indicates there is a need to create a unified resource which takes into account collocability and more examples. The proposed resource will also be useful for linguists and for studying Russian as a foreign language. The obtained results can be important for machine learning and for other NLP tasks, for instance, automatic clustering of word combinations and disambiguation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khokhlova, Maria},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3198--3206},
}

@inproceedings{bailly_predicting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Predicting {Multidimensional} {Subjective} {Ratings} of {Children}’ {Readings} from the {Speech} {Signals} for the {Automatic} {Assessment} of {Fluency}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.39},
	abstract = {The objective of this research is to estimate multidimensional subjective ratings of the reading performance of young readers from signal-based objective measures. We here combine linguistic features (number of correct words, repetitions, deletions, insertions uttered per minute . . . ) with phonetic features. Expressivity is particularly difficult to predict since there is no unique golden standard. We here propose a novel framework for performing such an estimation that exploits multiple references performed by adults and demonstrate its efficiency using recordings of 273 pupils.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bailly, Gérard and Godde, Erika and Piat-Marchand, Anne-Laure and Bosse, Marie-Line},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {317--322},
}

@inproceedings{bond_linking_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Linking the {TUFS} {Basic} {Vocabulary} to the {Open} {Multilingual} {Wordnet}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.389},
	abstract = {We describe the linking of the TUFS Basic Vocabulary Modules, created for online language learning, with the Open Multilingual Wordnet. The TUFS modules have roughly 500 lexical entries in 30 languages, each with the lemma, a link across the languages, an example sentence, usage notes and sound files. The Open Multilingual Wordnet has 34 languages (11 shared with TUFS) organized into synsets linked by semantic relations, with examples and definitions for some languages. The links can be used to (i) evaluate existing wordnets, (ii) add data to these wordnets and (iii) create new open wordnets for Khmer, Korean, Lao, Mongolian, Russian, Tagalog, Urdua nd Vietnamese},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bond, Francis and Nomoto, Hiroki and Morgado da Costa, Luís and Bond, Arthur},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3181--3188},
}

@inproceedings{khan_modelling_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Modelling {Etymology} in {LMF}/{TEI}: {The} {Grande} {Dicionário} {Houaiss} da {Língua} {Portuguesa} {Dictionary} as a {Use} {Case}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.388},
	abstract = {In this article we will introduce two of the new parts of the new multi-part version of the Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) ISO standard, namely part 3 of the standard (ISO 24613-3), which deals with etymological and diachronic data, and Part 4 (ISO 24613-4), which consists of a TEI serialisation of all of the prior parts of the model. We will demonstrate the use of both standards by describing the LMF encoding of a small number of examples taken from a sample conversion of the reference Portuguese dictionary \textit{Grande Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa}, part of a broader experiment comprising the analysis of different, heterogeneously encoded, Portuguese lexical resources. We present the examples in the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and also in a couple of cases in TEI.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khan, Fahad and Romary, Laurent and Salgado, Ana and Bowers, Jack and Khemakhem, Mohamed and Tasovac, Toma},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3172--3180},
}

@inproceedings{vossen_large-scale_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Large-scale {Cross}-lingual {Language} {Resources} for {Referencing} and {Framing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.387},
	abstract = {In this article, we lay out the basic ideas and principles of the project Framing Situations in the Dutch Language. We provide our first results of data acquisition, together with the first data release. We introduce the notion of cross-lingual referential corpora. These corpora consist of texts that make reference to exactly the same incidents. The referential grounding allows us to analyze the framing of these incidents in different languages and across different texts. During the project, we will use the automatically generated data to study linguistic framing as a phenomenon, build framing resources such as lexicons and corpora. We expect to capture larger variation in framing compared to traditional approaches for building such resources. Our first data release, which contains structured data about a large number of incidents and reference texts, can be found at http://dutchframenet.nl/data-releases/.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vossen, Piek and Ilievski, Filip and Postma, Marten and Fokkens, Antske and Minnema, Gosse and Remijnse, Levi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3162--3171},
}

@inproceedings{takeuchi_constructing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Constructing {Web}-{Accessible} {Semantic} {Role} {Labels} and {Frames} for {Japanese} as {Additions} to the {NPCMJ} {Parsed} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.386},
	abstract = {As part of constructing the NINJAL Parsed Corpus of Modern Japanese (NPCMJ), a web-accessible language resource, we are adding frame information for predicates, together with two types of semantic role labels that mark the contributions of arguments. One role type consists of numbered semantic roles, like in PropBank, to capture relations between arguments in different syntactic patterns. The other role type consists of semantic roles with conventional names.Both role types are compatible with hierarchical frames that belong to related predicates. Adding semantic role and frame information to the NPCMJ will support a web environment where language learners and linguists can search examples of Japanese for syntactic and semantic features. The annotation will also provide a language resource for NLP researchers making semantic parsing models (e.g., for AMR parsing) following machine learning approaches. In this paper, we describe how the two types of semantic role labels are defined under the frame based approach, i.e., both types can be consistently applied when linked to corresponding frames. Then we show special cases of syntactic patterns and the current status of the annotation work.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Takeuchi, Koichi and Butler, Alastair and Nagasaki, Iku and Okamura, Takuya and Pardeshi, Prashant},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3153--3161},
}

@inproceedings{vidal-gorene_languages_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Languages {Resources} for {Poorly} {Endowed} {Languages} : {The} {Case} {Study} of {Classical} {Armenian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.385},
	abstract = {Classical Armenian is a poorly endowed language, that despite a great tradition of lexicographical erudition is coping with a lack of resources. Although numerous initiatives exist to preserve the Classical Armenian language, the lack of precise and complete grammatical and lexicographical resources remains. This article offers a situation analysis of the existing resources for Classical Armenian and presents the new digital resources provided on the Calfa platform. The Calfa project gathers existing resources and updates, enriches and enhances their content to offer the richest database for Classical Armenian today. Faced with the challenges specific to a poorly endowed language, the Calfa project is also developing new technologies and solutions to enable preservation, advanced research, and larger systems and developments for the Armenian language},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vidal-Gorène, Chahan and Decours-Perez, Aliénor},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3145--3152},
}

@inproceedings{kettnerova_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards a {Semi}-{Automatic} {Detection} of {Reflexive} and {Reciprocal} {Constructions} and {Their} {Representation} in a {Valency} {Lexicon}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.384},
	abstract = {Valency lexicons usually describe valency behavior of verbs in non-reflexive and non-reciprocal constructions. However, reflexive and reciprocal constructions are common morphosyntactic forms of verbs. Both of these constructions are characterized by regular changes in morphosyntactic properties of verbs, thus they can be described by grammatical rules. On the other hand, the possibility to create reflexive and/or reciprocal constructions cannot be trivially derived from the morphosyntactic structure of verbs as it is conditioned by their semantic properties as well. A large-coverage valency lexicon allowing for rule based generation of all well formed verb constructions should thus integrate the information on reflexivity and reciprocity. In this paper, we propose a semi-automatic procedure, based on grammatical constraints on reflexivity and reciprocity, detecting those verbs that form reflexive and reciprocal constructions in corpus data. However, exploitation of corpus data for this purpose is complicated due to the diverse functions of reflexive markers crossing the domain of reflexivity and reciprocity. The list of verbs identified by the previous procedure is thus further used in an automatic experiment, applying word embeddings for detecting semantically similar verbs. These candidate verbs have been manually verified and annotation of their reflexive and reciprocal constructions has been integrated into the valency lexicon of Czech verbs VALLEX.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kettnerová, Václava and Lopatkova, Marketa and Vernerová, Anna and Barancikova, Petra},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3136--3144},
}

@inproceedings{huo_inducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Inducing {Universal} {Semantic} {Tag} {Vectors}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.382},
	abstract = {Given the well-established usefulness of part-of-speech tag annotations in many syntactically oriented downstream NLP tasks, the recently proposed notion of semantic tagging (Bjerva et al. 2016) aims at tagging words with tags informed by semantic distinctions, which are likely to be useful across a range of semantic tasks. To this end, their annotation scheme distinguishes, for instance, privative attributes from subsective ones. While annotated corpora exist, their size is limited and thus many words are out-of-vocabulary words. In this paper, we study to what extent we can automatically predict the tags associated with unseen words. We draw on large-scale word representation data to derive a large new Semantic Tag lexicon. Our experiments show that we can infer semantic tags for words with high accuracy both monolingually and cross-lingually.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Huo, Da and de Melo, Gerard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3121--3127},
}

@inproceedings{nishihara_word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Word {Complexity} {Estimation} for {Japanese} {Lexical} {Simplification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.381},
	abstract = {We introduce three language resources for Japanese lexical simplification: 1) a large-scale word complexity lexicon, 2) the first synonym lexicon for converting complex words to simpler ones, and 3) the first toolkit for developing and benchmarking Japanese lexical simplification system. Our word complexity lexicon is expanded to a broader vocabulary using a classifier trained on a small, high-quality word complexity lexicon created by Japanese language teachers. Based on this word complexity estimator, we extracted simplified word pairs from a large-scale synonym lexicon and constructed a simplified synonym lexicon useful for lexical simplification. In addition, we developed a Python library that implements automatic evaluation and key methods in each subtask to ease the construction of a lexical simplification pipeline. Experimental results show that the proposed method based on our lexicon achieves the highest performance of Japanese lexical simplification. The current lexical simplification is mainly studied in English, which is rich in language resources such as lexicons and toolkits. The language resources constructed in this study will help advance the lexical simplification system in Japanese.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nishihara, Daiki and Kajiwara, Tomoyuki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3114--3120},
}

@inproceedings{coole_lexidb_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LexiDB}: {Patterns} \& {Methods} for {Corpus} {Linguistic} {Database} {Management}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.383},
	abstract = {LexiDB is a tool for storing, managing and querying corpus data. In contrast to other database management systems (DBMSs), it is designed specifically for text corpora. It improves on other corpus management systems (CMSs) because data can be added and deleted from corpora on the fly with the ability to add live data to existing corpora. LexiDB sits between these two categories of DBMSs and CMSs, more specialised to language data than a general purpose DBMS but more flexible than a traditional static corpus management system. Previous work has demonstrated the scalability of LexiDB in response to the growing need to be able to scale out for ever growing corpus datasets. Here, we present the patterns and methods developed in LexiDB for storage, retrieval and querying of multi-level annotated corpus data. These techniques are evaluated and compared to an existing CMS (Corpus Workbench CWB - CQP) and indexer (Lucene). We find that LexiDB consistently outperforms existing tools for corpus queries. This is particularly apparent with large corpora and when handling queries with large result sets},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Coole, Matthew and Rayson, Paul and Mariani, John},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3128--3135},
}

@inproceedings{islam_lexicon-based_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Lexicon}-{Based} {Approach} for {Detecting} {Hedges} in {Informal} {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.380},
	abstract = {Hedging is a commonly used strategy in conversational management to show the speaker's lack of commitment to what they communicate, which may signal problems between the speakers. Our project is interested in examining the presence of hedging words and phrases in identifying the tension between an interviewer and interviewee during a survivor interview. While there have been studies on hedging detection in the natural language processing literature, all existing work has focused on structured texts and formal communications. Our project thus investigated a corpus of eight unstructured conversational interviews about the Rwanda Genocide and identified hedging patterns in the interviewees' responses. Our work produced three manually constructed lists of hedge words, booster words, and hedging phrases. Leveraging these lexicons, we developed a rule-based algorithm that detects sentence-level hedges in informal conversations such as survivor interviews. Our work also produced a dataset of 3000 sentences having the categories Hedge and Non-hedge annotated by three researchers. With experiments on this annotated dataset, we verify the efficacy of our proposed algorithm. Our work contributes to the further development of tools that identify hedges from informal conversations and discussions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Islam, Jumayel and Xiao, Lu and Mercer, Robert E.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3109--3113},
}

@inproceedings{rodosthenous_using_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Using {Crowdsourced} {Exercises} for {Vocabulary} {Training} to {Expand} {ConceptNet}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.38},
	abstract = {In this work, we report on a crowdsourcing experiment conducted using the V-TREL vocabulary trainer which is accessed via a Telegram chatbot interface to gather knowledge on word relations suitable for expanding ConceptNet. V-TREL is built on top of a generic architecture implementing the implicit crowdsourding paradigm in order to offer vocabulary training exercises generated from the commonsense knowledge-base ConceptNet and – in the background – to collect and evaluate the learners' answers to extend ConceptNet with new words. In the experiment about 90 university students learning English at C1 level, based on Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), trained their vocabulary with V-TREL over a period of 16 calendar days. The experiment allowed to gather more than 12,000 answers from learners on different question types. In this paper we present in detail the experimental setup and the outcome of the experiment, which indicates the potential of our approach for both crowdsourcing data as well as fostering vocabulary skills.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rodosthenous, Christos and Lyding, Verena and Sangati, Federico and König, Alexander and ul Hassan, Umair and Nicolas, Lionel and Horbacauskiene, Jolita and Katinskaia, Anisia and Aparaschivei, Lavinia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {307--316},
}

@inproceedings{iwai_development_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Development of a {Japanese} {Personality} {Dictionary} based on {Psychological} {Methods}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.379},
	abstract = {We propose a new approach to constructing a personality dictionary with psychological evidence. In this study, we collect personality words, using word embeddings, and construct a personality dictionary with weights for Big Five traits. The weights are calculated based on the responses of the large sample (N=1,938, female = 1,004, M=49.8years old:20-78, SD=16.3). All the respondents answered a 20-item personality questionnaire and 537 personality items derived from word embeddings. We present the procedures to examine the qualities of responses with psychological methods and to calculate the weights. These result in a personality dictionary with two sub-dictionaries. We also discuss an application of the acquired resources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Iwai, Ritsuko and Kawahara, Daisuke and Kumada, Takatsune and Kurohashi, Sadao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3103--3108},
}

@inproceedings{kanojia_challenge_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Challenge {Dataset} of {Cognates} and {False} {Friend} {Pairs} from {Indian} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.378},
	abstract = {Cognates are present in multiple variants of the same text across different languages (e.g., "hund" in German and "hound" in the English language mean "dog"). They pose a challenge to various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications such as Machine Translation, Cross-lingual Sense Disambiguation, Computational Phylogenetics, and Information Retrieval. A possible solution to address this challenge is to identify cognates across language pairs. In this paper, we describe the creation of two cognate datasets for twelve Indian languages namely Sanskrit, Hindi, Assamese, Oriya, Kannada, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Bengali, Marathi, and Malayalam. We digitize the cognate data from an Indian language cognate dictionary and utilize linked Indian language Wordnets to generate cognate sets. Additionally, we use the Wordnet data to create a False Friends' dataset for eleven language pairs. We also evaluate the efficacy of our dataset using previously available baseline cognate detection approaches. We also perform a manual evaluation with the help of lexicographers and release the curated gold-standard dataset with this paper.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kanojia, Diptesh and Kulkarni, Malhar and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak and Haffari, Gholamreza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3096--3102},
}

@inproceedings{mohammad_wordwars_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WordWars}: {A} {Dataset} to {Examine} the {Natural} {Selection} of {Words}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.377},
	abstract = {There is a growing body of work on how word meaning changes over time: mutation. In contrast, there is very little work on how different words compete to represent the same meaning, and how the degree of success of words in that competition changes over time: natural selection. We present a new dataset, WordWars, with historical frequency data from the early 1800s to the early 2000s for monosemous English words in over 5000 synsets. We explore three broad questions with the dataset: (1) what is the degree to which predominant words in these synsets have changed, (2) how do prominent word features such as frequency, length, and concreteness impact natural selection, and (3) what are the differences between the predominant words of the 2000s and the predominant words of early 1800s. We show that close to one third of the synsets undergo a change in the predominant word in this time period. Manual annotation of these pairs shows that about 15\% of these are orthographic variations, 25\% involve affix changes, and 60\% have completely different roots. We find that frequency, length, and concreteness all impact natural selection, albeit in different ways.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mohammad, Saif M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3087--3095},
}

@inproceedings{lai_cifu_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cifu: a {Frequency} {Lexicon} of {Hong} {Kong} {Cantonese}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.375},
	abstract = {This paper introduces Cifu, a lexical database for Hong Kong Cantonese (HKC) that offers phonological and orthographic information, frequency measures, and lexical neighborhood information for lexical items in HKC. Cifu is of use for NLP applications and the design and analysis of psycholinguistics experiments on HKC. We elaborate on the characteristics and challenges specific to HKC that were relevant in the design of Cifu. This includes lexical, orthographic and phonological aspects of HKC, word segmentation issues, the place of HKC in written media, and the availability of data. We discuss the measure of Neighborhood Density (ND), highlighting how the analytic nature of Cantonese and its writing system affect that measure. We justify using six different variations of ND, based on the possibility of inserting or deleting phonemes when searching for neighbors and on the choice of data for retrieving frequencies. Statistics about the four genres (written, adult spoken, children spoken and child-directed) within the dataset are discussed. We find that the lexical diversity of the child-directed speech genre is particularly low, compared to a size-matched written corpus. The correlations of word frequencies of different genres are all high, but in generally decrease as word length increases.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lai, Regine and Winterstein, Grégoire},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3069--3077},
}

@inproceedings{sprugnoli_odi_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Odi et {Amo}. {Creating}, {Evaluating} and {Extending} {Sentiment} {Lexicons} for {Latin}.},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.376},
	abstract = {Sentiment lexicons are essential for developing automatic sentiment analysis systems, but the resources currently available mostly cover modern languages. Lexicons for ancient languages are few and not evaluated with high-quality gold standards. However, the study of attitudes and emotions in ancient texts is a growing field of research which poses specific issues (e.g., lack of native speakers, limited amount of data, unusual textual genres for the sentiment analysis task, such as philosophical or documentary texts) and can have an impact on the work of scholars coming from several disciplines besides computational linguistics, e.g. historians and philologists. The work presented in this paper aims at providing the research community with a set of sentiment lexicons built by taking advantage of manually-curated resources belonging to the long tradition of Latin corpora and lexicons creation. Our interdisciplinary approach led us to release: i) two automatically generated sentiment lexicons; ii) a gold standard developed by two Latin language and culture experts; iii) a silver standard in which semantic and derivational relations are exploited so to extend the list of lexical items of the gold standard. In addition, the evaluation procedure is described together with a first application of the lexicons to a Latin tragedy.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sprugnoli, Rachele and Passarotti, Marco and Corbetta, Daniela and Peverelli, Andrea},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3078--3086},
}

@inproceedings{stein_preserving_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Preserving {Semantic} {Information} from {Old} {Dictionaries}: {Linking} {Senses} of the '{Altfranzösisches} {Wörterbuch}' to {WordNet}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.374},
	abstract = {Historical dictionaries of the pre-digital period are important resources for the study of older languages. Taking the example of the 'Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch', an Old French dictionary published from 1925 onwards, this contribution shows how the printed dictionaries can be turned into a more easily accessible and more sustainable lexical database, even though a full-text retro-conversion is too costly. Over 57,000 German sense definitions were identified in uncorrected OCR output. For verbs and nouns, 34,000 senses of more than 20,000 lemmas were matched with GermaNet, a semantic network for German, and, in a second step, linked to synsets of the English WordNet. These results are relevant for the automatic processing of Old French, for the annotation and exploitation of Old French text corpora, and for the philological study of Old French in general.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Stein, Achim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3063--3068},
}

@inproceedings{al_khalil_large-scale_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Large}-{Scale} {Leveled} {Readability} {Lexicon} for {Standard} {Arabic}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.373},
	abstract = {We present a large-scale 26,000-lemma leveled readability lexicon for Modern Standard Arabic. The lexicon was manually annotated in triplicate by language professionals from three regions in the Arab world. The annotations show a high degree of agreement; and major differences were limited to regional variations. Comparing lemma readability levels with their frequencies provided good insights in the benefits and pitfalls of frequency-based readability approaches. The lexicon will be publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Al Khalil, Muhamed and Habash, Nizar and Jiang, Zhengyang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3053--3062},
}

@inproceedings{cartoni_introducing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Introducing {Lexical} {Masks}: a {New} {Representation} of {Lexical} {Entries} for {Better} {Evaluation} and {Exchange} of {Lexicons}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.372},
	abstract = {The evaluation and exchange of large lexicon databases remains a challenge in many NLP applications. Despite the existence of commonly accepted standards for the format and the features used in a lexicon, there is still a lack of precise and interoperable specification requirements about how lexical entries of a particular language should look like, both in terms of the numbers of forms and in terms of features associated with these forms. This paper presents the notion of “lexical masks”, a powerful tool used to evaluate and exchange lexicon databases in many languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cartoni, Bruno and Calvelo Aros, Daniel and Vrandecic, Denny and Lertpradit, Saran},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3046--3052},
}

@inproceedings{choe_word2word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {word2word: {A} {Collection} of {Bilingual} {Lexicons} for 3,564 {Language} {Pairs}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.371},
	abstract = {We present word2word, a publicly available dataset and an open-source Python package for cross-lingual word translations extracted from sentence-level parallel corpora. Our dataset provides top-k word translations in 3,564 (directed) language pairs across 62 languages in OpenSubtitles2018 (Lison et al., 2018). To obtain this dataset, we use a count-based bilingual lexicon extraction model based on the observation that not only source and target words but also source words themselves can be highly correlated. We illustrate that the resulting bilingual lexicons have high coverage and attain competitive translation quality for several language pairs. We wrap our dataset and model in an easy-to-use Python library, which supports downloading and retrieving top-k word translations in any of the supported language pairs as well as computing top-k word translations for custom parallel corpora.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Choe, Yo Joong and Park, Kyubyong and Kim, Dongwoo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3036--3045},
}

@inproceedings{beniamine_opening_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Opening the {Romance} {Verbal} {Inflection} {Dataset} 2.0: {A} {CLDF} lexicon},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.370},
	abstract = {We introduce the Romance Verbal Inflection Dataset 2.0, a multilingual lexicon of Romance inflection covering 74 varieties. The lexicon provides verbal paradigm forms in broad IPA phonemic notation. Both lexemes and paradigm cells are organized to reflect cognacy. Such multi-lingual inflected lexicons annotated for two dimensions of cognacy are necessary to study the evolution of inflectional paradigms, and test linguistic hypotheses systematically. However, these resources seldom exist, and when they do, they are not usually encoded in computationally usable ways. The Oxford Online Database of Romance Verb Morphology provides this kind of information, however, it is not maintained anymore and is only available as a web service without interfaces for machine-readability. We collect its data and clean and correct it for consistency using both heuristics and expert annotator judgements. Most resources used to study language evolution computationally rely strictly on multilingual contemporary information, and lack information about prior stages of the languages. To provide such information, we augment the database with Latin paradigms from the LatInFlexi lexicon. Finally, to make it widely avalable, the resource is released under a GPLv3 license in CLDF format.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Beniamine, Sacha and Maiden, Martin and Round, Erich},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3027--3035},
}

@inproceedings{gomes_effort_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Effort {Estimation} in {Named} {Entity} {Tagging} {Tasks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.37},
	abstract = {Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an essential component of many Natural Language Processing pipelines. However, building these language dependent models requires large amounts of annotated data. Crowdsourcing emerged as a scalable solution to collect and enrich data in a more time-efficient manner. To manage these annotations at scale, it is important to predict completion timelines and compute fair pricing for workers in advance. To achieve these goals, we need to know how much effort will be taken to complete each task. In this paper, we investigate which variables influence the time spent on a named entity annotation task by a human. Our results are two-fold: first, the understanding of the effort-impacting factors which we divided into cognitive load and input length; and second, the performance of the prediction itself. On the latter, through model adaptation and feature engineering, we attained a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 25.68 words per minute with a Nearest Neighbors model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gomes, Inês and Correia, Rui and Ribeiro, Jorge and Freitas, João},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {298--306},
}

@inproceedings{sajous_englawi_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ENGLAWI}: {From} {Human}- to {Machine}-{Readable} {Wiktionary}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.369},
	abstract = {This paper introduces ENGLAWI, a large, versatile, XML-encoded machine-readable dictionary extracted from Wiktionary. ENGLAWI contains 752,769 articles encoding the full body of information included in Wiktionary: simple words, compounds and multiword expressions, lemmas and inflectional paradigms, etymologies, phonemic transcriptions in IPA, definition glosses and usage examples, translations, semantic and morphological relations, spelling variants, etc. It is fully documented, released under a free license and supplied with G-PeTo, a series of scripts allowing easy information extraction from ENGLAWI. Additional resources extracted from ENGLAWI, such as an inflectional lexicon, a lexicon of diatopic variants and the inclusion dates of headwords in Wiktionary’s nomenclature are also provided. The paper describes the content of the resource and illustrates how it can be - and has been - used in previous studies. We finally introduce an ongoing work that computes lexicographic word embeddings from ENGLAWI’s definitions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sajous, Franck and Calderone, Basilio and Hathout, Nabil},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3016--3026},
}

@inproceedings{angelov_parallel_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Parallel} {WordNet} for {English}, {Swedish} and {Bulgarian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.368},
	abstract = {We present the parallel creation of a WordNet resource for Swedish and Bulgarian which is tightly aligned with the Princeton WordNet. The alignment is not only on the synset level, but also on word level, by matching words with their closest translations in each language. We argue that the tighter alignment is essential in machine translation and natural language generation. About one-fifth of the lexical entries are also linked to the corresponding Wikipedia articles. In addition to the traditional semantic relations in WordNet, we also integrate morphological and morpho-syntactic information. The resource comes with a corpus where examples from Princeton WordNet are translated to Swedish and Bulgarian. The examples are aligned on word and phrase level. The new resource is open-source and in its development we used only existing open-source resources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Angelov, Krasimir},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3008--3015},
}

@inproceedings{uban_automatically_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatically {Building} a {Multilingual} {Lexicon} of {False} {Friends} {With} {No} {Supervision}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.367},
	abstract = {Cognate words, defined as words in different languages which derive from a common etymon, can be useful for language learners, who can leverage the orthographical similarity of cognates to more easily understand a text in a foreign language. Deceptive cognates, or false friends, do not share the same meaning anymore; these can be instead deceiving and detrimental for language acquisition or text understanding in a foreign language. We use an automatic method of detecting false friends from a set of cognates, in a fully unsupervised fashion, based on cross-lingual word embeddings. We implement our method for English and five Romance languages, including a low-resource language (Romanian), and evaluate it against two different gold standards. The method can be extended easily to any language pair, requiring only large monolingual corpora for the involved languages and a small bilingual dictionary for the pair. We additionally propose a measure of "falseness" of a false friends pair. We publish freely the database of false friends in the six languages, along with the falseness scores for each cognate pair. The resource is the largest of the kind that we are aware of, both in terms of languages covered and number of word pairs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Uban, Ana Sabina and Dinu, Liviu P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3001--3007},
}

@inproceedings{leone_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building {Semantic} {Grams} of {Human} {Knowledge}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.366},
	abstract = {Word senses are typically defined with textual definitions for human consumption and, in computational lexicons, put in context via lexical-semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy, etc. In this paper we embrace a radically different paradigm that provides a slot-filler structure, called “semagram”, to define the meaning of words in terms of their prototypical semantic information. We propose a semagram-based knowledge model composed of 26 semantic relationships which integrates features from a range of different sources, such as computational lexicons and property norms. We describe an annotation exercise regarding 50 concepts over 10 different categories and put forward different automated approaches for extending the semagram base to thousands of concepts. We finally evaluated the impact of the proposed resource on a semantic similarity task, showing significant improvements over state-of-the-art word embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Leone, Valentina and Siragusa, Giovanni and Di Caro, Luigi and Navigli, Roberto},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2991--3000},
}

@inproceedings{li_ca-ehn_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CA}-{EHN}: {Commonsense} {Analogy} from {E}-{HowNet}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.365},
	abstract = {Embedding commonsense knowledge is crucial for end-to-end models to generalize inference beyond training corpora. However, existing word analogy datasets have tended to be handcrafted, involving permutations of hundreds of words with only dozens of pre-defined relations, mostly morphological relations and named entities. In this work, we model commonsense knowledge down to word-level analogical reasoning by leveraging E-HowNet, an ontology that annotates 88K Chinese words with their structured sense definitions and English translations. We present CA-EHN, the first commonsense word analogy dataset containing 90,505 analogies covering 5,656 words and 763 relations. Experiments show that CA-EHN stands out as a great indicator of how well word representations embed commonsense knowledge. The dataset is publicly available at https://github.com/ckiplab/CA-EHN.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Li, Peng-Hsuan and Yang, Tsan-Yu and Ma, Wei-Yun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2984--2990},
}

@inproceedings{myat_mon_myanmar_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Myanmar} ({Burmese})-{English} {Named} {Entity} {Transliteration} {Dictionary}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.364},
	abstract = {Transliteration is generally a phonetically based transcription across different writing systems. It is a crucial task for various downstream natural language processing applications. For the Myanmar (Burmese) language, robust automatic transliteration for borrowed English words is a challenging task because of the complex Myanmar writing system and the lack of data. In this study, we constructed a Myanmar-English named entity dictionary containing more than eighty thousand transliteration instances. The data have been released under a CC BY-NC-SA license. We evaluated the automatic transliteration performance using statistical and neural network-based approaches based on the prepared data. The neural network model outperformed the statistical model significantly in terms of the BLEU score on the character level. Different units used in the Myanmar script for processing were also compared and discussed.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Myat Mon, Aye and Ding, Chenchen and Kaing, Hour and Mar Soe, Khin and Utiyama, Masao and Sumita, Eiichiro},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2980--2983},
}

@inproceedings{han_multimwe_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MultiMWE}: {Building} a {Multi}-lingual {Multi}-{Word} {Expression} ({MWE}) {Parallel} {Corpora}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.363},
	abstract = {Multi-word expressions (MWEs) are a hot topic in research in natural language processing (NLP), including topics such as MWE detection, MWE decomposition, and research investigating the exploitation of MWEs in other NLP fields such as Machine Translation. However, the availability of bilingual or multi-lingual MWE corpora is very limited. The only bilingual MWE corpora that we are aware of is from the PARSEME (PARSing and Multi-word Expressions) EU Project. This is a small collection of only 871 pairs of English-German MWEs. In this paper, we present multi-lingual and bilingual MWE corpora that we have extracted from root parallel corpora. Our collections are 3,159,226 and 143,042 bilingual MWE pairs for German-English and Chinese-English respectively after filtering. We examine the quality of these extracted bilingual MWEs in MT experiments. Our initial experiments applying MWEs in MT show improved translation performances on MWE terms in qualitative analysis and better general evaluation scores in quantitative analysis, on both German-English and Chinese-English language pairs. We follow a standard experimental pipeline to create our MultiMWE corpora which are available online. Researchers can use this free corpus for their own models or use them in a knowledge base as model features.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Han, Lifeng and Jones, Gareth and Smeaton, Alan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2970--2979},
}

@inproceedings{song_construct_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Construct a {Sense}-{Frame} {Aligned} {Predicate} {Lexicon} for {Chinese} {AMR} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.362},
	abstract = {The study of predicate frame is an important topic for semantic analysis. Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is an emerging graph based semantic representation of a sentence. Since core semantic roles defined in the predicate lexicon compose the backbone in an AMR graph, the construction of the lexicon becomes the key issue. The existing lexicons blur senses and frames of predicates, which needs to be refined to meet the tasks like word sense disambiguation and event extraction. This paper introduces the on-going project on constructing a novel predicate lexicon for Chinese AMR corpus. The new lexicon includes 14,389 senses and 10,800 frames of 8,470 words. As some senses can be aligned to more than one frame, and vice versa, we found the alignment between senses is not just one frame per sense. Explicit analysis is given for multiple aligned relations, which proves the necessity of the proposed lexicon for AMR corpus, and supplies real data for linguistic theoretical studies.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Song, Li and Dai, Yuling and Liu, Yihuan and Li, Bin and Qu, Weiguang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2962--2969},
}

@inproceedings{sierra_martinez_cplm_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CPLM}, a {Parallel} {Corpus} for {Mexican} {Languages}: {Development} and {Interface}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.360},
	abstract = {Mexico is a Spanish speaking country that has a great language diversity, with 68 linguistic groups and 364 varieties. As they face a lack of representation in education, government, public services and media, they present high levels of endangerment. Due to the lack of data available on social media and the internet, few technologies have been developed for these languages. To analyze different linguistic phenomena in the country, the Language Engineering Group developed the Corpus Paralelo de Lenguas Mexicanas (CPLM) [The Mexican Languages Parallel Corpus], a collaborative parallel corpus for the low-resourced languages of Mexico. The CPLM aligns Spanish with six indigenous languages: Maya, Ch'ol, Mazatec, Mixtec, Otomi, and Nahuatl. First, this paper describes the process of building the CPLM: text searching, digitalization and alignment process. Furthermore, we present some difficulties regarding dialectal and orthographic variations. Second, we present the interface and types of searching as well as the use of filters.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sierra Martínez, Gerardo and Montaño, Cynthia and Bel-Enguix, Gemma and Córdova, Diego and Mota Montoya, Margarita},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2947--2952},
}

@inproceedings{chiyah_garcia_crwiz_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CRWIZ}: {A} {Framework} for {Crowdsourcing} {Real}-{Time} {Wizard}-of-{Oz} {Dialogues}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.36},
	abstract = {Large corpora of task-based and open-domain conversational dialogues are hugely valuable in the field of data-driven dialogue systems. Crowdsourcing platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, have been an effective method for collecting such large amounts of data. However, difficulties arise when task-based dialogues require expert domain knowledge or rapid access to domain-relevant information, such as databases for tourism. This will become even more prevalent as dialogue systems become increasingly ambitious, expanding into tasks with high levels of complexity that require collaboration and forward planning, such as in our domain of emergency response. In this paper, we propose CRWIZ: a framework for collecting real-time Wizard of Oz dialogues through crowdsourcing for collaborative, complex tasks. This framework uses semi-guided dialogue to avoid interactions that breach procedures and processes only known to experts, while enabling the capture of a wide variety of interactions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chiyah Garcia, Francisco Javier and Lopes, José and Liu, Xingkun and Hastie, Helen},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {288--297},
}

@inproceedings{ali_siner_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SiNER}: {A} {Large} {Dataset} for {Sindhi} {Named} {Entity} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.361},
	abstract = {We introduce the SiNER: a named entity recognition (NER) dataset for low-resourced Sindhi language with quality baselines. It contains 1,338 news articles and more than 1.35 million tokens collected from Kawish and Awami Awaz Sindhi newspapers using the begin-inside-outside (BIO) tagging scheme. The proposed dataset is likely to be a significant resource for statistical Sindhi language processing. The ultimate goal of developing SiNER is to present a gold-standard dataset for Sindhi NER along with quality baselines. We implement several baseline approaches of conditional random field (CRF) and recent popular state-of-the-art bi-directional long-short term memory (Bi-LSTM) models. The promising F1-score of 89.16 outputted by the Bi-LSTM-CRF model with character-level representations demonstrates the quality of our proposed SiNER dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ali, Wazir and Lu, Junyu and Xu, Zenglin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2953--2961},
}

@inproceedings{moeljadi_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building the {Old} {Javanese} {Wordnet}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.359},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the construction and the ongoing development of the Old Javanese Wordnet. The words were extracted from the digitized version of the Old Javanese–English Dictionary (Zoetmulder, 1982). The wordnet is built using the 'expansion' approach (Vossen, 1998), leveraging on the Princeton Wordnet’s core synsets and semantic hierarchy, as well as scientific names. The main goal of our project was to produce a high quality, human-curated resource. As of December 2019, the Old Javanese Wordnet contains 2,054 concepts or synsets and 5,911 senses. It is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). We are still developing it and adding more synsets and senses. We believe that the lexical data made available by this wordnet will be useful for a variety of future uses such as the development of Modern Javanese Wordnet and many language processing tasks and linguistic research on Javanese.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moeljadi, David and Aminullah, Zakariya Pamuji},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2940--2946},
}

@inproceedings{miletic_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building a {Universal} {Dependencies} {Treebank} for {Occitan}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.358},
	abstract = {This paper outlines the ongoing effort of creating the first treebank for Occitan, a low-ressourced regional language spoken mainly in the south of France. We briefly present the global context of the project and report on its current status. We adopt the Universal Dependencies framework for this project. Our methodology is based on two main principles. Firstly, in order to guarantee the annotation quality, we use the agile annotation approach. Secondly, we rely on pre-processing using existing tools (taggers and parsers) to facilitate the work of human annotators, mainly through a delexicalized cross-lingual parsing approach. We present the results available at this point (annotation guidelines and a sub-corpus annotated with PoS tags and lemmas) and give the timeline for the rest of the work.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Miletic, Aleksandra and Bras, Myriam and Vergez-Couret, Marianne and Esher, Louise and Poujade, Clamença and Sibille, Jean},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2932--2939},
}

@inproceedings{jonsdottir_creating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Creating a {Parallel} {Icelandic} {Dependency} {Treebank} from {Raw} {Text} to {Universal} {Dependencies}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.357},
	abstract = {Making the low-resource language, Icelandic, accessible and usable in Language Technology is a work in progress and is supported by the Icelandic government. Creating resources and suitable training data (e.g., a dependency treebank) is a fundamental part of that work. We describe work on a parallel Icelandic dependency treebank based on Universal Dependencies (UD). This is important because it is the first parallel treebank resource for the language and since several other languages already have a resource based on the same text. Two Icelandic treebanks based on phrase-structure grammar have been built and ongoing work aims to convert them to UD. Previously, limited work has been done on dependency grammar for Icelandic. The current project aims to ameliorate this situation by creating a small dependency treebank from scratch. Creating a treebank is a laborious task so the process was implemented in an accessible manner using freely available tools and resources. The parallel data in the UD project was chosen as a source because this would furthermore give us the first parallel treebank for Icelandic. The Icelandic parallel UD corpus will be published as part of UD version 2.6.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jónsdóttir, Hildur and Ingason, Anton Karl},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2924--2931},
}

@inproceedings{bustamante_no_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {No {Data} to {Crawl}? {Monolingual} {Corpus} {Creation} from {PDF} {Files} of {Truly} low-{Resource} {Languages} in {Peru}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.356},
	abstract = {We introduce new monolingual corpora for four indigenous and endangered languages from Peru: Shipibo-konibo, Ashaninka, Yanesha and Yine. Given the total absence of these languages in the web, the extraction and processing of texts from PDF files is relevant in a truly low-resource language scenario. Our procedure for monolingual corpus creation considers language-specific and language-agnostic steps, and focuses on educational PDF files with multilingual sentences, noisy pages and low-structured content. Through an evaluation based on language modelling and character-level perplexity on a subset of manually extracted sentences, we determine that our method allows the creation of clean corpora for the four languages, a key resource for natural language processing tasks nowadays.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bustamante, Gina and Oncevay, Arturo and Zariquiey, Roberto},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2914--2923},
}

@inproceedings{winterstein_cantomap_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CantoMap}: a {Hong} {Kong} {Cantonese} {MapTask} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.355},
	abstract = {This work reports on the construction of a corpus of connected spoken Hong Kong Cantonese. The corpus aims at providing an additional resource for the study of modern (Hong Kong) Cantonese and also involves several controlled elicitation tasks which will serve different projects related to the phonology and semantics of Cantonese. The word-segmented corpus offers recordings, phonemic transcription, and Chinese characters transcription. The corpus contains a total of 768 minutes of recordings and transcripts of forty speakers. All the audio material has been aligned at utterance level with the transcriptions, using the ELAN transcription and annotation tool. The controlled elicitation task was based on the design of HCRC MapTask corpus (Anderson et al., 1991), in which participants had to communicate using solely verbal means as eye contact was restricted. In this paper, we outline the design of the maps and their landmarks and the basic segmentation principles of the data and various transcription conventions we adopted. We also compare the contents of Cantomap to those of comparable Cantonese corpora.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Winterstein, Grégoire and Tang, Carmen and Lai, Regine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2906--2913},
}

@inproceedings{jettka_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards {Flexible} {Cross}-{Resource} {Exploitation} of {Heterogeneous} {Language} {Documentation} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.354},
	abstract = {This paper reports on challenges and solution approaches in the development of methods for language resource overarching data analysis in the field of language documentation. It is based on the successful outcomes of the initial phase of an 18 year long-term project on lesser resourced and mostly endangered indigenous languages of the Northern Eurasian area, which included the finalization and publication of multiple language corpora and additional language resources. While aiming at comprehensive cross-resource data analysis, the project at the same time is confronted with a dynamic and complex resource landscape, especially resulting from a vast amount of multi-layered information stored in the form of analogue primary data in different widespread archives on the territory of the Russian Federation. The methods described aim at solving the tension between unification of data sets and vocabularies on the one hand and maximum openness for the integration of future resources and adaption of external information on the other hand.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jettka, Daniel and Lehmberg, Timm},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2901--2905},
}

@inproceedings{zahrer_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards {Building} an {Automatic} {Transcription} {System} for {Language} {Documentation}: {Experiences} from {Muyu}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.353},
	abstract = {Since at least half of the world’s 6000 plus languages will vanish during the 21st century, language documentation has become a rapidly growing field in linguistics. A fundamental challenge for language documentation is the ”transcription bottleneck”. Speech technology may deliver the decisive breakthrough for overcoming the transcription bottleneck. This paper presents first experiments from the development of ASR4LD, a new automatic speech recognition (ASR) based tool for language documentation (LD). The experiments are based on recordings from an ongoing documentation project for the endangered Muyu language in New Guinea. We compare phoneme recognition experiments with American English, Austrian German and Slovenian as source language and Muyu as target language. The Slovenian acoustic models achieve the by far best performance (43.71\% PER) in comparison to 57.14\% PER with American English, and 89.49\% PER with Austrian German. Whereas part of the errors can be explained by phonetic variation, the recording mismatch poses a major problem. On the long term, ASR4LD will not only be an integral part of the ongoing documentation project of Muyu, but will be further developed in order to facilitate also the language documentation process of other language groups.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zahrer, Alexander and Zgank, Andrej and Schuppler, Barbara},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2893--2900},
}

@inproceedings{mccarthy_johns_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Johns} {Hopkins} {University} {Bible} {Corpus}: 1600+ {Tongues} for {Typological} {Exploration}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.352},
	abstract = {We present findings from the creation of a massively parallel corpus in over 1600 languages, the Johns Hopkins University Bible Corpus (JHUBC). The corpus consists of over 4000 unique translations of the Christian Bible and counting. Our data is derived from scraping several online resources and merging them with existing corpora, combining them under a common scheme that is verse-parallel across all translations. We detail our effort to scrape, clean, align, and utilize this ripe multilingual dataset. The corpus captures the great typological variety of the world’s languages. We catalog this by showing highly similar proportions of representation of Ethnologue’s typological features in our corpus. We also give an example application: projecting pronoun features like clusivity across alignments to richly annotate languages which do not mark the distinction.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {McCarthy, Arya D. and Wicks, Rachel and Lewis, Dylan and Mueller, Aaron and Wu, Winston and Adams, Oliver and Nicolai, Garrett and Post, Matt and Yarowsky, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2884--2892},
}

@inproceedings{round_automated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automated {Parsing} of {Interlinear} {Glossed} {Text} from {Page} {Images} of {Grammatical} {Descriptions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.351},
	abstract = {Linguists seek insight from all human languages, however accessing information from most of the full store of extant global linguistic descriptions is not easy. One of the most common kinds of information that linguists have documented is vernacular sentences, as recorded in descriptive grammars. Typically these sentences are formatted as interlinear glossed text (IGT). Most descriptive grammars, however, exist only as hardcopy or scanned pdf documents. Consequently, parsing IGTs in scanned grammars is a priority, in order to significantly increase the volume of documented linguistic information that is readily accessible. Here we demonstrate fundamental viability for a technology that can assist in making a large number of linguistic data sources machine readable: the automated identification and parsing of interlinear glossed text from scanned page images. For example, we attain high median precision and recall ({\textgreater}0.95) in the identification of examples sentences in IGT format. Our results will be of interest to those who are keen to see more of the existing documentation of human language, especially for less-resourced and endangered languages, become more readily accessible.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Round, Erich and Ellison, Mark and Macklin-Cordes, Jayden and Beniamine, Sacha},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2878--2883},
}

@inproceedings{duan_resource_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Resource} for {Computational} {Experiments} on {Mapudungun}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.350},
	abstract = {We present a resource for computational experiments on Mapudungun, a polysynthetic indigenous language spoken in Chile with upwards of 200 thousand speakers. We provide 142 hours of culturally significant conversations in the domain of medical treatment. The conversations are fully transcribed and translated into Spanish. The transcriptions also include annotations for code-switching and non-standard pronunciations. We also provide baseline results on three core NLP tasks: speech recognition, speech synthesis, and machine translation between Spanish and Mapudungun. We further explore other applications for which the corpus will be suitable, including the study of code-switching, historical orthography change, linguistic structure, and sociological and anthropological studies.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Duan, Mingjun and Fasola, Carlos and Rallabandi, Sai Krishna and Vega, Rodolfo and Anastasopoulos, Antonios and Levin, Lori and Black, Alan W},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2872--2877},
}

@inproceedings{haagsma_magpie_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MAGPIE}: {A} {Large} {Corpus} of {Potentially} {Idiomatic} {Expressions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.35},
	abstract = {Given the limited size of existing idiom corpora, we aim to enable progress in automatic idiom processing and linguistic analysis by creating the largest-to-date corpus of idioms for English. Using a fixed idiom list, automatic pre-extraction, and a strictly controlled crowdsourced annotation procedure, we show that it is feasible to build a high-quality corpus comprising more than 50K instances, an order of a magnitude larger than previous resources. Crucial ingredients of crowdsourcing were the selection of crowdworkers, clear and comprehensive instructions, and an interface that breaks down the task in small, manageable steps. Analysis of the resulting corpus revealed strong effects of genre on idiom distribution, providing new evidence for existing theories on what influences idiom usage. The corpus also contains rich metadata, and is made publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Haagsma, Hessel and Bos, Johan and Nissim, Malvina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {279--287},
}

@inproceedings{hossain_banfakenews_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{BanFakeNews}: {A} {Dataset} for {Detecting} {Fake} {News} in {Bangla}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.349},
	abstract = {Observing the damages that can be done by the rapid propagation of fake news in various sectors like politics and finance, automatic identification of fake news using linguistic analysis has drawn the attention of the research community. However, such methods are largely being developed for English where low resource languages remain out of the focus. But the risks spawned by fake and manipulative news are not confined by languages. In this work, we propose an annotated dataset of ≈ 50K news that can be used for building automated fake news detection systems for a low resource language like Bangla. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the dataset and develop a benchmark system with state of the art NLP techniques to identify Bangla fake news. To create this system, we explore traditional linguistic features and neural network based methods. We expect this dataset will be a valuable resource for building technologies to prevent the spreading of fake news and contribute in research with low resource languages. The dataset and source code are publicly available at https://github.com/Rowan1697/FakeNews.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hossain, Md Zobaer and Rahman, Md Ashraful and Islam, Md Saiful and Kar, Sudipta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2862--2871},
}

@inproceedings{ashrafi_asli_optimizing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Optimizing {Annotation} {Effort} {Using} {Active} {Learning} {Strategies}: {A} {Sentiment} {Analysis} {Case} {Study} in {Persian}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.348},
	abstract = {Deep learning models are the current State-of-the-art methodologies towards many real-world problems. However, they need a substantial amount of labeled data to be trained appropriately. Acquiring labeled data can be challenging in some particular domains or less-resourced languages. There are some practical solutions regarding these issues, such as Active Learning and Transfer Learning. Active learning's idea is simple: let the model choose the samples for annotation instead of labeling the whole dataset. This method leads to a more efficient annotation process. Active Learning models can achieve the baseline performance (the accuracy of the model trained on the whole dataset), with a considerably lower amount of labeled data. Several active learning approaches are tested in this work, and their compatibility with Persian is examined using a brand-new sentiment analysis dataset that is also introduced in this work. MirasOpinion, which to our knowledge is the largest Persian sentiment analysis dataset, is crawled from a Persian e-commerce website and annotated using a crowd-sourcing policy. LDA sampling, which is an efficient Active Learning strategy using Topic Modeling, is proposed in this research. Active Learning Strategies have shown promising results in the Persian language, and LDA sampling showed a competitive performance compared to other approaches.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ashrafi Asli, Seyed Arad and Sabeti, Behnam and Majdabadi, Zahra and Golazizian, Preni and fahmi, reza and Momenzadeh, Omid},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2855--2861},
}

@inproceedings{bamutura_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards {Computational} {Resource} {Grammars} for {Runyankore} and {Rukiga}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.347},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present computational resource grammars of Runyankore and Rukiga (R\&R) languages. Runyankore and Rukiga are two under-resourced Bantu Languages spoken by about 6 million people indigenous to South- Western Uganda, East Africa. We used Grammatical Framework (GF), a multilingual grammar formalism and a special- purpose functional programming language to formalise the descriptive grammar of these languages. To the best of our knowledge, these computational resource grammars are the first attempt to the creation of language resources for R\&R. In Future Work, we plan to use these grammars to bootstrap the generation of other linguistic resources such as multilingual corpora that make use of data-driven approaches to natural language processing feasible. In the meantime, they can be used to build Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) applications for these languages among others.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bamutura, David and Ljunglöf, Peter and Nebende, Peter},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2846--2854},
}

@inproceedings{golazizian_irony_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Irony {Detection} in {Persian} {Language}: {A} {Transfer} {Learning} {Approach} {Using} {Emoji} {Prediction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.346},
	abstract = {Irony is a linguistic device used to intend an idea while articulating an opposing expression. Many text analytic algorithms used for emotion extraction or sentiment analysis, produce invalid results due to the use of irony. Persian speakers use this device more often due to the language’s nature and some cultural reasons. This phenomenon also appears in social media platforms such as Twitter where users express their opinions using ironic or sarcastic posts. In the current research, which is the first attempt at irony detection in Persian language, emoji prediction is used to build a pretrained model. The model is finetuned utilizing a set of hand labeled tweets with irony tags. A bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) network is employed as the basis of our model which is improved by attention mechanism. Additionally, a Persian corpus for irony detection containing 4339 manually-labeled tweets is introduced. Experiments show the proposed approach outperforms the adapted state-of-the-art method tested on Persian dataset with an accuracy of 83.1\%, and offers a strong baseline for further research in Persian language.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Golazizian, Preni and Sabeti, Behnam and Ashrafi Asli, Seyed Arad and Majdabadi, Zahra and Momenzadeh, Omid and fahmi, reza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2839--2845},
}

@inproceedings{mehta_learnings_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Learnings from {Technological} {Interventions} in a {Low} {Resource} {Language}: {A} {Case}-{Study} on {Gondi}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.345},
	abstract = {The primary obstacle to developing technologies for low-resource languages is the lack of usable data. In this paper, we report the adaption and deployment of 4 technology-driven methods of data collection for Gondi, a low-resource vulnerable language spoken by around 2.3 million tribal people in south and central India. In the process of data collection, we also help in its revival by expanding access to information in Gondi through the creation of linguistic resources that can be used by the community, such as a dictionary, children's stories, an app with Gondi content from multiple sources and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) based mass awareness platform. At the end of these interventions, we collected a little less than 12,000 translated words and/or sentences and identified more than 650 community members whose help can be solicited for future translation efforts. The larger goal of the project is collecting enough data in Gondi to build and deploy viable language technologies like machine translation and speech to text systems that can help take the language onto the internet.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mehta, Devansh and Santy, Sebastin and Mothilal, Ramaravind Kommiya and Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal and Sharma, Alok and Shukla, Anurag and Prasad, Vishnu and U, Venkanna and Sharma, Amit and Bali, Kalika},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2832--2838},
}

@inproceedings{cruz_resource_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Resource} for {Studying} {Chatino} {Verbal} {Morphology}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.344},
	abstract = {We present the first resource focusing on the verbal inflectional morphology of San Juan Quiahije Chatino, a tonal mesoamerican language spoken in Mexico. We provide a collection of complete inflection tables of 198 lemmata, with morphological tags based on the UniMorph schema. We also provide baseline results on three core NLP tasks: morphological analysis, lemmatization, and morphological inflection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cruz, Hilaria and Anastasopoulos, Antonios and Stump, Gregory},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2827--2831},
}

@inproceedings{abraham_crowdsourcing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Crowdsourcing {Speech} {Data} for {Low}-{Resource} {Languages} from {Low}-{Income} {Workers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.343},
	abstract = {Voice-based technologies are essential to cater to the hundreds of millions of new smartphone users. However, most of the languages spoken by these new users have little to no labelled speech data. Unfortunately, collecting labelled speech data in any language is an expensive and resource-intensive task. Moreover, existing platforms typically collect speech data only from urban speakers familiar with digital technology whose dialects are often very different from low-income users. In this paper, we explore the possibility of collecting labelled speech data directly from low-income workers. In addition to providing diversity to the speech dataset, we believe this approach can also provide valuable supplemental earning opportunities to these communities. To this end, we conducted a study where we collected labelled speech data in the Marathi language from three different user groups: low-income rural users, low-income urban users, and university students. Overall, we collected 109 hours of data from 36 participants. Our results show that the data collected from low-income participants is of comparable quality to the data collected from university students (who are typically employed to do this work) and that crowdsourcing speech data from low-income rural and urban workers is a viable method of gathering speech data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abraham, Basil and Goel, Danish and Siddarth, Divya and Bali, Kalika and Chopra, Manu and Choudhury, Monojit and Joshi, Pratik and Jyoti, Preethi and Sitaram, Sunayana and Seshadri, Vivek},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2819--2826},
}

@inproceedings{bella_major_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Major} {Wordnet} for a {Minority} {Language}: {Scottish} {Gaelic}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.342},
	abstract = {We present a new wordnet resource for Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic minority language spoken by about 60,000 speakers, most of whom live in Northwestern Scotland. The wordnet contains over 15 thousand word senses and was constructed by merging ten thousand new, high-quality translations, provided and validated by language experts, with an existing wordnet derived from Wiktionary. This new, considerably extended wordnet—currently among the 30 largest in the world—targets multiple communities: language speakers and learners; linguists; computer scientists solving problems related to natural language processing. By publishing it as a freely downloadable resource, we hope to contribute to the long-term preservation of Scottish Gaelic as a living language, both offline and on the Web.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bella, Gábor and McNeill, Fiona and Gorman, Rody and O Donnaile, Caoimhin and MacDonald, Kirsty and Chandrashekar, Yamini and Freihat, Abed Alhakim and Giunchiglia, Fausto},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2812--2818},
}

@inproceedings{nguer_sencorpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SENCORPUS}: {A} {French}-{Wolof} {Parallel} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.341},
	abstract = {In this paper, we report efforts towards the acquisition and construction of a bilingual parallel corpus between French and Wolof, a Niger-Congo language belonging to the Northern branch of the Atlantic group. The corpus is constructed as part of the SYSNET3LOc project. It currently contains about 70,000 French-Wolof parallel sentences drawn on various sources from different domains. The paper discusses the data collection procedure, conversion, and alignment of the corpus as well as it’s application as training data for neural machine translation. In fact, using this corpus, we were able to create word embedding models for Wolof with relatively good results. Currently, the corpus is being used to develop a neural machine translation model to translate French sentences into Wolof.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nguer, Elhadji Mamadou and Lo, Alla and Dione, Cheikh M. Bamba and Ba, Sileye O. and Lo, Moussa},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2803--2811},
}

@inproceedings{lopez_de_lacalle_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building a {Task}-oriented {Dialog} {System} for {Languages} with no {Training} {Data}: the {Case} for {Basque}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.340},
	abstract = {This paper presents an approach for developing a task-oriented dialog system for less-resourced languages in scenarios where training data is not available. Both intent classification and slot filling are tackled. We project the existing annotations in rich-resource languages by means of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) and posterior word alignments. We then compare training on the projected monolingual data with direct model transfer alternatives. Intent Classifiers and slot filling sequence taggers are implemented using a BiLSTM architecture or by fine-tuning BERT transformer models. Models learnt exclusively from Basque projected data provide better accuracies for slot filling. Combining Basque projected train data with rich-resource languages data outperforms consistently models trained solely on projected data for intent classification. At any rate, we achieve competitive performance in both tasks, with accuracies of 81\% for intent classification and 77\% for slot filling.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {López de Lacalle, Maddalen and Saralegi, Xabier and San Vicente, Iñaki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2796--2802},
}

@inproceedings{nicolas_creating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Creating {Expert} {Knowledge} by {Relying} on {Language} {Learners}: a {Generic} {Approach} for {Mass}-{Producing} {Language} {Resources} by {Combining} {Implicit} {Crowdsourcing} and {Language} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.34},
	abstract = {We introduce in this paper a generic approach to combine implicit crowdsourcing and language learning in order to mass-produce language resources (LRs) for any language for which a crowd of language learners can be involved. We present the approach by explaining its core paradigm that consists in pairing specific types of LRs with specific exercises, by detailing both its strengths and challenges, and by discussing how much these challenges have been addressed at present. Accordingly, we also report on on-going proof-of-concept efforts aiming at developing the first prototypical implementation of the approach in order to correct and extend an LR called ConceptNet based on the input crowdsourced from language learners. We then present an international network called the European Network for Combining Language Learning with Crowdsourcing Techniques (enetCollect) that provides the context to accelerate the implementation of this generic approach. Finally, we exemplify how it can be used in several language learning scenarios to produce a multitude of NLP resources and how it can therefore alleviate the long-standing NLP issue of the lack of LRs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nicolas, Lionel and Lyding, Verena and Borg, Claudia and Forascu, Corina and Fort, Karën and Zdravkova, Katerina and Kosem, Iztok and Čibej, Jaka and Arhar Holdt, Špela and Millour, Alice and König, Alexander and Rodosthenous, Christos and Sangati, Federico and ul Hassan, Umair and Katinskaia, Anisia and Barreiro, Anabela and Aparaschivei, Lavinia and HaCohen-Kerner, Yaakov},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {268--278},
}

@inproceedings{mohanty_annotated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotated {Corpus} for {Sentiment} {Analysis} in {Odia} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.339},
	abstract = {Given the lack of an annotated corpus of non-traditional Odia literature which serves as the standard when it comes sentiment analysis, we have created an annotated corpus of Odia sentences and made it publicly available to promote research in the field. Secondly, in order to test the usability of currently available Odia sentiment lexicon, we experimented with various classifiers by training and testing on the sentiment annotated corpus while using identified affective words from the same as features. Annotation and classification are done at sentence level as the usage of sentiment lexicon is best suited to sentiment analysis at this level. The created corpus contains 2045 Odia sentences from news domain annotated with sentiment labels using a well-defined annotation scheme. An inter-annotator agreement score of 0.79 is reported for the corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mohanty, Gaurav and Mishra, Pruthwik and Mamidi, Radhika},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2788--2795},
}

@inproceedings{von_prince_empirical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Empirical} {Evaluation} of {Annotation} {Practices} in {Corpora} from {Language} {Documentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.338},
	abstract = {For most of the world's languages, no primary data are available, even as many languages are disappearing. Throughout the last two decades, however, language documentation projects have produced substantial amounts of primary data from a wide variety of endangered languages. These resources are still in the early days of their exploration. One of the factors that makes them hard to use is a relative lack of standardized annotation conventions. In this paper, we will describe common practices in existing corpora in order to facilitate their future processing. After a brief introduction of the main formats used for annotation files, we will focus on commonly used tiers in the widespread ELAN and Toolbox formats. Minimally, corpora from language documentation contain a transcription tier and an aligned translation tier, which means they constitute parallel corpora. Additional common annotations include named references, morpheme separation, morpheme-by-morpheme glosses, part-of-speech tags and notes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {von Prince, Kilu and Nordhoff, Sebastian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2778--2787},
}

@inproceedings{tufis_collection_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Collection and {Annotation} of the {Romanian} {Legal} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.337},
	abstract = {We present the Romanian legislative corpus which is a valuable linguistic asset for the development of machine translation systems, especially for under-resourced languages. The knowledge that can be extracted from this resource is necessary for a deeper understanding of how law terminology is used and how it can be made more consistent. At this moment the corpus contains more than 140k documents representing the legislative body of Romania. This corpus is processed and annotated at different levels: linguistically (tokenized, lemmatized and pos-tagged), dependency parsed, chunked, named entities identified and labeled with IATE terms and EUROVOC descriptors. Each annotated document has a CONLL-U Plus format consisting in 14 columns, in addition to the standard 10-column format, four other types of annotations were added. Moreover the repository will be periodically updated as new legislative texts are published. These will be automatically collected and transmitted to the processing and annotation pipeline. The access to the corpus will be done through ELRC infrastructure.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tufiș, Dan and Mitrofan, Maria and Păiș, Vasile and Ion, Radu and Coman, Andrei},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2773--2777},
}

@inproceedings{kara_tropbank_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TRopBank}: {Turkish} {PropBank} {V2}.0},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.336},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present and explain TRopBank “Turkish PropBank v2.0”. PropBank is a hand-annotated corpus of propositions which is used to obtain the predicate-argument information of a language. Predicate-argument information of a language can help understand semantic roles of arguments. “Turkish PropBank v2.0”, unlike PropBank v1.0, has a much more extensive list of Turkish verbs, with 17.673 verbs in total.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kara, Neslihan and Aslan, Deniz Baran and Marşan, Büşra and Bakay, Özge and Ak, Koray and Yıldız, Olcay Taner},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2763--2772},
}

@inproceedings{alabi_massive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Massive vs. {Curated} {Embeddings} for {Low}-{Resourced} {Languages}: the {Case} of {Yorùbá} and {Twi}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.335},
	abstract = {The success of several architectures to learn semantic representations from unannotated text and the availability of these kind of texts in online multilingual resources such as Wikipedia has facilitated the massive and automatic creation of resources for multiple languages. The evaluation of such resources is usually done for the high-resourced languages, where one has a smorgasbord of tasks and test sets to evaluate on. For low-resourced languages, the evaluation is more difficult and normally ignored, with the hope that the impressive capability of deep learning architectures to learn (multilingual) representations in the high-resourced setting holds in the low-resourced setting too. In this paper we focus on two African languages, Yorùbá and Twi, and compare the word embeddings obtained in this way, with word embeddings obtained from curated corpora and a language-dependent processing. We analyse the noise in the publicly available corpora, collect high quality and noisy data for the two languages and quantify the improvements that depend not only on the amount of data but on the quality too. We also use different architectures that learn word representations both from surface forms and characters to further exploit all the available information which showed to be important for these languages. For the evaluation, we manually translate the wordsim-353 word pairs dataset from English into Yorùbá and Twi. We extend the analysis to contextual word embeddings and evaluate multilingual BERT on a named entity recognition task. For this, we annotate with named entities the Global Voices corpus for Yorùbá. As output of the work, we provide corpora, embeddings and the test suits for both languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alabi, Jesujoba and Amponsah-Kaakyire, Kwabena and Adelani, David and España-Bonet, Cristina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2754--2762},
}

@inproceedings{boudreau_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating the {Impact} of {Sub}-word {Information} and {Cross}-lingual {Word} {Embeddings} on {Mi}'kmaq {Language} {Modelling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.333},
	abstract = {Mi'kmaq is an Indigenous language spoken primarily in Eastern Canada. It is polysynthetic and low-resource. In this paper we consider a range of n-gram and RNN language models for Mi'kmaq. We find that an RNN language model, initialized with pre-trained fastText embeddings, performs best, highlighting the importance of sub-word information for Mi'kmaq language modelling. We further consider approaches to language modelling that incorporate cross-lingual word embeddings, but do not see improvements with these models. Finally we consider language models that operate over segmentations produced by SentencePiece — which include sub-word units as tokens — as opposed to word-level models. We see improvements for this approach over word-level language models, again indicating that sub-word modelling is important for Mi'kmaq language modelling.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Boudreau, Jeremie and Patra, Akankshya and Suvarna, Ashima and Cook, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2736--2745},
}

@inproceedings{brixey_exploring_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Exploring a {Choctaw} {Language} {Corpus} with {Word} {Vectors} and {Minimum} {Distance} {Length}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.334},
	abstract = {This work introduces additions to the corpus ChoCo, a multimodal corpus for the American indigenous language Choctaw. Using texts from the corpus, we develop new computational resources by using two off-the-shelf tools: word2vec and Linguistica. Our work illustrates how these tools can be successfully implemented with a small corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Brixey, Jacqueline and Sides, David and Vizthum, Timothy and Traum, David and Iskarous, Khalil},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2746--2753},
}

@inproceedings{schmidt_swiss_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Swiss} {German} {Dictionary}: {Variation} in {Speech} and {Writing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.331},
	abstract = {We introduce a dictionary containing normalized forms of common words in various Swiss German dialects into High German. As Swiss German is, for now, a predominantly spoken language, there is a significant variation in the written forms, even between speakers of the same dialect. To alleviate the uncertainty associated with this diversity, we complement the pairs of Swiss German - High German words with the Swiss German phonetic transcriptions (SAMPA). This dictionary becomes thus the first resource to combine large-scale spontaneous translation with phonetic transcriptions. Moreover, we control for the regional distribution and insure the equal representation of the major Swiss dialects. The coupling of the phonetic and written Swiss German forms is powerful. We show that they are sufficient to train a Transformer-based phoneme to grapheme model that generates credible novel Swiss German writings. In addition, we show that the inverse mapping - from graphemes to phonemes - can be modeled with a transformer trained with the novel dictionary. This generation of pronunciations for previously unknown words is key in training extensible automated speech recognition (ASR) systems, which are key beneficiaries of this dictionary.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schmidt, Larissa and Linder, Lucy and Djambazovska, Sandra and Lazaridis, Alexandros and Samardžić, Tanja and Musat, Claudiu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2720--2725},
}

@inproceedings{kevers_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards a {Corsican} {Basic} {Language} {Resource} {Kit}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.332},
	abstract = {The current situation regarding the existence of natural language processing (NLP) resources and tools for Corsican reveals their virtual non-existence. Our inventory contains only a few rare digital resources, lexical or corpus databases, requiring adaptation work. Our objective is to use the Banque de Données Langue Corse project (BDLC) to improve the availability of resources and tools for the Corsican language and, in the long term, provide a complete Basic Language Ressource Kit (BLARK). We have defined a roadmap setting out the actions to be undertaken: the collection of corpora and the setting up of a consultation interface (concordancer), and of a language detection tool, an electronic dictionary and a part-of-speech tagger. The first achievements regarding these topics have already been reached and are presented in this article. Some elements are also available on our project page (http://bdlc.univ-corse.fr/tal/).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kevers, Laurent and Retali-Medori, Stella},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2726--2735},
}

@inproceedings{hakimi_parizi_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating {Sub}-word {Embeddings} in {Cross}-lingual {Models}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.330},
	abstract = {Cross-lingual word embeddings create a shared space for embeddings in two languages, and enable knowledge to be transferred between languages for tasks such as bilingual lexicon induction. One problem, however, is out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, for which no embeddings are available. This is particularly problematic for low-resource and morphologically-rich languages, which often have relatively high OOV rates. Approaches to learning sub-word embeddings have been proposed to address the problem of OOV words, but most prior work has not considered sub-word embeddings in cross-lingual models. In this paper, we consider whether sub-word embeddings can be leveraged to form cross-lingual embeddings for OOV words. Specifically, we consider a novel bilingual lexicon induction task focused on OOV words, for language pairs covering several language families. Our results indicate that cross-lingual representations for OOV words can indeed be formed from sub-word embeddings, including in the case of a truly low-resource morphologically-rich language.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hakimi Parizi, Ali and Cook, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2712--2719},
}

@inproceedings{chang_you_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Do {You} {Believe} {It} {Happened}? {Assessing} {Chinese} {Readers}' {Veridicality} {Judgments}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.33},
	abstract = {This work collects and studies Chinese readers' veridicality judgments to news events (whether an event is viewed as happening or not). For instance, in "The FBI alleged in court documents that Zazi had admitted having a handwritten recipe for explosives on his computer", do people believe that Zazi had a handwritten recipe for explosives? The goal is to observe the pragmatic behaviors of linguistic features under context which affects readers in making veridicality judgments. Exploring from the datasets, it is found that features such as event-selecting predicates (ESP), modality markers, adverbs, temporal information, and statistics have an impact on readers' veridicality judgments. We further investigated that modality markers with high certainty do not necessarily trigger readers to have high confidence in believing an event happened. Additionally, the source of information introduced by an ESP presents low effects to veridicality judgments, even when an event is attributed to an authority (e.g. "The FBI"). A corpus annotated with Chinese readers' veridicality judgments is released as the Chinese PragBank for further analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chang, Yu-Yun and Hsieh, Shu-Kai},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {259--267},
}

@inproceedings{adouane_identifying_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Identifying {Sentiments} in {Algerian} {Code}-switched {User}-generated {Comments}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.328},
	abstract = {We present in this paper our work on Algerian language, an under-resourced North African colloquial Arabic variety, for which we built a comparably large corpus of more than 36,000 code-switched user-generated comments annotated for sentiments. We opted for this data domain because Algerian is a colloquial language with no existing freely available corpora. Moreover, we compiled sentiment lexicons of positive and negative unigrams and bigrams reflecting the code-switches present in the language. We compare the performance of four models on the task of identifying sentiments, and the results indicate that a CNN model trained end-to-end fits better our unedited code-switched and unbalanced data across the predefined sentiment classes. Additionally, injecting the lexicons as background knowledge to the model boosts its performance on the minority class with a gain of 10.54 points on the F-score. The results of our experiments can be used as a baseline for future research for Algerian sentiment analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Adouane, Wafia and Touileb, Samia and Bernardy, Jean-Philippe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2698--2705},
}

@inproceedings{linder_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Creation} of {Text} {Corpora} for {Low}-{Resource} {Languages} from the {Internet}: {The} {Case} of {Swiss} {German}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.329},
	abstract = {This paper presents SwissCrawl, the largest Swiss German text corpus to date. Composed of more than half a million sentences, it was generated using a customized web scraping tool that could be applied to other low-resource languages as well. The approach demonstrates how freely available web pages can be used to construct comprehensive text corpora, which are of fundamental importance for natural language processing. In an experimental evaluation, we show that using the new corpus leads to significant improvements for the task of language modeling.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Linder, Lucy and Jungo, Michael and Hennebert, Jean and Musat, Claudiu Cristian and Fischer, Andreas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2706--2711},
}

@inproceedings{himoro_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards a {Spell} {Checker} for {Zamboanga} {Chavacano} {Orthography}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.327},
	abstract = {Zamboanga Chabacano (ZC) is the most vibrant variety of Philippine Creole Spanish, with over 400,000 native speakers in the Philippines (as of 2010). Following its introduction as a subject and a medium of instruction in the public schools of Zamboanga City from Grade 1 to 3 in 2012, an official orthography for this variety - the so-called “Zamboanga Chavacano Orthography” - has been approved in 2014. Its complexity, however, is a barrier to most speakers, since it does not necessarily reflect the particular phonetic evolution in ZC, but favours etymology instead. The distance between the correct spelling and the different spelling variations is often so great that delivering acceptable performance with the current de facto spell checking technologies may be challenging. The goals of this research have been to propose i) a spelling error taxonomy for ZC, formalised as an ontology and ii) an adaptive spell checking approach using Character-Based Statistical Machine Translation to correct spelling errors in ZC. Our results show that this approach is suitable for the goals mentioned and that it could be combined with other current spell checking technologies to achieve even higher performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Himoro, Marcelo Yuji and Pareja-Lora, Antonio},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2685--2697},
}

@inproceedings{chen_improved_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Improved {Finite}-{State} {Morphological} {Analysis} for {St}. {Lawrence} {Island} {Yupik} {Using} {Paradigm} {Function} {Morphology}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.326},
	abstract = {St. Lawrence Island Yupik is an endangered polysynthetic language of the Bering Strait region. While conducting linguistic fieldwork between 2016 and 2019, we observed substantial support within the Yupik community for language revitalization and for resource development to support Yupik education. To that end, Chen \& Schwartz (2018) implemented a finite-state morphological analyzer as a critical enabling technology for use in Yupik language education and technology. Chen \& Schwartz (2018) reported a morphological analysis coverage rate of approximately 75\% on a dataset of 60K Yupik tokens, leaving considerable room for improvement. In this work, we present a re-implementation of the Chen \& Schwartz (2018) finite-state morphological analyzer for St. Lawrence Island Yupik that incorporates new linguistic insights; in particular, in this implementation we make use of the Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM) theory of morphology. We evaluate this new PFM-based morphological analyzer, and demonstrate that it consistently outperforms the existing analyzer of Chen \& Schwartz (2018) with respect to accuracy and coverage rate across multiple datasets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chen, Emily and Park, Hyunji Hayley and Schwartz, Lane},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2676--2684},
}

@inproceedings{duh_benchmarking_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Benchmarking {Neural} and {Statistical} {Machine} {Translation} on {Low}-{Resource} {African} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.325},
	abstract = {Research in machine translation (MT) is developing at a rapid pace. However, most work in the community has focused on languages where large amounts of digital resources are available. In this study, we benchmark state of the art statistical and neural machine translation systems on two African languages which do not have large amounts of resources: Somali and Swahili. These languages are of social importance and serve as test-beds for developing technologies that perform reasonably well despite the low-resource constraint. Our findings suggest that statistical machine translation (SMT) and neural machine translation (NMT) can perform similarly in low-resource scenarios, but neural systems require more careful tuning to match performance. We also investigate how to exploit additional data, such as bilingual text harvested from the web, or user dictionaries; we find that NMT can significantly improve in performance with the use of these additional data. Finally, we survey the landscape of machine translation resources for the languages of Africa and provide some suggestions for promising future research directions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Duh, Kevin and McNamee, Paul and Post, Matt and Thompson, Brian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2667--2675},
}

@inproceedings{paschen_building_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Building a {Time}-{Aligned} {Cross}-{Linguistic} {Reference} {Corpus} from {Language} {Documentation} {Data} ({DoReCo})},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.324},
	abstract = {Natural speech data on many languages have been collected by language documentation projects aiming to preserve lingustic and cultural traditions in audivisual records. These data hold great potential for large-scale cross-linguistic research into phonetics and language processing. Major obstacles to utilizing such data for typological studies include the non-homogenous nature of file formats and annotation conventions found both across and within archived collections. Moreover, time-aligned audio transcriptions are typically only available at the level of broad (multi-word) phrases but not at the word and segment levels. We report on solutions developed for these issues within the DoReCo (DOcumentation REference COrpus) project. DoReCo aims at providing time-aligned transcriptions for at least 50 collections of under-resourced languages. This paper gives a preliminary overview of the current state of the project and details our workflow, in particular standardization of formats and conventions, the addition of segmental alignments with WebMAUS, and DoReCo’s applicability for subsequent research programs. By making the data accessible to the scientific community, DoReCo is designed to bridge the gap between language documentation and linguistic inquiry.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Paschen, Ludger and Delafontaine, François and Draxler, Christoph and Fuchs, Susanne and Stave, Matthew and Seifart, Frank},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2657--2666},
}

@inproceedings{aznar_nisvai_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Nisvai} {Corpus} of {Oral} {Narrative} {Practices} from {Malekula} ({Vanuatu}) and its {Associated} {Language} {Resources}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.323},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a corpus of oral narratives from the Nisvai linguistic community and four associated language resources. Nisvai is an oral language spoken by 200 native speakers in the South-East of Malekula, an island of Vanuatu, Oceania. This language had never been the focus of a research before the one leading to this article. The corpus we present is made of 32 annotated narratives segmented into intonation units. The audio records were transcribed using the written conventions specifically developed for the language and translated into French. Four associated language resources have been generated by organizing the annotations into written documents: two of them are available online and two in paper format. The online resources allow the users to listen to the audio recordings whilereading the annotations. They were built to share the results of our fieldwork and to communicate on the Nisvai narrative practices with the researchers as well as with a more general audience. The bilingual paper resources, a booklet of narratives and a Nisvai-French French-Nisvai lexicon, were designed for the Nisvai community by taking into account their future uses (i.e. primary school).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Aznar, Jocelyn and Gala, Núria},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2649--2656},
}

@inproceedings{ferger_processing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Processing {Language} {Resources} of {Under}-{Resourced} and {Endangered} {Languages} for the {Generation} of {Augmentative} {Alternative} {Communication} {Boards}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.322},
	abstract = {Under-resourced and endangered or small languages yield problems for automatic processing and exploiting because of the small amount of available data. This paper shows an approach using different annotations of enriched linguistic research data to create communication boards commonly used in Alternative Augmentative Communication (AAC). Using manually created lexical analysis and rich annotation (instead of high data quantity) allows for an automated creation of AAC communication boards. The example presented in this paper uses data of the indigenous language Dolgan (an endangered Turkic language of Northern Siberia) created in the project INEL(Arkhipov and Däbritz, 2018) to generate a basic communication board with audio snippets to be used in e.g. hospital communication or for multilingual settings. The created boards can be importet into various AAC software. In addition, the usage of standard formats makes this approach applicable to various different use cases.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ferger, Anne},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2644--2648},
}

@inproceedings{ouahrani_ar-asag_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{AR}-{ASAG} {An} {ARabic} {Dataset} for {Automatic} {Short} {Answer} {Grading} {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.321},
	abstract = {Automatic short answer grading is a significant problem in E-assessment. Several models have been proposed to deal with it. Evaluation and comparison of such solutions need the availability of Datasets with manual examples. In this paper, we introduce AR-ASAG, an Arabic Dataset for automatic short answer grading. The Dataset contains 2133 pairs of (Model Answer, Student Answer) in several versions (txt, xml, Moodle xml and .db). We explore then an unsupervised corpus based approach for automatic grading adapted to the Arabic Language. We use COALS (Correlated Occurrence Analogue to Lexical Semantic) algorithm to create semantic space for word distribution. The summation vector model is combined to term weighting and common words to achieve similarity between a teacher model answer and a student answer. The approach is particularly suitable for languages with scarce resources such as Arabic language where robust specific resources are not yet available. A set of experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of domain specificity, semantic space dimension and stemming techniques on the effectiveness of the grading model. The proposed approach gives promising results for Arabic language. The reported results may serve as baseline for future research work evaluation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ouahrani, Leila and Bennouar, Djamal},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2634--2643},
}

@inproceedings{chiruzzo_development_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Development of a {Guarani} - {Spanish} {Parallel} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.320},
	abstract = {This paper presents the development of a Guarani - Spanish parallel corpus with sentence-level alignment. The Guarani sentences of the corpus use the Jopara Guarani dialect, the dialect of Guarani spoken in Paraguay, which is based on Guarani grammar and may include several Spanish loanwords or neologisms. The corpus has around 14,500 sentence pairs aligned using a semi-automatic process, containing 228,000 Guarani tokens and 336,000 Spanish tokens extracted from web sources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chiruzzo, Luis and Amarilla, Pedro and Ríos, Adolfo and Giménez Lugo, Gustavo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2629--2633},
}

@inproceedings{radhakrishnan_seed_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Seed} {Corpus} of {Hindu} {Temples} in {India}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.32},
	abstract = {Temples are an integral part of culture and heritage of India and are centers of religious practice for practicing Hindus. A scientific study of temples can reveal valuable insights into Indian culture and heritage. However to the best of our knowledge, learning resources that aid such a study are either not publicly available or non-existent. In this endeavour we present our initial efforts to create a corpus of Hindu temples in India. In this paper, we present a simple, re-usable platform that creates temple corpus from web text on temples. Curation is improved using classifiers trained on textual data in Wikipedia articles on Hindu temples. The training data is verified by human volunteers. The temple corpus consists of 4933 high accuracy facts about 573 temples. We make the corpus and the platform freely available. We also test the re-usability of the platform by creating a corpus of museums in India. We believe the temple corpus will aid scientific study of temples and the platform will aid in construction of similar corpuses. We believe both these will significantly contribute in promoting research on culture and heritage of a region.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Radhakrishnan, Priya},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {254--258},
}

@inproceedings{casanova_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating {Sentence} {Segmentation} in {Different} {Datasets} of {Neuropsychological} {Language} {Tests} in {Brazilian} {Portuguese}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.317},
	abstract = {Automatic analysis of connected speech by natural language processing techniques is a promising direction for diagnosing cognitive impairments. However, some difficulties still remain: the time required for manual narrative transcription and the decision on how transcripts should be divided into sentences for successful application of parsers used in metrics, such as Idea Density, to analyze the transcripts. The main goal of this paper was to develop a generic segmentation system for narratives of neuropsychological language tests. We explored the performance of our previous single-dataset-trained sentence segmentation architecture in a richer scenario involving three new datasets used to diagnose cognitive impairments, comprising different stories and two types of stimulus presentation for eliciting narratives — visual and oral — via illustrated story-book and sequence of scenes, and by retelling. Also, we proposed and evaluated three modifications to our previous RCNN architecture: (i) the inclusion of a Linear Chain CRF; (ii) the inclusion of a self-attention mechanism; and (iii) the replacement of the LSTM recurrent layer by a Quasi-Recurrent Neural Network layer. Our study allowed us to develop two new models for segmenting impaired speech transcriptions, along with an ideal combination of datasets and specific groups of narratives to be used as the training set.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Casanova, Edresson and Treviso, Marcos and Hübner, Lilian and Aluísio, Sandra},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2605--2614},
}

@inproceedings{matsuura_speech_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Speech {Corpus} of {Ainu} {Folklore} and {End}-to-end {Speech} {Recognition} for {Ainu} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.319},
	abstract = {Ainu is an unwritten language that has been spoken by Ainu people who are one of the ethnic groups in Japan. It is recognized as critically endangered by UNESCO and archiving and documentation of its language heritage is of paramount importance. Although a considerable amount of voice recordings of Ainu folklore has been produced and accumulated to save their culture, only a quite limited parts of them are transcribed so far. Thus, we started a project of automatic speech recognition (ASR) for the Ainu language in order to contribute to the development of annotated language archives. In this paper, we report speech corpus development and the structure and performance of end-to-end ASR for Ainu. We investigated four modeling units (phone, syllable, word piece, and word) and found that the syllable-based model performed best in terms of both word and phone recognition accuracy, which were about 60\% and over 85\% respectively in speaker-open condition. Furthermore, word and phone accuracy of 80\% and 90\% has been achieved in a speaker-closed setting. We also found out that a multilingual ASR training with additional speech corpora of English and Japanese further improves the speaker-open test accuracy.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Matsuura, Kohei and Ueno, Sei and Mimura, Masato and Sakai, Shinsuke and Kawahara, Tatsuya},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2622--2628},
}

@inproceedings{park_jejueo_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Jejueo {Datasets} for {Machine} {Translation} and {Speech} {Synthesis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.318},
	abstract = {Jejueo was classified as critically endangered by UNESCO in 2010. Although diverse efforts to revitalize it have been made, there have been few computational approaches. Motivated by this, we construct two new Jejueo datasets: Jejueo Interview Transcripts (JIT) and Jejueo Single Speaker Speech (JSS). The JIT dataset is a parallel corpus containing 170k+ Jejueo-Korean sentences, and the JSS dataset consists of 10k high-quality audio files recorded by a native Jejueo speaker and a transcript file. Subsequently, we build neural systems of machine translation and speech synthesis using them. All resources are publicly available via our GitHub repository. We hope that these datasets will attract interest of both language and machine learning communities.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Park, Kyubyong and Choe, Yo Joong and Ham, Jiyeon},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2615--2621},
}

@inproceedings{mersha_morphology-rich_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Morphology-rich {Alphasyllabary} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.315},
	abstract = {Word embeddings have been successfully trained in many languages. However, both intrinsic and extrinsic metrics are variable across languages, especially for languages that depart significantly from English in morphology and orthography. This study focuses on building a word embedding model suitable for the Semitic language of Amharic (Ethiopia), which is both morphologically rich and written as an alphasyllabary (abugida) rather than an alphabet. We compare embeddings from tailored neural models, simple pre-processing steps, off-the-shelf baselines, and parallel tasks on a better-resourced Semitic language – Arabic. Experiments show our model’s performance on word analogy tasks, illustrating the divergent objectives of morphological vs. semantic analogies.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mersha, Amanuel and Wu, Stephen},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2590--2595},
}

@inproceedings{zueva_finite-state_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Finite}-{State} {Morphological} {Analyser} for {Evenki}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.314},
	abstract = {It has been widely admitted that morphological analysis is an important step in automated text processing for morphologically rich languages. Evenki is a language with rich morphology, therefore a morphological analyser is highly desirable for processing Evenki texts and developing applications for Evenki. Although two morphological analysers for Evenki have already been developed, they are able to analyse less than a half of the available Evenki corpora. The aim of this paper is to create a new morphological analyser for Evenki. It is implemented using the Helsinki Finite-State Transducer toolkit (HFST). The lexc formalism is used to specify the morphotactic rules, which define the valid orderings of morphemes in a word. Morphophonological alternations and orthographic rules are described using the twol formalism. The lexicon is extracted from available machine-readable dictionaries. Since a part of the corpora belongs to texts in Evenki dialects, a version of the analyser with relaxed rules is developed for processing dialectal features. We evaluate the analyser on available Evenki corpora and estimate precision, recall and F-score. We obtain coverage scores of between 61\% and 87\% on the available Evenki corpora.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zueva, Anna and Kuznetsova, Anastasia and Tyers, Francis},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2581--2589},
}

@inproceedings{cruz_localization_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Localization of {Fake} {News} {Detection} via {Multitask} {Transfer} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.316},
	abstract = {The use of the internet as a fast medium of spreading fake news reinforces the need for computational tools that combat it. Techniques that train fake news classifiers exist, but they all assume an abundance of resources including large labeled datasets and expert-curated corpora, which low-resource languages may not have. In this work, we make two main contributions: First, we alleviate resource scarcity by constructing the first expertly-curated benchmark dataset for fake news detection in Filipino, which we call "Fake News Filipino." Second, we benchmark Transfer Learning (TL) techniques and show that they can be used to train robust fake news classifiers from little data, achieving 91\% accuracy on our fake news dataset, reducing the error by 14\% compared to established few-shot baselines. Furthermore, lifting ideas from multitask learning, we show that augmenting transformer-based transfer techniques with auxiliary language modeling losses improves their performance by adapting to writing style. Using this, we improve TL performance by 4-6\%, achieving an accuracy of 96\% on our best model. Lastly, we show that our method generalizes well to different types of news articles, including political news, entertainment news, and opinion articles.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cruz, Jan Christian Blaise and Tan, Julianne Agatha and Cheng, Charibeth},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2596--2604},
}

@inproceedings{michel_exploring_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Exploring {Bilingual} {Word} {Embeddings} for {Hiligaynon}, a {Low}-{Resource} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.313},
	abstract = {This paper investigates the use of bilingual word embeddings for mining Hiligaynon translations of English words. There is very little research on Hiligaynon, an extremely low-resource language of Malayo-Polynesian origin with over 9 million speakers in the Philippines (we found just one paper). We use a publicly available Hiligaynon corpus with only 300K words, and match it with a comparable corpus in English. As there are no bilingual resources available, we manually develop a English-Hiligaynon lexicon and use this to train bilingual word embeddings. But we fail to mine accurate translations due to the small amount of data. To find out if the same holds true for a related language pair, we simulate the same low-resource setup on English to German and arrive at similar results. We then vary the size of the comparable English and German corpora to determine the minimum corpus size necessary to achieve competitive results. Further, we investigate the role of the seed lexicon. We show that with the same corpus size but with a smaller seed lexicon, performance can surpass results of previous studies. We release the lexicon of 1,200 English-Hiligaynon word pairs we created to encourage further investigation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Michel, Leah and Hangya, Viktor and Fraser, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2573--2580},
}

@inproceedings{papavassiliou_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Dataset} of {Mycenaean} {Linear} {B} {Sequences}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.311},
	abstract = {We present our work towards a dataset of Mycenaean Linear B sequences gathered from the Mycenaean inscriptions written in the 13th and 14th century B.C. (c. 1400-1200 B.C.). The dataset contains sequences of Mycenaean words and ideograms according to the rules of the Mycenaean Greek language in the Late Bronze Age. Our ultimate goal is to contribute to the study, reading and understanding of ancient scripts and languages. Focusing on sequences, we seek to exploit the structure of the entire language, not just the Mycenaean vocabulary, to analyse sequential patterns. We use the dataset to experiment on estimating the missing symbols in damaged inscriptions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Papavassiliou, Katerina and Owens, Gareth and Kosmopoulos, Dimitrios},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2552--2561},
}

@inproceedings{outsios_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Greek} {Word} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.310},
	abstract = {Since word embeddings have been the most popular input for many NLP tasks, evaluating their quality is critical. Most research efforts are focusing on English word embeddings. This paper addresses the problem of training and evaluating such models for the Greek language. We present a new word analogy test set considering the original English Word2vec analogy test set and some specific linguistic aspects of the Greek language as well. Moreover, we create a Greek version of WordSim353 test collection for a basic evaluation of word similarities. Produced resources are available for download. We test seven word vector models and our evaluation shows that we are able to create meaningful representations. Last, we discover that the morphological complexity of the Greek language and polysemy can influence the quality of the resulting word embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Outsios, Stamatis and Karatsalos, Christos and Skianis, Konstantinos and Vazirgiannis, Michalis},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2543--2551},
}

@inproceedings{joanis_nunavut_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Nunavut} {Hansard} {Inuktitut}–{English} {Parallel} {Corpus} 3.0 with {Preliminary} {Machine} {Translation} {Results}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.312},
	abstract = {The Inuktitut language, a member of the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan language family, is spoken across Arctic Canada and noted for its morphological complexity. It is an official language of two territories, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, and has recognition in additional regions. This paper describes a newly released sentence-aligned Inuktitut–English corpus based on the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, covering sessions from April 1999 to June 2017. With approximately 1.3 million aligned sentence pairs, this is, to our knowledge, the largest parallel corpus of a polysynthetic language or an Indigenous language of the Americas released to date. The paper describes the alignment methodology used, the evaluation of the alignments, and preliminary experiments on statistical and neural machine translation (SMT and NMT) between Inuktitut and English, in both directions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Joanis, Eric and Knowles, Rebecca and Kuhn, Roland and Larkin, Samuel and Littell, Patrick and Lo, Chi-kiu and Stewart, Darlene and Micher, Jeffrey},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2562--2572},
}

@inproceedings{dunn_geographically-balanced_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Geographically-{Balanced} {Gigaword} {Corpora} for 50 {Language} {Varieties}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.308},
	abstract = {While text corpora have been steadily increasing in overall size, even very large corpora are not designed to represent global population demographics. For example, recent work has shown that existing English gigaword corpora over-represent inner-circle varieties from the US and the UK. To correct implicit geographic and demographic biases, this paper uses country-level population demographics to guide the construction of gigaword web corpora. The resulting corpora explicitly match the ground-truth geographic distribution of each language, thus equally representing language users from around the world. This is important because it ensures that speakers of under-resourced language varieties (i.e., Indian English or Algerian French) are represented, both in the corpora themselves but also in derivative resources like word embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dunn, Jonathan and Adams, Ben},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2528--2536},
}

@inproceedings{iskender_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards a {Reliable} and {Robust} {Methodology} for {Crowd}-{Based} {Subjective} {Quality} {Assessment} of {Query}-{Based} {Extractive} {Text} {Summarization}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.31},
	abstract = {The intrinsic and extrinsic quality evaluation is an essential part of the summary evaluation methodology usually conducted in a traditional controlled laboratory environment. However, processing large text corpora using these methods reveals expensive from both the organizational and the financial perspective. For the first time, and as a fast, scalable, and cost-effective alternative, we propose micro-task crowdsourcing to evaluate both the intrinsic and extrinsic quality of query-based extractive text summaries. To investigate the appropriateness of crowdsourcing for this task, we conduct intensive comparative crowdsourcing and laboratory experiments, evaluating nine extrinsic and intrinsic quality measures on 5-point MOS scales. Correlating results of crowd and laboratory ratings reveals high applicability of crowdsourcing for the factors overall quality, grammaticality, non-redundancy, referential clarity, focus, structure \& coherence, summary usefulness, and summary informativeness. Further, we investigate the effect of the number of repetitions of assessments on the robustness of mean opinion score of crowd ratings, measured against the increase of correlation coefficients between crowd and laboratory. Our results suggest that the optimal number of repetitions in crowdsourcing setups, in which any additional repetitions do no longer cause an adequate increase of overall correlation coefficients, lies between seven and nine for intrinsic and extrinsic quality factors.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Iskender, Neslihan and Polzehl, Tim and Möller, Sebastian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {245--253},
}

@inproceedings{amjad_data_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Data {Augmentation} using {Machine} {Translation} for {Fake} {News} {Detection} in the {Urdu} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.309},
	abstract = {The task of fake news detection is to distinguish legitimate news articles that describe real facts from those which convey deceiving and fictitious information. As the fake news phenomenon is omnipresent across all languages, it is crucial to be able to efficiently solve this problem for languages other than English. A common approach to this task is supervised classification using features of various complexity. Yet supervised machine learning requires substantial amount of annotated data. For English and a small number of other languages, annotated data availability is much higher, whereas for the vast majority of languages, it is almost scarce. We investigate whether machine translation at its present state could be successfully used as an automated technique for annotated corpora creation and augmentation for fake news detection focusing on the English-Urdu language pair. We train a fake news classifier for Urdu on (1) the manually annotated dataset originally in Urdu and (2) the machine-translated version of an existing annotated fake news dataset originally in English. We show that at the present state of machine translation quality for the English-Urdu language pair, the fully automated data augmentation through machine translation did not provide improvement for fake news detection in Urdu.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Amjad, Maaz and Sidorov, Grigori and Zhila, Alisa},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2537--2542},
}

@inproceedings{arslan_modeling_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Modeling {Factual} {Claims} with {Semantic} {Frames}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.306},
	abstract = {In this paper, we introduce an extension of the Berkeley FrameNet for the structured and semantic modeling of factual claims. Modeling is a robust tool that can be leveraged in many different tasks such as matching claims to existing fact-checks and translating claims to structured queries. Our work introduces 11 new manually crafted frames along with 9 existing FrameNet frames, all of which have been selected with fact-checking in mind. Along with these frames, we are also providing 2,540 fully annotated sentences, which can be used to understand how these frames are intended to work and to train machine learning models. Finally, we are also releasing our annotation tool to facilitate other researchers to make their own local extensions to FrameNet.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Arslan, Fatma and Caraballo, Josue and Jimenez, Damian and Li, Chengkai},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2511--2520},
}

@inproceedings{coulange_rhythmic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Rhythmic {Proximity} {Between} {Natives} {And} {Learners} {Of} {French} - {Evaluation} of a metric based on the {CEFC} corpus},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.304},
	abstract = {This work aims to better understand the role of rhythm in foreign accent, and its modelling. We made a model of rhythm in French taking into account its variability, thanks to the Corpus pour l’Étude du Français Contemporain (CEFC), which contains up to 300 hours of speech of a wide variety of speaker profiles and situations. 16 parameters were computed, each of them being based on segment duration, such as voicing and intersyllabic timing. All the parameters are fully automatically detected from signal, without ASR or transcription. A gaussian mixture model was trained on 1,340 native speakers of French; any 30-second minimum speech may be computed to get the probability of its belonging to this model. We tested it with 146 test native speakers (NS), 37 non-native speakers (NNS) from the same corpus, and 29 non-native Japanese learners of French (JpNNS) from an independent corpus. The probability of NNS having inferior log-likelihood to NS was only a tendency (p=.067), maybe due to the heterogeneity of French proficiency of the speakers; but a much bigger probability was obtained for JpNNS (p{\textless}.0001), where all speakers were A2 level. Eta-squared test showed that most efficient parameters were intersyllabic mean duration and variation coefficient, along with speech rate for NNS; and speech rate and phonation ratio for JpNNS.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Coulange, Sylvain and Rossato, Solange},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2497--2502},
}

@inproceedings{gupta_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Transcription} {Challenges} for {Inuktitut}, a {Low}-{Resource} {Polysynthetic} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.307},
	abstract = {We introduce the first attempt at automatic speech recognition (ASR) in Inuktitut, as a representative for polysynthetic, low-resource languages, like many of the 900 Indigenous languages spoken in the Americas. As most previous work on Inuktitut, we use texts from parliament proceedings, but in addition we have access to 23 hours of transcribed oral stories. With this corpus, we show that Inuktitut displays a much higher degree of polysynthesis than other agglutinative languages usually considered in ASR, such as Finnish or Turkish. Even with a vocabulary of 1.3 million words derived from proceedings and stories, held-out stories have more than 60\% of words out-of-vocabulary. We train bi-directional LSTM acoustic models, then investigate word and subword units, morphemes and syllables, and a deep neural network that finds word boundaries in subword sequences. We show that acoustic decoding using syllables decorated with word boundary markers results in the lowest word error rate.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gupta, Vishwa and Boulianne, Gilles},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2521--2527},
}

@inproceedings{speranza_linguistic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {From {Linguistic} {Resources} to {Ontology}-{Aware} {Terminologies}: {Minding} the {Representation} {Gap}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.305},
	abstract = {Terminological resources have proven crucial in many applications ranging from Computer-Aided Translation tools to authoring softwares and multilingual and cross-lingual information retrieval systems. Nonetheless, with the exception of a few felicitous examples, such as the IATE (Interactive Terminology for Europe) Termbank, many terminological resources are not available in standard formats, such as Term Base eXchange (TBX), thus preventing their sharing and reuse. Yet, these terminologies could be improved associating the correspondent ontology-based information. The research described in the present contribution demonstrates the process and the methodologies adopted in the automatic conversion into TBX of such type of resources, together with their semantic enrichment based on the formalization of ontological information into terminologies. We present a proof-of-concept using the Italian Linguistic Resource for the Archaeological domain (developed according to Thesauri and Guidelines of the Italian Central Institute for the Catalogue and Documentation). Further, we introduce the conversion tool developed to support the process of creating ontology-aware terminologies for improving interoperability and sharing of existing language technologies and data sets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Speranza, Giulia and di Buono, Maria Pia and Monti, Johanna and Sangati, Federico},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2503--2510},
}

@inproceedings{ralethe_adaptation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Adaptation of {Deep} {Bidirectional} {Transformers} for {Afrikaans} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.301},
	abstract = {The recent success of pretrained language models in Natural Language Processing has sparked interest in training such models for languages other than English. Currently, training of these models can either be monolingual or multilingual based. In the case of multilingual models, such models are trained on concatenated data of multiple languages. We introduce AfriBERT, a language model for the Afrikaans language based on Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT). We compare the performance of AfriBERT against multilingual BERT in multiple downstream tasks, namely part-of-speech tagging, named-entity recognition, and dependency parsing. Our results show that AfriBERT improves the current state-of-the-art in most of the tasks we considered, and that transfer learning from multilingual to monolingual model can have a significant performance improvement on downstream tasks. We release the pretrained model for AfriBERT.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ralethe, Sello},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2475--2478},
}

@inproceedings{ciosici_accelerated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Accelerated {High}-{Quality} {Mutual}-{Information} {Based} {Word} {Clustering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.303},
	abstract = {Word clustering groups words that exhibit similar properties. One popular method for this is Brown clustering, which uses short-range distributional information to construct clusters. Specifically, this is a hard hierarchical clustering with a fixed-width beam that employs bi-grams and greedily minimizes global mutual information loss. The result is word clusters that tend to outperform or complement other word representations, especially when constrained by small datasets. However, Brown clustering has high computational complexity and does not lend itself to parallel computation. This, together with the lack of efficient implementations, limits their applicability in NLP. We present efficient implementations of Brown clustering and the alternative Exchange clustering as well as a number of methods to accelerate the computation of both hierarchical and flat clusters. We show empirically that clusters obtained with the accelerated method match the performance of clusters computed using the original methods.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ciosici, Manuel R. and Assent, Ira and Derczynski, Leon},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2491--2496},
}

@inproceedings{le_flaubert_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{FlauBERT}: {Unsupervised} {Language} {Model} {Pre}-training for {French}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.302},
	abstract = {Language models have become a key step to achieve state-of-the art results in many different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Leveraging the huge amount of unlabeled texts nowadays available, they provide an efficient way to pre-train continuous word representations that can be fine-tuned for a downstream task, along with their contextualization at the sentence level. This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized representations (Dai and Le, 2015; Peters et al., 2018; Howard and Ruder, 2018; Radford et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019b). In this paper, we introduce and share FlauBERT, a model learned on a very large and heterogeneous French corpus. Models of different sizes are trained using the new CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research) Jean Zay supercomputer. We apply our French language models to diverse NLP tasks (text classification, paraphrasing, natural language inference, parsing, word sense disambiguation) and show that most of the time they outperform other pre-training approaches. Different versions of FlauBERT as well as a unified evaluation protocol for the downstream tasks, called FLUE (French Language Understanding Evaluation), are shared to the research community for further reproducible experiments in French NLP.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Le, Hang and Vial, Loïc and Frej, Jibril and Segonne, Vincent and Coavoux, Maximin and Lecouteux, Benjamin and Allauzen, Alexandre and Crabbé, Benoit and Besacier, Laurent and Schwab, Didier},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2479--2490},
}

@inproceedings{kipyatkova_class-based_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Class-based {LSTM} {Russian} {Language} {Model} with {Linguistic} {Information}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.300},
	abstract = {In the paper, we present class-based LSTM Russian language models (LMs) with classes generated with the use of both word frequency and linguistic information data, obtained with the help of the “VisualSynan” software from the AOT project. We have created LSTM LMs with various numbers of classes and compared them with word-based LM and class-based LM with word2vec class generation in terms of perplexity, training time, and WER. In addition, we performed a linear interpolation of LSTM language models with the baseline 3-gram language model. The LSTM language models were used for very large vocabulary continuous Russian speech recognition at an N-best list rescoring stage. We achieved significant progress in training time reduction with only slight degradation in recognition accuracy comparing to the word-based LM. In addition, our LM with classes generated using linguistic information outperformed LM with classes generated using word2vec. We achieved WER of 14.94 \% at our own speech corpus of continuous Russian speech that is 15 \% relative reduction with respect to the baseline 3-gram model.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kipyatkova, Irina and Karpov, Alexey},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2470--2474},
}

@inproceedings{bernard_mandarinograd_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Mandarinograd: {A} {Chinese} {Collection} of {Winograd} {Schemas}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.3},
	abstract = {This article introduces Mandarinograd, a corpus of Winograd Schemas in Mandarin Chinese. Winograd Schemas are particularly challenging anaphora resolution problems, designed to involve common sense reasoning and to limit the biases and artefacts commonly found in natural language understanding datasets. Mandarinograd contains the schemas in their traditional form, but also as natural language inference instances (ENTAILMENT or NO ENTAILMENT pairs) as well as in their fully disambiguated candidate forms. These two alternative representations are often used by modern solvers but existing datasets present automatically converted items that sometimes contain syntactic or semantic anomalies. We detail the difficulties faced when building this corpus and explain how weavoided the anomalies just mentioned. We also show that Mandarinograd is resistant to a statistical method based on a measure of word association.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bernard, Timothée and Han, Ting},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {21--26},
}

@inproceedings{sharoff_know_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Know thy {Corpus}! {Robust} {Methods} for {Digital} {Curation} of {Web} corpora},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.298},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a novel framework for digital curation of Web corpora in order to provide robust estimation of their parameters, such as their composition and the lexicon. In recent years language models pre-trained on large corpora emerged as clear winners in numerous NLP tasks, but no proper analysis of the corpora which led to their success has been conducted. The paper presents a procedure for robust frequency estimation, which helps in establishing the core lexicon for a given corpus, as well as a procedure for estimating the corpus composition via unsupervised topic models and via supervised genre classification of Web pages. The results of the digital curation study applied to several Web-derived corpora demonstrate their considerable differences. First, this concerns different frequency bursts which impact the core lexicon obtained from each corpus. Second, this concerns the kinds of texts they contain. For example, OpenWebText contains considerably more topical news and political argumentation in comparison to ukWac or Wikipedia. The tools and the results of analysis have been released.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sharoff, Serge},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2453--2460},
}

@inproceedings{hahm_crowdsourcing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Crowdsourcing in the {Development} of a {Multilingual} {FrameNet}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Korean} {FrameNet}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.30},
	abstract = {Using current methods, the construction of multilingual resources in FrameNet is an expensive and complex task. While crowdsourcing is a viable alternative, it is difficult to include non-native English speakers in such efforts as they often have difficulty with English-based FrameNet tools. In this work, we investigated cross-lingual issues in crowdsourcing approaches for multilingual FrameNets, specifically in the context of the newly constructed Korean FrameNet. To accomplish this, we evaluated the effectiveness of various crowdsourcing settings whereby certain types of information are provided to workers, such as English definitions in FrameNet or translated definitions. We then evaluated whether the crowdsourced results accurately captured the meaning of frames both cross-culturally and cross-linguistically, and found that by allowing the crowd workers to make intuitive choices, they achieved a quality comparable to that of trained FrameNet experts (F1 {\textgreater} 0.75). The outcomes of this work are now publicly available as a new release of Korean FrameNet 1.1.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hahm, Younggyun and Noh, Youngbin and Han, Ji Yoon and Oh, Tae Hwan and Choe, Hyonsu and Kim, Hansaem and Choi, Key-Sun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {236--244},
}

@inproceedings{king_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating {Approaches} to {Personalizing} {Language} {Models}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.299},
	abstract = {In this work, we consider the problem of personalizing language models, that is, building language models that are tailored to the writing style of an individual. Because training language models requires a large amount of text, and individuals do not necessarily possess a large corpus of their writing that could be used for training, approaches to personalizing language models must be able to rely on only a small amount of text from any one user. In this work, we compare three approaches to personalizing a language model that was trained on a large background corpus using a relatively small amount of text from an individual user. We evaluate these approaches using perplexity, as well as two measures based on next word prediction for smartphone soft keyboards. Our results show that when only a small amount of user-specific text is available, an approach based on priming gives the most improvement, while when larger amounts of user-specific text are available, an approach based on language model interpolation performs best. We carry out further experiments to show that these approaches to personalization outperform language model adaptation based on demographic factors.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {King, Milton and Cook, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2461--2469},
}

@inproceedings{beyer_embedding_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Embedding {Space} {Correlation} as a {Measure} of {Domain} {Similarity}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.296},
	abstract = {Prior work has determined domain similarity using text-based features of a corpus. However, when using pre-trained word embeddings, the underlying text corpus might not be accessible anymore. Therefore, we propose the CCA measure, a new measure of domain similarity based directly on the dimension-wise correlations between corresponding embedding spaces. Our results suggest that an inherent notion of domain can be captured this way, as we are able to reproduce our findings for different domain comparisons for English, German, Spanish and Czech as well as in cross-lingual comparisons. We further find a threshold at which the CCA measure indicates that two corpora come from the same domain in a monolingual setting by applying permutation tests. By evaluating the usability of the CCA measure in a domain adaptation application, we also show that it can be used to determine which corpora are more similar to each other in a cross-domain sentiment detection task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Beyer, Anne and Kauermann, Göran and Schütze, Hinrich},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2431--2439},
}

@inproceedings{guo_wiki-40b_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Wiki-{40B}: {Multilingual} {Language} {Model} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.297},
	abstract = {We propose a new multilingual language model benchmark that is composed of 40+ languages spanning several scripts and linguistic families. With around 40 billion characters, we hope this new resource will accelerate the research of multilingual modeling. We train monolingual causal language models using a state-of-the-art model (Transformer-XL) establishing baselines for many languages. We also introduce the task of multilingual causal language modeling where we train our model on the combined text of 40+ languages from Wikipedia with different vocabulary sizes and evaluate on the languages individually. We released the cleaned-up text of 40+ Wikipedia language editions, the corresponding trained monolingual language models, and several multilingual language models with different fixed vocabulary sizes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Guo, Mandy and Dai, Zihang and Vrandečić, Denny and Al-Rfou, Rami},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2440--2452},
}

@inproceedings{melli_gm-rkb_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GM}-{RKB} {WikiText} {Error} {Correction} {Task} and {Baselines}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.295},
	abstract = {We introduce the GM-RKB WikiText Error Correction Task for the automatic detection and correction of typographical errors in WikiText annotated pages. The included corpus is based on a snapshot of the GM-RKB domain-specific semantic wiki consisting of a large collection of concepts, personages, and publications primary centered on data mining and machine learning research topics. Numerous Wikipedia pages were also included as additional training data in the task's evaluation process. The corpus was then automatically updated to synthetically include realistic errors to produce a training and evaluation ground truth comparison. We designed and evaluated two supervised baseline WikiFixer error correction methods: (1) a naive approach based on a maximum likelihood character-level language model; (2) and an advanced model based on a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) neural network architecture. Both error correction models operated at a character level. When compared against an off-the-shelf word-level spell checker these methods showed a significant improvement in the task's performance – with the seq2seq-based model correcting a higher number of errors than it introduced. Finally, we published our data and code.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Melli, Gabor and Eldallal, Abdelrhman and Lazem, Bassim and Moreira, Olga},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2424--2430},
}

@inproceedings{roark_processing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Processing {South} {Asian} {Languages} {Written} in the {Latin} {Script}: the {Dakshina} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.294},
	abstract = {This paper describes the Dakshina dataset, a new resource consisting of text in both the Latin and native scripts for 12 South Asian languages. The dataset includes, for each language: 1) native script Wikipedia text; 2) a romanization lexicon; and 3) full sentence parallel data in both a native script of the language and the basic Latin alphabet. We document the methods used for preparation and selection of the Wikipedia text in each language; collection of attested romanizations for sampled lexicons; and manual romanization of held-out sentences from the native script collections. We additionally provide baseline results on several tasks made possible by the dataset, including single word transliteration, full sentence transliteration, and language modeling of native script and romanized text.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Roark, Brian and Wolf-Sonkin, Lawrence and Kirov, Christo and Mielke, Sabrina J. and Johny, Cibu and Demirsahin, Isin and Hall, Keith},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2413--2423},
}

@inproceedings{chen_sibert_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SiBert}: {Enhanced} {Chinese} {Pre}-trained {Language} {Model} with {Sentence} {Insertion}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.293},
	abstract = {Pre-trained models have achieved great success in learning unsupervised language representations by self-supervised tasks on large-scale corpora. Recent studies mainly focus on how to fine-tune different downstream tasks from a general pre-trained model. However, some studies show that customized self-supervised tasks for a particular type of downstream task can effectively help the pre-trained model to capture more corresponding knowledge and semantic information. Hence a new pre-training task called Sentence Insertion (SI) is proposed in this paper for Chinese query-passage pairs NLP tasks including answer span prediction, retrieval question answering and sentence level cloze test. The related experiment results indicate that the proposed SI can improve the performance of the Chinese Pre-trained models significantly. Moreover, a word segmentation method called SentencePiece is utilized to further enhance Chinese Bert performance for tasks with long texts. The complete source code is available at https://github.com/ewrfcas/SiBert\_tensorflow.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chen, Jiahao and Cao, Chenjie and Jiang, Xiuyan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2405--2412},
}

@inproceedings{kmetty_partelet_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Pártélet: {A} {Hungarian} {Corpus} of {Propaganda} {Texts} from the {Hungarian} {Socialist} {Era}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.290},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present Pártélet, a digitized Hungarian corpus of Communist propaganda texts. Pártélet was the official journal of the governing party during the Hungarian socialism from 1956 to 1989, hence it represents the direct political agitation and propaganda of the dictatorial system in question. The paper has a dual purpose: first, to present a general review of the corpus compilation process and the basic statistical data of the corpus, and second, to demonstrate through two case studies what the dataset can be used for. We show that our corpus provides a unique opportunity for conducting research on Hungarian propaganda discourse, as well as analyzing changes of this discourse over a 35-year period of time with computer-assisted methods.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kmetty, Zoltán and Vincze, Veronika and Demszky, Dorottya and Ring, Orsolya and Nagy, Balázs and Szabó, Martina Katalin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2381--2388},
}

@inproceedings{alacam_eye4ref_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{Eye4Ref}: {A} {Multimodal} {Eye} {Movement} {Dataset} of {Referentially} {Complex} {Situations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.292},
	abstract = {Eye4Ref is a rich multimodal dataset of eye-movement recordings collected from referentially complex situated settings where the linguistic utterances and their visual referential world were available to the listener. It consists of not only fixation parameters but also saccadic movement parameters that are time-locked to accompanying German utterances (with English translations). Additionally, it also contains symbolic knowledge (contextual) representations of the images to map the referring expressions onto the objects in corresponding images. Overall, the data was collected from 62 participants in three different experimental setups (86 systematically controlled sentence–image pairs and 1844 eye-movement recordings). Referential complexity was controlled by visual manipulations (e.g. number of objects, visibility of the target items, etc.), and by linguistic manipulations (e.g., the position of the disambiguating word in a sentence). This multimodal dataset, in which the three different sources of information namely eye-tracking, language, and visual environment are aligned, offers a test of various research questions not from only language perspective but also computer vision.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alacam, Özge and Ruppert, Eugen and Salama, Amr Rekaby and Staron, Tobias and Menzel, Wolfgang},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2396--2404},
}

@inproceedings{noullet_kore_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{KORE} 50{\textasciicircum}{DYWC}: {An} {Evaluation} {Data} {Set} for {Entity} {Linking} {Based} on {DBpedia}, {YAGO}, {Wikidata}, and {Crunchbase}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.291},
	abstract = {A major domain of research in natural language processing is named entity recognition and disambiguation (NERD). One of the main ways of attempting to achieve this goal is through use of Semantic Web technologies and its structured data formats. Due to the nature of structured data, information can be extracted more easily, therewith allowing for the creation of knowledge graphs. In order to properly evaluate a NERD system, gold standard data sets are required. A plethora of different evaluation data sets exists, mostly relying on either Wikipedia or DBpedia. Therefore, we have extended a widely-used gold standard data set, KORE 50, to not only accommodate NERD tasks for DBpedia, but also for YAGO, Wikidata and Crunchbase. As such, our data set, KORE 50{\textasciicircum}DYWC, allows for a broader spectrum of evaluation. Among others, the knowledge graph agnosticity of NERD systems may be evaluated which, to the best of our knowledge, was not possible until now for this number of knowledge graphs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Noullet, Kristian and Mix, Rico and Färber, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2389--2395},
}

@inproceedings{sato_quality_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Quality {Estimation} for {Partially} {Subjective} {Classification} {Tasks} via {Crowdsourcing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.29},
	abstract = {The quality estimation of artifacts generated by creators via crowdsourcing has great significance for the construction of a large-scale data resource. A common approach to this problem is to ask multiple reviewers to evaluate the same artifacts. However, the commonly used majority voting method to aggregate reviewers' evaluations does not work effectively for partially subjective or purely subjective tasks because reviewers' sensitivity and bias of evaluation tend to have a wide variety. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a probabilistic model for subjective classification tasks that incorporates the qualities of artifacts as well as the abilities and biases of creators and reviewers as latent variables to be jointly inferred. We applied this method to the partially subjective task of speech classification into the following four attitudes: agreement, disagreement, stalling, and question. The result shows that the proposed method estimates the quality of speech more effectively than a vote aggregation, measured by correlation with a fine-grained classification by experts.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sato, Yoshinao and Miyazawa, Kouki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {229--235},
}

@inproceedings{roy_topic-aligned_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Topic}-{Aligned} {Multilingual} {Corpus} of {Wikipedia} {Articles} for {Studying} {Information} {Asymmetry} in {Low} {Resource} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.289},
	abstract = {Wikipedia is the largest web-based open encyclopedia covering more than three hundred languages. However, different language editions of Wikipedia differ significantly in terms of their information coverage. We present a systematic comparison of information coverage in English Wikipedia (most exhaustive) and Wikipedias in eight other widely spoken languages (Arabic, German, Hindi, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Turkish). We analyze the content present in the respective Wikipedias in terms of the coverage of topics as well as the depth of coverage of topics included in these Wikipedias. Our analysis quantifies and provides useful insights about the information gap that exists between different language editions of Wikipedia and offers a roadmap for the IR community to bridge this gap.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Roy, Dwaipayan and Bhatia, Sumit and Jain, Prateek},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2373--2380},
}

@inproceedings{dan_understanding_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Understanding {Spatial} {Relations} through {Multiple} {Modalities}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.288},
	abstract = {Recognizing spatial relations and reasoning about them is essential in multiple applications including navigation, direction giving and human-computer interaction in general. Spatial relations between objects can either be explicit – expressed as spatial prepositions, or implicit – expressed by spatial verbs such as moving, walking, shifting, etc. Both these, but implicit relations in particular, require significant common sense understanding. In this paper, we introduce the task of inferring implicit and explicit spatial relations between two entities in an image. We design a model that uses both textual and visual information to predict the spatial relations, making use of both positional and size information of objects and image embeddings. We contrast our spatial model with powerful language models and show how our modeling complements the power of these, improving prediction accuracy and coverage and facilitates dealing with unseen subjects, objects and relations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dan, Soham and He, Hangfeng and Roth, Dan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2368--2372},
}

@inproceedings{leon-arauz_representing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Representing {Multiword} {Term} {Variation} in a {Terminological} {Knowledge} {Base}: a {Corpus}-{Based} {Study}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.287},
	abstract = {In scientific and technical communication, multiword terms are the most frequent type of lexical units. Rendering them in another language is not an easy task due to their cognitive complexity, the proliferation of different forms, and their unsystematic representation in terminographic resources. This often results in a broad spectrum of translations for multiword terms, which also foment term variation since they consist of two or more constituents. In this study we carried out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of Spanish translation variants of a set of environment-related concepts by evaluating equivalents in three parallel corpora, two comparable corpora and two terminological resources. Our results showed that MWTs exhibit a significant degree of term variation of different characteristics, which were used to establish a set of criteria according to which term variants should be selected, organized and described in terminological knowledge bases.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {León-Araúz, Pilar and Reimerink, Arianne and Cabezas-García, Melania},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2358--2367},
}

@inproceedings{bordea_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation {Dataset} and {Methodology} for {Extracting} {Application}-{Specific} {Taxonomies} from the {Wikipedia} {Knowledge} {Graph}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.285},
	abstract = {In this work, we address the task of extracting application-specific taxonomies from the category hierarchy of Wikipedia. Previous work on pruning the Wikipedia knowledge graph relied on silver standard taxonomies which can only be automatically extracted for a small subset of domains rooted in relatively focused nodes, placed at an intermediate level in the knowledge graphs. In this work, we propose an iterative methodology to extract an application-specific gold standard dataset from a knowledge graph and an evaluation framework to comparatively assess the quality of noisy automatically extracted taxonomies. We employ an existing state of the art algorithm in an iterative manner and we propose several sampling strategies to reduce the amount of manual work needed for evaluation. A first gold standard dataset is released to the research community for this task along with a companion evaluation framework. This dataset addresses a real-world application from the medical domain, namely the extraction of food-drug and herb-drug interactions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bordea, Georgeta and Faralli, Stefano and Mougin, Fleur and Buitelaar, Paul and Diallo, Gayo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2341--2347},
}

@inproceedings{faralli_multiple_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multiple {Knowledge} {GraphDB} ({MKGDB})},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.283},
	abstract = {We present MKGDB, a large-scale graph database created as a combination of multiple taxonomy backbones extracted from 5 existing knowledge graphs, namely: ConceptNet, DBpedia, WebIsAGraph, WordNet and the Wikipedia category hierarchy. MKGDB, thanks the versatility of the Neo4j graph database manager technology, is intended to favour and help the development of open-domain natural language processing applications relying on knowledge bases, such as information extraction, hypernymy discovery, topic clustering, and others. Our resource consists of a large hypernymy graph which counts more than 37 million nodes and more than 81 million hypernymy relations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Faralli, Stefano and Velardi, Paola and Yusifli, Farid},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2325--2331},
}

@inproceedings{randria_subjective_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Subjective {Evaluation} of {Comprehensibility} in {Movie} {Interactions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.286},
	abstract = {Various research works have dealt with the comprehensibility of textual, audio, or audiovisual documents, and showed that factors related to text (e.g. linguistic complexity), sound (e.g. speech intelligibility), image (e.g. presence of visual context), or even to cognition and emotion can play a major role in the ability of humans to understand the semantic and pragmatic contents of a given document. However, to date, no reference human data is available that could help investigating the role of the linguistic and extralinguistic information present at these different levels (i.e., linguistic, audio/phonetic, and visual) in multimodal documents (e.g., movies). The present work aimed at building a corpus of human annotations that would help to study further how much and in which way the human perception of comprehensibility (i.e., of the difficulty of comprehension, referred in this paper as overall difficulty) of audiovisual documents is affected (1) by lexical complexity, grammatical complexity, and speech intelligibility, and (2) by the modality/ies (text, audio, video) available to the human recipient.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Randria, Estelle and Fontan, Lionel and Le Coz, Maxime and Ferrané, Isabelle and Pinquier, Julien},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2348--2357},
}

@inproceedings{moreno-schneider_orchestrating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Orchestrating {NLP} {Services} for the {Legal} {Domain}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.284},
	abstract = {Legal technology is currently receiving a lot of attention from various angles. In this contribution we describe the main technical components of a system that is currently under development in the European innovation project Lynx, which includes partners from industry and research. The key contribution of this paper is a workflow manager that enables the flexible orchestration of workflows based on a portfolio of Natural Language Processing and Content Curation services as well as a Multilingual Legal Knowledge Graph that contains semantic information and meaningful references to legal documents. We also describe different use cases with which we experiment and develop prototypical solutions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moreno-Schneider, Julian and Rehm, Georg and Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena and Rodriguez-Doncel, Víctor and Revenko, Artem and Karampatakis, Sotirios and Khvalchik, Maria and Sageder, Christian and Gracia, Jorge and Maganza, Filippo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2332--2340},
}

@inproceedings{becker_implicit_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Implicit {Knowledge} in {Argumentative} {Texts}: {An} {Annotated} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.282},
	abstract = {When speaking or writing, people omit information that seems clear and evident, such that only part of the message is expressed in words. Especially in argumentative texts it is very common that (important) parts of the argument are implied and omitted. We hypothesize that for argument analysis it will be beneficial to reconstruct this implied information. As a starting point for filling knowledge gaps, we build a corpus consisting of high-quality human annotations of missing and implied information in argumentative texts. To learn more about the characteristics of both the argumentative texts and the added information, we further annotate the data with semantic clause types and commonsense knowledge relations. The outcome of our work is a carefully designed and richly annotated dataset, for which we then provide an in-depth analysis by investigating characteristic distributions and correlations of the assigned labels. We reveal interesting patterns and intersections between the annotation categories and properties of our dataset, which enable insights into the characteristics of both argumentative texts and implicit knowledge in terms of structural features and semantic information. The results of our analysis can help to assist automated argument analysis and can guide the process of revealing implicit information in argumentative texts automatically.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Becker, Maria and Korfhage, Katharina and Frank, Anette},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2316--2324},
}

@inproceedings{iwai_acquiring_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Acquiring {Social} {Knowledge} about {Personality} and {Driving}-related {Behavior}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.281},
	abstract = {In this paper, we introduce our psychological approach to collect human-specific social knowledge from a text corpus, using NLP techniques. It is often not explicitly described but shared among people, which we call social knowledge. We focus on the social knowledge, especially personality and driving. We used the language resources that were developed based on psychological research methods; a Japanese personality dictionary (317 words) and a driving experience corpus (8,080 sentences) annotated with behavior and subjectivity. Using them, we automatically extracted collocations between personality descriptors and driving-related behavior from a driving behavior and subjectivity corpus (1,803,328 sentences after filtering) and obtained unique 5,334 collocations. To evaluate the collocations as social knowledge, we designed four step-by-step crowdsourcing tasks. They resulted in 266 pieces of social knowledge. They include the knowledge that might be difficult to recall by themselves but easy to agree with. We discuss the acquired social knowledge and the contribution to implementations into systems.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Iwai, Ritsuko and Kawahara, Daisuke and Kumada, Takatsune and Kurohashi, Sadao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2306--2315},
}

@inproceedings{bebeshina_inferences_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Inferences for {Lexical} {Semantic} {Resource} {Building} with {Less} {Supervision}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.280},
	abstract = {Lexical semantic resources may be built using various approaches such as extraction from corpora, integration of the relevant pieces of knowledge from the pre-existing knowledge resources, and endogenous inference. Each of these techniques needs human supervision in order to deal with the potential errors, mapping difficulties or inferred candidate validation. We detail how various inference processes can be employed for the less supervised lexical semantic resource building. Our experience is based on the combination of different inference techniques for multilingual resource building and evaluation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bebeshina, Nadia and Lafourcade, Mathieu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2300--2305},
}

@inproceedings{roque_developing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Developing a {Corpus} of {Indirect} {Speech} {Act} {Schemas}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.28},
	abstract = {Resolving Indirect Speech Acts (ISAs), in which the intended meaning of an utterance is not identical to its literal meaning, is essential to enabling the participation of intelligent systems in peoples' everyday lives. Especially challenging are those cases in which the interpretation of such ISAs depends on context. To test a system's ability to perform ISA resolution we need a corpus, but developing such a corpus is difficult, especialy given the contex-dependent requirement. This paper addresses the difficult problems of constructing a corpus of ISAs, taking inspiration from relevant work in using corpora for reasoning tasks. We present a formal representation of ISA Schemas required for such testing, including a measure of the difficulty of a particular schema. We develop an approach to authoring these schemas using corpus analysis and crowdsourcing, to maximize realism and minimize the amount of expert authoring needed. Finally, we describe several characteristics of collected data, and potential future work.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Roque, Antonio and Tsuetaki, Alexander and Sarathy, Vasanth and Scheutz, Matthias},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {220--228},
}

@inproceedings{de_boer_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards {Data}-driven {Ontologies}: a {Filtering} {Approach} using {Keywords} and {Natural} {Language} {Constructs}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.278},
	abstract = {Creating ontologies is an expensive task. Our vision is that we can automatically generate ontologies based on a set of relevant documents to create a kick-start in ontology creating sessions. In this paper, we focus on enhancing two often used methods, OpenIE and co-occurrences. We evaluate the methods on two document sets, one about pizza and one about the agriculture domain. The methods are evaluated using two types of F1-score (objective, quantitative) and through a human assessment (subjective, qualitative). The results show that 1) Cooc performs both objectively and subjectively better than OpenIE; 2) the filtering methods based on keywords and on Word2vec perform similarly; 3) the filtering methods both perform better compared to OpenIE and similar to Cooc; 4) Cooc-NVP performs best, especially considering the subjective evaluation. Although, the investigated methods provide a good start for extracting an ontology out of a set of domain documents, various improvements are still possible, especially in the natural language based methods.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {de Boer, Maaike and Verhoosel, Jack P. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2285--2292},
}

@inproceedings{jabbari_french_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {French} {Corpus} and {Annotation} {Schema} for {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} and {Relation} {Extraction} of {Financial} {News}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.279},
	abstract = {In financial services industry, compliance involves a series of practices and controls in order to meet key regulatory standards which aim to reduce financial risk and crime, e.g.{\textbackslash} money laundering and financing of terrorism. Faced with the growing risks, it is imperative for financial institutions to seek automated information extraction techniques for monitoring financial activities of their customers. This work describes an ontology of compliance-related concepts and relationships along with a corpus annotated according to it. The presented corpus consists of financial news articles in French and allows for training and evaluating domain-specific named entity recognition and relation extraction algorithms. We present some of our experimental results on named entity recognition and relation extraction using our annotated corpus. We aim to furthermore use the the proposed ontology towards construction of a knowledge base of financial relations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jabbari, Ali and Sauvage, Olivier and Zeine, Hamada and Chergui, Hamza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2293--2299},
}

@inproceedings{maldonado_language_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Language} of {Brain} {Signals}: {Natural} {Language} {Processing} of {Electroencephalography} {Reports}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.276},
	abstract = {Brain signals are captured by clinical electroencephalography (EEG) which is an excellent tool for probing neural function. When EEG tests are performed, a textual EEG report is generated by the neurologist to document the findings, thus using language that describes the brain signals and its clinical correlations. Even with the impetus provided by the BRAIN initiative (brainitititive.nih.gov), there are no annotations available in texts that capture language describing the brain activities and their correlations with various pathologies. In this paper we describe an annotation effort carried out on a large corpus of EEG reports, providing examples of EEG-specific and clinically relevant concepts. In addition, we detail our annotation schema for brain signal attributes. We also discuss the resulting annotation of long-distance relations between concepts in EEG reports. By exemplifying a self-attention joint-learning to predict similar annotations in the EEG report corpus, we discuss the promising results, hoping that our effort will inform the design of novel knowledge capture techniques that will include the language of brain signals.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Maldonado, Ramon and Harabagiu, Sanda},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2268--2275},
}

@inproceedings{masson_nlp_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{NLP} {Analytics} in {Finance} with {DoRe}: {A} {French} {250M} {Tokens} {Corpus} of {Corporate} {Annual} {Reports}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.275},
	abstract = {Recent advances in neural computing and word embeddings for semantic processing open many new applications areas which had been left unaddressed so far because of inadequate language understanding capacity. But this new kind of approaches rely even more on training data to be operational. Corpora for financial applications exists, but most of them concern stock market prediction and are in English. To address this need for the French language and regulation oriented applications which require a deeper understanding of the text content, we hereby present “DoRe”, a French and dialectal French Corpus for NLP analytics in Finance, Regulation and Investment. This corpus is composed of: (a) 1769 Annual Reports from 336 companies among the most capitalized companies in: France (Euronext Paris) \& Belgium (Euronext Brussels), covering a time frame from 2009 to 2019, and (b) related MetaData containing information for each company about its ISIN code, capitalization and sector. This corpus is designed to be as modular as possible in order to allow for maximum reuse in different tasks pertaining to Economics, Finance and Regulation. After presenting existing resources, we relate the construction of the DoRe corpus and the rationale behind our choices, concluding on the spectrum of possible uses of this new resource for NLP applications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Masson, Corentin and Paroubek, Patrick},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2261--2267},
}

@inproceedings{shavrina_humans_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Humans {Keep} {It} {One} {Hundred}: an {Overview} of {AI} {Journey}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.277},
	abstract = {Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is showing growing performance in numerous applications - beating human performance in Chess and Go, using knowledge bases and text sources to answer questions (SQuAD) and even pass human examination (Aristo project). In this paper, we describe the results of AI Journey, a competition of AI-systems aimed to improve AI performance on knowledge bases, reasoning and text generation. Competing systems pass the final native language exam (in Russian), including versatile grammar tasks (test and open questions) and an essay, achieving a high score of 69\%, with 68\% being an average human result. During the competition, a baseline for the task and essay parts was proposed, and 80+ systems were submitted, showing different approaches to task understanding and reasoning. All the data and solutions can be found on github https://github.com/sberbank-ai/combined\_solution\_aij2019},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Shavrina, Tatiana and Emelyanov, Anton and Fenogenova, Alena and Fomin, Vadim and Mikhailov, Vladislav and Evlampiev, Andrey and Malykh, Valentin and Larin, Vladimir and Natekin, Alex and Vatulin, Aleksandr and Romov, Peter and Anastasiev, Daniil and Zinov, Nikolai and Chertok, Andrey},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2276--2284},
}

@inproceedings{datta_rad-spatialnet_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Rad-{SpatialNet}: {A} {Frame}-based {Resource} for {Fine}-{Grained} {Spatial} {Relations} in {Radiology} {Reports}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.274},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a representation framework for encoding spatial language in radiology based on frame semantics. The framework is adopted from the existing SpatialNet representation in the general domain with the aim to generate more accurate representations of spatial language used by radiologists. We describe Rad-SpatialNet in detail along with illustrating the importance of incorporating domain knowledge in understanding the varied linguistic expressions involved in different radiological spatial relations. This work also constructs a corpus of 400 radiology reports of three examination types (chest X-rays, brain MRIs, and babygrams) annotated with fine-grained contextual information according to this schema. Spatial trigger expressions and elements corresponding to a spatial frame are annotated. We apply BERT-based models (BERT-Base and BERT- Large) to first extract the trigger terms (lexical units for a spatial frame) and then to identify the related frame elements. The results of BERT- Large are decent, with F1 of 77.89 for spatial trigger extraction and an overall F1 of 81.61 and 66.25 across all frame elements using gold and predicted spatial triggers respectively. This frame-based resource can be used to develop and evaluate more advanced natural language processing (NLP) methods for extracting fine-grained spatial information from radiology text in the future.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Datta, Surabhi and Ulinski, Morgan and Godfrey-Stovall, Jordan and Khanpara, Shekhar and Riascos-Castaneda, Roy F. and Roberts, Kirk},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2251--2260},
}

@inproceedings{niu_temporal_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Temporal {Histories} of {Epidemic} {Events} ({THEE}): {A} {Case} {Study} in {Temporal} {Annotation} for {Public} {Health}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.271},
	abstract = {We present a new temporal annotation standard, THEE-TimeML, and a corpus TheeBank enabling precise temporal information extraction (TIE) for event-based surveillance (EBS) systems in the public health domain. Current EBS must estimate the occurrence time of each event based on coarse document metadata such as document publication time. Because of the complicated language and narration style of news articles, estimated case outbreak times are often inaccurate or even erroneous. Thus, it is necessary to create annotation standards and corpora to facilitate the development of TIE systems in the public health domain to address this problem.We will discuss the adaptations that have proved necessary for this domain as we present THEE-TimeML and TheeBank. Finally, we document the corpus annotation process, and demonstrate the immediate benefit to public health applications brought by the annotations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Niu, Jingcheng and Ng, Victoria and Penn, Gerald and Rees, Erin E.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2223--2230},
}

@inproceedings{sahoo_platform_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Platform} for {Event} {Extraction} in {Hindi}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.273},
	abstract = {Event Extraction is an important task in the widespread field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Though this task is adequately addressed in English with sufficient resources, we are unaware of any benchmark setup in Indian languages. Hindi is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. In this paper, we present an Event Extraction framework for Hindi language by creating an annotated resource for benchmarking, and then developing deep learning based models to set as the baselines. We crawl more than seventeen hundred disaster related Hindi news articles from the various news sources. We also develop deep learning based models for Event Trigger Detection and Classification, Argument Detection and Classification and Event-Argument Linking.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sahoo, Sovan Kumar and Saha, Saumajit and Ekbal, Asif and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2241--2250},
}

@inproceedings{khadka_exploiting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Exploiting {Citation} {Knowledge} in {Personalised} {Recommendation} of {Recent} {Scientific} {Publications}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.272},
	abstract = {In this paper we address the problem of providing personalised recommendations of recent scientific publications to a particular user, and explore the use of citation knowledge to do so. For this purpose, we have generated a novel dataset that captures authors’ publication history and is enriched with different forms of paper citation knowledge, namely citation graphs, citation positions, citation contexts, and citation types. Through a number of empirical experiments on such dataset, we show that the exploitation of the extracted knowledge, particularly the type of citation, is a promising approach for recommending recently published papers that may not be cited yet. The dataset, which we make publicly available, also represents a valuable resource for further investigation on academic information retrieval and filtering.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Khadka, Anita and Cantador, Iván and Fernandez, Miriam},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2231--2240},
}

@inproceedings{sainz_domain_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Domain {Adapted} {Distant} {Supervision} for {Pedagogically} {Motivated} {Relation} {Extraction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.270},
	abstract = {In this paper we present a relation extraction system that given a text extracts pedagogically motivated relation types, as a previous step to obtaining a semantic representation of the text which will make possible to automatically generate questions for reading comprehension. The system maps pedagogically motivated relations with relations from ConceptNet and deploys Distant Supervision for relation extraction. We run a study on a subset of those relationships in order to analyse the viability of our approach. For that, we build a domain-specific relation extraction system and explore two relation extraction models: a state-of-the-art model based on transfer learning and a discrete feature based machine learning model. Experiments show that the neural model obtains better results in terms of F-score and we yield promising results on the subset of relations suitable for pedagogical purposes. We thus consider that distant supervision for relation extraction is a valid approach in our target domain, i.e. biology.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sainz, Oscar and Lopez de Lacalle, Oier and Aldabe, Itziar and Maritxalar, Montse},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2213--2222},
}

@inproceedings{nam_effective_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Effective {Crowdsourcing} of {Multiple} {Tasks} for {Comprehensive} {Knowledge} {Extraction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.27},
	abstract = {Information extraction from unstructured texts plays a vital role in the field of natural language processing. Although there has been extensive research into each information extraction task (i.e., entity linking, coreference resolution, and relation extraction), data are not available for a continuous and coherent evaluation of all information extraction tasks in a comprehensive framework. Given that each task is performed and evaluated with a different dataset, analyzing the effect of the previous task on the next task with a single dataset throughout the information extraction process is impossible. This paper aims to propose a Korean information extraction initiative point and promote research in this field by presenting crowdsourcing data collected for four information extraction tasks from the same corpus and the training and evaluation results for each task of a state-of-the-art model. These machine learning data for Korean information extraction are the first of their kind, and there are plans to continuously increase the data volume. The test results will serve as an initiative result for each Korean information extraction task and are expected to serve as a comparison target for various studies on Korean information extraction using the data collected in this study.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nam, Sangha and Lee, Minho and Kim, Donghwan and Han, Kijong and Kim, Kuntae and Yoon, Sooji and Kim, Eun-kyung and Choi, Key-Sun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {212--219},
}

@inproceedings{alexeeva_mathalign_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MathAlign}: {Linking} {Formula} {Identifiers} to their {Contextual} {Natural} {Language} {Descriptions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.269},
	abstract = {Extending machine reading approaches to extract mathematical concepts and their descriptions is useful for a variety of tasks, ranging from mathematical information retrieval to increasing accessibility of scientific documents for the visually impaired. This entails segmenting mathematical formulae into identifiers and linking them to their natural language descriptions. We propose a rule-based approach for this task, which extracts LaTeX representations of formula identifiers and links them to their in-text descriptions, given only the original PDF and the location of the formula of interest. We also present a novel evaluation dataset for this task, as well as the tool used to create it.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alexeeva, Maria and Sharp, Rebecca and Valenzuela-Escárcega, Marco A. and Kadowaki, Jennifer and Pyarelal, Adarsh and Morrison, Clayton},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2204--2212},
}

@inproceedings{dsouza_stem-ecr_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {STEM}-{ECR} {Dataset}: {Grounding} {Scientific} {Entity} {References} in {STEM} {Scholarly} {Content} to {Authoritative} {Encyclopedic} and {Lexicographic} {Sources}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.268},
	abstract = {We introduce the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Medicine) Dataset for Scientific Entity Extraction, Classification, and Resolution, version 1.0 (STEM-ECR v1.0). The STEM-ECR v1.0 dataset has been developed to provide a benchmark for the evaluation of scientific entity extraction, classification, and resolution tasks in a domain-independent fashion. It comprises abstracts in 10 STEM disciplines that were found to be the most prolific ones on a major publishing platform. We describe the creation of such a multidisciplinary corpus and highlight the obtained findings in terms of the following features: 1) a generic conceptual formalism for scientific entities in a multidisciplinary scientific context; 2) the feasibility of the domain-independent human annotation of scientific entities under such a generic formalism; 3) a performance benchmark obtainable for automatic extraction of multidisciplinary scientific entities using BERT-based neural models; 4) a delineated 3-step entity resolution procedure for human annotation of the scientific entities via encyclopedic entity linking and lexicographic word sense disambiguation; and 5) human evaluations of Babelfy returned encyclopedic links and lexicographic senses for our entities. Our findings cumulatively indicate that human annotation and automatic learning of multidisciplinary scientific concepts as well as their semantic disambiguation in a wide-ranging setting as STEM is reasonable.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {D'Souza, Jennifer and Hoppe, Anett and Brack, Arthur and Jaradeh, Mohmad Yaser and Auer, Sören and Ewerth, Ralph},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2192--2203},
}

@inproceedings{ferreira_natural_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Natural {Language} {Premise} {Selection}: {Finding} {Supporting} {Statements} for {Mathematical} {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.266},
	abstract = {Mathematical text is written using a combination of words and mathematical expressions. This combination, along with a specific way of structuring sentences makes it challenging for state-of-art NLP tools to understand and reason on top of mathematical discourse. In this work, we propose a new NLP task, the natural premise selection, which is used to retrieve supporting definitions and supporting propositions that are useful for generating an informal mathematical proof for a particular statement. We also make available a dataset, NL-PS, which can be used to evaluate different approaches for the natural premise selection task. Using different baselines, we demonstrate the underlying interpretation challenges associated with the task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ferreira, Deborah and Freitas, André},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2175--2182},
}

@inproceedings{valenzuela-escarcega_odinson_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Odinson: {A} {Fast} {Rule}-based {Information} {Extraction} {Framework}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.267},
	abstract = {We present Odinson, a rule-based information extraction framework, which couples a simple yet powerful pattern language that can operate over multiple representations of text, with a runtime system that operates in near real time. In the Odinson query language, a single pattern may combine regular expressions over surface tokens with regular expressions over graphs such as syntactic dependencies. To guarantee the rapid matching of these patterns, our framework indexes most of the necessary information for matching patterns, including directed graphs such as syntactic dependencies, into a custom Lucene index. Indexing minimizes the amount of expensive pattern matching that must take place at runtime. As a result, the runtime system matches a syntax-based graph traversal in 2.8 seconds in a corpus of over 134 million sentences, nearly 150,000 times faster than its predecessor.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Valenzuela-Escárcega, Marco A. and Hahn-Powell, Gus and Bell, Dane},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2183--2191},
}

@inproceedings{marcinczuk_pst_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{PST} 2.0 – {Corpus} of {Polish} {Spatial} {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.265},
	abstract = {In the paper, we focus on modeling spatial expressions in texts. We present the guidelines used to annotate the PST 2.0 (Corpus of Polish Spatial Texts) — a corpus designed for training and testing the tools for spatial expression recognition. The corpus contains a set of texts gathered from texts collected from travel blogs available under Creative Commons license. We have defined our guidelines based on three existing specifications for English (SpatialML, SpatialRole Labelling from SemEval-2013 Task 3 and ISO-Space1.4 from SpaceEval 2014). We briefly present the existing specifications and discuss what modifications have been made to adapt the guidelines to the characteristics of the Polish language. We also describe the process of data collection and manual annotation, including inter-annotator agreement calculation and corpus statistics. In the end, we present detailed statistics of the PST 2.0 corpus, which include the number of components, relations, expressions, and the most common values of spatial indicators, motion indicators, path indicators, distances, directions, and regions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Marcińczuk, Michał and Oleksy, Marcin and Wieczorek, Jan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2167--2174},
}

@inproceedings{humphreys_populating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Populating {Legal} {Ontologies} using {Semantic} {Role} {Labeling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.264},
	abstract = {This paper is concerned with the goal of maintaining legal information and compliance systems: the ‘resource consumption bottleneck’ of creating semantic technologies manually. The use of automated information extraction techniques could significantly reduce this bottleneck. The research question of this paper is: How to address the resource bottleneck problem of creating specialist knowledge management systems? In particular, how to semi-automate the extraction of norms and their elements to populate legal ontologies? This paper shows that the acquisition paradox can be addressed by combining state-of-the-art general-purpose NLP modules with pre- and post-processing using rules based on domain knowledge. It describes a Semantic Role Labeling based information extraction system to extract norms from legislation and represent them as structured norms in legal ontologies. The output is intended to help make laws more accessible, understandable, and searchable in legal document management systems such as Eunomos (Boella et al., 2016).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Humphreys, Llio and Boella, Guido and Di Caro, Luigi and Robaldo, Livio and van der Torre, Leon and Ghanavati, Sepideh and Muthuri, Robert},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2157--2166},
}

@inproceedings{fell_love_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Love {Me}, {Love} {Me}, {Say} (and {Write}!) that {You} {Love} {Me}: {Enriching} the {WASABI} {Song} {Corpus} with {Lyrics} {Annotations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.262},
	abstract = {We present the WASABI Song Corpus, a large corpus of songs enriched with metadata extracted from music databases on the Web, and resulting from the processing of song lyrics and from audio analysis. More specifically, given that lyrics encode an important part of the semantics of a song, we focus here on the description of the methods we proposed to extract relevant information from the lyrics, as their structure segmentation, their topic, the explicitness of the lyrics content, the salient passages of a song and the emotions conveyed. The creation of the resource is still ongoing: so far, the corpus contains 1.73M songs with lyrics (1.41M unique lyrics) annotated at different levels with the output of the above mentioned methods. Such corpus labels and the provided methods can be exploited by music search engines and music professionals (e.g. journalists, radio presenters) to better handle large collections of lyrics, allowing an intelligent browsing, categorization and segmentation recommendation of songs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fell, Michael and Cabrio, Elena and Korfed, Elmahdi and Buffa, Michel and Gandon, Fabien},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2138--2147},
}

@inproceedings{koyama_construction_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Construction of an {Evaluation} {Corpus} for {Grammatical} {Error} {Correction} for {Learners} of {Japanese} as a {Second} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.26},
	abstract = {The NAIST Lang-8 Learner Corpora (Lang-8 corpus) is one of the largest second-language learner corpora. The Lang-8 corpus is suitable as a training dataset for machine translation-based grammatical error correction systems. However, it is not suitable as an evaluation dataset because the corrected sentences sometimes include inappropriate sentences. Therefore, we created and released an evaluation corpus for correcting grammatical errors made by learners of Japanese as a Second Language (JSL). As our corpus has less noise and its annotation scheme reflects the characteristics of the dataset, it is ideal as an evaluation corpus for correcting grammatical errors in sentences written by JSL learners. In addition, we applied neural machine translation (NMT) and statistical machine translation (SMT) techniques to correct the grammar of the JSL learners' sentences and evaluated their results using our corpus. We also compared the performance of the NMT system with that of the SMT system.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Koyama, Aomi and Kiyuna, Tomoshige and Kobayashi, Kenji and Arai, Mio and Komachi, Mamoru},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {204--211},
}

@inproceedings{ocal_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating {Information} {Loss} in {Temporal} {Dependency} {Trees}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.263},
	abstract = {Temporal Dependency Trees (TDTs) have emerged as an alternative to full temporal graphs for representing the temporal structure of texts, with a key advantage being that TDTs can be straightforwardly computed using adapted dependency parsers. Relative to temporal graphs, the tree form of TDTs naturally omits some fraction of temporal relationships, which intuitively should decrease the amount of temporal information available, potentially increasing temporal indeterminacy of the global ordering. We demonstrate a new method for quantifying this indeterminacy that relies on solving temporal constraint problems to extract timelines, and show that TDTs result in up to a 109\% increase in temporal indeterminacy over their corresponding temporal graphs for the three corpora we examine. On average, the increase in indeterminacy is 32\%, and we show that this increase is a result of the TDT representation eliminating on average only 2.4\% of total temporal relations. This result suggests that small differences can have big effects in temporal graphs, and the use of TDTs must be balanced against their deficiencies, with tasks requiring an accurate global temporal ordering potentially calling for use of the full temporal graph},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ocal, Mustafa and Finlayson, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2148--2156},
}

@inproceedings{van_erp_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards {Entity} {Spaces}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.261},
	abstract = {Entities are a central element of knowledge bases and are important input to many knowledge-centric tasks including text analysis. For example, they allow us to find documents relevant to a specific entity irrespective of the underlying syntactic expression within a document. However, the entities that are commonly represented in knowledge bases are often a simplification of what is truly being referred to in text. For example, in a knowledge base, we may have an entity for Germany as a country but not for the more fuzzy concept of Germany that covers notions of German Population, German Drivers, and the German Government. Inspired by recent advances in contextual word embeddings, we introduce the concept of entity spaces - specific representations of a set of associated entities with near-identity. Thus, these entity spaces provide a handle to an amorphous grouping of entities. We developed a proof-of-concept for English showing how, through the introduction of entity spaces in the form of disambiguation pages, the recall of entity linking can be improved.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {van Erp, Marieke and Groth, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2129--2137},
}

@inproceedings{nabizadeh_myfixit_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MyFixit}: {An} {Annotated} {Dataset}, {Annotation} {Tool}, and {Baseline} {Methods} for {Information} {Extraction} from {Repair} {Manuals}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.260},
	abstract = {Text instructions are among the most widely used media for learning and teaching. Hence, to create assistance systems that are capable of supporting humans autonomously in new tasks, it would be immensely productive, if machines were enabled to extract task knowledge from such text instructions. In this paper, we, therefore, focus on information extraction (IE) from the instructional text in repair manuals. This brings with it the multiple challenges of information extraction from the situated and technical language in relatively long and often complex instructions. To tackle these challenges, we introduce a semi-structured dataset of repair manuals. The dataset is annotated in a large category of devices, with information that we consider most valuable for an automated repair assistant, including the required tools and the disassembled parts at each step of the repair progress. We then propose methods that can serve as baselines for this IE task: an unsupervised method based on a bags-of-n-grams similarity for extracting the needed tools in each repair step, and a deep-learning-based sequence labeling model for extracting the identity of disassembled parts. These baseline methods are integrated into a semi-automatic web-based annotator application that is also available along with the dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nabizadeh, Nima and Kolossa, Dorothea and Heckmann, Martin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2120--2128},
}

@inproceedings{magnini_comparing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Comparing {Machine} {Learning} and {Deep} {Learning} {Approaches} on {NLP} {Tasks} for the {Italian} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.259},
	abstract = {We present a comparison between deep learning and traditional machine learning methods for various NLP tasks in Italian. We carried on experiments using available datasets (e.g., from the Evalita shared tasks) on two sequence tagging tasks (i.e., named entities recognition and nominal entities recognition) and four classification tasks (i.e., lexical relations among words, semantic relations among sentences, sentiment analysis and text classification). We show that deep learning approaches outperform traditional machine learning algorithms in sequence tagging, while for classification tasks that heavily rely on semantics approaches based on feature engineering are still competitive. We think that a similar analysis could be carried out for other languages to provide an assessment of machine learning / deep learning models across different languages.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Magnini, Bernardo and Lavelli, Alberto and Magnolini, Simone},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2110--2119},
}

@inproceedings{kruiper_scientific_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Scientific} {Information} {Extraction} {Dataset} for {Nature} {Inspired} {Engineering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.255},
	abstract = {Nature has inspired various ground-breaking technological developments in applications ranging from robotics to aerospace engineering and the manufacturing of medical devices. However, accessing the information captured in scientific biology texts is a time-consuming and hard task that requires domain-specific knowledge. Improving access for outsiders can help interdisciplinary research like Nature Inspired Engineering. This paper describes a dataset of 1,500 manually-annotated sentences that express domain-independent relations between central concepts in a scientific biology text, such as trade-offs and correlations. The arguments of these relations can be Multi Word Expressions and have been annotated with modifying phrases to form non-projective graphs. The dataset allows for training and evaluating Relation Extraction algorithms that aim for coarse-grained typing of scientific biological documents, enabling a high-level filter for engineers.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kruiper, Ruben and Vincent, Julian F.V. and Chen-Burger, Jessica and Desmulliez, Marc P.Y. and Konstas, Ioannis},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2078--2085},
}

@inproceedings{tadesse_event_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Event {Extraction} from {Unstructured} {Amharic} {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.258},
	abstract = {In information extraction, event extraction is one of the types that extract the specific knowledge of certain incidents from texts. Event extraction has been done on different languages text but not on one of the Semitic language, Amharic. In this study, we present a system that extracts an event from unstructured Amharic text. The system has designed by the integration of supervised machine learning and rule-based approaches. We call this system a hybrid system. The system uses the supervised machine learning to detect events from the text and the handcrafted and the rule-based rules to extract the event from the text. For the event extraction, we have been using event arguments. Event arguments identify event triggering words or phrases that clearly express the occurrence of the event. The event argument attributes can be verbs, nouns, sometimes adjectives (such as ̃rg/wedding) and time as well. The hybrid system has compared with the standalone rule-based method that is well known for event extraction. The study has shown that the hybrid system has outperformed the standalone rule-based method.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {tadesse, ephrem and Tsegaye, Rosa and Qaqqabaa, Kuulaa},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2103--2109},
}

@inproceedings{wu_wn-salience_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WN}-{Salience}: {A} {Corpus} of {News} {Articles} with {Entity} {Salience} {Annotations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.257},
	abstract = {Entities can be found in various text genres, ranging from tweets and web pages to user queries submitted to web search engines. Existing research either considers all entities in the text equally important, or heuristics are used to measure their salience. We believe that a key reason for the relatively limited work on entity salience is the lack of appropriate datasets. To support research on entity salience, we present a new dataset, the WikiNews Salience dataset (WN-Salience), which can be used to benchmark tasks such as entity salience detection and salient entity linking. WN-Salience is built on top of Wikinews, a Wikimedia project whose mission is to present reliable news articles. Entities in Wikinews articles are identified by the authors of the articles and are linked to Wikinews categories when they are salient or to Wikipedia pages otherwise. The dataset is built automatically, and consists of approximately 7,000 news articles, and 90,000 in-text entity annotations. We compare the WN-Salience dataset against existing datasets on the task and analyze their differences. Furthermore, we conduct experiments on entity salience detection; the results demonstrate that WN-Salience is a challenging testbed that is complementary to existing ones.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wu, Chuan and Kanoulas, Evangelos and de Rijke, Maarten and Lu, Wei},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2095--2102},
}

@inproceedings{vanetik_automated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automated {Discovery} of {Mathematical} {Definitions} in {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.256},
	abstract = {Automatic definition extraction from texts is an important task that has numerous applications in several natural language processing fields such as summarization, analysis of scientific texts, automatic taxonomy generation, ontology generation, concept identification, and question answering. For definitions that are contained within a single sentence, this problem can be viewed as a binary classification of sentences into definitions and non-definitions. Definitions in scientific literature can be generic (Wikipedia) or more formal (mathematical articles). In this paper, we focus on automatic detection of one-sentence definitions in mathematical texts, which are difficult to separate from surrounding text. We experiment with several data representations, which include sentence syntactic structure and word embeddings, and apply deep learning methods such as convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN), in order to identify mathematical definitions. Our experiments demonstrate the superiority of CNN and its combination with RNN, applied on the syntactically-enriched input representation. We also present a new dataset for definition extraction from mathematical texts. We demonstrate that the use of this dataset for training learning models improves the quality of definition extraction when these models are then used for other definition datasets. Our experiments with different domains approve that mathematical definitions require special treatment, and that using cross-domain learning is inefficient.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vanetik, Natalia and Litvak, Marina and Shevchuk, Sergey and Reznik, Lior},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2086--2094},
}

@inproceedings{robin_term_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Term} {Extraction} {Approach} to {Survey} {Analysis} in {Health} {Care}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.254},
	abstract = {The voice of the customer has for a long time been a key focus of businesses in all domains. It has received a lot of attention from the research community in Natural Language Processing (NLP) resulting in many approaches to analyzing customers feedback ((aspect-based) sentiment analysis, topic modeling, etc.). In the health domain, public and private bodies are increasingly prioritizing patient engagement for assessing the quality of the service given at each stage of the care. Patient and customer satisfaction analysis relate in many ways. In the domain of health particularly, a more precise and insightful analysis is needed to help practitioners locate potential issues and plan actions accordingly. We introduce here an approach to patient experience with the analysis of free text questions from the 2017 Irish National Inpatient Survey campaign using term extraction as a means to highlight important and insightful subject matters raised by patients. We evaluate the results by mapping them to a manually constructed framework following the Activity, Resource, Context (ARC) methodology (Ordenes, 2014) and specific to the health care environment, and compare our results against manual annotations done on the full 2017 dataset based on those categories.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Robin, Cécile and Isazad Mashinchi, Mona and Ahmadi Zeleti, Fatemeh and Ojo, Adegboyega and Buitelaar, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2069--2077},
}

@inproceedings{takamaru_extraction_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Extraction of the {Argument} {Structure} of {Tokyo} {Metropolitan} {Assembly} {Minutes}: {Segmentation} of {Question}-and-{Answer} {Sets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.253},
	abstract = {In this study, we construct a corpus of Japanese local assembly minutes. All speeches in an assembly were transcribed into a local assembly minutes based on the local autonomy law. Therefore, the local assembly minutes form an extremely large amount of text data. Our ultimate objectives were to summarize and present the arguments in the assemblies, and to use the minutes as primary information for arguments in local politics. To achieve this, we structured all statements in assembly minutes. We focused on the structure of the discussion, i.e., the extraction of question and answer pairs. We organized the shared task “QA Lab-PoliInfo” in NTCIR 14. We conducted a “segmentation task” to identify the scope of one question and answer in the minutes as a sub task of the shared task. For the segmentation task, 24 runs from five teams were submitted. Based on the obtained results, the best recall was 1.000, best precision was 0.940, and best F-measure was 0.895.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Takamaru, Keiichi and Kimura, Yasutomo and Shibuki, Hideyuki and Ototake, Hokuto and Uchida, Yuzu and Sakamoto, Kotaro and Ishioroshi, Madoka and Mitamura, Teruko and Kando, Noriko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2064--2068},
}

@inproceedings{pezanowski_recognition_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Recognition of {Implicit} {Geographic} {Movement} in {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.252},
	abstract = {Analyzing the geographic movement of humans, animals, and other phenomena is a growing field of research. This research has benefited urban planning, logistics, animal migration understanding, and much more. Typically, the movement is captured as precise geographic coordinates and time stamps with Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Although some research uses computational techniques to take advantage of implicit movement in descriptions of route directions, hiking paths, and historical exploration routes, innovation would accelerate with a large and diverse corpus. We created a corpus of sentences labeled as describing geographic movement or not and including the type of entity moving. Creating this corpus proved difficult without any comparable corpora to start with, high human labeling costs, and since movement can at times be interpreted differently. To overcome these challenges, we developed an iterative process employing hand labeling, crowd voting for confirmation, and machine learning to predict more labels. By merging advances in word embeddings with traditional machine learning models and model ensembling, prediction accuracy is at an acceptable level to produce a large silver-standard corpus despite the small gold-standard corpus training set. Our corpus will likely benefit computational processing of geography in text and spatial cognition, in addition to detection of movement.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Pezanowski, Scott and Mitra, Prasenjit},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2054--2063},
}

@inproceedings{funaki_contract_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Contract} {Corpus} for {Recognizing} {Rights} and {Obligations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.251},
	abstract = {A contract is a legal document executed by two or more parties. It is important for these parties to precisely understand their rights and obligations that are described in the contract. However, understanding the content of a contract is sometimes difficult and costly, particularly if the contract is long and complicated. Therefore, a language-processing system that can present information concerning rights and obligations found within a given contract document would help a contracting party to make better decisions. As a step toward the development of such a language-processing system, in this paper, we describe the annotated corpus of contract documents that we built. Our corpus is annotated so that a language-processing system can recognize a party's rights and obligations. The annotated information includes the parties involved in the contract, the rights and obligations of the parties, the conditions and the exceptions under which these rights and obligations to take effect. The corpus was built based on 46 English contracts and 25 Japanese contracts drafted by lawyers. We explain how we annotated the corpus and the statistics of the corpus. We also report the results of the experiments for recognizing rights and obligations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Funaki, Ruka and Nagata, Yusuke and Suenaga, Kohei and Mori, Shinsuke},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2045--2053},
}

@inproceedings{shafran_medical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Medical} {Scribe}: {Corpus} {Development} and {Model} {Performance} {Analyses}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.250},
	abstract = {There is a growing interest in creating tools to assist in clinical note generation using the audio of provider-patient encounters. Motivated by this goal and with the help of providers and medical scribes, we developed an annotation scheme to extract relevant clinical concepts. We used this annotation scheme to label a corpus of about 6k clinical encounters. This was used to train a state-of-the-art tagging model. We report ontologies, labeling results, model performances, and detailed analyses of the results. Our results show that the entities related to medications can be extracted with a relatively high accuracy of 0.90 F-score, followed by symptoms at 0.72 F-score, and conditions at 0.57 F-score. In our task, we not only identify where the symptoms are mentioned but also map them to canonical forms as they appear in the clinical notes. Of the different types of errors, in about 19-38\% of the cases, we find that the model output was correct, and about 17-32\% of the errors do not impact the clinical note. Taken together, the models developed in this work are more useful than the F-scores reflect, making it a promising approach for practical applications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Shafran, Izhak and Du, Nan and Tran, Linh and Perry, Amanda and Keyes, Lauren and Knichel, Mark and Domin, Ashley and Huang, Lei and Chen, Yu-hui and Li, Gang and Wang, Mingqiu and El Shafey, Laurent and Soltau, Hagen and Paul, Justin Stuart},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2036--2044},
}

@inproceedings{mandya_not_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Do not let the history haunt you: {Mitigating} {Compounding} {Errors} in {Conversational} {Question} {Answering}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.248},
	abstract = {The Conversational Question Answering (CoQA) task involves answering a sequence of inter-related conversational questions about a contextual paragraph. Although existing approaches employ human-written ground-truth answers for answering conversational questions at test time, in a realistic scenario, the CoQA model will not have any access to ground-truth answers for the previous questions, compelling the model to rely upon its own previously predicted answers for answering the subsequent questions. In this paper, we find that compounding errors occur when using previously predicted answers at test time, significantly lowering the performance of CoQA systems. To solve this problem, we propose a sampling strategy that dynamically selects between target answers and model predictions during training, thereby closely simulating the situation at test time. Further, we analyse the severity of this phenomena as a function of the question type, conversation length and domain type.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mandya, Angrosh and O' Neill, James and Bollegala, Danushka and Coenen, Frans},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2017--2025},
}

@inproceedings{smirnova_using_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Using the {RUPEX} {Multichannel} {Corpus} in a {Pilot} {fMRI} {Study} on {Speech} {Disfluencies}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.25},
	abstract = {In modern linguistics and psycholinguistics speech disfluencies in real fluent speech are a well-known phenomenon. But it’s not still clear which components of brain systems are involved into its comprehension in a listener’s brain. In this paper we provide a pilot neuroimaging study of the possible neural correlates of speech disfluencies perception, using a combination of the corpus and functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI) methods. Special technical procedure of selecting stimulus material from Russian multichannel corpus RUPEX allowed to create fragments in terms of requirements for the fMRI BOLD temporal resolution. They contain isolated speech disfluencies and their clusters. Also, we used the referential task for participants fMRI scanning. As a result, it was demonstrated that annotated multichannel corpora like RUPEX can be an important resource for experimental research in interdisciplinary fields. Thus, different aspects of communication can be explored through the prism of brain activation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Smirnova, Katerina and Korotaev, Nikolay and Panikratova, Yana and Lebedeva, Irina and Pechenkova, Ekaterina and Fedorova, Olga},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {195--203},
}

@inproceedings{zeng_cleek_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CLEEK}: {A} {Chinese} {Long}-text {Corpus} for {Entity} {Linking}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.249},
	abstract = {Entity linking, as one of the fundamental tasks in natural language processing, is crucial to knowledge fusion, knowledge base construction and update. Nevertheless, in contrast to the research on entity linking for English text, which undergoes continuous development, the Chinese counterpart is still in its infancy. One prominent issue lies in publicly available annotated datasets and evaluation benchmarks, which are lacking and deficient. In specific, existing Chinese corpora for entity linking were mainly constructed from noisy short texts, such as microblogs and news headings, where long texts were largely overlooked, which yet constitute a wider spectrum of real-life scenarios. To address the issue, in this work, we build CLEEK, a Chinese corpus of multi-domain long text for entity linking, in order to encourage advancement of entity linking in languages besides English. The corpus consists of 100 documents from diverse domains, and is publicly accessible. Moreover, we devise a measure to evaluate the difficulty of documents with respect to entity linking, which is then used to characterize the corpus. Additionally, the results of two baselines and seven state-of-the-art solutions on CLEEK are reported and compared. The empirical results validate the usefulness of CLEEK and the effectiveness of proposed difficulty measure.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zeng, Weixin and Zhao, Xiang and Tang, Jiuyang and Tan, Zhen and Huang, Xuqian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2026--2035},
}

@inproceedings{chaturvedi_development_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Development of a {Corpus} {Annotated} with {Medications} and their {Attributes} in {Psychiatric} {Health} {Records}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.247},
	abstract = {Free text fields within electronic health records (EHRs) contain valuable clinical information which is often missed when conducting research using EHR databases. One such type of information is medications which are not always available in structured fields, especially in mental health records. Most use cases that require medication information also generally require the associated temporal information (e.g. current or past) and attributes (e.g. dose, route, frequency). The purpose of this study is to develop a corpus of medication annotations in mental health records. The aim is to provide a more complete picture behind the mention of medications in the health records, by including additional contextual information around them, and to create a resource for use when developing and evaluating applications for the extraction of medications from EHR text. Thus far, an analysis of temporal information related to medications mentioned in a sample of mental health records has been conducted. The purpose of this analysis was to understand the complexity of medication mentions and their associated temporal information in the free text of EHRs, with a specific focus on the mental health domain.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chaturvedi, Jaya and Viani, Natalia and Sanyal, Jyoti and Tytherleigh, Chloe and Hasan, Idil and Baird, Kate and Velupillai, Sumithra and Stewart, Robert and Roberts, Angus},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2009--2016},
}

@inproceedings{tsekouras_social_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Social {Web} {Observatory}: {A} {Platform} and {Method} for {Gathering} {Knowledge} on {Entities} from {Different} {Textual} {Sources}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.246},
	abstract = {Within this work we describe a framework for the collection and summarization of information from the Web in an entity-driven manner. The framework consists of a set of appropriate workflows and the Social Web Observatory platform, which implements those workflows, supporting them through a language analysis pipeline. The pipeline includes text collection/crawling, identification of different entities, clustering of texts into events related to entities, entity-centric sentiment analysis, but also text analytics and visualization functionalities. The latter allow the user to take advantage of the gathered information as actionable knowledge: to understand the dynamics of the public opinion for a given entity over time and across real-world events. We describe the platform and the analysis functionality and evaluate the performance of the system, by allowing human users to score how the system fares in its intended purpose of summarizing entity-centered information from different sources in the Web.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tsekouras, Leonidas and Petasis, Georgios and Giannakopoulos, George and Kosmopoulos, Aris},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2000--2008},
}

@inproceedings{thompson_semantic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Semantic {Annotation} for {Improved} {Safety} in {Construction} {Work}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.245},
	abstract = {Risk management is a vital activity to ensure employee safety in construction projects. Various documents provide important supporting evidence, including details of previous incidents, consequences and mitigation strategies. Potential hazards may depend on a complex set of project-specific attributes, including activities undertaken, location, equipment used, etc. However, finding evidence about previous projects with similar attributes can be problematic, since information about risks and mitigations is usually hidden within and may be dispersed across a range of different free text documents. Automatic named entity recognition (NER), which identifies mentions of concepts in free text documents, is the first stage in structuring knowledge contained within them. While developing NER methods generally relies on annotated corpora, we are not aware of any such corpus targeted at concepts relevant to construction safety. In response, we have designed a novel named entity annotation scheme and associated guidelines for this domain, which covers hazards, consequences, mitigation strategies and project attributes. Four health and safety experts used the guidelines to annotate a total of 600 sentences from accident reports; an average inter-annotator agreement rate of 0.79 F-Score shows that our work constitutes an important first step towards developing tools for detailed semantic analysis of construction safety documents.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Thompson, Paul and Yates, Tim and Inan, Emrah and Ananiadou, Sophia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1990--1999},
}

@inproceedings{ramponi_cross-domain_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-{Domain} {Evaluation} of {Edge} {Detection} for {Biomedical} {Event} {Extraction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.244},
	abstract = {Biomedical event extraction is a crucial task in order to automatically extract information from the increasingly growing body of biomedical literature. Despite advances in the methods in recent years, most event extraction systems are still evaluated in-domain and on complete event structures only. This makes it hard to determine the performance of intermediate stages of the task, such as edge detection, across different corpora. Motivated by these limitations, we present the first cross-domain study of edge detection for biomedical event extraction. We analyze differences between five existing gold standard corpora, create a standardized benchmark corpus, and provide a strong baseline model for edge detection. Experiments show a large drop in performance when the baseline is applied on out-of-domain data, confirming the need for domain adaptation methods for the task. To encourage research efforts in this direction, we make both the data and the baseline available to the research community: https://www.cosbi.eu/cfx/9985.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ramponi, Alan and Plank, Barbara and Lombardo, Rosario},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1982--1989},
}

@inproceedings{lu_cross-lingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-lingual {Structure} {Transfer} for {Zero}-resource {Event} {Extraction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.243},
	abstract = {Most of the current cross-lingual transfer learning methods for Information Extraction (IE) have been only applied to name tagging. To tackle more complex tasks such as event extraction we need to transfer graph structures (event trigger linked to multiple arguments with various roles) across languages. We develop a novel share-and-transfer framework to reach this goal with three steps: (1) Convert each sentence in any language to language-universal graph structures; in this paper we explore two approaches based on universal dependency parses and complete graphs, respectively. (2) Represent each node in the graph structure with a cross-lingual word embedding so that all sentences in multiple languages can be represented with one shared semantic space. (3) Using this common semantic space, train event extractors from English training data and apply them to languages that do not have any event annotations. Experimental results on three languages (Spanish, Russian and Ukrainian) without any annotations show this framework achieves comparable performance to a state-of-the-art supervised model trained from more than 1,500 manually annotated event mentions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lu, Di and Subburathinam, Ananya and Ji, Heng and May, Jonathan and Chang, Shih-Fu and Sil, Avi and Voss, Clare},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1976--1981},
}

@inproceedings{bonin_hbcp_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HBCP} {Corpus}: {A} {New} {Resource} for the {Analysis} of {Behavioural} {Change} {Intervention} {Reports}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.242},
	abstract = {Due to the fast pace at which research reports in behaviour change are published, researchers, consultants and policymakers would benefit from more automatic ways to process these reports. Automatic extraction of the reports' intervention content, population, settings and their results etc. are essential in synthesising and summarising the literature. However, to the best of our knowledge, no unique resource exists at the moment to facilitate this synthesis. In this paper, we describe the construction of a corpus of published behaviour change intervention evaluation reports aimed at smoking cessation. We also describe and release the annotation of 57 entities, that can be used as an off-the-shelf data resource for tasks such as entity recognition, etc. Both the corpus and the annotation dataset are being made available to the community.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bonin, Francesca and Gleize, Martin and Finnerty, Ailbhe and Moore, Candice and Jochim, Charles and Norris, Emma and Hou, Yufang and Wright, Alison J. and Ganguly, Debasis and Hayes, Emily and Zink, Silje and Pascale, Alessandra and Mac Aonghusa, Pol and Michie, Susan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1967--1975},
}

@inproceedings{ferre_handling_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Handling {Entity} {Normalization} with no {Annotated} {Corpus}: {Weakly} {Supervised} {Methods} {Based} on {Distributional} {Representation} and {Ontological} {Information}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.241},
	abstract = {Entity normalization (or entity linking) is an important subtask of information extraction that links entity mentions in text to categories or concepts in a reference vocabulary. Machine learning based normalization methods have good adaptability as long as they have enough training data per reference with a sufficient quality. Distributional representations are commonly used because of their capacity to handle different expressions with similar meanings. However, in specific technical and scientific domains, the small amount of training data and the relatively small size of specialized corpora remain major challenges. Recently, the machine learning-based CONTES method has addressed these challenges for reference vocabularies that are ontologies, as is often the case in life sciences and biomedical domains. And yet, its performance is dependent on manually annotated corpus. Furthermore, like other machine learning based methods, parametrization remains tricky. We propose a new approach to address the scarcity of training data that extends the CONTES method by corpus selection, pre-processing and weak supervision strategies, which can yield high-performance results without any manually annotated examples. We also study which hyperparameters are most influential, with sometimes different patterns compared to previous work. The results show that our approach significantly improves accuracy and outperforms previous state-of-the-art algorithms.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ferré, Arnaud and Bossy, Robert and Ba, Mouhamadou and Deléger, Louise and Lavergne, Thomas and Zweigenbaum, Pierre and Nédellec, Claire},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1959--1966},
}

@inproceedings{strobl_wexea_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WEXEA}: {Wikipedia} {EXhaustive} {Entity} {Annotation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.240},
	abstract = {Building predictive models for information extraction from text, such as named entity recognition or the extraction of semantic relationships between named entities in text, requires a large corpus of annotated text. Wikipedia is often used as a corpus for these tasks where the annotation is a named entity linked by a hyperlink to its article. However, editors on Wikipedia are only expected to link these mentions in order to help the reader to understand the content, but are discouraged from adding links that do not add any benefit for understanding an article. Therefore, many mentions of popular entities (such as countries or popular events in history), or previously linked articles, as well as the article’s entity itself, are not linked. In this paper, we discuss WEXEA, a Wikipedia EXhaustive Entity Annotation system, to create a text corpus based on Wikipedia with exhaustive annotations of entity mentions, i.e. linking all mentions of entities to their corresponding articles. This results in a huge potential for additional annotations that can be used for downstream NLP tasks, such as Relation Extraction. We show that our annotations are useful for creating distantly supervised datasets for this task. Furthermore, we publish all code necessary to derive a corpus from a raw Wikipedia dump, so that it can be reproduced by everyone.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Strobl, Michael and Trabelsi, Amine and Zaiane, Osmar},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1951--1958},
}

@inproceedings{oseki_design_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Design of {BCCWJ}-{EEG}: {Balanced} {Corpus} with {Human} {Electroencephalography}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.24},
	abstract = {The past decade has witnessed the happy marriage between natural language processing (NLP) and the cognitive science of language. Moreover, given the historical relationship between biological and artificial neural networks, the advent of deep learning has re-sparked strong interests in the fusion of NLP and the neuroscience of language. Importantly, this inter-fertilization between NLP, on one hand, and the cognitive (neuro)science of language, on the other, has been driven by the language resources annotated with human language processing data. However, there remain several limitations with those language resources on annotations, genres, languages, etc. In this paper, we describe the design of a novel language resource called BCCWJ-EEG, the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ) experimentally annotated with human electroencephalography (EEG). Specifically, after extensively reviewing the language resources currently available in the literature with special focus on eye-tracking and EEG, we summarize the details concerning (i) participants, (ii) stimuli, (iii) procedure, (iv) data preprocessing, (v) corpus evaluation, (vi) resource release, and (vii) compilation schedule. In addition, potential applications of BCCWJ-EEG to neuroscience and NLP will also be discussed.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Oseki, Yohei and Asahara, Masayuki},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {189--194},
}

@inproceedings{kuniyoshi_annotating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotating and {Extracting} {Synthesis} {Process} of {All}-{Solid}-{State} {Batteries} from {Scientific} {Literature}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.239},
	abstract = {The synthesis process is essential for achieving computational experiment design in the field of inorganic materials chemistry. In this work, we present a novel corpus of the synthesis process for all-solid-state batteries and an automated machine reading system for extracting the synthesis processes buried in the scientific literature. We define the representation of the synthesis processes using flow graphs, and create a corpus from the experimental sections of 243 papers. The automated machine-reading system is developed by a deep learning-based sequence tagger and simple heuristic rule-based relation extractor. Our experimental results demonstrate that the sequence tagger with the optimal setting can detect the entities with a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.826, while the rule-based relation extractor can achieve high performance with a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.887.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kuniyoshi, Fusataka and Makino, Kohei and Ozawa, Jun and Miwa, Makoto},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1941--1950},
}

@inproceedings{tanaka_constructing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Constructing a {Public} {Meeting} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.238},
	abstract = {In this paper, we propose a full pipeline of analysis of a large corpus about a century of public meeting in historical Australian news papers, from construction to visual exploration. The corpus construction method is based on image processing and OCR. We digitize and transcribe texts of the specific topic of public meeting. Experiments show that our proposed method achieves a F-score of 87.8\% for corpus construction. As a result, we built a content search tool for temporal and semantic content analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tanaka, Koji and Chu, Chenhui and Ren, Haolin and Renoust, Benjamin and Nakashima, Yuta and Takemura, Noriko and Nagahara, Hajime and Fujikawa, Takao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1934--1940},
}

@inproceedings{frej_wikir_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WIKIR}: {A} {Python} {Toolkit} for {Building} a {Large}-scale {Wikipedia}-based {English} {Information} {Retrieval} {Dataset}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.237},
	abstract = {Over the past years, deep learning methods allowed for new state-of-the-art results in ad-hoc information retrieval. However such methods usually require large amounts of annotated data to be effective. Since most standard ad-hoc information retrieval datasets publicly available for academic research (e.g. Robust04, ClueWeb09) have at most 250 annotated queries, the recent deep learning models for information retrieval perform poorly on these datasets. These models (e.g. DUET, Conv-KNRM) are trained and evaluated on data collected from commercial search engines not publicly available for academic research which is a problem for reproducibility and the advancement of research. In this paper, we propose WIKIR: an open-source toolkit to automatically build large-scale English information retrieval datasets based on Wikipedia. WIKIR is publicly available on GitHub. We also provide wikIR59k: a large-scale publicly available dataset that contains 59,252 queries and 2,617,003 (query, relevant documents) pairs.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Frej, Jibril and Schwab, Didier and Chevallet, Jean-Pierre},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1926--1933},
}

@inproceedings{li_tablebank_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TableBank}: {Table} {Benchmark} for {Image}-based {Table} {Detection} and {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.236},
	abstract = {We present TableBank, a new image-based table detection and recognition dataset built with novel weak supervision from Word and Latex documents on the internet. Existing research for image-based table detection and recognition usually fine-tunes pre-trained models on out-of-domain data with a few thousand human-labeled examples, which is difficult to generalize on real-world applications. With TableBank that contains 417K high quality labeled tables, we build several strong baselines using state-of-the-art models with deep neural networks. We make TableBank publicly available and hope it will empower more deep learning approaches in the table detection and recognition task. The dataset and models can be downloaded from https://github.com/doc-analysis/TableBank.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Li, Minghao and Cui, Lei and Huang, Shaohan and Wei, Furu and Zhou, Ming and Li, Zhoujun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1918--1925},
}

@inproceedings{yang_headword-oriented_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Headword-{Oriented} {Entity} {Linking}: {A} {Special} {Entity} {Linking} {Task} with {Dataset} and {Baseline}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.235},
	abstract = {In this paper, we design headword-oriented entity linking (HEL), a specialized entity linking problem in which only the headwords of the entities are to be linked to knowledge bases; mention scopes of the entities do not need to be identified in the problem setting. This special task is motivated by the fact that in many articles referring to specific products, the complete full product names are rarely written; instead, they are often abbreviated to shorter, irregular versions or even just to their headwords, which are usually their product types, such as “stick” or “mask” in a cosmetic context. To fully design the special task, we construct a labeled cosmetic corpus as a public benchmark for this problem, and propose a product embedding model to address the task, where each product corresponds to a dense representation to encode the different information on products and their context jointly. Besides, to increase training data, we propose a special transfer learning framework in which distant supervision with heuristic patterns is first utilized, followed by supervised learning using a small amount of manually labeled data. The experimental results show that our model provides a strong benchmark performance on the special task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yang, Mu and Chen, Chi-Yen and Lee, Yi-Hui and Zeng, Qian-hui and Ma, Wei-Yun and Shih, Chen-Yang and Chen, Wei-Jhih},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1910--1917},
}

@inproceedings{janz_brand-product_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Brand-{Product} {Relation} {Extraction} {Using} {Heterogeneous} {Vector} {Space} {Representations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.233},
	abstract = {Relation Extraction is a fundamental NLP task. In this paper we investigate the impact of underlying text representation on the performance of neural classification models in the task of Brand-Product relation extraction. We also present the methodology of preparing annotated textual corpora for this task and we provide valuable insight into the properties of Brand-Product relations existing in textual corpora. The problem is approached from a practical angle of applications Relation Extraction in facilitating commercial Internet monitoring.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Janz, Arkadiusz and Kopociński, Łukasz and Piasecki, Maciej and Pluwak, Agnieszka},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1895--1901},
}

@inproceedings{buljan_tale_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Tale} of {Three} {Parsers}: {Towards} {Diagnostic} {Evaluation} for {Meaning} {Representation} {Parsing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.234},
	abstract = {We discuss methodological choices in contrastive and diagnostic evaluation in meaning representation parsing, i.e. mapping from natural language utterances to graph-based encodings of its semantic structure. Drawing inspiration from earlier work in syntactic dependency parsing, we transfer and refine several quantitative diagnosis techniques for use in the context of the 2019 shared task on Meaning Representation Parsing (MRP). As in parsing proper, moving evaluation from simple rooted trees to general graphs brings along its own range of challenges. Specifically, we seek to begin to shed light on relative strenghts and weaknesses in different broad families of parsing techniques. In addition to these theoretical reflections, we conduct a pilot experiment on a selection of top-performing MRP systems and one of the five meaning representation frameworks in the shared task. Empirical results suggest that the proposed methodology can be meaningfully applied to parsing into graph-structured target representations, uncovering hitherto unknown properties of the different systems that can inform future development and cross-fertilization across approaches.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Buljan, Maja and Nivre, Joakim and Oepen, Stephan and Øvrelid, Lilja},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1902--1909},
}

@inproceedings{aspillaga_stress_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Stress {Test} {Evaluation} of {Transformer}-based {Models} in {Natural} {Language} {Understanding} {Tasks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.232},
	abstract = {There has been significant progress in recent years in the field of Natural Language Processing thanks to the introduction of the Transformer architecture. Current state-of-the-art models, via a large number of parameters and pre-training on massive text corpus, have shown impressive results on several downstream tasks. Many researchers have studied previous (non-Transformer) models to understand their actual behavior under different scenarios, showing that these models are taking advantage of clues or failures of datasets and that slight perturbations on the input data can severely reduce their performance. In contrast, recent models have not been systematically tested with adversarial-examples in order to show their robustness under severe stress conditions. For that reason, this work evaluates three Transformer-based models (RoBERTa, XLNet, and BERT) in Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Question Answering (QA) tasks to know if they are more robust or if they have the same flaws as their predecessors. As a result, our experiments reveal that RoBERTa, XLNet and BERT are more robust than recurrent neural network models to stress tests for both NLI and QA tasks. Nevertheless, they are still very fragile and demonstrate various unexpected behaviors, thus revealing that there is still room for future improvement in this field.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Aspillaga, Carlos and Carvallo, Andrés and Araujo, Vladimir},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1882--1894},
}

@inproceedings{lakmal_word_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Word {Embedding} {Evaluation} for {Sinhala}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.231},
	abstract = {This paper presents the first ever comprehensive evaluation of different types of word embeddings for Sinhala language. Three standard word embedding models, namely, Word2Vec (both Skipgram and CBOW), FastText, and Glove are evaluated under two types of evaluation methods: intrinsic evaluation and extrinsic evaluation. Word analogy and word relatedness evaluations were performed in terms of intrinsic evaluation, while sentiment analysis and part-of-speech (POS) tagging were conducted as the extrinsic evaluation tasks. Benchmark datasets used for intrinsic evaluations were carefully crafted considering specific linguistic features of Sinhala. In general, FastText word embeddings with 300 dimensions reported the finest accuracies across all the evaluation tasks, while Glove reported the lowest results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lakmal, Dimuthu and Ranathunga, Surangika and Peramuna, Saman and Herath, Indu},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1874--1881},
}

@inproceedings{alves_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating {Language} {Tools} for {Fifteen} {EU}-official {Under}-resourced {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.230},
	abstract = {This article presents the results of the evaluation campaign of language tools available for fifteen EU-official under-resourced languages. The evaluation was conducted within the MSC ITN CLEOPATRA action that aims at building the cross-lingual event-centric knowledge processing on top of the application of linguistic processing chains (LPCs) for at least 24 EU-official languages. In this campaign, we concentrated on three existing NLP platforms (Stanford CoreNLP, NLP Cube, UDPipe) that all provide models for under-resourced languages and in this first run we covered 15 under-resourced languages for which the models were available. We present the design of the evaluation campaign and present the results as well as discuss them. We considered the difference between reported and our tested results within a single percentage point as being within the limits of acceptable tolerance and thus consider this result as reproducible. However, for a number of languages, the results are below what was reported in the literature, and in some cases, our testing results are even better than the ones reported previously. Particularly problematic was the evaluation of NERC systems. One of the reasons is the absence of universally or cross-lingually applicable named entities classification scheme that would serve the NERC task in different languages analogous to the Universal Dependency scheme in parsing task. To build such a scheme has become one of our the future research directions.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alves, Diego and Thakkar, Gaurish and Tadić, Marko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1866--1873},
}

@inproceedings{nather_-depth_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {In}-{Depth} {Comparison} of 14 {Spelling} {Correction} {Tools} on a {Common} {Benchmark}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.228},
	abstract = {Determining and correcting spelling and grammar errors in text is an important but surprisingly difficult task. There are several reasons why this remains challenging. Errors may consist of simple typing errors like deleted, substituted, or wrongly inserted letters, but may also consist of word confusions where a word was replaced by another one. In addition, words may be erroneously split into two parts or get concatenated. Some words can contain hyphens, because they were split at the end of a line or are compound words with a mandatory hyphen. In this paper, we provide an extensive evaluation of 14 spelling correction tools on a common benchmark. In particular, the evaluation provides a detailed comparison with respect to 12 error categories. The benchmark consists of sentences from the English Wikipedia, which were distorted using a realistic error model. Measuring the quality of an algorithm with respect to these error categories requires an alignment of the original text, the distorted text and the corrected text provided by the tool. We make our benchmark generation and evaluation tools publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Näther, Markus},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1849--1857},
}

@inproceedings{kerz_understanding_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Understanding the {Dynamics} of {Second} {Language} {Writing} through {Keystroke} {Logging} and {Complexity} {Contours}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.23},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is twofold: [1] to introduce, to our knowledge, the largest available resource of keystroke logging (KSL) data generated by Etherpad (https://etherpad.org/), an open-source, web-based collaborative real-time editor, that captures the dynamics of second language (L2) production and [2] to relate the behavioral data from KSL to indices of syntactic and lexical complexity of the texts produced obtained from a tool that implements a sliding window approach capturing the progression of complexity within a text. We present the procedures and measures developed to analyze a sample of 14,913,009 keystrokes in 3,454 texts produced by 512 university students (upper-intermediate to advanced L2 learners of English) (95,354 sentences and 18,32,027 words) aiming to achieve a better alignment between keystroke-logging measures and underlying cognitive processes, on the one hand, and L2 writing performance measures, on the other hand. The resource introduced in this paper is a reflection of increasing recognition of the urgent need to obtain ecologically valid data that have the potential to transform our current understanding of mechanisms underlying the development of literacy (reading and writing) skills.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kerz, Elma and Pruneri, Fabio and Wiechmann, Daniel and Qiao, Yu and Ströbel, Marcus},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {182--188},
}

@inproceedings{yuan_sentence_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Sentence {Level} {Human} {Translation} {Quality} {Estimation} with {Attention}-based {Neural} {Networks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.229},
	abstract = {This paper explores the use of Deep Learning methods for automatic estimation of quality of human translations. Automatic estimation can provide useful feedback for translation teaching, examination and quality control. Conventional methods for solving this task rely on manually engineered features and external knowledge. This paper presents an end-to-end neural model without feature engineering, incorporating a cross attention mechanism to detect which parts in sentence pairs are most relevant for assessing quality. Another contribution concerns oprediction of fine-grained scores for measuring different aspects of translation quality, such as terminological accuracy or idiomatic writing. Empirical results on a large human annotated dataset show that the neural model outperforms feature-based methods significantly. The dataset and the tools are available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yuan, Yu and Sharoff, Serge},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1858--1865},
}

@inproceedings{prokopalo_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Lifelong} {Learning} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.226},
	abstract = {Current intelligent systems need the expensive support of machine learning experts to sustain their performance level when used on a daily basis. To reduce this cost, i.e. remaining free from any machine learning expert, it is reasonable to implement lifelong (or continuous) learning intelligent systems that will continuously adapt their model when facing changing execution conditions. In this work, the systems are allowed to refer to human domain experts who can provide the system with relevant knowledge about the task. Nowadays, the fast growth of lifelong learning systems development rises the question of their evaluation. In this article we propose a generic evaluation methodology for the specific case of lifelong learning systems. Two steps will be considered. First, the evaluation of human-assisted learning (including active and/or interactive learning) outside the context of lifelong learning. Second, the system evaluation across time, with propositions of how a lifelong learning intelligent system should be evaluated when including human assisted learning or not.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Prokopalo, Yevhenii and Meignier, Sylvain and Galibert, Olivier and Barrault, Loic and Larcher, Anthony},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1833--1841},
}

@inproceedings{han_analyzing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Analyzing {Word} {Embedding} {Through} {Structural} {Equation} {Modeling}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.225},
	abstract = {Many researchers have tried to predict the accuracies of extrinsic evaluation by using intrinsic evaluation to evaluate word embedding. The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation, however, has only been studied with simple correlation analysis, which has difficulty capturing complex cause-effect relationships and integrating external factors such as the hyperparameters of word embedding. To tackle this problem, we employ partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM), a method of structural equation modeling developed for causal analysis. We propose a causal diagram consisting of the evaluation results on the BATS, VecEval, and SentEval datasets, with a causal hypothesis that linguistic knowledge encoded in word embedding contributes to solving downstream tasks. Our PLS-PM models are estimated with 600 word embeddings, and we prove the existence of causal relations between linguistic knowledge evaluated on BATS and the accuracies of downstream tasks evaluated on VecEval and SentEval in our PLS-PM models. Moreover, we show that the PLS-PM models are useful for analyzing the effect of hyperparameters, including the training algorithm, corpus, dimension, and context window, and for validating the effectiveness of intrinsic evaluation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Han, Namgi and Hayashi, Katsuhiko and Miyao, Yusuke},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1823--1832},
}

@inproceedings{hajnicz_interannotator_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Interannotator {Agreement} for {Lexico}-{Semantic} {Annotation} of a {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.227},
	abstract = {This paper examines the procedure for lexico-semantic annotation of the Basic Corpus of Polish Metaphors that is the first step for annotating metaphoric expressions occurring in it. The procedure involves correcting the morphosyntactic annotation of part of the corpus that is automatically annotated on the morphosyntactic level. The main procedure concerns annotation of adjectives, adverbs, nouns and verbs (including gerunds and participles), including abbreviations of the words that belong to the above classes. It is composed of three steps: deciding whether a particular occurrence of a word is asemantic (e.g. anaphoric or strictly grammatical), whether we are dealing with a multi-word expression, reciprocal usages of the się marker and pluralia tantum, which may involve annotation with two lexical units (having two different lemmas) for a single token. We propose an interannotator agreement statistics adequate for this procedure. Finally, we discuss the preliminary results of annotation of a fragment of the corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hajnicz, Elżbieta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1842--1848},
}

@inproceedings{aguilar_lince_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LinCE}: {A} {Centralized} {Benchmark} for {Linguistic} {Code}-switching {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.223},
	abstract = {Recent trends in NLP research have raised an interest in linguistic code-switching (CS); modern approaches have been proposed to solve a wide range of NLP tasks on multiple language pairs. Unfortunately, these proposed methods are hardly generalizable to different code-switched languages. In addition, it is unclear whether a model architecture is applicable for a different task while still being compatible with the code-switching setting. This is mainly because of the lack of a centralized benchmark and the sparse corpora that researchers employ based on their specific needs and interests. To facilitate research in this direction, we propose a centralized benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluation (LinCE) that combines eleven corpora covering four different code-switched language pairs (i.e., Spanish-English, Nepali-English, Hindi-English, and Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian Arabic) and four tasks (i.e., language identification, named entity recognition, part-of-speech tagging, and sentiment analysis). As part of the benchmark centralization effort, we provide an online platform where researchers can submit their results while comparing with others in real-time. In addition, we provide the scores of different popular models, including LSTM, ELMo, and multilingual BERT so that the NLP community can compare against state-of-the-art systems. LinCE is a continuous effort, and we will expand it with more low-resource languages and tasks.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Aguilar, Gustavo and Kar, Sudipta and Solorio, Thamar},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1803--1813},
}

@inproceedings{sjoblom_paraphrase_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Paraphrase {Generation} and {Evaluation} on {Colloquial}-{Style} {Sentences}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.224},
	abstract = {In this paper, we investigate paraphrase generation in the colloquial domain. We use state-of-the-art neural machine translation models trained on the Opusparcus corpus to generate paraphrases in six languages: German, English, Finnish, French, Russian, and Swedish. We perform experiments to understand how data selection and filtering for diverse paraphrase pairs affects the generated paraphrases. We compare two different model architectures, an RNN and a Transformer model, and find that the Transformer does not generally outperform the RNN. We also conduct human evaluation on five of the six languages and compare the results to the automatic evaluation metrics BLEU and the recently proposed BERTScore. The results advance our understanding of the trade-offs between the quality and novelty of generated paraphrases, affected by the data selection method. In addition, our comparison of the evaluation methods shows that while BLEU correlates well with human judgments at the corpus level, BERTScore outperforms BLEU in both corpus and sentence-level evaluation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sjöblom, Eetu and Creutz, Mathias and Scherrer, Yves},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1814--1822},
}

@inproceedings{marczyk_have_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Have a {Cake} and {Eat} it {Too}: {Assessing} {Discriminating} {Performance} of an {Intelligibility} {Index} {Obtained} from a {Reduced} {Sample} {Size}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.221},
	abstract = {This paper investigates random vs. phonetically motivated reduction of linguistic material used in an intelligibility task in speech disordered populations and the subsequent impact on the discrimination classifier quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC of ROC). The comparison of obtained accuracy indexes shows that when the sample size is reduced based on a phonetic criterium—here, related to phonotactic complexity—, the classifier has a higher ranking ability than when the linguistic material is arbitrarily reduced. Crucially, downsizing the linguistic sample to about 30\% of the original dataset does not diminish the discriminatory performance of the classifier. This result is of significant interest to both clinicians and patients as it validates a tool that is both reliable and efficient.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Marczyk, Anna and Ghio, Alain and Lalain, Muriel and Rebourg, Marie and Fredouille, Corinne and Woisard, Virginie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1791--1795},
}

@inproceedings{grimsley_why_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Why {Attention} is {Not} {Explanation}: {Surgical} {Intervention} and {Causal} {Reasoning} about {Neural} {Models}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.220},
	abstract = {As the demand for explainable deep learning grows in the evaluation of language technologies, the value of a principled grounding for those explanations grows as well. Here we study the state-of-the-art in explanation for neural models for NLP tasks from the viewpoint of philosophy of science. We focus on recent evaluation work that finds brittleness in explanations obtained through attention mechanisms. We harness philosophical accounts of explanation to suggest broader conclusions from these studies. From this analysis, we assert the impossibility of causal explanations from attention layers over text data. We then introduce NLP researchers to contemporary philosophy of science theories that allow robust yet non-causal reasoning in explanation, giving computer scientists a vocabulary for future research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Grimsley, Christopher and Mayfield, Elijah and R.S. Bursten, Julia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1780--1790},
}

@inproceedings{moeed_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation {Metrics} for {Headline} {Generation} {Using} {Deep} {Pre}-{Trained} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.222},
	abstract = {With the explosive growth in textual data, it is becoming increasingly important to summarize text automatically. Recently, generative language models have shown promise in abstractive text summarization tasks. Since these models rephrase text and thus use similar but different words as found in the summarized text, existing metrics such as ROUGE that use n-gram overlap may not be optimal. Therefore we evaluate two embedding-based evaluation metrics that are applicable to abstractive summarization: Fr ́echet embedding distance, which has been introduced recently, and angular embedding similarity, which is our proposed metric. To demonstrate the utility of both metrics, we analyze the headline generation capacity of two state-of-the-art language models: GPT-2 and ULMFiT. In particular, our proposed metric shows close relation with human judgments in our experiments and has overall better correlations with them. To provide reproducibility, the source code plus human assessments of our experiments is available on GitHub.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moeed, Abdul and An, Yang and Hagerer, Gerhard and Groh, Georg},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1796--1802},
}

@inproceedings{tulkens_orthographic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Orthographic {Codes} and the {Neighborhood} {Effect}: {Lessons} from {Information} {Theory}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.22},
	abstract = {We consider the orthographic neighborhood effect: the effect that words with more orthographic similarity to other words are read faster. The neighborhood effect serves as an important control variable in psycholinguistic studies of word reading, and explains variance in addition to word length and word frequency. Following previous work, we model the neighborhood effect as the average distance to neighbors in feature space for three feature sets: slots, character ngrams and skipgrams. We optimize each of these feature sets and find evidence for language-independent optima, across five megastudy corpora from five alphabetic languages. Additionally, we show that weighting features using the inverse of mutual information (MI) improves the neighborhood effect significantly for all languages. We analyze the inverse feature weighting, and show that, across languages, grammatical morphemes get the lowest weights. Finally, we perform the same experiments on Korean Hangul, a non-alphabetic writing system, where we find the opposite results: slower responses as a function of denser neighborhoods, and a negative effect of inverse feature weighting. This raises the question of whether this is a cognitive effect, or an effect of the way we represent Hangul orthography, and indicates more research is needed.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tulkens, Stéphan and Sandra, Dominiek and Daelemans, Walter},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {172--181},
}

@inproceedings{born_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dataset {Reproducibility} and {IR} {Methods} in {Timeline} {Summarization}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.218},
	abstract = {Timeline summarization (TLS) generates a dated overview of real-world events based on event-specific corpora. The two standard datasets for this task were collected using Google searches for news reports on given events. Not only is this IR method not reproducible at different search times, it also uses components (such as document popularity) that are not always available for any large news corpus. It is unclear how TLS algorithms fare when provided with event corpora collected with varying IR methods. We therefore construct event-specific corpora from a large static background corpus, the newsroom dataset, using differing, relatively simple IR methods based on raw text alone. We show that the choice of IR method plays a crucial role in the performance of various TLS algorithms. A weak TLS algorithm can even match a stronger one by employing a stronger IR method in the data collection phase. Furthermore, the results of TLS systems are often highly sensitive to additional sentence filtering. We consequently advocate for integrating IR into the development of TLS systems and having a common static background corpus for evaluation of TLS systems.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Born, Leo and Bacher, Maximilian and Markert, Katja},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1763--1771},
}

@inproceedings{nadig_database_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Database {Search} vs. {Information} {Retrieval}: {A} {Novel} {Method} for {Studying} {Natural} {Language} {Querying} of {Semi}-{Structured} {Data}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.219},
	abstract = {The traditional approach of querying a relational database is via a formal language, namely SQL. Recent developments in the design of natural language interfaces to databases show promising results for querying either with keywords or with full natural language queries and thus render relational databases more accessible to non-tech savvy users. Such enhanced relational databases basically use a search paradigm which is commonly used in the field of information retrieval. However, the way systems are evaluated in the database and the information retrieval communities often differs due to a lack of common benchmarks. In this paper, we provide an adapted benchmark data set that is based on a test collection originally used to evaluate information retrieval systems. The data set contains 45 information needs developed on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), including corresponding relevance assessments. By mapping this benchmark data set to a relational database schema, we enable a novel way of directly comparing database search techniques with information retrieval. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we present an experimental evaluation that compares SODA, a keyword-enabled relational database system, against the Terrier information retrieval system and thus lays the foundation for a future discussion of evaluating database systems that support natural language interfaces.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Nadig, Stefanie and Braschler, Martin and Stockinger, Kurt},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1772--1779},
}

@inproceedings{lai_diversity_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Diversity, {Density}, and {Homogeneity}: {Quantitative} {Characteristic} {Metrics} for {Text} {Collections}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.215},
	abstract = {Summarizing data samples by quantitative measures has a long history, with descriptive statistics being a case in point. However, as natural language processing methods flourish, there are still insufficient characteristic metrics to describe a collection of texts in terms of the words, sentences, or paragraphs they comprise. In this work, we propose metrics of diversity, density, and homogeneity that quantitatively measure the dispersion, sparsity, and uniformity of a text collection. We conduct a series of simulations to verify that each metric holds desired properties and resonates with human intuitions. Experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed characteristic metrics are highly correlated with text classification performance of a renowned model, BERT, which could inspire future applications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lai, Yi-An and Zhu, Xuan and Zhang, Yi and Diab, Mona},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1739--1746},
}

@inproceedings{horbach_linguistic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Linguistic {Appropriateness} and {Pedagogic} {Usefulness} of {Reading} {Comprehension} {Questions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.217},
	abstract = {Automatic generation of reading comprehension questions is a topic receiving growing interest in the NLP community, but there is currently no consensus on evaluation metrics and many approaches focus on linguistic quality only while ignoring the pedagogic value and appropriateness of questions. This paper overcomes such weaknesses by a new evaluation scheme where questions from the questionnaire are structured in a hierarchical way to avoid confronting human annotators with evaluation measures that do not make sense for a certain question. We show through an annotation study that our scheme can be applied, but that expert annotators with some level of expertise are needed. We also created and evaluated two new evaluation data sets from the biology domain for Basque and German, composed of questions written by people with an educational background, which will be publicly released. Results show that manually generated questions are in general both of higher linguistic as well as pedagogic quality and that among the human generated questions, teacher-generated ones tend to be most useful.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Horbach, Andrea and Aldabe, Itziar and Bexte, Marie and Lopez de Lacalle, Oier and Maritxalar, Montse},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1753--1762},
}

@inproceedings{min_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards {Few}-{Shot} {Event} {Mention} {Retrieval}: {An} {Evaluation} {Framework} and {A} {Siamese} {Network} {Approach}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.216},
	abstract = {Automatically analyzing events in a large amount of text is crucial for situation awareness and decision making. Previous approaches treat event extraction as "one size fits all" with an ontology defined a priori. The resulted extraction models are built just for extracting those types in the ontology. These approaches cannot be easily adapted to new event types nor new domains of interest. To accommodate personalized event-centric information needs, this paper introduces the few-shot Event Mention Retrieval (EMR) task: given a user-supplied query consisting of a handful of event mentions, return relevant event mentions found in a corpus. This formulation enables "query by example", which drastically lowers the bar of specifying event-centric information needs. The retrieval setting also enables fuzzy search. We present an evaluation framework leveraging existing event datasets such as ACE. We also develop a Siamese Network approach, and show that it performs better than ad-hoc retrieval models in the few-shot EMR setting.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Min, Bonan and Chan, Yee Seng and Zhao, Lingjun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1747--1752},
}

@inproceedings{boyd-graber_which_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Which {Evaluations} {Uncover} {Sense} {Representations} that {Actually} {Make} {Sense}?},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.214},
	abstract = {Text representations are critical for modern natural language processing. One form of text representation, sense-specific embeddings, reflect a word's sense in a sentence better than single-prototype word embeddings tied to each type. However, existing sense representations are not uniformly better: although they work well for computer-centric evaluations, they fail for human-centric tasks like inspecting a language's sense inventory. To expose this discrepancy, we propose a new coherence evaluation for sense embeddings. We also describe a minimal model (Gumbel Attention for Sense Induction) optimized for discovering interpretable sense representations that are more coherent than existing sense embeddings.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Boyd-Graber, Jordan and Guo, Fenfei and Findlater, Leah and Iyyer, Mohit},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1727--1738},
}

@inproceedings{iwatsuki_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Evaluation} {Dataset} for {Identifying} {Communicative} {Functions} of {Sentences} in {English} {Scholarly} {Papers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.212},
	abstract = {Formulaic expressions, such as ‘in this paper we propose’, are used by authors of scholarly papers to perform communicative functions; the communicative function of the present example is ‘stating the aim of the paper’. Collecting such expressions and pairing them with their communicative functions would be highly valuable for various tasks, particularly for writing assistance. However, such collection and paring in a principled and automated manner would require high-quality annotated data, which are not available. In this study, we address this shortcoming by creating a manually annotated dataset for detecting communicative functions in sentences. Starting from a seed list of labelled formulaic expressions, we retrieved new sentences from scholarly papers in the ACL Anthology and asked multiple human evaluators to label communicative functions. To show the usefulness of our dataset, we conducted a series of experiments that determined to what extent sentence representations acquired by recent models, such as word2vec and BERT, can be employed to detect communicative functions in sentences.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Iwatsuki, Kenichi and Boudin, Florian and Aizawa, Akiko},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1712--1720},
}

@inproceedings{fassetti_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Automatic} {Tool} {For} {Language} {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.213},
	abstract = {The aim of evaluating children speech and language is to measure their communication skills. In particular, the speech language pathologist is interested in determining the child's impairments in the areas of language, articulation, voice, fluency and swallowing. In literature some standardized tests have been proposed to assess and screen developmental language impairments but they require manual laborious transcription, annotation and calculation. This work is very time demanding and, also, may introduce several kinds of errors in the evaluation phase and non-uniform evaluations. In order to help therapists, a system performing automated evaluation is proposed. Providing as input the correct sentence and the sentence produced by patients, the technique evaluates the level of the verbal production and returns a score. The main phases of the method concern an ad-hoc transformation of the produced sentence in the reference sentence and in the evaluation of the cost of this transformation. Since the cost function is related to many weights, a learning phase is defined to automatically set such weights.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Fassetti, Fabio and Fassetti, Ilaria},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1721--1726},
}

@inproceedings{bernier-colborne_hardeval_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{HardEval}: {Focusing} on {Challenging} {Tokens} to {Assess} {Robustness} of {NER}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.211},
	abstract = {To assess the robustness of NER systems, we propose an evaluation method that focuses on subsets of tokens that represent specific sources of errors: unknown words and label shift or ambiguity. These subsets provide a system-agnostic basis for evaluating specific sources of NER errors and assessing room for improvement in terms of robustness. We analyze these subsets of challenging tokens in two widely-used NER benchmarks, then exploit them to evaluate NER systems in both in-domain and out-of-domain settings. Results show that these challenging tokens explain the majority of errors made by modern NER systems, although they represent only a small fraction of test tokens. They also indicate that label shift is harder to deal with than unknown words, and that there is much more room for improvement than the standard NER evaluation procedure would suggest. We hope this work will encourage NLP researchers to adopt rigorous and meaningful evaluation methods, and will help them develop more robust models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel and Langlais, Phillippe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1704--1711},
}

@inproceedings{liu_evaluating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluating {Text} {Coherence} at {Sentence} and {Paragraph} {Levels}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.210},
	abstract = {In this paper, to evaluate text coherence, we propose the paragraph ordering task as well as conducting sentence ordering. We collected four distinct corpora from different domains on which we investigate the adaptation of existing sentence ordering methods to a paragraph ordering task. We also compare the learnability and robustness of existing models by artificially creating mini datasets and noisy datasets respectively and verifying the efficiency of established models under these circumstances. Furthermore, we carry out human evaluation on the rearranged passages from two competitive models and confirm that WLCS-l is a better metric performing significantly higher correlations with human rating than τ , the most prevalent metric used before. Results from these evaluations show that except for certain extreme conditions, the recurrent graph neural network-based model is an optimal choice for coherence modeling.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Liu, Sennan and Zeng, Shuang and Li, Sujian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1695--1703},
}

@inproceedings{ghio_how_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {How to {Compare} {Automatically} {Two} {Phonological} {Strings}: {Application} to {Intelligibility} {Measurement} in the {Case} of {Atypical} {Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.209},
	abstract = {Atypical speech productions, regardless of their origins (accents, learning, pathology), need to be assessed with regard to "typical" or "expected" productions. Evaluation is necessarily based on comparisons between linguistic forms produced and linguistic forms expected. In the field of speech disorders, the intelligibility of a patient is evaluated in order to measure the functional impact of his/her pathology on his/her oral communication. The usual method is to transcribe orthographic linguistic forms perceived and to assign a global and imprecise rating based on their correctness or incorrect. To obtain a more precise evaluation of the production deviations, we propose a measurement method based on phonological transcriptions. An algorithm computes automatically and finely the distances between the phonological forms produced and expected from cost matrices based on the differences of features between phonemes. A first test of this method among a large population of healthy speakers and patients treated for cancer of the oral and pharyngeal cavities has proved its validity.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ghio, Alain and Lalain, Muriel and Giusti, Laurence and Fredouille, Corinne and Woisard, Virginie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1689--1694},
}

@inproceedings{riad_identification_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Identification of {Primary} and {Collateral} {Tracks} in {Stuttered} {Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.208},
	abstract = {Disfluent speech has been previously addressed from two main perspectives: the clinical perspective focusing on diagnostic, and the Natural Language Processing (NLP) perspective aiming at modeling these events and detect them for downstream tasks. In addition, previous works often used different metrics depending on whether the input features are text or speech, making it difficult to compare the different contributions. Here, we introduce a new evaluation framework for disfluency detection inspired by the clinical and NLP perspective together with the theory of performance from (Clark, 1996) which distinguishes between primary and collateral tracks. We introduce a novel forced-aligned disfluency dataset from a corpus of semi-directed interviews, and present baseline results directly comparing the performance of text-based features (word and span information) and speech-based (acoustic-prosodic information). Finally, we introduce new audio features inspired by the word-based span features. We show experimentally that using these features outperformed the baselines for speech-based predictions on the present dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Riad, Rachid and Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine and Rudzicz, Frank and Dupoux, Emmanuel},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1681--1688},
}

@inproceedings{schwab_providing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Providing {Semantic} {Knowledge} to a {Set} of {Pictograms} for {People} with {Disabilities}: a {Set} of {Links} between {WordNet} and {Arasaac}: {Arasaac}-{WN}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.21},
	abstract = {This article presents a resource that links WordNet, the widely known lexical and semantic database, and Arasaac, the largest freely available database of pictograms. Pictograms are a tool that is more and more used by people with cognitive or communication disabilities. However, they are mainly used manually via workbooks, whereas caregivers and families would like to use more automated tools (use speech to generate pictograms, for example). In order to make it possible to use pictograms automatically in NLP applications, we propose a database that links them to semantic knowledge. This resource is particularly interesting for the creation of applications that help people with cognitive disabilities, such as text-to-picto, speech-to-picto, picto-to-speech... In this article, we explain the needs for this database and the problems that have been identified. Currently, this resource combines approximately 800 pictograms with their corresponding WordNet synsets and it is accessible both through a digital collection and via an SQL database. Finally, we propose a method with associated tools to make our resource language-independent: this method was applied to create a first text-to-picto prototype for the French language. Our resource is distributed freely under a Creative Commons license at the following URL: https://github.com/getalp/Arasaac-WN.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schwab, Didier and Trial, Pauline and Vaschalde, Céline and Vial, Loïc and Esperanca-Rodier, Emmanuelle and Lecouteux, Benjamin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {166--171},
}

@inproceedings{dadas_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Sentence} {Representations} in {Polish}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.207},
	abstract = {Methods for learning sentence representations have been actively developed in recent years. However, the lack of pre-trained models and datasets annotated at the sentence level has been a problem for low-resource languages such as Polish which led to less interest in applying these methods to language-specific tasks. In this study, we introduce two new Polish datasets for evaluating sentence embeddings and provide a comprehensive evaluation of eight sentence representation methods including Polish and multilingual models. We consider classic word embedding models, recently developed contextual embeddings and multilingual sentence encoders, showing strengths and weaknesses of specific approaches. We also examine different methods of aggregating word vectors into a single sentence vector.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dadas, Slawomir and Perełkiewicz, Michał and Poświata, Rafał},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1674--1680},
}

@inproceedings{haider_po-emo_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{PO}-{EMO}: {Conceptualization}, {Annotation}, and {Modeling} of {Aesthetic} {Emotions} in {German} and {English} {Poetry}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.205},
	abstract = {Most approaches to emotion analysis of social media, literature, news, and other domains focus exclusively on basic emotion categories as defined by Ekman or Plutchik. However, art (such as literature) enables engagement in a broader range of more complex and subtle emotions. These have been shown to also include mixed emotional responses. We consider emotions in poetry as they are elicited in the reader, rather than what is expressed in the text or intended by the author. Thus, we conceptualize a set of aesthetic emotions that are predictive of aesthetic appreciation in the reader, and allow the annotation of multiple labels per line to capture mixed emotions within their context. We evaluate this novel setting in an annotation experiment both with carefully trained experts and via crowdsourcing. Our annotation with experts leads to an acceptable agreement of k = .70, resulting in a consistent dataset for future large scale analysis. Finally, we conduct first emotion classification experiments based on BERT, showing that identifying aesthetic emotions is challenging in our data, with up to .52 F1-micro on the German subset. Data and resources are available at https://github.com/tnhaider/poetry-emotion.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Haider, Thomas and Eger, Steffen and Kim, Evgeny and Klinger, Roman and Menninghaus, Winfried},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1652--1663},
}

@inproceedings{sedoc_learning_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Learning {Word} {Ratings} for {Empathy} and {Distress} from {Document}-{Level} {User} {Responses}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.206},
	abstract = {Despite the excellent performance of black box approaches to modeling sentiment and emotion, lexica (sets of informative words and associated weights) that characterize different emotions are indispensable to the NLP community because they allow for interpretable and robust predictions. Emotion analysis of text is increasing in popularity in NLP; however, manually creating lexica for psychological constructs such as empathy has proven difficult. This paper automatically creates empathy word ratings from document-level ratings. The underlying problem of learning word ratings from higher-level supervision has to date only been addressed in an ad hoc fashion and has not used deep learning methods. We systematically compare a number of approaches to learning word ratings from higher-level supervision against a Mixed-Level Feed Forward Network (MLFFN), which we find performs best, and use the MLFFN to create the first-ever empathy lexicon. We then use Signed Spectral Clustering to gain insights into the resulting words. The empathy and distress lexica are publicly available at: http://www.wwbp.org/lexica.html.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sedoc, João and Buechel, Sven and Nachmany, Yehonathan and Buffone, Anneke and Ungar, Lyle},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1664--1673},
}

@inproceedings{de_bruyne_emotional_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Emotional} {Mess}! {Deciding} on a {Framework} for {Building} a {Dutch} {Emotion}-{Annotated} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.204},
	abstract = {Seeing the myriad of existing emotion models, with the categorical versus dimensional opposition the most important dividing line, building an emotion-annotated corpus requires some well thought-out strategies concerning framework choice. In our work on automatic emotion detection in Dutch texts, we investigate this problem by means of two case studies. We find that the labels joy, love, anger, sadness and fear are well-suited to annotate texts coming from various domains and topics, but that the connotation of the labels strongly depends on the origin of the texts. Moreover, it seems that information is lost when an emotional state is forcedly classified in a limited set of categories, indicating that a bi-representational format is desirable when creating an emotion corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {De Bruyne, Luna and De Clercq, Orphee and Hoste, Veronique},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1643--1651},
}

@inproceedings{ghosh_cease_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CEASE}, a {Corpus} of {Emotion} {Annotated} {Suicide} notes in {English}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.201},
	abstract = {A suicide note is usually written shortly before the suicide and it provides a chance to comprehend the self-destructive state of mind of the deceased. From a psychological point of view, suicide notes have been utilized for recognizing the motive behind the suicide. To the best of our knowledge, there is no openly accessible suicide note corpus at present, making it challenging for the researchers and developers to deep dive into the area of mental health assessment and suicide prevention. In this paper, we create a fine-grained emotion annotated corpus (CEASE) of suicide notes in English and develop various deep learning models to perform emotion detection on the curated dataset. The corpus consists of 2393 sentences from around 205 suicide notes collected from various sources. Each sentence is annotated with a particular emotion class from a set of 15 fine-grained emotion labels, namely (forgiveness, happiness\_peacefulness, love, pride, hopefulness, thankfulness, blame, anger, fear, abuse, sorrow, hopelessness, guilt, information, instructions). For the evaluation, we develop an ensemble architecture, where the base models correspond to three supervised deep learning models, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). We obtain the highest test accuracy of 60.17\% and cross-validation accuracy of 60.32\%},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ghosh, Soumitra and Ekbal, Asif and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1618--1626},
}

@inproceedings{lee_event-comment_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Event}-comment {Social} {Media} {Corpus} for {Implicit} {Emotion} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.203},
	abstract = {The classification of implicit emotions in text has always been a great challenge to emotion processing. Even though the majority of emotion expressed implicitly, most previous attempts at emotions have focused on the examination of explicit emotions. The poor performance of existing emotion identification and classification models can partly be attributed to the disregard of implicit emotions. In view of this, this paper presents the development of a Chinese event-comment social media emotion corpus. The corpus deals with both explicit and implicit emotions with more emphasis being placed on the implicit ones. This paper specifically describes the data collection and annotation of the corpus. An annotation scheme has been proposed for the annotation of emotion-related information including the emotion type, the emotion cause, the emotion reaction, the use of rhetorical question, the opinion target (i.e. the semantic role in an event that triggers an emotion), etc. Corpus data shows that the annotated items are of great value to the identification of implicit emotions. We believe that the corpus will be a useful resource for both explicit and implicit emotion classification and detection as well as event classification.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lee, Sophia Yat Mei and Lau, Helena Yan Ping},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1633--1642},
}

@inproceedings{guhr_training_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Training a {Broad}-{Coverage} {German} {Sentiment} {Classification} {Model} for {Dialog} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.202},
	abstract = {This paper describes the training of a general-purpose German sentiment classification model. Sentiment classification is an important aspect of general text analytics. Furthermore, it plays a vital role in dialogue systems and voice interfaces that depend on the ability of the system to pick up and understand emotional signals from user utterances. The presented study outlines how we have collected a new German sentiment corpus and then combined this corpus with existing resources to train a broad-coverage German sentiment model. The resulting data set contains 5.4 million labelled samples. We have used the data to train both, a simple convolutional and a transformer-based classification model and compared the results achieved on various training configurations. The model and the data set will be published along with this paper.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Guhr, Oliver and Schumann, Anne-Kathrin and Bahrmann, Frank and Böhme, Hans Joachim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1627--1632},
}

@inproceedings{xu_semi-automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Semi-{Automatic} {Construction} and {Refinement} of an {Annotated} {Corpus} for a {Deep} {Learning} {Framework} for {Emotion} {Classification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.200},
	abstract = {In the case of using a deep learning (machine learning) framework for emotion classification, one significant difficulty faced is the requirement of building a large, emotion corpus in which each sentence is assigned emotion labels. As a result, there is a high cost in terms of time and money associated with the construction of such a corpus. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of creating a semi-automatically constructed emotion corpus. For the purpose of this study sentences were mined from Twitter using some emotional seed words that were selected from a dictionary in which the emotion words were well-defined. Tweets were retrieved by one emotional seed word, and the retrieved sentences were assigned emotion labels based on the emotion category of the seed word. It was evident from the findings that the deep learning-based emotion classification model could not achieve high levels of accuracy in emotion classification because the semi-automatically constructed corpus had many errors when assigning emotion labels. In this paper, therefore, an approach for improving the quality of the emotion labels by automatically correcting the errors of emotion labels is proposed and tested. The experimental results showed that the proposed method worked well, and the classification accuracy rate was improved to 55.1\% from 44.9\% on the Twitter emotion classification task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Xu, Jiajun and Masuda, Kyosuke and Nishizaki, Hiromitsu and Fukumoto, Fumiyo and Suzuki, Yoshimi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1611--1617},
}

@inproceedings{lee_korean-specific_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Korean-{Specific} {Emotion} {Annotation} {Procedure} {Using} {N}-{Gram}-{Based} {Distant} {Supervision} and {Korean}-{Specific}-{Feature}-{Based} {Distant} {Supervision}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.199},
	abstract = {Detecting emotions from texts is considerably important in an NLP task, but it has the limitation of the scarcity of manually labeled data. To overcome this limitation, many researchers have annotated unlabeled data with certain frequently used annotation procedures. However, most of these studies are focused mainly on English and do not consider the characteristics of the Korean language. In this paper, we present a Korean-specific annotation procedure, which consists of two parts, namely n-gram-based distant supervision and Korean-specific-feature-based distant supervision. We leverage the distant supervision with the n-gram and Korean emotion lexicons. Then, we consider the Korean-specific emotion features. Through experiments, we showed the effectiveness of our procedure by comparing with the KTEA dataset. Additionally, we constructed a large-scale emotion-labeled dataset, Korean Movie Review Emotion (KMRE) Dataset, using our procedure. In order to construct our dataset, we used a large-scale sentiment movie review corpus as the unlabeled dataset. Moreover, we used a Korean emotion lexicon provided by KTEA. We also performed an emotion classification task and a human evaluation on the KMRE dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lee, Young-Jun and Lim, Chae-Gyun and Choi, Ho-Jin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1603--1610},
}

@inproceedings{jancso_acqdiv_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {ACQDIV} {Corpus} {Database} and {Aggregation} {Pipeline}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.20},
	abstract = {We present the ACQDIV corpus database and aggregation pipeline, a tool developed as part of the European Research Council (ERC) funded project ACQDIV, which aims to identify the universal cognitive processes that allow children to acquire any language. The corpus database represents 15 corpora from 14 typologically maximally diverse languages. Here we give an overview of the project, database, and our extensible software package for adding more corpora to the current language sample. Lastly, we discuss how we use the corpus database to mine for universal patterns in child language acquisition corpora and we describe avenues for future research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jancso, Anna and Moran, Steven and Stoll, Sabine},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {156--165},
}

@inproceedings{yu_cluster_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Cluster} {Ranking} {Model} for {Full} {Anaphora} {Resolution}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.2},
	abstract = {Anaphora resolution (coreference) systems designed for the CONLL 2012 dataset typically cannot handle key aspects of the full anaphora resolution task such as the identification of singletons and of certain types of non-referring expressions (e.g., expletives), as these aspects are not annotated in that corpus. However, the recently released dataset for the CRAC 2018 Shared Task can now be used for that purpose. In this paper, we introduce an architecture to simultaneously identify non-referring expressions (including expletives, predicative {\textbackslash}NPs, and other types) and build coreference chains, including singletons. Our cluster-ranking system uses an attention mechanism to determine the relative importance of the mentions in the same cluster. Additional classifiers are used to identify singletons and non-referring markables. Our contributions are as follows. First all, we report the first result on the CRAC data using system mentions; our result is 5.8\% better than the shared task baseline system, which used gold mentions. Second, we demonstrate that the availability of singleton clusters and non-referring expressions can lead to substantially improved performance on non-singleton clusters as well. Third, we show that despite our model not being designed specifically for the CONLL data, it achieves a score equivalent to that of the state-of-the-art system by Kantor and Globerson (2019) on that dataset.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yu, Juntao and Uma, Alexandra and Poesio, Massimo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {11--20},
}

@inproceedings{wu_learning_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Learning the {Human} {Judgment} for the {Automatic} {Evaluation} of {Chatbot}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.198},
	abstract = {It is hard to evaluate the quality of the generated text by a generative dialogue system. Currently, dialogue evaluation relies on human judges to label the quality of the generated text. It is not a reusable mechanism that can give consistent evaluation for system developers. We believe that it is easier to get consistent results on comparing two generated dialogue by two systems and it is hard to give a consistent quality score on only one system at a time. In this paper, we propose a machine learning approach to reduce the effort of human evaluation by learning the human judgment on comparing two dialogue systems. Training from the human labeling result, the evaluation model learns which generative models is better in each dialog context. Thus, it can be used for system developers to compare the fine-tuned models over and over again without the human labor. In our experiment we find the agreement between the learned model and human judge is 70\%. The experiment is conducted on comparing two attention based GRU-RNN generative models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wu, Shih-Hung and Chien, Sheng-Lun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1598--1602},
}

@inproceedings{macary_allosat_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{AlloSat}: {A} {New} {Call} {Center} {French} {Corpus} for {Satisfaction} and {Frustration} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.197},
	abstract = {We present a new corpus, named AlloSat, composed of real-life call center conversations in French that is continuously annotated in frustration and satisfaction. This corpus has been set up to develop new systems able to model the continuous aspect of semantic and paralinguistic information at the conversation level. The present work focuses on the paralinguistic level, more precisely on the expression of emotions. In the call center industry, the conversation usually aims at solving the caller's request. As far as we know, most emotional databases contain static annotations in discrete categories or in dimensions such as activation or valence. We hypothesize that these dimensions are not task-related enough. Moreover, static annotations do not enable to explore the temporal evolution of emotional states. To solve this issue, we propose a corpus with a rich annotation scheme enabling a real-time investigation of the axis frustration / satisfaction. AlloSat regroups 303 conversations with a total of approximately 37 hours of audio, all recorded in real-life environments collected by Allo-Media (an intelligent call tracking company). First regression experiments, with audio features, show that the evolution of frustration / satisfaction axis can be retrieved automatically at the conversation level.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Macary, Manon and Tahon, Marie and Estève, Yannick and Rousseau, Anthony},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1590--1597},
}

@inproceedings{hipson_poki_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{PoKi}: {A} {Large} {Dataset} of {Poems} by {Children}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.196},
	abstract = {Child language studies are crucial in improving our understanding of child well-being; especially in determining the factors that impact happiness, the sources of anxiety, techniques of emotion regulation, and the mechanisms to cope with stress. However, much of this research is stymied by the lack of availability of large child-written texts. We present a new corpus of child-written text, PoKi, which includes about 62 thousand poems written by children from grades 1 to 12. PoKi is especially useful in studying child language because it comes with information about the age of the child authors (their grade). We analyze the words in PoKi along several emotion dimensions (valence, arousal, dominance) and discrete emotions (anger, fear, sadness, joy). We use non-parametric regressions to model developmental differences from early childhood to late-adolescence. Results show decreases in valence that are especially pronounced during mid-adolescence, while arousal and dominance peaked during adolescence. Gender differences in the developmental trajectory of emotions are also observed. Our results support and extend the current state of emotion development research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hipson, Will and Mohammad, Saif M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1578--1589},
}

@inproceedings{bostan_goodnewseveryone_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GoodNewsEveryone}: {A} {Corpus} of {News} {Headlines} {Annotated} with {Emotions}, {Semantic} {Roles}, and {Reader} {Perception}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.194},
	abstract = {Most research on emotion analysis from text focuses on the task of emotion classification or emotion intensity regression. Fewer works address emotions as a phenomenon to be tackled with structured learning, which can be explained by the lack of relevant datasets. We fill this gap by releasing a dataset of 5000 English news headlines annotated via crowdsourcing with their associated emotions, the corresponding emotion experiencers and textual cues, related emotion causes and targets, as well as the reader’s perception of the emotion of the headline. This annotation task is comparably challenging, given the large number of classes and roles to be identified. We therefore propose a multiphase annotation procedure in which we first find relevant instances with emotional content and then annotate the more fine-grained aspects. Finally, we develop a baseline for the task of automatic prediction of semantic role structures and discuss the results. The corpus we release enables further research on emotion classification, emotion intensity prediction, emotion cause detection, and supports further qualitative studies.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bostan, Laura Ana Maria and Kim, Evgeny and Klinger, Roman},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1554--1566},
}

@inproceedings{kiritchenko_solo_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SOLO}: {A} {Corpus} of {Tweets} for {Examining} the {State} of {Being} {Alone}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.195},
	abstract = {The state of being alone can have a substantial impact on our lives, though experiences with time alone diverge significantly among individuals. Psychologists distinguish between the concept of solitude, a positive state of voluntary aloneness, and the concept of loneliness, a negative state of dissatisfaction with the quality of one’s social interactions. Here, for the first time, we conduct a large-scale computational analysis to explore how the terms associated with the state of being alone are used in online language. We present SOLO (State of Being Alone), a corpus of over 4 million tweets collected with query terms solitude, lonely, and loneliness. We use SOLO to analyze the language and emotions associated with the state of being alone. We show that the term solitude tends to co-occur with more positive, high-dominance words (e.g., enjoy, bliss) while the terms lonely and loneliness frequently co-occur with negative, low-dominance words (e.g., scared, depressed), which confirms the conceptual distinctions made in psychology. We also show that women are more likely to report on negative feelings of being lonely as compared to men, and there are more teenagers among the tweeters that use the word lonely than among the tweeters that use the word solitude.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kiritchenko, Svetlana and Hipson, Will and Coplan, Robert and Mohammad, Saif M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1567--1577},
}

@inproceedings{janssoone_potus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {POTUS} {Corpus}, a {Database} of {Weekly} {Addresses} for the {Study} of {Stance} in {Politics} and {Virtual} {Agents}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.193},
	abstract = {One of the main challenges in the field of Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) is to generate socially believable agents. The common strategy for agent behaviour synthesis is to rely on dedicated corpus analysis. Such a corpus is composed of multimedia files of socio-emotional behaviors which have been annotated by external observers. The underlying idea is to identify interaction information for the agent’s socio-emotional behavior by checking whether the intended socio-emotional behavior is actually perceived by humans. Then, the annotations can be used as learning classes for machine learning algorithms applied to the social signals. This paper introduces the POTUS Corpus composed of high-quality audio-video files of political addresses to the American people. Two protagonists are present in this database. First, it includes speeches of former president Barack Obama to the American people. Secondly, it provides videos of these same speeches given by a virtual agent named Rodrigue. The ECA reproduces the original address as closely as possible using social signals automatically extracted from the original one. Both are annotated for social attitudes, providing information about the stance observed in each file. It also provides the social signals automatically extracted from Obama’s addresses used to generate Rodrigue’s ones.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Janssoone, Thomas and Bailly, Kévin and Richard, Gaël and Clavel, Chloé},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1546--1553},
}

@inproceedings{rambabu_iiit-h_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{IIIT}-{H} {TEMD} {Semi}-{Natural} {Emotional} {Speech} {Database} from {Professional} {Actors} and {Non}-{Actors}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.192},
	abstract = {A fundamental essence for emotional speech analysis towards emotion recognition is a good database. Database collected from natural scenarios consists of spontaneous emotions, but there are several issues in collection of such database. Other than the privacy and legal related concerns, there is no control over environment at the background. As it is difficult to collect data from natural scenarios, many research groups have collected data from semi-natural or designed procedures. In this paper, a new emotional speech database named IIIT-H TEMD (International Institute of Information Technology-Hyderabad Telugu Emotional Database) is collected using designed drama situations from actors and non-actors. Utterances are manually annotated using a hybrid strategy by giving the context to one of the listeners. As some of the data collection studies in the literature recommend for actors, analysis of actors data versus non-actors data is carried out for their significance. The total size of the dataset is about 5 hours, which makes it an useful resource for the emotional speech analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rambabu, Banothu and Botsa, Kishore Kumar and Paidi, Gangamohan and Gangashetty, Suryakanth V},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1538--1545},
}

@inproceedings{reinboth_linguistic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Linguistic, {Kinematic} and {Gaze} {Information} in {Task} {Descriptions}: {The} {LKG}-{Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.19},
	abstract = {Data from neuroscience and psychology suggest that sensorimotor cognition may be of central importance to language. Specifically, the linguistic structure of utterances referring to concrete actions may reflect the structure of the sensorimotor processing underlying the same action. To investigate this, we present the Linguistic, Kinematic and Gaze information in task descriptions Corpus (LKG-Corpus), comprising multimodal data on 13 humans, conducting take, put, and push actions, and describing these actions with 350 utterances. Recorded are audio, video, motion and eye-tracking data while participants perform an action and describe what they do. The dataset is annotated with orthographic transcriptions of utterances and information on: (a) gaze behaviours, (b) when a participant touched an object, (c) when an object was moved, (d) when a participant looked at the location s/he would next move the object to, (e) when the participant’s gaze was stable on an area. With the exception of the annotation of stable gaze, all annotations were performed manually. With the LKG-Corpus, we present a dataset that integrates linguistic, kinematic and gaze data with an explicit focus on relations between action and language. On this basis, we outline applications of the dataset to both basic and applied research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Reinboth, Tim and Gross, Stephanie and Bishop, Laura and Krenn, Brigitte},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {147--155},
}

@inproceedings{costa-jussa_abusive_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Abusive language in {Spanish} children and young teenager’s conversations: data preparation and short text classification with contextual word embeddings},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.191},
	abstract = {Abusive texts are reaching the interests of the scientific and social community. How to automatically detect them is onequestion that is gaining interest in the natural language processing community. The main contribution of this paper is toevaluate the quality of the recently developed ”Spanish Database for cyberbullying prevention” for the purpose of trainingclassifiers on detecting abusive short texts. We compare classical machine learning techniques to the use of a more ad-vanced model: the contextual word embeddings in the particular case of classification of abusive short-texts for the Spanishlanguage. As contextual word embeddings, we use Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT), pro-posed at the end of 2018. We show that BERT mostly outperforms classical techniques. Far beyond the experimentalimpact of our research, this project aims at planting the seeds for an innovative technological tool with a high potentialsocial impact and aiming at being part of the initiatives in artificial intelligence for social good.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Costa-jussà, Marta R. and González, Esther and Moreno, Asuncion and Cumalat, Eudald},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1533--1537},
}

@inproceedings{wottawa_towards_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Towards {Interactive} {Annotation} for {Hesitation} in {Conversational} {Speech}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.190},
	abstract = {Manual annotation of speech corpora is expensive in both human resources and time. Furthermore, recognizing affects in spontaneous, non acted speech presents a challenge for humans and machines. The aim of the present study is to automatize the labeling of hesitant speech as a marker of expressed uncertainty. That is why, the NCCFr-corpus was manually annotated for 'degree of hesitation' on a continuous scale between -3 and 3 and the affective dimensions 'activation, valence and control'. In total, 5834 chunks of the NCCFr-corpus were manually annotated. Acoustic analyses were carried out based on these annotations. Furthermore, regression models were trained in order to allow automatic prediction of hesitation for speech chunks that do not have a manual annotation. Preliminary results show that the number of filled pauses as well as vowel duration increase with the degree of hesitation, and that automatic prediction of the hesitation degree reaches encouraging RMSE results of 1.6.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wottawa, Jane and Tahon, Marie and Marin, Apolline and Audibert, Nicolas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1526--1532},
}

@inproceedings{zhang_affect_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Affect {inTweets}: {A} {Transfer} {Learning} {Approach}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.188},
	abstract = {People convey sentiments and emotions through language. To understand these affectual states is an essential step towards understanding natural language. In this paper, we propose a transfer-learning based approach to inferring the affectual state of a person from their tweets. As opposed to the traditional machine learning models which require considerable effort in designing task specific features, our model can be well adapted to the proposed tasks with a very limited amount of fine-tuning, which significantly reduces the manual effort in feature engineering. We aim to show that by leveraging the pre-learned knowledge, transfer learning models can achieve competitive results in the affectual content analysis of tweets, compared to the traditional models. As shown by the experiments on SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets, our model ranking 2nd, 4th and 6th place in four of its subtasks proves the effectiveness of our idea.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zhang, Linrui and Huang, Hsin-Lun and Yu, Yang and Moldovan, Dan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1511--1516},
}

@inproceedings{tammewar_annotation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotation of {Emotion} {Carriers} in {Personal} {Narratives}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.189},
	abstract = {We are interested in the problem of understanding personal narratives (PN) - spoken or written - recollections of facts, events, and thoughts. For PNs, we define emotion carriers as the speech or text segments that best explain the emotional state of the narrator. Such segments may span from single to multiple words, containing for example verb or noun phrases. Advanced automatic understanding of PNs requires not only the prediction of the narrator’s emotional state but also to identify which events (e.g. the loss of a relative or the visit of grandpa) or people (e.g. the old group of high school mates) carry the emotion manifested during the personal recollection. This work proposes and evaluates an annotation model for identifying emotion carriers in spoken personal narratives. Compared to other text genres such as news and microblogs, spoken PNs are particularly challenging because a narrative is usually unstructured, involving multiple sub-events and characters as well as thoughts and associated emotions perceived by the narrator. In this work, we experiment with annotating emotion carriers in speech transcriptions from the Ulm State-of-Mind in Speech (USoMS) corpus, a dataset of PNs in German. We believe this resource could be used for experiments in the automatic extraction of emotion carriers from PN, a task that could provide further advancements in narrative understanding.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tammewar, Aniruddha and Cervone, Alessandra and Messner, Eva-Maria and Riccardi, Giuseppe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1517--1525},
}

@inproceedings{jaiswal_muse_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MuSE}: a {Multimodal} {Dataset} of {Stressed} {Emotion}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.187},
	abstract = {Endowing automated agents with the ability to provide support, entertainment and interaction with human beings requires sensing of the users' affective state. These affective states are impacted by a combination of emotion inducers, current psychological state, and various conversational factors. Although emotion classification in both singular and dyadic settings is an established area, the effects of these additional factors on the production and perception of emotion is understudied. This paper presents a new dataset, Multimodal Stressed Emotion (MuSE), to study the multimodal interplay between the presence of stress and expressions of affect. We describe the data collection protocol, the possible areas of use, and the annotations for the emotional content of the recordings. The paper also presents several baselines to measure the performance of multimodal features for emotion and stress classification.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jaiswal, Mimansa and Bara, Cristian-Paul and Luo, Yuanhang and Burzo, Mihai and Mihalcea, Rada and Provost, Emily Mower},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1499--1510},
}

@inproceedings{plaza_del_arco_emoevent_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{EmoEvent}: {A} {Multilingual} {Emotion} {Corpus} based on different {Events}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.186},
	abstract = {In recent years emotion detection in text has become more popular due to its potential applications in fields such as psychology, marketing, political science, and artificial intelligence, among others. While opinion mining is a well-established task with many standard data sets and well-defined methodologies, emotion mining has received less attention due to its complexity. In particular, the annotated gold standard resources available are not enough. In order to address this shortage, we present a multilingual emotion data set based on different events that took place in April 2019. We collected tweets from the Twitter platform. Then one of seven emotions, six Ekman's basic emotions plus the “neutral or other emotions", was labeled on each tweet by 3 Amazon MTurkers. A total of 8,409 in Spanish and 7,303 in English were labeled. In addition, each tweet was also labeled as offensive or no offensive. We report some linguistic statistics about the data set in order to observe the difference between English and Spanish speakers when they express emotions related to the same events. Moreover, in order to validate the effectiveness of the data set, we also propose a machine learning approach for automatically detecting emotions in tweets for both languages, English and Spanish.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Plaza del Arco, Flor Miriam and Strapparava, Carlo and Urena Lopez, L. Alfonso and Martin, Maite},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1492--1498},
}

@inproceedings{lim_annotating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Annotating and {Analyzing} {Biased} {Sentences} in {News} {Articles} using {Crowdsourcing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.184},
	abstract = {The spread of biased news and its consumption by the readers has become a considerable issue. Researchers from multiple domains including social science and media studies have made efforts to mitigate this media bias issue. Specifically, various techniques ranging from natural language processing to machine learning have been used to help determine news bias automatically. However, due to the lack of publicly available datasets in this field, especially ones containing labels concerning bias on a fine-grained level (e.g., on sentence level), it is still challenging to develop methods for effectively identifying bias embedded in new articles. In this paper, we propose a novel news bias dataset which facilitates the development and evaluation of approaches for detecting subtle bias in news articles and for understanding the characteristics of biased sentences. Our dataset consists of 966 sentences from 46 English-language news articles covering 4 different events and contains labels concerning bias on the sentence level. For scalability reasons, the labels were obtained based on crowd-sourcing. Our dataset can be used for analyzing news bias, as well as for developing and evaluating methods for news bias detection. It can also serve as resource for related researches including ones focusing on fake news detection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lim, Sora and Jatowt, Adam and Färber, Michael and Yoshikawa, Masatoshi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1478--1484},
}

@inproceedings{jayashree_evaluation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Evaluation of {Deep} {Gaussian} {Processes} for {Text} {Classification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.185},
	abstract = {With the tremendous success of deep learning models on computer vision tasks, there are various emerging works on the Natural Language Processing (NLP) task of Text Classification using parametric models. However, it constrains the expressability limit of the function and demands enormous empirical efforts to come up with a robust model architecture. Also, the huge parameters involved in the model causes over-fitting when dealing with small datasets. Deep Gaussian Processes (DGP) offer a Bayesian non-parametric modelling framework with strong function compositionality, and helps in overcoming these limitations. In this paper, we propose DGP models for the task of Text Classification and an empirical comparison of the performance of shallow and Deep Gaussian Process models is made. Extensive experimentation is performed on the benchmark Text Classification datasets such as TREC (Text REtrieval Conference), SST (Stanford Sentiment Treebank), MR (Movie Reviews), R8 (Reuters-8), which demonstrate the effectiveness of DGP models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jayashree, P. and Srijith, P. K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1485--1491},
}

@inproceedings{vasconcelos_aspect_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Aspect {Flow} {Representation} and {Audio} {Inspired} {Analysis} for {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.183},
	abstract = {For better understanding how people write texts, it is fundamental to examine how a particular aspect (e.g., subjectivity, sentiment, argumentation) is exploited in a text. Analysing such an aspect of a text as a whole (i.e., through a summarised single feature) can lead to significant information loss. In this paper, we propose a novel method of representing and analysing texts that consider how an aspect behaves throughout the text. We represent the texts by aspect flows for capturing all the aspect behaviour. Then, inspired by the resemblance between these flows format and a sound waveform, we fragment them into frames and calculate an adaptation of audio analysis features, named here Audio-Like Features, as a way of analysing the texts. The results of the conducted classification tasks reveal that our approach can surpass methods based on summarised features. We also show that a detailed examination of the Audio-Like Features can lead to a more profound knowledge about the represented texts.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Vasconcelos, Larissa and Campelo, Claudio and Jeronimo, Caio},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1469--1477},
}

@inproceedings{huang_multilingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multilingual {Twitter} {Corpus} and {Baselines} for {Evaluating} {Demographic} {Bias} in {Hate} {Speech} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.180},
	abstract = {Existing research on fairness evaluation of document classification models mainly uses synthetic monolingual data without ground truth for author demographic attributes. In this work, we assemble and publish a multilingual Twitter corpus for the task of hate speech detection with inferred four author demographic factors: age, country, gender and race/ethnicity. The corpus covers five languages: English, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. We evaluate the inferred demographic labels with a crowdsourcing platform, Figure Eight. To examine factors that can cause biases, we take an empirical analysis of demographic predictability on the English corpus. We measure the performance of four popular document classifiers and evaluate the fairness and bias of the baseline classifiers on the author-level demographic attributes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Huang, Xiaolei and Xing, Linzi and Dernoncourt, Franck and Paul, Michael J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1440--1448},
}

@inproceedings{hollenstein_zuco_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ZuCo} 2.0: {A} {Dataset} of {Physiological} {Recordings} {During} {Natural} {Reading} and {Annotation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.18},
	abstract = {We recorded and preprocessed ZuCo 2.0, a new dataset of simultaneous eye-tracking and electroencephalography during natural reading and during annotation. This corpus contains gaze and brain activity data of 739 English sentences, 349 in a normal reading paradigm and 390 in a task-specific paradigm, in which the 18 participants actively search for a semantic relation type in the given sentences as a linguistic annotation task. This new dataset complements ZuCo 1.0 by providing experiments designed to analyze the differences in cognitive processing between natural reading and annotation. The data is freely available here: https://osf.io/2urht/.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hollenstein, Nora and Troendle, Marius and Zhang, Ce and Langer, Nicolas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {138--146},
}

@inproceedings{patel_dynamic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dynamic {Classification} in {Web} {Archiving} {Collections}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.182},
	abstract = {The Web archived data usually contains high-quality documents that are very useful for creating specialized collections of documents. To create such collections, there is a substantial need for automatic approaches that can distinguish the documents of interest for a collection out of the large collections (of millions in size) from Web Archiving institutions. However, the patterns of the documents of interest can differ substantially from one document to another, which makes the automatic classification task very challenging. In this paper, we explore dynamic fusion models to find, on the fly, the model or combination of models that performs best on a variety of document types. Our experimental results show that the approach that fuses different models outperforms individual models and other ensemble methods on three datasets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Patel, Krutarth and Caragea, Cornelia and Phillips, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1459--1468},
}

@inproceedings{luz_de_araujo_victor_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{VICTOR}: a {Dataset} for {Brazilian} {Legal} {Documents} {Classification}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.181},
	abstract = {This paper describes VICTOR, a novel dataset built from Brazil's Supreme Court digitalized legal documents, composed of more than 45 thousand appeals, which includes roughly 692 thousand documents—about 4.6 million pages. The dataset contains labeled text data and supports two types of tasks: document type classification; and theme assignment, a multilabel problem. We present baseline results using bag-of-words models, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks and boosting algorithms. We also experiment using linear-chain Conditional Random Fields to leverage the sequential nature of the lawsuits, which we find to lead to improvements on document type classification. Finally we compare a theme classification approach where we use domain knowledge to filter out the less informative document pages to the default one where we use all pages. Contrary to the Court experts' expectations, we find that using all available data is the better method. We make the dataset available in three versions of different sizes and contents to encourage explorations of better models and techniques.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Luz de Araujo, Pedro Henrique and de Campos, Teófilo Emídio and Ataides Braz, Fabricio and Correia da Silva, Nilton},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1449--1458},
}

@inproceedings{blandin_age_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Age {Recommendation} for {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.179},
	abstract = {The understanding of a text by a reader or listener is conditioned by the adequacy of the text's characteristics with the person's capacities and knowledge. This adequacy is critical in the case of a child since her/his cognitive and linguistic skills are still under development. Hence, in this paper, we present and study an original natural language processing (NLP) task which consists in predicting the age from which a text can be understood by someone. To do so, this paper first exhibits features derived from the psycholinguistic domain, as well as some coming from related NLP tasks. Then, we propose a set of neural network models and compare them on a dataset of French texts dedicated to young or adult audiences. To circumvent the lack of data, we study the idea to predict ages at the sentence level. The experiments first show that the sentence-based age recommendations can be efficiently merged to predict text-based recommendations. Then, we also demonstrate that the age predictions returned by our best model are better than those provided by psycholinguists. Finally, the paper investigates the impact of the various features used in these results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Blandin, Alexis and Lecorvé, Gwénolé and Battistelli, Delphine and Étienne, Aline},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1431--1439},
}

@inproceedings{capuozzo_decop_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DecOp}: {A} {Multilingual} and {Multi}-domain {Corpus} {For} {Detecting} {Deception} {In} {Typed} {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.178},
	abstract = {In recent years, the increasing interest in the development of automatic approaches for unmasking deception in online sources led to promising results. Nonetheless, among the others, two major issues remain still unsolved: the stability of classifiers performances across different domains and languages. Tackling these issues is challenging since labelled corpora involving multiple domains and compiled in more than one language are few in the scientific literature. For filling this gap, in this paper we introduce DecOp (Deceptive Opinions), a new language resource developed for automatic deception detection in cross-domain and cross-language scenarios. DecOp is composed of 5000 examples of both truthful and deceitful first-person opinions balanced both across five different domains and two languages and, to the best of our knowledge, is the largest corpus allowing cross-domain and cross-language comparisons in deceit detection tasks. In this paper, we describe the collection procedure of the DecOp corpus and his main characteristics. Moreover, the human performance on the DecOp test-set and preliminary experiments by means of machine learning models based on Transformer architecture are shown.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Capuozzo, Pasquale and Lauriola, Ivano and Strapparava, Carlo and Aiolli, Fabio and Sartori, Giuseppe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1423--1430},
}

@inproceedings{stajner_when_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {When {Shallow} is {Good} {Enough}: {Automatic} {Assessment} of {Conceptual} {Text} {Complexity} using {Shallow} {Semantic} {Features}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.177},
	abstract = {According to psycholinguistic studies, the complexity of concepts used in a text and the relations between mentioned concepts play the most important role in text understanding and maintaining reader’s interest. However, the classical approaches to automatic assessment of text complexity, and their commercial applications, take into consideration mainly syntactic and lexical complexity. Recently, we introduced the task of automatic assessment of conceptual text complexity, proposing a set of graph-based deep semantic features using DBpedia as a proxy to human knowledge. Given that such graphs can be noisy, incomplete, and computationally expensive to deal with, in this paper, we propose the use of textual features and shallow semantic features that only require entity linking. We compare the results obtained with new features with those of the state-of-the-art deep semantic features on two tasks: (1) pairwise comparison of two versions of the same text; and (2) five-level classification of texts. We find that the shallow features achieve state-of-the-art results on both tasks, significantly outperforming performances of the deep semantic features on the five-level classification task. Interestingly, the combination of the shallow and deep semantic features lead to a significant improvement of the performances on that task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Stajner, Sanja and Hulpuș, Ioana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1414--1422},
}

@inproceedings{santos_measuring_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Measuring the {Impact} of {Readability} {Features} in {Fake} {News} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.176},
	abstract = {The proliferation of fake news is a current issue that influences a number of important areas of society, such as politics, economy and health. In the Natural Language Processing area, recent initiatives tried to detect fake news in different ways, ranging from language-based approaches to content-based verification. In such approaches, the choice of the features for the classification of fake and true news is one of the most important parts of the process. This paper presents a study on the impact of readability features to detect fake news for the Brazilian Portuguese language. The results show that such features are relevant to the task (achieving, alone, up to 92\% classification accuracy) and may improve previous classification results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Santos, Roney and Pedro, Gabriela and Leal, Sidney and Vale, Oto and Pardo, Thiago and Bontcheva, Kalina and Scarton, Carolina},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1404--1413},
}

@inproceedings{chiril_annotated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Annotated} {Corpus} for {Sexism} {Detection} in {French} {Tweets}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.175},
	abstract = {Social media networks have become a space where users are free to relate their opinions and sentiments which may lead to a large spreading of hatred or abusive messages which have to be moderated. This paper presents the first French corpus annotated for sexism detection composed of about 12,000 tweets. In a context of offensive content mediation on social media now regulated by European laws, we think that it is important to be able to detect automatically not only sexist content but also to identify if a message with a sexist content is really sexist (i.e. addressed to a woman or describing a woman or women in general) or is a story of sexism experienced by a woman. This point is the novelty of our annotation scheme. We also propose some preliminary results for sexism detection obtained with a deep learning approach. Our experiments show encouraging results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chiril, Patricia and Moriceau, Véronique and Benamara, Farah and Mari, Alda and Origgi, Gloria and Coulomb-Gully, Marlène},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1397--1403},
}

@inproceedings{cecillon_wac_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WAC}: {A} {Corpus} of {Wikipedia} {Conversations} for {Online} {Abuse} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.173},
	abstract = {With the spread of online social networks, it is more and more difficult to monitor all the user-generated content. Automating the moderation process of the inappropriate exchange content on Internet has thus become a priority task. Methods have been proposed for this purpose, but it can be challenging to find a suitable dataset to train and develop them. This issue is especially true for approaches based on information derived from the structure and the dynamic of the conversation. In this work, we propose an original framework, based on the the Wikipedia Comment corpus, with comment-level abuse annotations of different types. The major contribution concerns the reconstruction of conversations, by comparison to existing corpora, which focus only on isolated messages (i.e. taken out of their conversational context). This large corpus of more than 380k annotated messages opens perspectives for online abuse detection and especially for context-based approaches. We also propose, in addition to this corpus, a complete benchmarking platform to stimulate and fairly compare scientific works around the problem of content abuse detection, trying to avoid the recurring problem of result replication. Finally, we apply two classification methods to our dataset to demonstrate its potential.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cécillon, Noé and Labatut, Vincent and Dufour, Richard and Linarès, Georges},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1382--1390},
}

@inproceedings{zotova_multilingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multilingual {Stance} {Detection} in {Tweets}: {The} {Catalonia} {Independence} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.171},
	abstract = {Stance detection aims to determine the attitude of a given text with respect to a specific topic or claim. While stance detection has been fairly well researched in the last years, most the work has been focused on English. This is mainly due to the relative lack of annotated data in other languages. The TW-10 referendum Dataset released at IberEval 2018 is a previous effort to provide multilingual stance-annotated data in Catalan and Spanish. Unfortunately, the TW-10 Catalan subset is extremely imbalanced. This paper addresses these issues by presenting a new multilingual dataset for stance detection in Twitter for the Catalan and Spanish languages, with the aim of facilitating research on stance detection in multilingual and cross-lingual settings. The dataset is annotated with stance towards one topic, namely, the ndependence of Catalonia. We also provide a semi-automatic method to annotate the dataset based on a categorization of Twitter users. We experiment on the new corpus with a number of supervised approaches, including linear classifiers and deep learning methods. Comparison of our new corpus with the with the TW-1O dataset shows both the benefits and potential of a well balanced corpus for multilingual and cross-lingual research on stance detection. Finally, we establish new state-of-the-art results on the TW-10 dataset, both for Catalan and Spanish.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Zotova, Elena and Agerri, Rodrigo and Nuñez, Manuel and Rigau, German},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1368--1375},
}

@inproceedings{hamoui_flodusta_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{FloDusTA}: {Saudi} {Tweets} {Dataset} for {Flood}, {Dust} {Storm}, and {Traffic} {Accident} {Events}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.174},
	abstract = {The rise of social media platforms makes it a valuable information source of recent events and users’ perspective towards them. Twitter has been one of the most important communication platforms in recent years. Event detection, one of the information extraction aspects, involves identifying specified types of events in the text. Detecting events from tweets can help to predict real-world events precisely. A serious challenge that faces Arabic event detection is the lack of Arabic datasets that can be exploited in detecting events. This paper will describe FloDusTA, which is a dataset of tweets that we have built for the purpose of developing an event detection system. The dataset contains tweets written in both Modern Standard Arabic and Saudi dialect. The process of building the dataset starting from tweets collection to annotation by human annotators will be present. The tweets are labeled with four labels: flood, dust storm, traffic accident, and non-event. The dataset was tested for classification and the result was strongly encouraging.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hamoui, Btool and Mars, Mourad and Almotairi, Khaled},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1391--1396},
}

@inproceedings{moeed_evaluation_2020-1,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Evaluation} of {Progressive} {Neural} {Networksfor} {Transfer} {Learning} in {Natural} {Language} {Processing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.172},
	abstract = {A major challenge in modern neural networks is the utilization of previous knowledge for new tasks in an effective manner, otherwise known as transfer learning. Fine-tuning, the most widely used method for achieving this, suffers from catastrophic forgetting. The problem is often exacerbated in natural language processing (NLP). In this work, we assess progressive neural networks (PNNs) as an alternative to fine-tuning. The evaluation is based on common NLP tasks such as sequence labeling and text classification. By gauging PNNs across a range of architectures, datasets, and tasks, we observe improvements over the baselines throughout all experiments.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moeed, Abdul and Hagerer, Gerhard and Dugar, Sumit and Gupta, Sarthak and Ghosh, Mainak and Danner, Hannah and Mitevski, Oliver and Nawroth, Andreas and Groh, Georg},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1376--1381},
}

@inproceedings{moseley_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} for {Detecting} {High}-{Context} {Medical} {Conditions} in {Intensive} {Care} {Patient} {Notes} {Focusing} on {Frequently} {Readmitted} {Patients}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.170},
	abstract = {A crucial step within secondary analysis of electronic health records (EHRs) is to identify the patient cohort under investigation. While EHRs contain medical billing codes that aim to represent the conditions and treatments patients may have, much of the information is only present in the patient notes. Therefore, it is critical to develop robust algorithms to infer patients' conditions and treatments from their written notes. In this paper, we introduce a dataset for patient phenotyping, a task that is defined as the identification of whether a patient has a given medical condition (also referred to as clinical indication or phenotype) based on their patient note. Nursing Progress Notes and Discharge Summaries from the Intensive Care Unit of a large tertiary care hospital were manually annotated for the presence of several high-context phenotypes relevant to treatment and risk of re-hospitalization. This dataset contains 1102 Discharge Summaries and 1000 Nursing Progress Notes. Each Discharge Summary and Progress Note has been annotated by at least two expert human annotators (one clinical researcher and one resident physician). Annotated phenotypes include treatment non-adherence, chronic pain, advanced/metastatic cancer, as well as 10 other phenotypes. This dataset can be utilized for academic and industrial research in medicine and computer science, particularly within the field of medical natural language processing.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moseley, Edward T. and Wu, Joy T. and Welt, Jonathan and Foote, John and Tyler, Patrick D. and Grant, David W. and Carlson, Eric T. and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Dernoncourt, Franck and Celi, Leo Anthony},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1362--1367},
}

@inproceedings{hoge_cortical_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cortical {Speech} {Databases} {For} {Deciphering} the {Articulatory} {Code}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.17},
	abstract = {The paper relates to following ‘AC-hypotheses’: The articulatory code (AC) is a neural code exchanging multi-item messages between the short-term memory and cortical areas as the vSMC and STG. In these areas already neurons active in the presence of articulatory features have been measured. The AC codes the content of speech segmented in chunks and is the same for both modalities - speech perception and speech production. Each AC-message is related to a syllable. The items of each message relate to coordinated articulatory gestures composing the syllable. The mechanism to transport the AC and to segment the auditory signal is based on Ɵ/γ-oscillations, where a Ɵ-cycle has the duration of a Ɵ-syllable. The paper describes the findings from neuroscience, phonetics and the science of evolution leading to the AC-hypotheses. The paper proposes to verify the AC-hypotheses by measuring the activity of all ensembles of neurons coding and decoding the AC. Due to state of the art, the cortical measurements to be prepared, done and further processed need a high effort from scientists active in different areas. We propose to launch a project to produce cortical speech databases with cortical recordings synchronized with the speech signal allowing to decipher the articulatory code.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Höge, Harald},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {133--137},
}

@inproceedings{gala_alector_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Alector: {A} {Parallel} {Corpus} of {Simplified} {French} {Texts} with {Alignments} of {Misreadings} by {Poor} and {Dyslexic} {Readers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.169},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a new parallel corpus addressed to researchers, teachers, and speech therapists interested in text simplification as a means of alleviating difficulties in children learning to read. The corpus is composed of excerpts drawn from 79 authentic literary (tales, stories) and scientific (documentary) texts commonly used in French schools for children aged between 7 to 9 years old. The excerpts were manually simplified at the lexical, morpho-syntactic, and discourse levels in order to propose a parallel corpus for reading tests and for the development of automatic text simplification tools. A sample of 21 poor-reading and dyslexic children with an average reading delay of 2.5 years read a portion of the corpus. The transcripts of readings errors were integrated into the corpus with the goal of identifying lexical difficulty in the target population. By means of statistical testing, we provide evidence that the manual simplifications significantly reduced reading errors, highlighting that the words targeted for simplification were not only well-chosen but also substituted with substantially easier alternatives. The entire corpus is available for consultation through a web interface and available on demand for research purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gala, Núria and Tack, Anaïs and Javourey-Drevet, Ludivine and François, Thomas and Ziegler, Johannes C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1353--1361},
}

@inproceedings{tseng_development_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Development and {Validation} of a {Corpus} for {Machine} {Humor} {Comprehension}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.168},
	abstract = {This work developed a Chinese humor corpus containing 3,365 jokes collected from over 40 sources. Each joke was labeled with five levels of funniness, eight skill sets of humor, and six dimensions of intent by only one annotator. To validate the manual labels, we trained SVM (Support Vector Machine) and BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) with half of the corpus (labeled by one annotator) to predict the skill and intent labels of the other half (labeled by the other annotator). Based on two assumptions that a valid manually labeled corpus should follow, our results showed the validity for the skill and intent labels. As to the funniness label, the validation results showed that the correlation between the corpus label and user feedback rating is marginal, which implies that the funniness level is a harder annotation problem to be solved. The contribution of this work is two folds: 1) a Chinese humor corpus is developed with labels of humor skills, intents, and funniness, which allows machines to learn more intricate humor framing, effect, and amusing level to predict and respond in proper context (https://github.com/SamTseng/Chinese\_Humor\_MultiLabeled). 2) An approach to verify whether a minimum human labeled corpus is valid or not, which facilitates the validation of low-resource corpora.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tseng, Yuen-Hsien and Wu, Wun-Syuan and Chang, Chia-Yueh and Chen, Hsueh-Chih and Hsu, Wei-Lun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1346--1352},
}

@inproceedings{alkhereyf_email_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Email {Classification} {Incorporating} {Social} {Networks} and {Thread} {Structure}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.167},
	abstract = {Existing methods for different document classification tasks in the context of social networks typically only capture the semantics of texts, while ignoring the users who exchange the text and the network they form. However, some work has shown that incorporating the social network information in addition to information from language is effective for various NLP applications including sentiment analysis, inferring user attributes, and predicting inter-personal relations. In this paper, we present an empirical study of email classification into “Business” and “Personal” categories. We represent the email communication using various graph structures. As features, we use both the textual information from the email content and social network information from the communication graphs. We also model the thread structure for emails. We focus on detecting personal emails, and we evaluate our methods on two corpora, only one of which we train on. The experimental results reveal that incorporating social network information improves over the performance of an approach based on textual information only. The results also show that considering the thread structure of emails improves the performance further. Furthermore, our approach improves over a state-of-the-art baseline which uses node embeddings based on both lexical and social network information.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Alkhereyf, Sakhar and Rambow, Owen},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1336--1345},
}

@inproceedings{el-haj_habibi_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Habibi - a multi {Dialect} multi {National} {Arabic} {Song} {Lyrics} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.165},
	abstract = {This paper introduces Habibi the first Arabic Song Lyrics corpus. The corpus comprises more than 30,000 Arabic song lyrics in 6 Arabic dialects for singers from 18 different Arabic countries. The lyrics are segmented into more than 500,000 sentences (song verses) with more than 3.5 million words. I provide the corpus in both comma separated value (csv) and annotated plain text (txt) file formats. In addition, I converted the csv version into JavaScript Object Notation (json) and eXtensible Markup Language (xml) file formats. To experiment with the corpus I run extensive binary and multi-class experiments for dialect and country-of-origin identification. The identification tasks include the use of several classical machine learning and deep learning models utilising different word embeddings. For the binary dialect identification task the best performing classifier achieved a testing accuracy of 93\%. This was achieved using a word-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) utilising a Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) word embeddings model. The results overall show all classical and deep learning models to outperform our baseline, which demonstrates the suitability of the corpus for both dialect and country-of-origin identification tasks. I am making the corpus and the trained CBOW word embeddings freely available for research purposes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {El-Haj, Mahmoud},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1318--1326},
}

@inproceedings{shafaei_age_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Age {Suitability} {Rating}: {Predicting} the {MPAA} {Rating} {Based} on {Movie} {Dialogues}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.166},
	abstract = {Movies help us learn and inspire societal change. But they can also contain objectionable content that negatively affects viewers' behaviour, especially children. In this paper, our goal is to predict the suitability of movie content for children and young adults based on scripts. The criterion that we use to measure suitability is the MPAA rating that is specifically designed for this purpose. We create a corpus for movie MPAA ratings and propose an RNN based architecture with attention that jointly models the genre and the emotions in the script to predict the MPAA rating. We achieve 81\% weighted F1-score for the classification model that outperforms the traditional machine learning method by 7\%.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Shafaei, Mahsa and Safi Samghabadi, Niloofar and Kar, Sudipta and Solorio, Thamar},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1327--1335},
}

@inproceedings{mohamed_first_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {First} {Dataset} for {Film} {Age} {Appropriateness} {Investigation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.164},
	abstract = {Film age appropriateness classification is an important problem with a significant societal impact that has so far been out of the interest of Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning researchers. To this end, we have collected a corpus of 17000 films along with their age ratings. We use the textual contents in an experiment to predict the correct age classification for the United States (G, PG, PG-13, R and NC-17) and the United Kingdom (U, PG, 12A, 15, 18 and R18). Our experiments indicate that gradient boosting machines beat FastText and various Deep Learning architectures. We reach an overall accuracy of 79.3\% for the US ratings compared to a projected super human accuracy of 84\%. For the UK ratings, we reach an overall accuracy of 65.3\% (UK) compared to a projected super human accuracy of 80.0\%.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mohamed, Emad and Ha, Le An},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1311--1317},
}

@inproceedings{song_using_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Using {Deep} {Neural} {Networks} with {Intra}- and {Inter}-{Sentence} {Context} to {Classify} {Suicidal} {Behaviour}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.163},
	abstract = {Identifying statements related to suicidal behaviour in psychiatric electronic health records (EHRs) is an important step when modeling that behaviour, and when assessing suicide risk. We apply a deep neural network based classification model with a lightweight context encoder, to classify sentence level suicidal behaviour in EHRs. We show that incorporating information from sentences to left and right of the target sentence significantly improves classification accuracy. Our approach achieved the best performance when classifying suicidal behaviour in Autism Spectrum Disorder patient records. The results could have implications for suicidality research and clinical surveillance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Song, Xingyi and Downs, Johnny and Velupillai, Sumithra and Holden, Rachel and Kikoler, Maxim and Bontcheva, Kalina and Dutta, Rina and Roberts, Angus},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1303--1310},
}

@inproceedings{ortmann_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Orality} {Identification} in {Historical} {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.162},
	abstract = {Independently of the medial representation (written/spoken), language can exhibit characteristics of conceptual orality or literacy, which mainly manifest themselves on the lexical or syntactic level. In this paper we aim at automatically identifying conceptually-oral historical texts, with the ultimate goal of gaining knowledge about spoken data of historical time stages. We apply a set of general linguistic features that have been proven to be effective for the classification of modern language data to historical German texts from various registers. Many of the features turn out to be equally useful in determining the conceptuality of historical data as they are for modern data, especially the frequency of different types of pronouns and the ratio of verbs to nouns. Other features like sentence length, particles or interjections point to peculiarities of the historical data and reveal problems with the adoption of a feature set that was developed on modern language data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ortmann, Katrin and Dipper, Stefanie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1293--1302},
}

@inproceedings{van_der_meulen_factcorp_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{FactCorp}: {A} {Corpus} of {Dutch} {Fact}-checks and its {Multiple} {Usages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.161},
	abstract = {Fact-checking information before publication has long been a core task for journalists, but recent times have seen the emergence of dedicated news items specifically aimed at fact-checking after publication. This relatively new form of fact-checking receives a fair amount of attention from academics, with current research focusing mostly on journalists’ motivations for publishing post-hoc fact-checks, the effects of fact-checking on the perceived accuracy of false claims, and the creation of computational tools for automatic fact-checking. In this paper, we propose to study fact-checks from a corpus linguistic perspective. This will enable us to gain insight in the scope and contents of fact-checks, to investigate what fact-checks can teach us about the way in which science appears (incorrectly) in the news, and to see how fact-checks behave in the science communication landscape. We report on the creation of FactCorp, a 1,16 million-word corpus containing 1,974 fact-checks from three major Dutch newspapers. We also present results of several exploratory analyses, including a rhetorical moves analysis, a qualitative content elements analysis, and keyword analyses. Through these analyses, we aim to demonstrate the wealth of possible applications that FactCorp allows, thereby stressing the importance of creating such resources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {van der Meulen, Marten and Reijnierse, W. Gudrun},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1286--1292},
}

@inproceedings{goncalo_oliveira_corpora_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpora and {Baselines} for {Humour} {Recognition} in {Portuguese}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.160},
	abstract = {Having in mind the lack of work on the automatic recognition of verbal humour in Portuguese, a topic connected with fluency in a natural language, we describe the creation of three corpora, covering two styles of humour and four sources of non-humorous text, that may be used for related studies. We then report on some experiments where the created corpora were used for training and testing computational models that exploit content and linguistic features for humour recognition. The obtained results helped us taking some conclusions about this challenge and may be seen as baselines for those willing to tackle it in the future, using the same corpora.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gonçalo Oliveira, Hugo and Clemêncio, André and Alves, Ana},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1278--1285},
}

@inproceedings{neerbek_real-world_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Real}-{World} {Data} {Resource} of {Complex} {Sensitive} {Sentences} {Based} on {Documents} from the {Monsanto} {Trial}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.158},
	abstract = {In this work we present a corpus for the evaluation of sensitive information detection approaches that addresses the need for real world sensitive information for empirical studies. Our sentence corpus contains different notions of complex sensitive information that correspond to different aspects of concern in a current trial of the Monsanto company. This paper describes the annotations process, where we both employ human annotators and furthermore create automatically inferred labels regarding technical, legal and informal communication within and with employees of Monsanto, drawing on a classification of documents by lawyers involved in the Monsanto court case. We release corpus of high quality sentences and parse trees with these two types of labels on sentence level. We characterize the sensitive information via several representative sensitive information detection models, in particular both keyword-based (n-gram) approaches and recent deep learning models, namely, recurrent neural networks (LSTM) and recursive neural networks (RecNN). Data and code are made publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Neerbek, Jan and Eskildsen, Morten and Dolog, Peter and Assent, Ira},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1258--1267},
}

@inproceedings{hirao_automated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automated {Essay} {Scoring} {System} for {Nonnative} {Japanese} {Learners}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.157},
	abstract = {In this study, we created an automated essay scoring (AES) system for nonnative Japanese learners using an essay dataset with annotations for a holistic score and multiple trait scores, including content, organization, and language scores. In particular, we developed AES systems using two different approaches: a feature-based approach and a neural-network-based approach. In the former approach, we used Japanese-specific linguistic features, including character-type features such as “kanji” and “hiragana.” In the latter approach, we used two models: a long short-term memory (LSTM) model (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997) and a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model (Devlin et al., 2019), which achieved the highest accuracy in various natural language processing tasks in 2018. Overall, the BERT model achieved the best root mean squared error and quadratic weighted kappa scores. In addition, we analyzed the robustness of the outputs of the BERT model. We have released and shared this system to facilitate further research on AES for Japanese as a second language learners.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Hirao, Reo and Arai, Mio and Shimanaka, Hiroki and Katsumata, Satoru and Komachi, Mamoru},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1250--1257},
}

@inproceedings{rodier_online_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Online {Near}-{Duplicate} {Detection} of {News} {Articles}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.156},
	abstract = {Near-duplicate documents are particularly common in news media corpora. Editors often update wirefeed articles to address space constraints in print editions or to add local context; journalists often lightly modify previous articles with new information or minor corrections. Near-duplicate documents have potentially significant costs, including bloating corpora with redundant information (biasing techniques built upon such corpora) and requiring additional human and computational analytic resources for marginal benefit. Filtering near-duplicates out of a collection is thus important, and is particularly challenging in applications that require them to be filtered out in real-time with high precision. Previous near-duplicate detection methods typically work offline to identify all near-duplicate pairs in a set of documents. We propose an online system which flags a near-duplicate document by finding its most likely original. This system adapts the shingling algorithm proposed by Broder (1997), and we test it on a challenging dataset of web-based news articles. Our online system presents state-of-the-art F1-scores, and can be tuned to trade precision for recall and vice-versa. Given its performance and online nature, our method can be used in many real-world applications. We present one such application, filtering near-duplicates to improve productivity of human analysts in a situational awareness tool.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rodier, Simon and Carter, Dave},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1242--1249},
}

@inproceedings{mikhalkova_modelling_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Modelling {Narrative} {Elements} in a {Short} {Story}: {A} {Study} on {Annotation} {Schemes} and {Guidelines}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.16},
	abstract = {Text-processing algorithms that annotate main components of a story-line are presently in great need of corpora and well-agreed annotation schemes. The Text World Theory of cognitive linguistics offers a model that generalizes a narrative structure in the form of world building elements (characters, time and space) as well as text worlds themselves and switches between them. We have conducted a survey on how text worlds and their elements are annotated in different projects and proposed our own annotation scheme and instructions. We tested them, first, on the science fiction story “We Can Remember It for You Wholesale” by Philip K. Dick. Then we corrected the guidelines and added computer annotation of verb forms with the purpose to get a higher raters' agreement and tested them again on the short story “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry. As a result, the agreement among the three raters has risen. With due revision and tests, our annotation scheme and guidelines can be used for annotating narratives in corpora of literary texts, criminal evidence, teaching materials, quests, etc.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mikhalkova, Elena and Protasov, Timofei and Sokolova, Polina and Bashmakova, Anastasiia and Drozdova, Anastasiia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {126--132},
}

@inproceedings{lazaridou_discovering_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Discovering {Biased} {News} {Articles} {Leveraging} {Multiple} {Human} {Annotations}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.159},
	abstract = {Unbiased and fair reporting is an integral part of ethical journalism. Yet, political propaganda and one-sided views can be found in the news and can cause distrust in media. Both accidental and deliberate political bias affect the readers and shape their views. We contribute to a trustworthy media ecosystem by automatically identifying politically biased news articles. We introduce novel corpora annotated by two communities, i.e., domain experts and crowd workers, and we also consider automatic article labels inferred by the newspapers’ ideologies. Our goal is to compare domain experts to crowd workers and also to prove that media bias can be detected automatically. We classify news articles with a neural network and we also improve our performance in a self-supervised manner.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lazaridou, Konstantina and Löser, Alexander and Mestre, Maria and Naumann, Felix},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1268--1277},
}

@inproceedings{tuggener_ledgar_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LEDGAR}: {A} {Large}-{Scale} {Multi}-label {Corpus} for {Text} {Classification} of {Legal} {Provisions} in {Contracts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.155},
	abstract = {We present LEDGAR, a multilabel corpus of legal provisions in contracts. The corpus was crawled and scraped from the public domain (SEC filings) and is, to the best of our knowledge, the first freely available corpus of its kind. Since the corpus was constructed semi-automatically, we apply and discuss various approaches to noise removal. Due to the rather large labelset of over 12'000 labels annotated in almost 100'000 provisions in over 60'000 contracts, we believe the corpus to be of interest for research in the field of Legal NLP, (large-scale or extreme) text classification, as well as for legal studies. We discuss several methods to sample subcopora from the corpus and implement and evaluate different automatic classification approaches. Finally, we perform transfer experiments to evaluate how well the classifiers perform on contracts stemming from outside the corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Tuggener, Don and von Däniken, Pius and Peetz, Thomas and Cieliebak, Mark},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1235--1241},
}

@inproceedings{dias_cross-domain_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-domain {Author} {Gender} {Classification} in {Brazilian} {Portuguese}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.154},
	abstract = {Author profiling models predict demographic characteristics of a target author based on the text that they have written. Systems of this kind will often follow a single-domain approach, in which the model is trained from a corpus of labelled texts in a given domain, and it is subsequently validated against a test corpus built from precisely the same domain. Although single-domain settings are arguably ideal, this strategy gives rise to the question of how to proceed when no suitable training corpus (i.e., a corpus that matches the test domain) is available. To shed light on this issue, this paper discusses a cross-domain gender classification task based on four domains (Facebook, crowd sourced opinions, Blogs and {\textbackslash}mboxE-gov requests) in the Brazilian Portuguese language. A number of simple gender classification models using word- and psycholinguistics-based features alike are introduced, and their results are compared in two kinds of cross-domain setting: first, by making use of a single text source as training data for each task, and subsequently by combining multiple sources. Results confirm previous findings related to the effects of corpus size and domain similarity in English, and pave the way for further studies in the field.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dias, Rafael and Paraboni, Ivandré},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1227--1234},
}

@inproceedings{slovikovskaya_transfer_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Transfer {Learning} from {Transformers} to {Fake} {News} {Challenge} {Stance} {Detection} ({FNC}-1) {Task}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.152},
	abstract = {Transformer models, trained and publicly released over the last couple of years, have proved effective in many NLP tasks. We wished to test their usefulness in particular on the stance detection task. We performed experiments on the data from the Fake News Challenge Stage 1 (FNC-1). We were indeed able to improve the reported SotA on the challenge, by exploiting the generalization power of large language models based on Transformer architecture. Specifically (1) we improved the FNC-1 best performing model adding BERT sentence embedding of input sequences as a model feature, (2) we fine-tuned BERT, XLNet, and RoBERTa transformers on FNC-1 extended dataset and obtained state-of-the-art results on FNC-1 task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Slovikovskaya, Valeriya and Attardi, Giuseppe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1211--1218},
}

@inproceedings{ginev_scientific_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Scientific {Statement} {Classification} over {arXiv}.org},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.153},
	abstract = {We introduce a new classification task for scientific statements and release a large-scale dataset for supervised learning. Our resource is derived from a machine-readable representation of the arXiv.org collection of preprint articles. We explore fifty author-annotated categories and empirically motivate a task design of grouping 10.5 million annotated paragraphs into thirteen classes. We demonstrate that the task setup aligns with known success rates from the state of the art, peaking at a 0.91 F1-score via a BiLSTM encoder-decoder model. Additionally, we introduce a lexeme serialization for mathematical formulas, and observe that context-aware models could improve when also trained on the symbolic modality. Finally, we discuss the limitations of both data and task design, and outline potential directions towards increasingly complex models of scientific discourse, beyond isolated statements.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ginev, Deyan and Miller, Bruce R},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1219--1226},
}

@inproceedings{moudjari_algerian_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Algerian} {Corpus} and an {Annotation} {Platform} for {Opinion} and {Emotion} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.151},
	abstract = {In this paper, we address the lack of resources for opinion and emotion analysis related to North African dialects, targeting Algerian dialect. We present TWIFIL (TWItter proFILing) a collaborative annotation platform for crowdsourcing annotation of tweets at different levels of granularity. The plateform allowed the creation of the largest Algerian dialect dataset annotated for both sentiment (9,000 tweets), emotion (about 5,000 tweets) and extra-linguistic information including author profiling (age and gender). The annotation resulted also in the creation of the largest Algerien dialect subjectivity lexicon of about 9,000 entries which can constitute a valuable resources for the development of future NLP applications for Algerian dialect. To test the validity of the dataset, a set of deep learning experiments were conducted to classify a given tweet as positive, negative or neutral. We discuss our results and provide an error analysis to better identify classification errors.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Moudjari, Leila and Akli-Astouati, Karima and Benamara, Farah},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1202--1210},
}

@inproceedings{shavarani_multi-class_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Multi-class {Multilingual} {Classification} of {Wikipedia} {Articles} {Using} {Extended} {Named} {Entity} {Tag} {Set}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.150},
	abstract = {Wikipedia is a great source of general world knowledge which can guide NLP models better understand their motivation to make predictions. Structuring Wikipedia is the initial step towards this goal which can facilitate fine-grain classification of articles. In this work, we introduce the Shinra 5-Language Categorization Dataset (SHINRA-5LDS), a large multi-lingual and multi-labeled set of annotated Wikipedia articles in Japanese, English, French, German, and Farsi using Extended Named Entity (ENE) tag set. We evaluate the dataset using the best models provided for ENE label set classification and show that the currently available classification models struggle with large datasets using fine-grained tag sets.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Shavarani, Hassan S. and Sekine, Satoshi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1197--1201},
}

@inproceedings{bhattasali_alice_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Alice} {Datasets}: {fMRI} \& {EEG} {Observations} of {Natural} {Language} {Comprehension}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.15},
	abstract = {The Alice Datasets are a set of datasets based on magnetic resonance data and electrophysiological data, collected while participants heard a story in English. Along with the datasets and the text of the story, we provide a variety of different linguistic and computational measures ranging from prosodic predictors to predictors capturing hierarchical syntactic information. These ecologically valid datasets can be easily reused to replicate prior work and to test new hypotheses about natural language comprehension in the brain.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bhattasali, Shohini and Brennan, Jonathan and Luh, Wen-Ming and Franzluebbers, Berta and Hale, John},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {120--125},
}

@inproceedings{dhanwal_annotated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Annotated} {Dataset} of {Discourse} {Modes} in {Hindi} {Stories}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.149},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a new corpus consisting of sentences from Hindi short stories annotated for five different discourse modes argumentative, narrative, descriptive, dialogic and informative. We present a detailed account of the entire data collection and annotation processes. The annotations have a very high inter-annotator agreement (0.87 k-alpha). We analyze the data in terms of label distributions, part of speech tags, and sentence lengths. We characterize the performance of various classification algorithms on this dataset and perform ablation studies to understand the nature of the linguistic models suitable for capturing the nuances of the embedded discourse structures in the presented corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dhanwal, Swapnil and Dutta, Hritwik and Nankani, Hitesh and Shrivastava, Nilay and Kumar, Yaman and Li, Junyi Jessy and Mahata, Debanjan and Gosangi, Rakesh and Zhang, Haimin and Shah, Rajiv Ratn and Stent, Amanda},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1191--1196},
}

@inproceedings{straton_stigma_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Stigma {Annotation} {Scheme} and {Stigmatized} {Language} {Detection} in {Health}-{Care} {Discussions} on {Social} {Media}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.148},
	abstract = {Much research has been done within the social sciences on the interpretation and influence of stigma on human behaviour and health, which result in out-of-group exclusion, distancing, cognitive separation, status loss, discrimination, in-group pressure, and often lead to disengagement, non-adherence to treatment plan, and prescriptions by the doctor. However, little work has been conducted on computational identification of stigma in general and in social media discourse in particular. In this paper, we develop the annotation scheme and improve the annotation process for stigma identification, which can be applied to other health-care domains. The data from pro-vaccination and anti-vaccination discussion groups are annotated by trained annotators who have professional background in social science and health-care studies, therefore the group can be considered experts on the subject in comparison to non-expert crowd. Amazon MTurk annotators is another group of annotator with no knowledge on their education background, they are initially treated as non-expert crowd on the subject matter of stigma. We analyze the annotations with visualisation techniques, features from LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) list and make prediction based on bi-grams with traditional and deep learning models. Data augmentation method and application of CNN show high performance accuracy in comparison to other models. Success of the rigorous annotation process on identifying stigma is reconfirmed by achieving high prediction rate with CNN.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Straton, Nadiya and Jang, Hyeju and Ng, Raymond},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1178--1190},
}

@inproceedings{kishimoto_adapting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Adapting {BERT} to {Implicit} {Discourse} {Relation} {Classification} with a {Focus} on {Discourse} {Connectives}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.145},
	abstract = {BERT, a neural network-based language model pre-trained on large corpora, is a breakthrough in natural language processing, significantly outperforming previous state-of-the-art models in numerous tasks. However, there have been few reports on its application to implicit discourse relation classification, and it is not clear how BERT is best adapted to the task. In this paper, we test three methods of adaptation. (1) We perform additional pre-training on text tailored to discourse classification. (2) In expectation of knowledge transfer from explicit discourse relations to implicit discourse relations, we add a task named explicit connective prediction at the additional pre-training step. (3) To exploit implicit connectives given by treebank annotators, we add a task named implicit connective prediction at the fine-tuning step. We demonstrate that these three techniques can be combined straightforwardly in a single training pipeline. Through comprehensive experiments, we found that the first and second techniques provide additional gain while the last one did not.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kishimoto, Yudai and Murawaki, Yugo and Kurohashi, Sadao},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1152--1158},
}

@inproceedings{wilkens_simplifying_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Simplifying {Coreference} {Chains} for {Dyslexic} {Children}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.144},
	abstract = {We present a work aiming to generate adapted content for dyslexic children for French, in the context of the ALECTOR project. Thus, we developed a system to transform the texts at the discourse level. This system modifies the coreference chains, which are markers of text cohesion, by using rules. These rules were designed following a careful study of coreference chains in both original texts and its simplified versions. Moreover, in order to define reliable transformation rules, we analysed several coreference properties as well as the concurrent simplification operations in the aligned texts. This information is coded together with a coreference resolution system and a text rewritten tool in the proposed system, which comprise a coreference module specialised in written text and seven text transformation operations. The evaluation of the system firstly focused on check the simplification by manual validation of three judges. These errors were grouped into five classes that combined can explain 93\% of the errors. The second evaluation step consisted of measuring the simplification perception by 23 judges, which allow us to measure the simplification impact of the proposed rules.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wilkens, Rodrigo and Todirascu, Amalia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1142--1151},
}

@inproceedings{mirovsky_czedlex_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{CzeDLex} 0.6 and its {Representation} in the {PML}-{TQ}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.142},
	abstract = {CzeDLex is an electronic lexicon of Czech discourse connectives with its data coming from a large treebank annotated with discourse relations. Its new version CzeDLex 0.6 (as compared with the previous version 0.5, which was published in 2017) is significantly larger with respect to manually processed entries. Also, its structure has been modified to allow for primary connectives to appear with multiple entries for a single discourse sense. The lexicon comes in several formats, being both human and machine readable, and is available for searching in PML Tree Query, a user-friendly and powerful search tool for all kinds of linguistically annotated treebanks. The main purpose of this paper/demo is to present the new version of the lexicon and to demonstrate possibilities of mining various types of information from the lexicon using PML Tree Query; we present several examples of search queries over the lexicon data along with their results. The new version of the lexicon, CzeDLex 0.6, is available on-line and was officially released in December 2019 under the Creative Commons License.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mírovský, Jiří and Poláková, Lucie and Synková, Pavlína},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1128--1134},
}

@inproceedings{farzana_modeling_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Modeling {Dialogue} in {Conversational} {Cognitive} {Health} {Screening} {Interviews}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.147},
	abstract = {Automating straightforward clinical tasks can reduce workload for healthcare professionals, increase accessibility for geographically-isolated patients, and alleviate some of the economic burdens associated with healthcare. A variety of preliminary screening procedures are potentially suitable for automation, and one such domain that has remained underexplored to date is that of structured clinical interviews. A task-specific dialogue agent is needed to automate the collection of conversational speech for further (either manual or automated) analysis, and to build such an agent, a dialogue manager must be trained to respond to patient utterances in a manner similar to a human interviewer. To facilitate the development of such an agent, we propose an annotation schema for assigning dialogue act labels to utterances in patient-interviewer conversations collected as part of a clinically-validated cognitive health screening task. We build a labeled corpus using the schema, and show that it is characterized by high inter-annotator agreement. We establish a benchmark dialogue act classification model for the corpus, thereby providing a proof of concept for the proposed annotation schema. The resulting dialogue act corpus is the first such corpus specifically designed to facilitate automated cognitive health screening, and lays the groundwork for future exploration in this area.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Farzana, Shahla and Valizadeh, Mina and Parde, Natalie},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1167--1177},
}

@inproceedings{barbedette_what_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {What {Speakers} really {Mean} when they {Ask} {Questions}: {Classification} of {Intentions} with a {Supervised} {Approach}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.146},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on the automatic detection of hidden intentions of speakers in questions asked during meals. Our corpus is composed of a set of transcripts of spontaneous oral conversations from ESLO's corpora. We suggest a typology of these intentions based on our research work and the exploration and annotation of the corpus, in which we define two "explicit" categories (request for agreement and request for information) and three "implicit" categories (opinion, will and doubt). We implement a supervised automatic classification model based on annotated data and selected linguistic features and we evaluate its results and performances. We finally try to interpret these results by looking more deeply and specifically into the predictions of the algorithm and the features it used. There are many motivations for this work which are part of ongoing challenges such as opinion analysis, irony detection or the development of conversational agents.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Barbedette, Angèle and Eshkol-Taravella, Iris},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1159--1166},
}

@inproceedings{egawa_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpus for {Modeling} {User} {Interactions} in {Online} {Persuasive} {Discussions}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.143},
	abstract = {Persuasions are common in online arguments such as discussion forums. To analyze persuasive strategies, it is important to understand how individuals construct posts and comments based on the semantics of the argumentative components. In addition to understanding how we construct arguments, understanding how a user post interacts with other posts (i.e., argumentative inter-post relation) still remains a challenge. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel annotation scheme and corpus that capture both user-generated inner-post arguments and inter-post relations between users in ChangeMyView, a persuasive forum. Our corpus consists of arguments with 4612 elementary units (EUs) (i.e., propositions), 2713 EU-to-EU argumentative relations, and 605 inter-post argumentative relations in 115 threads. We analyzed the annotated corpus to identify the characteristics of online persuasive arguments, and the results revealed persuasive documents have more claims than non-persuasive ones and different interaction patterns among persuasive and non-persuasive documents. Our corpus can be used as a resource for analyzing persuasiveness and training an argument mining system to identify and extract argument structures. The annotated corpus and annotation guidelines have been made publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Egawa, Ryo and Morio, Gaku and Fujita, Katsuhide},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1135--1141},
}

@inproceedings{westera_ted-q_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TED}-{Q}: {TED} {Talks} and the {Questions} they {Evoke}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.141},
	abstract = {We present a new dataset of TED-talks annotated with the questions they evoke and, where available, the answers to these questions. Evoked questions represent a hitherto mostly unexplored type of linguistic data, which promises to open up important new lines of research, especially related to the Question Under Discussion (QUD)-based approach to discourse structure. In this paper we introduce the method and open the first installment of our data to the public. We summarize and explore the current dataset, illustrate its potential by providing new evidence for the relation between predictability and implicitness – capitalizing on the already existing PDTB-style annotations for the texts we use – and outline its potential for future research. The dataset should be of interest, at its current scale, to researchers on formal and experimental pragmatics, discourse coherence, information structure, discourse expectations and processing. Our data-gathering procedure is designed to scale up, relying on crowdsourcing by non-expert annotators, with its utility for Natural Language Processing in mind (e.g., dialogue systems, conversational question answering).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Westera, Matthijs and Mayol, Laia and Rohde, Hannah},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1118--1127},
}

@inproceedings{xiang_affection_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Affection {Driven} {Neural} {Networks} for {Sentiment} {Analysis}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.14},
	abstract = {Deep neural network models have played a critical role in sentiment analysis with promising results in the recent decade. One of the essential challenges, however, is how external sentiment knowledge can be effectively utilized. In this work, we propose a novel affection-driven approach to incorporating affective knowledge into neural network models. The affective knowledge is obtained in the form of a lexicon under the Affect Control Theory (ACT), which is represented by vectors of three-dimensional attributes in Evaluation, Potency, and Activity (EPA). The EPA vectors are mapped to an affective influence value and then integrated into Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) models to highlight affective terms. Experimental results show a consistent improvement of our approach over conventional LSTM models by 1.0\% to 1.5\% in accuracy on three large benchmark datasets. Evaluations across a variety of algorithms have also proven the effectiveness of leveraging affective terms for deep model enhancement.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Xiang, Rong and Long, Yunfei and Wan, Mingyu and Gu, Jinghang and Lu, Qin and Huang, Chu-Ren},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {112--119},
}

@inproceedings{knaebel_semi-supervised_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Semi-{Supervised} {Tri}-{Training} for {Explicit} {Discourse} {Argument} {Expansion}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.139},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel application of semi-supervision for shallow discourse parsing. We use a neural approach for sequence tagging and focus on the extraction of explicit discourse arguments. First, additional unlabeled data is prepared for semi-supervised learning. From this data, weak annotations are generated in a first setting and later used in another setting to study performance differences. In our studies, we show an increase in the performance of our models that ranges between 2-10\% F1 score. Further, we give some insights to the generated discourse annotations and compare the developed additional relations with the training relations. We release this new dataset of explicit discourse arguments to enable the training of large statistical models.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Knaebel, Rene and Stede, Manfred},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1103--1109},
}

@inproceedings{das_dimlex-bangla_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DiMLex}-{Bangla}: {A} {Lexicon} of {Bangla} {Discourse} {Connectives}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.138},
	abstract = {We present DiMLex-Bangla, a newly developed lexicon of discourse connectives in Bangla. The lexicon, upon completion of its first version, contains 123 Bangla connective entries, which are primarily compiled from the linguistic literature and translation of English discourse connectives. The lexicon compilation is later augmented by adding more connectives from a currently developed corpus, called the Bangla RST Discourse Treebank (Das and Stede, 2018). DiMLex-Bangla provides information on syntactic categories of Bangla connectives, their discourse semantics and non-connective uses (if any). It uses the format of the German connective lexicon DiMLex (Stede and Umbach, 1998), which provides a cross-linguistically applicable XML schema. The resource is the first of its kind in Bangla, and is freely available for use in studies on discourse structure and computational applications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Das, Debopam and Stede, Manfred and Ghosh, Soumya Sankar and Chatterjee, Lahari},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1097--1102},
}

@inproceedings{chinnappa_wikipossessions_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WikiPossessions}: {Possession} {Timeline} {Generation} as an {Evaluation} {Benchmark} for {Machine} {Reading} {Comprehension} of {Long} {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.140},
	abstract = {This paper presents WikiPossessions, a new benchmark corpus for the task of temporally-oriented possession (TOP), or tracking objects as they change hands over time. We annotate Wikipedia articles for 90 different well-known artifacts paintings, diamonds, and archaeological artifacts), producing 799 artifact-possessor relations with associated attributes. For each article, we also produce a full possession timeline. The full version of the task combines straightforward entity-relation extraction with complex temporal reasoning, as well as verification of textual support for the relevant types of knowledge. Specifically, to complete the full TOP task for a given article, a system must do the following: a) identify possessors; b) anchor possessors to times/events; c) identify temporal relations between each temporal anchor and the possession relation it corresponds to; d) assign certainty scores to each possessor and each temporal relation; and e) assemble individual possession events into a global possession timeline. In addition to the corpus, we release evaluation scripts and a baseline model for the task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chinnappa, Dhivya and Palmer, Alexis and Blanco, Eduardo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1110--1117},
}

@inproceedings{ruf_creating_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Creating a {Corpus} of {Gestures} and {Predicting} the {Audience} {Response} based on {Gestures} in {Speeches} of {Donald} {Trump}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.136},
	abstract = {Gestures are an important component of non–verbal communication. This has an increasing potential in human–computer interaction. For example, Navarretta (2017b) uses sequences of speech and pauses together with co–speech gestures produced by Barack Obama in order to predict audience response, such as applause. The aim of this study is to explore the role of speech pauses and gestures alone as predictors of audience reaction without other types of speech information. For this work, we created a corpus of speeches held by Donald Trump before and during his time as president between 2016 and 2019. The data were transcribed with pause information and co–speech gestures were annotated as well as audience responses. Gestures and long silent pauses of the duration of at least 0.5 seconds are the input of computational models to predict audience reaction. The results of this study indicate that especially head movements and facial expressions play an important role and they confirm that gestures can to some extent be used to predict audience reaction independently of speech.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ruf, Verena and Navarretta, Costanza},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1081--1088},
}

@inproceedings{bourgonje_potsdam_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Potsdam} {Commentary} {Corpus} 2.2: {Extending} {Annotations} for {Shallow} {Discourse} {Parsing}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.133},
	abstract = {We present the Potsdam Commentary Corpus 2.2, a German corpus of news editorials annotated on several different levels. New in the 2.2 version of the corpus are two additional annotation layers for coherence relations following the Penn Discourse TreeBank framework. Specifically, we add relation senses to an already existing layer of discourse connectives and their arguments, and we introduce a new layer with additional coherence relation types, resulting in a German corpus that mirrors the PDTB. The aim of this is to increase usability of the corpus for the task of shallow discourse parsing. In this paper, we provide inter-annotator agreement figures for the new annotations and compare corpus statistics based on the new annotations to the equivalent statistics extracted from the PDTB.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Bourgonje, Peter and Stede, Manfred},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1061--1066},
}

@inproceedings{polakova_geczlex_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{GeCzLex}: {Lexicon} of {Czech} and {German} {Anaphoric} {Connectives}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.137},
	abstract = {We introduce the first version of GeCzLex, an online electronic resource for translation equivalents of Czech and German discourse connectives. The lexicon is one of the outcomes of the research on anaphoricity and long-distance relations in discourse, it contains at present anaphoric connectives (ACs) for Czech and German connectives, and further their possible translations documented in bilingual parallel corpora (not necessarily anaphoric). As a basis, we use two existing monolingual lexicons of connectives: the Lexicon of Czech Discourse Connectives (CzeDLex) and the Lexicon of Discourse Markers (DiMLex) for German, interlink their relevant entries via semantic annotation of the connectives (according to the PDTB 3 sense taxonomy) and statistical information of translation possibilities from the Czech and German parallel data of the InterCorp project. The lexicon is, as far as we know, the first bilingual inventory of connectives with linkage on the level of individual entries, and a first attempt to systematically describe devices engaged in long-distance, non-local discourse coherence. The lexicon is freely available under the Creative Commons License.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Poláková, Lucie and Rysová, Kateřina and Rysová, Magdaléna and Mírovský, Jiří},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1089--1096},
}

@inproceedings{desai_joint_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Joint {Learning} of {Syntactic} {Features} {Helps} {Discourse} {Segmentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.135},
	abstract = {This paper describes an accurate framework for carrying out multi-lingual discourse segmentation with BERT (Devlin et al., 2019). The model is trained to identify segments by casting the problem as a token classification problem and jointly learning syntactic features like part-of-speech tags and dependency relations. This leads to significant improvements in performance. Experiments are performed in different languages, such as English, Dutch, German, Portuguese Brazilian and Basque to highlight the cross-lingual effectiveness of the segmenter. In particular, the model achieves a state-of-the-art F-score of 96.7 for the RST-DT corpus (Carlson et al., 2003) improving on the previous best model by 7.2\%. Additionally, a qualitative explanation is provided for how proposed changes contribute to model performance by analyzing errors made on the test data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Desai, Takshak and Dakle, Parag Pravin and Moldovan, Dan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1073--1080},
}

@inproceedings{mohammadi_creation_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {On the {Creation} of a {Corpus} for {Coherence} {Evaluation} of {Discursive} {Units}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.134},
	abstract = {In this paper, we report on our experiments towards the creation of a corpus for coherence evaluation. Most corpora for textual coherence evaluation are composed of randomly shuffled sentences that focus on sentence ordering, regardless of whether the sentences were originally related by a discourse relation. To the best of our knowledge, no publicly available corpus has been designed specifically for the evaluation of coherence of known discursive units. In this paper, we focus on coherence modeling at the intra-discursive level and describe our approach to build a corpus of incoherent pairs of sentences. We experimented with a variety of corruption strategies to create synthetic incoherent pairs of discourse arguments from coherent ones. Using discourse argument pairs from the Penn Discourse Tree Bank, we generate incoherent discourse argument pairs, by swapping either their discourse connective or a discourse argument. To evaluate how incoherent the generated corpora are, we use a convolutional neural network to try to distinguish the original pairs from the corrupted ones. Results of the classifier as well as a manual inspection of the corpora show that generating such corpora is still a challenge as the generated instances are clearly not “incoherent enough”, indicating that more effort should be spent on developing more robust ways of generating incoherent corpora.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mohammadi, Elham and Beiko, Timothe and Kosseim, Leila},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1067--1072},
}

@inproceedings{rasmussen_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} of {Encyclopedia} {Articles} with {Logical} {Forms}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.132},
	abstract = {People can extract precise, complex logical meanings from text in documents such as tax forms and game rules, but language processing systems lack adequate training and evaluation resources to do these kinds of tasks reliably. This paper describes a corpus of annotated typed lambda calculus translations for approximately 2,000 sentences in Simple English Wikipedia, which is assumed to constitute a broad-coverage domain for precise, complex descriptions. The corpus described in this paper contains a large number of quantifiers and interesting scoping configurations, and is presented specifically as a resource for quantifier scope disambiguation systems, but also more generally as an object of linguistic study.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rasmussen, Nathan and Schuler, William},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1051--1060},
}

@inproceedings{olshefski_discussion_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {Discussion} {Tracker} {Corpus} of {Collaborative} {Argumentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.130},
	abstract = {Although NLP research on argument mining has advanced considerably in recent years, most studies draw on corpora of asynchronous and written texts, often produced by individuals. Few published corpora of synchronous, multi-party argumentation are available. The Discussion Tracker corpus, collected in high school English classes, is an annotated dataset of transcripts of spoken, multi-party argumentation. The corpus consists of 29 multi-party discussions of English literature transcribed from 985 minutes of audio. The transcripts were annotated for three dimensions of collaborative argumentation: argument moves (claims, evidence, and explanations), specificity (low, medium, high) and collaboration (e.g., extensions of and disagreements about others' ideas). In addition to providing descriptive statistics on the corpus, we provide performance benchmarks and associated code for predicting each dimension separately, illustrate the use of the multiple annotations in the corpus to improve performance via multi-task learning, and finally discuss other ways the corpus might be used to further NLP research.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Olshefski, Christopher and Lugini, Luca and Singh, Ravneet and Litman, Diane and Godley, Amanda},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1033--1043},
}

@inproceedings{sluyter-gathje_shallow_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Shallow {Discourse} {Parsing} for {Under}-{Resourced} {Languages}: {Combining} {Machine} {Translation} and {Annotation} {Projection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.131},
	abstract = {Shallow Discourse Parsing (SDP), the identification of coherence relations between text spans, relies on large amounts of training data, which so far exists only for English - any other language is in this respect an under-resourced one. For those languages where machine translation from English is available with reasonable quality, MT in conjunction with annotation projection can be an option for producing an SDP resource. In our study, we translate the English Penn Discourse TreeBank into German and experiment with various methods of annotation projection to arrive at the German counterpart of the PDTB. We describe the key characteristics of the corpus as well as some typical sources of errors encountered during its creation. Then we evaluate the GermanPDTB by training components for selected sub-tasks of discourse parsing on this silver data and compare performance to the same components when trained on the gold, original PDTB corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sluyter-Gäthje, Henny and Bourgonje, Peter and Stede, Manfred},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1044--1050},
}

@inproceedings{martin_mudoco_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{MuDoCo}: {Corpus} for {Multidomain} {Coreference} {Resolution} and {Referring} {Expression} {Generation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.13},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a new dataset, MuDoCo, composed of authored dialogs between a fictional user and a system who are given tasks to perform within six task domains. These dialogs are given rich linguistic annotations by expert linguists for several types of reference mentions and named entity mentions, either of which can span multiple words, as well as for coreference links between mentions. The dialogs sometimes cross and blend domains, and the users exhibit complex task switching behavior such as re-initiating a previous task in the dialog by referencing the entities within it. The dataset contains a total of 8,429 dialogs with an average of 5.36 turns per dialog. We are releasing this dataset to encourage research in the field of coreference resolution, referring expression generation and identification within realistic, deep dialogs involving multiple domains. To demonstrate its utility, we also propose two baseline models for the downstream tasks: coreference resolution and referring expression generation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Martin, Scott and Poddar, Shivani and Upasani, Kartikeya},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {104--111},
}

@inproceedings{chuan-an_chinese_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Chinese {Discourse} {Parsing}: {Model} and {Evaluation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.128},
	abstract = {Chinese discourse parsing, which aims to identify the hierarchical relationships of Chinese elementary discourse units, has not yet a consistent evaluation metric. Although Parseval is commonly used, variations of evaluation differ from three aspects: micro vs. macro F1 scores, binary vs. multiway ground truth, and left-heavy vs. right-heavy binarization. In this paper, we first propose a neural network model that unifies a pre-trained transformer and CKY-like algorithm, and then compare it with the previous models with different evaluation scenarios. The experimental results show that our model outperforms the previous systems. We conclude that (1) the pre-trained context embedding provides effective solutions to deal with implicit semantics in Chinese texts, and (2) using multiway ground truth is helpful since different binarization approaches lead to significant differences in performance.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Chuan-An, Lin and Hung, Shyh-Shiun and Huang, Hen-Hsen and Chen, Hsin-Hsi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1019--1024},
}

@inproceedings{long_shallow_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Shallow {Discourse} {Annotation} for {Chinese} {TED} {Talks}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.129},
	abstract = {Text corpora annotated with language-related properties are an important resource for the development of Language Technology. The current work contributes a new resource for Chinese Language Technology and for Chinese-English translation, in the form of a set of TED talks (some originally given in English, some in Chinese) that have been annotated with discourse relations in the style of the Penn Discourse TreeBank, adapted to properties of Chinese text that are not present in English. The resource is currently unique in annotating discourse-level properties of planned spoken monologues rather than of written text. An inter-annotator agreement study demonstrates that the annotation scheme is able to achieve highly reliable results.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Long, Wanqiu and Cai, Xinyi and Reid, James and Webber, Bonnie and Xiong, Deyi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1025--1032},
}

@inproceedings{jo_machine-aided_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Machine-{Aided} {Annotation} for {Fine}-{Grained} {Proposition} {Types} in {Argumentation}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.127},
	abstract = {We introduce a corpus of the 2016 U.S. presidential debates and commentary, containing 4,648 argumentative propositions annotated with fine-grained proposition types. Modern machine learning pipelines for analyzing argument have difficulty distinguishing between types of propositions based on their factuality, rhetorical positioning, and speaker commitment. Inability to properly account for these facets leaves such systems inaccurate in understanding of fine-grained proposition types. In this paper, we demonstrate an approach to annotating for four complex proposition types, namely normative claims, desires, future possibility, and reported speech. We develop a hybrid machine learning and human workflow for annotation that allows for efficient and reliable annotation of complex linguistic phenomena, and demonstrate with preliminary analysis of rhetorical strategies and structure in presidential debates. This new dataset and method can support technical researchers seeking more nuanced representations of argument, as well as argumentation theorists developing new quantitative analyses.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Jo, Yohan and Mayfield, Elijah and Reed, Chris and Hovy, Eduard},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1008--1018},
}

@inproceedings{dominguez_themepro_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{ThemePro}: {A} {Toolkit} for the {Analysis} of {Thematic} {Progression}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.126},
	abstract = {This paper introduces ThemePro, a toolkit for the automatic analysis of thematic progression. Thematic progression is relevant to natural language processing (NLP) applications dealing, among others, with discourse structure, argumentation structure, natural language generation, summarization and topic detection. A web platform demonstrates the potential of this toolkit and provides a visualization of the results including syntactic trees, hierarchical thematicity over propositions and thematic progression over whole texts.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Dominguez, Monica and Soler, Juan and Wanner, Leo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1000--1007},
}

@inproceedings{sileo_discsense_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DiscSense}: {Automated} {Semantic} {Analysis} of {Discourse} {Markers}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.125},
	abstract = {Using a model trained to predict discourse markers between sentence pairs, we predict plausible markers between sentence pairs with a known semantic relation (provided by existing classification datasets). These predictions allow us to study the link between discourse markers and the semantic relations annotated in classification datasets. Handcrafted mappings have been proposed between markers and discourse relations on a limited set of markers and a limited set of categories, but there exists hundreds of discourse markers expressing a wide variety of relations, and there is no consensus on the taxonomy of relations between competing discourse theories (which are largely built in a top-down fashion). By using an automatic prediction method over existing semantically annotated datasets, we provide a bottom-up characterization of discourse markers in English. The resulting dataset, named DiscSense, is publicly available.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sileo, Damien and Van de Cruys, Tim and Pradel, Camille and Muller, Philippe},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {991--999},
}

@inproceedings{sato_dialect_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dialect {Clustering} with {Character}-{Based} {Metrics}: in {Search} of the {Boundary} of {Language} and {Dialect}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.124},
	abstract = {We present in this work a universal, character-based method for representing sentences so that one can thereby calculate the distance between any two sentence pair. With a small alphabet, it can function as a proxy of phonemes, and as one of its main uses, we carry out dialect clustering: cluster a dialect/sub-language mixed corpus into sub-groups and see if they coincide with the conventional boundaries of dialects and sub-languages. By using data with multiple Japanese dialects and multiple Slavic languages, we report how well each group clusters, in a manner to partially respond to the question of what separates languages from dialects.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sato, Yo and Heffernan, Kevin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {985--990},
}

@inproceedings{cinkova_stylometry_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Stylometry in a {Bilingual} {Setup}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.123},
	abstract = {The method of stylometry by most frequent words does not allow direct comparison of original texts and their translations, i.e. across languages. For instance, in a bilingual Czech-German text collection containing parallel texts (originals and translations in both directions, along with Czech and German translations from other languages), authors would not cluster across languages, since frequency word lists for any Czech texts are obviously going to be more similar to each other than to a German text, and the other way round. We have tried to come up with an interlingua that would remove the language-specific features and possibly keep the linguistically independent features of individual author signal, if they exist. We have tagged, lemmatized, and parsed each language counterpart with the corresponding language model in UDPipe, which provides a linguistic markup that is cross-lingual to a significant extent. We stripped the output of language-dependent items, but that alone did not help much. As a next step, we transformed the lemmas of both language counterparts into shared pseudolemmas based on a very crude Czech-German glossary, with a 95.6\% success. We show that, for stylometric methods based on the most frequent words, we can do without translations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cinkova, Silvie and Rybicki, Jan},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {977--984},
}

@inproceedings{kampe_allgemeine_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Allgemeine {Musikalische} {Zeitung} as a {Searchable} {Online} {Corpus}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.122},
	abstract = {The massive digitization efforts related to historical newspapers over the past decades have focused on mass media sources and ordinary people as their primary recipients. Much less attention has been paid to newspapers published for a more specialized audience, e.g., those aiming at scholarly or cultural exchange within intellectual communities much narrower in scope, such as newspapers devoted to music criticism, arts or philosophy. Only some few of these specialized newspapers have been digitized up until now, but they are usually not well curated in terms of digitization quality, data formatting, completeness, redundancy (de-duplication), supply of metadata, and, hence, searchability. This paper describes our approach to eliminate these drawbacks for a major German-language newspaper resource of the Romantic Age, the Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung (General Music Gazette). We here focus on a workflow that copes with a posteriori digitization problems, inconsistent OCRing and index building for searchability. In addition, we provide a user-friendly graphic interface to empower content-centric access to this (and other) digital resource(s) adopting open-source software for the purpose of Web presentation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Kampe, Bernd and Duan, Tinghui and Hahn, Udo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {969--976},
}

@inproceedings{ehrmann_language_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Language {Resources} for {Historical} {Newspapers}: the {Impresso} {Collection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.121},
	abstract = {Following decades of massive digitization, an unprecedented amount of historical document facsimiles can now be retrieved and accessed via cultural heritage online portals. If this represents a huge step forward in terms of preservation and accessibility, the next fundamental challenge– and real promise of digitization– is to exploit the contents of these digital assets, and therefore to adapt and develop appropriate language technologies to search and retrieve information from this `Big Data of the Past'. Yet, the application of text processing tools on historical documents in general, and historical newspapers in particular, poses new challenges, and crucially requires appropriate language resources. In this context, this paper presents a collection of historical newspaper data sets composed of text and image resources, curated and published within the context of the `impresso - Media Monitoring of the Past' project. With corpora, benchmarks, semantic annotations and language models in French, German and Luxembourgish covering ca. 200 years, the objective of the impresso resource collection is to contribute to historical language resources, and thereby strengthen the robustness of approaches to non-standard inputs and foster efficient processing of historical documents.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Ehrmann, Maud and Romanello, Matteo and Clematide, Simon and Ströbel, Phillip Benjamin and Barman, Raphaël},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {958--968},
}

@inproceedings{gerhalter_annotated_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {An {Annotated} {Corpus} of {Adjective}-{Adverb} {Interfaces} in {Romance} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.120},
	abstract = {The final outcome of the project Open Access Database: Adjective-Adverb Interfaces in Romance is an annotated and lemmatised corpus of various linguistic phenomena related to Romance adjectives with adverbial functions. The data is published under open-access and aims to serve linguistic research based on transparent and accessible corpus-based data. The annotation model was developed to offer a cross-linguistic categorization model for the heterogeneous word-class “adverb”, based on its diverse forms, functions and meanings. The project focuses on the interoperability and accessibility of data, with particular respect to reusability in the sense of the FAIR Data Principles. Topics presented by this paper include data compilation and creation, annotation in XML/TEI, data preservation and publication process by means of the GAMS repository and accessibility via a search interface. These aspects are tied together by semantic technologies, using an ontology-based approach.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gerhalter, Katharina and Schneider, Gerlinde and Pollin, Christopher and Hummel, Martin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {953--957},
}

@inproceedings{saleva_multi-orthography_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Multi}-{Orthography} {Parallel} {Corpus} of {Yiddish} {Nouns}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.119},
	abstract = {Yiddish is a low-resource language belonging to the Germanic language family and written using the Hebrew alphabet. As a language, Yiddish can be considered resource-poor as it lacks both public accessible corpora and a widely-used standard orthography, with various countries and organizations influencing the spellings speakers use. While existing corpora of Yiddish text do exist, they are often only written in a single, potentially non-standard orthography, with no parallel version with standard orthography available. In this work, we introduce the first multi-orthography parallel corpus of Yiddish nouns built by scraping word entries from Wiktionary. We also demonstrate how the corpus can be used to bootstrap a transliteration model using the Sequitur-G2P grapheme-to-phoneme conversion toolkit to map between various orthographies. Our trained system achieves error rates between 16.79\% and 28.47\% on the test set, depending on the orthographies considered. In addition to quantitative analysis, we also conduct qualitative error analysis of the trained system, concluding that non-phonetically spelled Hebrew words are the largest cause of error. We conclude with remarks regarding future work and release the corpus and associated code under a permissive license for the larger community to use.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Saleva, Jonne},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {948--952},
}

@inproceedings{rocha_souza_identification_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Identification of {Indigenous} {Knowledge} {Concepts} through {Semantic} {Networks}, {Spelling} {Tools} and {Word} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.118},
	abstract = {In order to access indigenous, regional knowledge contained in language corpora, semantic tools and network methods are most typically employed. In this paper we present an approach for the identification of dialectal variations of words, or words that do not pertain to High German, on the example of non-standard language legacy collection questionnaires of the Bavarian Dialects in Austria (DBÖ). Based on selected cultural categories relevant to the wider project context, common words from each of these cultural categories and their lemmas using GermaLemma were identified. Through word embedding models the semantic vicinity of each word was explored, followed by the use of German Wordnet (Germanet) and the Hunspell tool. Whilst none of these tools have a comprehensive coverage of standard German words, they serve as an indication of dialects in specific semantic hierarchies. Methods and tools applied in this study may serve as an example for other similar projects dealing with non-standard or endangered language collections, aiming to access, analyze and ultimately preserve native regional language heritage.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Rocha Souza, Renato and Dorn, Amelie and Piringer, Barbara and Wandl-Vogt, Eveline},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {943--947},
}

@inproceedings{cecchini_new_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {New} {Latin} {Treebank} for {Universal} {Dependencies}: {Charters} between {Ancient} {Latin} and {Romance} {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.117},
	abstract = {The present work introduces a new Latin treebank that follows the Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation standard. The treebank is obtained from the automated conversion of the Late Latin Charter Treebank 2 (LLCT2), originally in the Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) style. As this treebank consists of Early Medieval legal documents, its language variety differs considerably from both the Classical and Medieval learned varieties prevalent in the other currently available UD Latin treebanks. Consequently, besides significant phenomena from the perspective of diachronic linguistics, this treebank also poses several challenging technical issues for the current and future syntactic annotation of Latin in the UD framework. Some of the most relevant cases are discussed in depth, with comparisons between the original PDT and the resulting UD annotations. Additionally, an overview of the UD-style structure of the treebank is given, and some diachronic aspects of the transition from Latin to Romance languages are highlighted.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Cecchini, Flavio Massimiliano and Korkiakangas, Timo and Passarotti, Marco},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {933--942},
}

@inproceedings{loaiciga_exploiting_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Exploiting {Cross}-{Lingual} {Hints} to {Discover} {Event} {Pronouns}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.12},
	abstract = {Non-nominal co-reference is much less studied than nominal coreference, partly because of the lack of annotated corpora. We explore the possibility to exploit parallel multilingual corpora as a means of cheap supervision for the classification of three different readings of the English pronoun 'it': entity, event or pleonastic, from their translation in several languages. We found that the 'event' reading is not very frequent, but can be easily predicted provided that the construction used to translate the 'it' example is a pronoun as well. These cases, nevertheless, are not enough to generalize to other types of non-nominal reference.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Loáiciga, Sharid and Hardmeier, Christian and Sayeed, Asad},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {99--103},
}

@inproceedings{lapesa_debatenet-mig15tracing_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{DEbateNet}-mig15:{Tracing} the 2015 {Immigration} {Debate} in {Germany} {Over} {Time}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.115},
	abstract = {DEbateNet-migr15 is a manually annotated dataset for German which covers the public debate on immigration in 2015. The building block of our annotation is the political science notion of a claim, i.e., a statement made by a political actor (a politician, a party, or a group of citizens) that a specific action should be taken (e.g., vacant flats should be assigned to refugees). We identify claims in newspaper articles, assign them to actors and fine-grained categories and annotate their polarity and date. The aim of this paper is two-fold: first, we release the full DEbateNet-mig15 corpus and document it by means of a quantitative and qualitative analysis; second, we demonstrate its application in a discourse network analysis framework, which enables us to capture the temporal dynamics of the political debate},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Lapesa, Gabriella and Blessing, Andre and Blokker, Nico and Dayanik, Erenay and Haunss, Sebastian and Kuhn, Jonas and Padó, Sebastian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {919--927},
}

@inproceedings{alvarez-mellado_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} of {Spanish} {Political} {Speeches} from 1937 to 2019},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.116},
	abstract = {This paper documents a corpus of political speeches in Spanish. The documents in the corpus belong to the Christmas speeches that have been delivered yearly by the head of state of Spain since 1937. The historical period covered by these speeches ranges from the Spanish Civil War and the Francoist dictatorship up until today. As a result, the corpus reflects some of the most significant events and political changes in the recent history of Spain. Up until now, the speeches as a whole had not been collected into a single, systematic and reusable resource, as most of the texts were scattered among different sources. The paper describes: (1) the composition of the corpus; (2) the Python interface that facilitates querying and analyzing the corpus using the NLTK and spaCy libraries and (3) a set of HTML visualizations aimed at the general public to navigate the corpus and explore differences between TF-IDF frequencies.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Álvarez-Mellado, Elena},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {928--932},
}

@inproceedings{boschetti_voices_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {“{Voices} of the {Great} {War}”: {A} {Richly} {Annotated} {Corpus} of {Italian} {Texts} on the {First} {World} {War}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.114},
	abstract = {“Voices of the Great War” is the first large corpus of Italian historical texts dating back to the period of First World War. This corpus differs from other existing resources in several respects. First, from the linguistic point of view it gives account of the wide range of varieties in which Italian was articulated in that period, namely from a diastratic (educated vs. uneducated writers), diaphasic (low/informal vs. high/formal registers) and diatopic (regional varieties, dialects) points of view. From the historical perspective, through a collection of texts belonging to different genres it represents different views on the war and the various styles of narrating war events and experiences. The final corpus is balanced along various dimensions, corresponding to the textual genre, the language variety used, the author type and the typology of conveyed contents. The corpus is fully annotated with lemmas, part-of-speech, terminology, and named entities. Significant corpus samples representative of the different “voices” have also been enriched with meta-linguistic and syntactic information. The layer of syntactic annotation forms the first nucleus of an Italian historical treebank complying with the Universal Dependencies standard. The paper illustrates the final resource, the methodology and tools used to build it, and the Web Interface for navigating it.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Boschetti, Federico and de felice, irene and Dei Rossi, Stefano and Dell'Orletta, Felice and Di Giorgio, Michele and Miliani, Martina and Passaro, Lucia C. and Puddu, Angelica and Venturi, Giulia and Labanca, Nicola and Lenci, Alessandro and Montemagni, Simonetta},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {911--918},
}

@inproceedings{gyawali_deduplication_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Deduplication of {Scholarly} {Documents} using {Locality} {Sensitive} {Hashing} and {Word} {Embeddings}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.113},
	abstract = {Deduplication is the task of identifying near and exact duplicate data items in a collection. In this paper, we present a novel method for deduplication of scholarly documents. We develop a hybrid model which uses structural similarity (locality sensitive hashing) and meaning representation (word embeddings) of document texts to determine (near) duplicates. Our collection constitutes a subset of multidisciplinary scholarly documents aggregated from research repositories. We identify several issues causing data inaccuracies in such collections and motivate the need for deduplication. In lack of existing dataset suitable for study of deduplication of scholarly documents, we create a ground truth dataset of \$100K\$ scholarly documents and conduct a series of experiments to empirically establish optimal values for the parameters of our deduplication method. Experimental evaluation shows that our method achieves a macro F1-score of 0.90. We productionise our method as a publicly accessible web API service serving deduplication of scholarly documents in real time.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Gyawali, Bikash and Anastasiou, Lucas and Knoth, Petr},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {901--910},
}

@inproceedings{abrami_textannotator_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{TextAnnotator}: {A} {UIMA} {Based} {Tool} for the {Simultaneous} and {Collaborative} {Annotation} of {Texts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.112},
	abstract = {The annotation of texts and other material in the field of digital humanities and Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a common task of research projects. At the same time, the annotation of corpora is certainly the most time- and cost-intensive component in research projects and often requires a high level of expertise according to the research interest. However, for the annotation of texts, a wide range of tools is available, both for automatic and manual annotation. Since the automatic pre-processing methods are not error-free and there is an increasing demand for the generation of training data, also with regard to machine learning, suitable annotation tools are required. This paper defines criteria of flexibility and efficiency of complex annotations for the assessment of existing annotation tools. To extend this list of tools, the paper describes TextAnnotator, a browser-based, multi-annotation system, which has been developed to perform platform-independent multimodal annotations and annotate complex textual structures. The paper illustrates the current state of development of TextAnnotator and demonstrates its ability to evaluate annotation quality (inter-annotator agreement) at runtime. In addition, it will be shown how annotations of different users can be performed simultaneously and collaboratively on the same document from different platforms using UIMA as the basis for annotation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Abrami, Giuseppe and Stoeckel, Manuel and Mehler, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {891--900},
}

@inproceedings{muller_livito_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{LiViTo}: {Linguistic} and {Visual} {Features} {Tool} for {Assisted} {Analysis} of {Historic} {Manuscripts}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.111},
	abstract = {We propose a mixed methods approach to the identification of scribes and authors in handwritten documents, and present LiViTo, a software tool which combines linguistic insights and computer vision techniques in order to assist researchers in the analysis of handwritten historical documents. Our research shows that it is feasible to train neural networks for the automatic transcription of handwritten documents and to use these transcriptions as input for further learning processes. Hypotheses about scribes can be tested effectively by extracting visual handwriting features and clustering them appropriately. Methods from linguistics and from computer vision research integrate into a mixed methods system, with benefits on both sides. LiViTo was trained with historical Czech texts by 18th century immigrants to Berlin, a total of 564 pages from a corpus of about 5000 handwritten pages without indication of author or scribe. We provide an overview of the three-year development of LiViTo and an introduction into its methodology and its functions. We then present our findings concerning the corpus of Berlin Czech manuscripts and discuss possible further usage scenarios.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Müller, Klaus and Tikhonov, Aleksej and Meyer, Roland},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {885--890},
}

@inproceedings{aloraini_cross-lingual_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Cross-lingual {Zero} {Pronoun} {Resolution}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.11},
	abstract = {In languages like Arabic, Chinese, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, and many others, predicate arguments in certain syntactic positions are not realized instead of being realized as overt pronouns, and are thus called zero- or null-pronouns. Identifying and resolving such omitted arguments is crucial to machine translation, information extraction and other NLP tasks, but depends heavily on semantic coherence and lexical relationships. We propose a BERT-based cross-lingual model for zero pronoun resolution, and evaluate it on the Arabic and Chinese portions of OntoNotes 5.0. As far as we know, ours is the first neural model of zero-pronoun resolution for Arabic; and our model also outperforms the state-of-the-art for Chinese. In the paper we also evaluate BERT feature extraction and fine-tune models on the task, and compare them with our model. We also report on an investigation of BERT layers indicating which layer encodes the most suitable representation for the task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Aloraini, Abdulrahman and Poesio, Massimo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {90--98},
}

@inproceedings{mohammad_nlp_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{NLP} {Scholar}: {A} {Dataset} for {Examining} the {State} of {NLP} {Research}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.109},
	abstract = {Google Scholar is the largest web search engine for academic literature that also provides access to rich metadata associated with the papers. The ACL Anthology (AA) is the largest repository of articles on Natural Language Processing (NLP). We extracted information from AA for about 44 thousand NLP papers and identified authors who published at least three papers there. We then extracted citation information from Google Scholar for all their papers (not just their AA papers). This resulted in a dataset of 1.1 million papers and associated Google Scholar information. We aligned the information in the AA and Google Scholar datasets to create the NLP Scholar Dataset – a single unified source of information (from both AA and Google Scholar) for tens of thousands of NLP papers. It can be used to identify broad trends in productivity, focus, and impact of NLP research. We present here initial work on analyzing the volume of research in NLP over the years and identifying the most cited papers in NLP. We also list a number of additional potential applications.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Mohammad, Saif M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {868--877},
}

@inproceedings{virk_dream_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {DReaM} {Corpus}: {A} {Multilingual} {Annotated} {Corpus} of {Grammars} for the {World}’s {Languages}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.110},
	abstract = {There exist as many as 7000 natural languages in the world, and a huge number of documents describing those languages have been produced over the years. Most of those documents are in paper format. Any attempts to use modern computational techniques and tools to process those documents will require them to be digitized first. In this paper, we report a multilingual digitized version of thousands of such documents searchable through some well-established corpus infrastructures. The corpus is annotated with various meta, word, and text level attributes to make searching and analysis easier and more useful.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz and Hammarström, Harald and Forsberg, Markus and Wichmann, Søren},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {878--884},
}

@inproceedings{waldispuhl_material_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Material {Philology} {Meets} {Digital} {Onomastic} {Lexicography}: {The} {NordiCon} {Database} of {Medieval} {Nordic} {Personal} {Names} in {Continental} {Sources}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.108},
	abstract = {We present NordiCon, a database containing medieval Nordic personal names attested in Continental sources. The database combines formally interpreted and richly interlinked onomastic data with digitized versions of the medieval manuscripts from which the data originate and information on the tokens' context. The structure of NordiCon is inspired by other online historical given name dictionaries. It takes up challenges reported on in previous works, such as how to cover material properties of a name token and how to define lemmatization principles, and elaborates on possible solutions. The lemmatization principles for NordiCon are further developed in order to facilitate the connection to other name dictionaries and corpuses, and the integration of the database into Språkbanken Text, an infrastructure containing modern and historical written data.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Waldispühl, Michelle and Dannells, Dana and Borin, Lars},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {860--867},
}

@inproceedings{grilo_bdcamoes_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {The {BDCamões} {Collection} of {Portuguese} {Literary} {Documents}: a {Research} {Resource} for {Digital} {Humanities} and {Language} {Technology}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.106},
	abstract = {This paper presents the BDCamões Collection of Portuguese Literary Documents, a new corpus of literary texts written in Portuguese that in its inaugural version includes close to 4 million words from over 200 complete documents from 83 authors in 14 genres, covering a time span from the 16th to the 21st century, and adhering to different orthographic conventions. Many of the texts in the corpus have also been automatically parsed with state-of-the-art language processing tools, forming the BDCamões Treebank subcorpus. This set of characteristics makes of BDCamões an invaluable resource for research in language technology (e.g. authorship detection, genre classification, etc.) and in language science and digital humanities (e.g. comparative literature, diachronic linguistics, etc.).},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Grilo, Sara and Bolrinha, Márcia and Silva, João and Vaz, Rui and Branco, António},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {849--854},
}

@inproceedings{frossard_dataset_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Dataset for {Temporal} {Analysis} of {English}-{French} {Cognates}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.107},
	abstract = {Languages change over time and, thanks to the abundance of digital corpora, their evolutionary analysis using computational techniques has recently gained much research attention. In this paper, we focus on creating a dataset to support investigating the similarity in evolution between different languages. We look in particular into the similarities and differences between the use of corresponding words across time in English and French, two languages from different linguistic families yet with shared syntax and close contact. For this we select a set of cognates in both languages and study their frequency changes and correlations over time. We propose a new dataset for computational approaches of synchronized diachronic investigation of language pairs, and subsequently show novel findings stemming from the cognate-focused diachronic comparison of the two chosen languages. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first in the literature to use computational approaches and large data to make a cross-language diachronic analysis.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Frossard, Esteban and Coustaty, Mickael and Doucet, Antoine and Jatowt, Adam and Hengchen, Simon},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {855--859},
}

@inproceedings{schneider_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {A {Corpus} {Linguistic} {Perspective} on {Contemporary} {German} {Pop} {Lyrics} with the {Multi}-{Layer} {Annotated} "{Songkorpus}"},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.105},
	abstract = {Song lyrics can be considered as a text genre that has features of both written and spoken discourse, and potentially provides extensive linguistic and cultural information to scientists from various disciplines. However, pop songs play a rather subordinate role in empirical language research so far - most likely due to the absence of scientifically valid and sustainable resources. The present paper introduces a multiply annotated corpus of German lyrics as a publicly available basis for multidisciplinary research. The resource contains three types of data for the investigation and evaluation of quite distinct phenomena: TEI-compliant song lyrics as primary data, linguistically and literary motivated annotations, and extralinguistic metadata. It promotes empirically/statistically grounded analyses of genre-specific features, systemic-structural correlations and tendencies in the texts of contemporary pop music. The corpus has been stratified into thematic and author-specific archives; the paper presents some basic descriptive statistics, as well as the public online frontend with its built-in evaluation forms and live visualisations.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Schneider, Roman},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {842--848},
}

@inproceedings{papay_riqua_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{RiQuA}: {A} {Corpus} of {Rich} {Quotation} {Annotation} for {English} {Literary} {Text}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.104},
	abstract = {We introduce RiQuA (RIch QUotation Annotations), a corpus that provides quotations, including their interpersonal structure (speakers and addressees) for English literary text. The corpus comprises 11 works of 19th-century literature that were manually doubly annotated for direct and indirect quotations. For each quotation, its span, speaker, addressee, and cue are identified (if present). This provides a rich view of dialogue structures not available from other available corpora. We detail the process of creating this dataset, discuss the annotation guidelines, and analyze the resulting corpus in terms of inter-annotator agreement and its properties. RiQuA, along with its annotations guidelines and associated scripts, are publicly available for use, modification, and experimentation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Papay, Sean and Padó, Sebastian},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {835--841},
}

@inproceedings{stymne_slanda_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{SLäNDa}: {An} {Annotated} {Corpus} of {Narrative} and {Dialogue} in {Swedish} {Literary} {Fiction}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.103},
	abstract = {We describe a new corpus, SLäNDa, the Swedish Literary corpus of Narrative and Dialogue. It contains Swedish literary fiction, which has been manually annotated for cited materials, with a focus on dialogue. The annotation covers excerpts from eight Swedish novels written between 1879–1940, a period of modernization of the Swedish language. SLäNDa contains annotations for all cited materials that are separate from the main narrative, like quotations and signs. The main focus is on dialogue, for which we annotate speech segments, speech tags, and speakers. In this paper we describe the annotation protocol and procedure and show that we can reach a high inter-annotator agreement. In total, SLäNDa contains annotations of 44 chapters with over 220K tokens. The annotation identified 4,733 instances of cited material and 1,143 named speaker–speech mappings. The corpus is useful for developing computational tools for different types of analysis of literary narrative and speech. We perform a small pilot study where we show how our annotation can help in analyzing language change in Swedish. We find that a number of common function words have their modern version appear earlier in speech than in narrative.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Stymne, Sara and Östman, Carin},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {826--834},
}

@inproceedings{sabbatino_automatic_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Automatic {Section} {Recognition} in {Obituaries}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.102},
	abstract = {Obituaries contain information about people’s values across times and cultures, which makes them a useful resource for exploring cultural history. They are typically structured similarly, with sections corresponding to Personal Information, Biographical Sketch, Characteristics, Family, Gratitude, Tribute, Funeral Information and Other aspects of the person. To make this information available for further studies, we propose a statistical model which recognizes these sections. To achieve that, we collect a corpus of 20058 English obituaries from TheDaily Item, Remembering.CA and The London Free Press. The evaluation of our annotation guidelines with three annotators on 1008 obituaries shows a substantial agreement of Fleiss κ = 0.87. Formulated as an automatic segmentation task, a convolutional neural network outperforms bag-of-words and embedding-based BiLSTMs and BiLSTM-CRFs with a micro F1 = 0.81.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Sabbatino, Valentino and Bostan, Laura Ana Maria and Klinger, Roman},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {817--825},
}

@inproceedings{egloff_wedh_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {{WeDH} - a {Friendly} {Tool} for {Building} {Literary} {Corpora} {Enriched} with {Encyclopedic} {Metadata}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.101},
	abstract = {In recent years the interest in the use of repositories of literary works has been successful. While many efforts related to Linked Open Data go in the right direction, the use of these repositories for the creation of text corpora enriched with metadata remains difficult and cumbersome. In fact, many of these repositories can be useful to the community not only for the automatic creation of textual corpora but also for retrieving crucial meta-information about texts. In particular, the use of metadata provides the reader with a wealth of information that is often not identifiable in the texts themselves. Our project aims to fill both the access to the textual resources available on the web and the possibility of combining these resources with sources of metadata that can enrich the texts with useful information lengthening the life and maintenance of the data itself. We introduce here a user-friendly web interface of the Digital Humanities toolkit named WeDH with which the user can leverage the encyclopedic knowledge provided by DBpedia, wikidata and VIAF in order to enrich the corpora with bibliographical and exegetical knowledge. WeDH is a collaborative project and we invite anyone who has ideas or suggestions regarding this procedure to reach out to us.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Egloff, Mattia and Picca, Davide},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {813--816},
}

@inproceedings{brunner_corpus_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Corpus {REDEWIEDERGABE}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.100},
	abstract = {This article presents corpus REDEWIEDERGABE, a German-language historical corpus with detailed annotations for speech, thought and writing representation (ST\&WR). With approximately 490,000 tokens, it is the largest resource of its kind. It can be used to answer literary and linguistic research questions and serve as training material for machine learning. This paper describes the composition of the corpus and the annotation structure, discusses some methodological decisions and gives basic statistics about the forms of ST\&WR found in this corpus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Brunner, Annelen and Engelberg, Stefan and Jannidis, Fotis and Tu, Ngoc Duyen Tanja and Weimer, Lukas},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {803--812},
}

@inproceedings{yu_neural_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Neural {Mention} {Detection}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.1},
	abstract = {Mention detection is an important preprocessing step for annotation and interpretation in applications such as NER and coreference resolution, but few stand-alone neural models have been proposed able to handle the full range of mentions. In this work, we propose and compare three neural network-based approaches to mention detection. The first approach is based on the mention detection part of a state of the art coreference resolution system; the second uses ELMO embeddings together with a bidirectional LSTM and a biaffine classifier; the third approach uses the recently introduced BERT model. Our best model (using a biaffine classifier) achieves gains of up to 1.8 percentage points on mention recall when compared with a strong baseline in a HIGH RECALL coreference annotation setting. The same model achieves improvements of up to 5.3 and 6.2 p.p. when compared with the best-reported mention detection F1 on the CONLL and CRAC coreference data sets respectively in a HIGH F1 annotation setting. We then evaluate our models for coreference resolution by using mentions predicted by our best model in start-of-the-art coreference systems. The enhanced model achieved absolute improvements of up to 1.7 and 0.7 p.p. when compared with our strong baseline systems (pipeline system and end-to-end system) respectively. For nested NER, the evaluation of our model on the GENIA corpora shows that our model matches or outperforms state-of-the-art models despite not being specifically designed for this task.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Yu, Juntao and Bohnet, Bernd and Poesio, Massimo},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1--10},
}

@book{calzolari_proceedings_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	editor = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Béchet, Frédéric and Blache, Philippe and Choukri, Khalid and Cieri, Christopher and Declerck, Thierry and Goggi, Sara and Isahara, Hitoshi and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Mazo, Hélène and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
}

@inproceedings{wilkens_french_2020,
	address = {Marseille, France},
	title = {French {Coreference} for {Spoken} and {Written} {Language}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.10},
	abstract = {Coreference resolution aims at identifying and grouping all mentions referring to the same entity. In French, most systems run different setups, making their comparison difficult. In this paper, we present an extensive comparison of several coreference resolution systems for French. The systems have been trained on two corpora (ANCOR for spoken language and Democrat for written language) annotated with coreference chains, and augmented with syntactic and semantic information. The models are compared with different configurations (e.g. with and without singletons). In addition, we evaluate mention detection and coreference resolution apart. We present a full-stack model that outperforms other approaches. This model allows us to study the impact of mention detection errors on coreference resolution. Our analysis shows that mention detection can be improved by focusing on boundary identification while advances in the pronoun-noun relation detection can help the coreference task. Another contribution of this work is the first end-to-end neural French coreference resolution model trained on Democrat (written texts), which compares to the state-of-the-art systems for oral French.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {The} 12th {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} {Conference}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	author = {Wilkens, Rodrigo and Oberle, Bruno and Landragin, Frédéric and Todirascu, Amalia},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {80--89},
}

@inproceedings{ehrmann_language_nodate,
	address = {Marseille, 11–16 May 2020},
	title = {Language {Resources} for {Historical} {Newspapers}: the {Impresso} {Collection}},
	abstract = {Following decades of massive digitization, an unprecedented amount of historical document facsimiles can now be retrieved and accessed via cultural heritage online portals. If this represents a huge step forward in terms of preservation and accessibility, the next fundamental challenge– and real promise of digitization– is to exploit the contents of these digital assets, and therefore to adapt and develop appropriate language technologies to search and retrieve information from this ‘Big Data of the Past’. Yet, the application of text processing tools on historical documents in general, and historical newspapers in particular, poses new challenges, and crucially requires appropriate language resources. In this context, this paper presents a collection of historical newspaper data sets composed of text and image resources, curated and published within the context of the ‘impresso - Media Monitoring of the Past’ project. With corpora, benchmarks, semantic annotations and language models in French, German and Luxembourgish covering ca. 200 years, the objective of the impresso resource collection is to contribute to historical language resources, and thereby strengthen the robustness of approaches to non-standard inputs and foster efﬁcient processing of historical documents.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {12th {Conference} on {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} ({LREC} 2020)},
	author = {Ehrmann, Maud and Romanello, Matteo and Clematide, Simon and Ströbel, Phillip Benjamin and Barman, Raphaël},
	pages = {958--968},
}

@misc{noauthor_reading_nodate,
	title = {Reading yesterday's news in the digital age · impresso},
	url = {https://impresso-project.ch/project/overview/},
	urldate = {2022-01-13},
}

@article{lee_newspaper_2020,
	title = {The {Newspaper} {Navigator} {Dataset}: {Extracting} {And} {Analyzing} {Visual} {Content} from 16 {Million} {Historic} {Newspaper} {Pages} in {Chronicling} {America}},
	shorttitle = {The {Newspaper} {Navigator} {Dataset}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01583},
	abstract = {Chronicling America is a product of the National Digital Newspaper Program, a partnership between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities to digitize historic newspapers. Over 16 million pages of historic American newspapers have been digitized for Chronicling America to date, complete with high-resolution images and machine-readable METS/ALTO OCR. Of considerable interest to Chronicling America users is a semantified corpus, complete with extracted visual content and headlines. To accomplish this, we introduce a visual content recognition model trained on bounding box annotations of photographs, illustrations, maps, comics, and editorial cartoons collected as part of the Library of Congress's Beyond Words crowdsourcing initiative and augmented with additional annotations including those of headlines and advertisements. We describe our pipeline that utilizes this deep learning model to extract 7 classes of visual content: headlines, photographs, illustrations, maps, comics, editorial cartoons, and advertisements, complete with textual content such as captions derived from the METS/ALTO OCR, as well as image embeddings for fast image similarity querying. We report the results of running the pipeline on 16.3 million pages from the Chronicling America corpus and describe the resulting Newspaper Navigator dataset, the largest dataset of extracted visual content from historic newspapers ever produced. The Newspaper Navigator dataset, finetuned visual content recognition model, and all source code are placed in the public domain for unrestricted re-use.},
	urldate = {2022-01-13},
	journal = {arXiv:2005.01583 [cs]},
	author = {Lee, Benjamin Charles Germain and Mears, Jaime and Jakeway, Eileen and Ferriter, Meghan and Adams, Chris and Yarasavage, Nathan and Thomas, Deborah and Zwaard, Kate and Weld, Daniel S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {arXiv: 2005.01583},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Information Retrieval, Computer Science - Machine Learning},
}

@misc{el_mundo_javier_2020,
	title = {Javier {Ortega} {Smith} relata su confinamiento por coronavirus: "{Mis} anticuerpos españoles derrotarán a los malditos virus chinos"},
	shorttitle = {Javier {Ortega} {Smith} relata su confinamiento por coronavirus},
	url = {https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2020/03/14/5e6ca55421efa01c0a8b46ae.html},
	abstract = {El secretario general de Vox, Javier Ortega Smith, a quien esta semana se ha diagnosticado el Covid-19, ha asegurado en las redes sociales que, durante los días que lleva recluido},
	language = {es},
	urldate = {2022-01-11},
	journal = {ELMUNDO},
	author = {{El Mundo}},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Section: Espana},
}

@misc{anthony_antconc_2019,
	address = {Tokyo},
	title = {{AntConc} 3.5.8},
	url = {http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/},
	publisher = {Waseda University},
	author = {Anthony, Laurence},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{saunders_saturation_2018,
	title = {Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1573-7845},
	shorttitle = {Saturation in qualitative research},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8},
	abstract = {Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question(s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-01-08},
	journal = {Quality \& Quantity},
	author = {Saunders, Benjamin and Sim, Julius and Kingstone, Tom and Baker, Shula and Waterfield, Jackie and Bartlam, Bernadette and Burroughs, Heather and Jinks, Clare},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1893--1907},
}

@book{baker_discourse_2013,
	address = {Cambridge ; New York},
	title = {Discourse analysis and media attitudes: the representation of {Islam} in the {British} press},
	isbn = {978-1-107-00882-3},
	shorttitle = {Discourse analysis and media attitudes},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Baker, Paul and Gabrielatos, Costas and McEnery, Tony},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Great Britain, Islam, Islamophobia, Muslims, Press coverage, Public opinion},
}

@book{dijk_discourse_1985,
	title = {Discourse and {Communication}: {New} {Approaches} to the {Analysis} of {Mass} {Media} {Discourse} and {Communication}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-010319-9},
	shorttitle = {Discourse and {Communication}},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110852141/html},
	urldate = {2022-01-05},
	publisher = {DE GRUYTER},
	editor = {Dijk, Teun A. van},
	month = dec,
	year = {1985},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110852141},
}

@book{entman_projections_2004,
	address = {Chicago},
	series = {Studies in communication, media, and public opinion},
	title = {Projections of power: framing news, public opinion, and {U}.{S}. foreign policy},
	isbn = {978-0-226-21071-1 978-0-226-21072-8},
	shorttitle = {Projections of power},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Entman, Robert M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {1981-1989, 1989-, Foreign relations, Foreign relations Public opinion, Mass media, Political aspects, Press and politics, Public opinion, United States},
}

@book{boydstun_making_2013,
	address = {Chicago ; London},
	title = {Making the news: politics, the media, and agenda setting},
	isbn = {978-0-226-06543-4 978-0-226-06557-1},
	shorttitle = {Making the news},
	publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Boydstun, Amber E.},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Journalism, Press and politics, United States},
}

@book{atkinson_combative_2017,
	address = {Chicago ; London},
	title = {Combative politics: the media and public perceptions of lawmaking},
	isbn = {978-0-226-44189-4 978-0-226-44192-4},
	shorttitle = {Combative politics},
	publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Atkinson, Mary Layton},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Mass media, Political aspects, Political parties, Press coverage, United States},
}

@book{arceneaux_changing_2013,
	address = {Chicago},
	series = {Chicago studies in {American} politics},
	title = {Changing minds or changing channels? partisan news in an age of choice},
	isbn = {978-0-226-04727-0 978-0-226-04730-0},
	shorttitle = {Changing minds or changing channels?},
	publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Arceneaux, Kevin and Johnson, Martin},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {21st century, Attitudes, Influence, Mass media, Mass media and public opinion, Political aspects, Politics and government, Politics and government Public opinion, Television and politics, Television broadcasting of news, Television in politics, Television viewers, United States},
}

@book{bryant_media_2002,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {2},
	title = {Media {Effects}: {Advances} in {Theory} and {Research}},
	isbn = {978-1-4106-0242-8},
	shorttitle = {Media {Effects}},
	abstract = {This classic volume on media effects theory and research has been updated and expanded to reflect new and current directions in research and theory. New topics, chapters, and contributors give a fresh take on this perennially popular subject. Reflecting recent developments in this rapidly evolving area, editors Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann have expanded this second edition to 22 chapters from the original 16. All the chapters from the previous edition are included here, extensively revised and updated. Newly added chapters reflect areas of current or renewed interests in media effects study: media consumption and its underlying reception processes; intermedia processes; educational and prosocial effects; individual differences in media effects; new effects on issue perception; and third person effects.  With contributions from some of the finest scholars in the discipline, Media Effects serves not only as a comprehensive reference volume for media effects study but also as an exceptional textbook for advanced courses in media effects. As this area of study continues to evolve, Media Effects will serve as a benchmark of theory and research for current and future generations of scholars.},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Bryant, Jennings and Zillmann, Dolf and Bryant, Jennings and Oliver, Mary Beth},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	doi = {10.4324/9781410602428},
}

@incollection{zillmann_exemplification_2002,
	edition = {2},
	title = {Exemplification {Theory} of {Media} {Influence}},
	isbn = {978-1-4106-0242-8},
	abstract = {This chapter provides an overview of the essentials of exemplification
theory and research. After tracing the evolutionary roots of the exemplification process and considering its ecological ramifications in contemporary society, the theory and pertinent implications are elaborated. The
focus is on the representational accuracy of reports of relevant social phenomena and on the heuristic processing of exemplar aggregations in
forming assessments of these phenomena. Finally, drawing from research
on the influence of news reporting, a sampling of experimental investigations is presented to support the theory.},
	booktitle = {Media {Effects}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Zillmann, Dolf},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Num Pages: 24},
}

@book{dill_how_2009,
	address = {New York, NY, US},
	series = {How fantasy becomes reality: {Seeing} through media influence},
	title = {How fantasy becomes reality: {Seeing} through media influence},
	isbn = {978-0-19-537208-3},
	shorttitle = {How fantasy becomes reality},
	abstract = {This book is essentially about media influence—its power and our propensity either to deny that power or at least to fail in understanding fully how to deal with it. Both of these common stances—denial and impotence—raise many issues that merit further exploration. Throughout this book, I view the role of media in our culture through a wide-angle lens, telling the story of what social scientists have learned about the psychology of the mass media. Exactly how and why do the media change us and mold us? And mold us they do. A broad premise of the book is that mass media are a persistent and pervasive influence in our lives and that their influence is meaningful. Though far from the only factors that influence our behavior, the effects of media are not trivial. Early in the book, I explore several reasons for a persistent dichotomy: if media are indeed so influential, why are many of us are under the impression of being almost entirely unaffected by media exposure? And before we're through, I'll give concrete suggestions about how we can become much more savvy about how we use media and how it uses us. There are many positive uses and effects of media, and I explore these as well. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Dill, Karen E.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Pages: xi, 306},
	keywords = {Mass Media, Social Influences},
}

@article{douglas_covid-19_2021,
	title = {{COVID}-19 conspiracy theories},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1368-4302},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982068},
	doi = {10.1177/1368430220982068},
	abstract = {Conspiracy theories started to appear on social media immediately after the first news about COVID-19. Is the virus a hoax? Is it a bioweapon designed in a Chinese laboratory? These conspiracy theories typically have an intergroup flavour, blaming one group for having some involvement in either manufacturing the virus or controlling public opinion about it. In this article, I will discuss why people are attracted to conspiracy theories in general, and why conspiracy theories seem to have flourished during the pandemic. I will discuss what the consequences of these conspiracy theories are for individuals, groups, and societies. I will then discuss some potential strategies for addressing the negative consequences of conspiracy theories. Finally, I will consider some open questions for research regarding COVID-19 conspiracy theories, in particular focusing on the potential impact of these conspiracy theories for group processes and intergroup relations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-01-05},
	journal = {Group Processes \& Intergroup Relations},
	author = {Douglas, Karen M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	keywords = {COVID-19, conspiracy beliefs, conspiracy theories, disinformation, misinformation},
	pages = {270--275},
}

@article{pummerer_conspiracy_2022,
	title = {Conspiracy {Theories} and {Their} {Societal} {Effects} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1948-5506},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211000217},
	doi = {10.1177/19485506211000217},
	abstract = {During COVID-19, conspiracy theories were intensely discussed in the media. Generally, both believing in conspiracy theories (i.e., explanations for events based on powerholders’ secret arrangements) and being confronted with a conspiracy theory have been found to predict cognition and behavior with negative societal effects, such as low institutional trust. Accordingly, believing in conspiracy theories around COVID-19 should reduce institutional trust, support of governmental regulations and their adoption, and social engagement (e.g., helping members of risk groups). We tested these predictions in a national random sample survey, an experiment, and a longitudinal study (N total = 1,213; all studies were preregistered). Indeed, believing in and being confronted with a COVID-19 conspiracy theory decreased institutional trust, support of governmental regulations, adoption of physical distancing, and—to some extent—social engagement. Findings underscore the severe societal effects of conspiracy theories in the context of COVID-19.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-01-05},
	journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
	author = {Pummerer, Lotte and Böhm, Robert and Lilleholt, Lau and Winter, Kevin and Zettler, Ingo and Sassenberg, Kai},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	keywords = {COVID-19, conspiracy mentality, conspiracy theory, social influence, trust},
	pages = {49--59},
}

@article{stein_conspiracy_2021,
	title = {Conspiracy theories in the era of {COVID}‐19: {A} tale of two pandemics},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {1368-5031},
	shorttitle = {Conspiracy theories in the era of {COVID}‐19},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995222/},
	doi = {10.1111/ijcp.13778},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-01-05},
	journal = {International Journal of Clinical Practice},
	author = {Stein, Richard A. and Ometa, Oana and Pachtman Shetty, Sarah and Katz, Adi and Popitiu, Mircea Ionut and Brotherton, Robert},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {33480171},
	pmcid = {PMC7995222},
	pages = {e13778},
}

@article{airhihenbuwa_culture_2020,
	title = {Culture {Matters} in {Communicating} the {Global} {Response} to {COVID}-19},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1545-1151},
	url = {https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2020/20_0245.htm},
	doi = {10.5888/pcd17.200245},
	abstract = {Preventing Chronic Disease (PCD) is a peer-reviewed electronic journal established by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. PCD provides an open exchange of information and knowledge among researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and others who strive to improve the health of the public through chronic disease prevention.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2022-01-04},
	journal = {Preventing Chronic Disease},
	author = {Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{bajaj_covid-19_2021,
	title = {{COVID}-19 pandemic and the impact of cross-cultural differences on crisis management: {A} conceptual model of transcultural crisis management},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1470-5958},
	shorttitle = {{COVID}-19 pandemic and the impact of cross-cultural differences on crisis management},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958211060189},
	doi = {10.1177/14705958211060189},
	abstract = {In this paper, leadership tasks and stakeholder response during transboundary crisis management are analyzed based on findings from Hofstede’s study, GLOBE Project, and theoretical concepts in cross-cultural management. Accordingly, a conceptual model of transcultural crisis management is proposed. Seven propositions (P) and sixteen sub-propositions (SP) are developed and then tested using the case method. The case of the COVID-19 pandemic is studied to note the effects of cross-cultural differences and intercultural communication in the pre-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis stages. Cross-cultural differences are found to affect sense-making, decision-making, sense-giving and meaning-making during pre-crisis and crisis management stages. Implications of these findings and further research agenda are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-01-04},
	journal = {International Journal of Cross Cultural Management},
	author = {Bajaj, Gita and Khandelwal, Surabhi and Budhwar, Pawan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},
	keywords = {COVID-19 pandemic, Coronavirus crisis, Crisis management, Cross-cultural management, Decision-making, Meaning-making, Sense-making, Transboundary crisis management, Transcultural crisis management},
	pages = {569--601},
}

@article{coombs_protecting_2007,
	title = {Protecting {Organization} {Reputations} {During} a {Crisis}: {The} {Development} and {Application} of {Situational} {Crisis} {Communication} {Theory}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1363-3589, 1479-1889},
	shorttitle = {Protecting {Organization} {Reputations} {During} a {Crisis}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049},
	doi = {10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049},
	abstract = {Crisis managers benefit from understanding how crisis communication can be used to protect reputational assets during a crisis. Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) offers a framework for understanding this dynamic. SCCT provides a mechanism for anticipating how stakeholders will react to a crisis in terms of the reputational threat posed by the crisis. Moreover, SCCT projects how people will react to the crisis response strategies used to manage the crisis. From its empirical research emerges a set of evidence-based crisis communication guidelines. The development of SCCT is discussed along with the presentation of its guidelines for crisis communication.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-01-03},
	journal = {Corporate Reputation Review},
	author = {Coombs, W Timothy},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {163--176},
}

@article{reynolds_crisis_2005,
	title = {Crisis and {Emergency} {Risk} {Communication} as an {Integrative} {Model}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1081-0730, 1087-0415},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10810730590904571},
	doi = {10.1080/10810730590904571},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-01-03},
	journal = {Journal of Health Communication},
	author = {Reynolds, Barbara and W. Seeger, Matthew},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {43--55},
}

@incollection{van_zundert_screwmeneutics_2016,
	title = {Screwmeneutics and {Hermenumericals}: {The} {Computationality} of {Hermeneutics}},
	isbn = {978-1-118-68059-9},
	shorttitle = {Screwmeneutics and {Hermenumericals}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118680605.ch23/summary},
	abstract = {Hermeneutics is the theory of text interpretation. From classical times until now it has been a central tenet of scholarly research, informed by both philology and philosophy. Hermeneutics as a theory concerns itself with the nature of interpretation, its subjectivity, historicity, multi-perspectivity, and its dependence on context. It is precisely these interpretative aspects of humanities research that are often felt as being at odds with the perceived scientific empirical paradigm found in computer science and software design. The digital humanities is a field where this clear tension between hermeneutical narrative and quantified patterns surfaces. This tension calls urgently for a fundamental dialog between humanities and computer science about the status of a hermeneutics as an imperative to humanities research, and about a humanities-informed hermeneutics of code, algorithms, and quantification.},
	urldate = {2021-12-17},
	booktitle = {A {New} {Companion} to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {van Zundert, Joris J.},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {algorithms, hermeneutics, interpretation, quantification, scientism},
	pages = {331--347},
}

@article{stichweh_differentiation_nodate,
	title = {Differentiation of {Scientific} {Disciplines}: {Causes} and {Consequences}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Stichweh, Rudolf},
	pages = {4},
}

@article{bush_as_1945,
	title = {As {We} {May} {Think}},
	url = {https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/},
	abstract = {“Consider a future device …\&nbsp;\&nbsp;in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.”},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-12-16},
	journal = {The Atlantic},
	author = {Bush, Vannevar},
	month = jul,
	year = {1945},
	note = {Section: Technology},
}

@article{mccarty_isr_2016,
	title = {\textit{{ISR}} ’s {Intellectual} {Project}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2016.1171586},
	doi = {10.1080/03080188.2016.1171586},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-16},
	journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},
	author = {McCarty, Willard},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1--5},
}

@incollection{schreibman_becoming_2015,
	address = {Chichester, UK},
	title = {Becoming {Interdisciplinary}},
	isbn = {978-1-118-68060-5 978-1-118-68059-9},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118680605.ch5},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-12-16},
	booktitle = {A {New} {Companion} to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {McCarty, Willard},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1002/9781118680605.ch5},
	pages = {67--83},
}

@article{berry_post-digital_2014,
	title = {Post-{Digital} {Humanities}: {Computation} and {Cultural} {Critique} in the {Arts} and {Humanities}},
	volume = {49},
	shorttitle = {Post-{Digital} {Humanities}},
	url = {https://er.educause.edu/articles/2014/5/postdigital-humanities-computation-and-cultural-critique-in-the-arts-and-humanities},
	abstract = {Kim Cascone, The Aesthetics of Failure: \&\#39;Post-Digital\&\#39; Tendencies in Contemporary Computer Music, Computer Music Journal, vol. 24, no. 4 (Winter 2000)},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-12-13},
	journal = {EDUCAUSE Review},
	author = {Berry, David},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {22--26},
}

@article{moretti_digital_2016,
	title = {The {Digital} in the {Humanities}: {An} {Interview} with {Franco} {Moretti}},
	shorttitle = {The {Digital} in the {Humanities}},
	url = {https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-digital-in-the-humanities-an-interview-with-franco-moretti/},
	abstract = {Part 1 of a new series exploring the role of the digital humanities as well as the digital in the humanities as it currently exists in the US academy.},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	journal = {Los Angeles Review of Books},
	author = {Moretti, Melissa Dinsman interviews Franco},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{grimshaw_towards_2018,
	title = {Towards a manifesto for a critical digital humanities: critiquing the extractive capitalism of digital society},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2055-1045},
	shorttitle = {Towards a manifesto for a critical digital humanities},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0075-y},
	doi = {10.1057/s41599-018-0075-y},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-08},
	journal = {Palgrave Communications},
	author = {Grimshaw, Mike},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {21},
}

@article{brennan_digital_2017,
	title = {The {Digital} {Humanities} {Bust}},
	url = {https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-digital-humanities-bust/},
	abstract = {After a decade of investment and hype, what has the field accomplished? Not much.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {The Chronicle of Higher Education},
	author = {Brennan, Timothy},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Section: The Review},
}

@incollection{bianco_chapter_2012,
	address = {University of Minnesota},
	title = {Chapter 7: {This} {Digital} {Humanities} {Which} {Is} {Not} {One}},
	url = {https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/read/untitled-88c11800-9446-469b-a3be-3fdb36bfbd1e/section/1a1c7fbc-6c4a-4cec-9597-a15e33315541},
	abstract = {Start reading this text on Debates in the DH Manifold.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-12-08},
	booktitle = {Debates in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Manifold Scholarship},
	author = {Bianco, Jamie},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{allington_neoliberal_2016,
	title = {Neoliberal {Tools} (and {Archives}): {A} {Political} {History} of {Digital} {Humanities}},
	url = {https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/neoliberal-tools-archives-political-history-digital-humanities/},
	abstract = {Daniel Allington, Sarah Brouillete, and David Golumbia explain how Digital Humanities plays a lead role in the corporatist restructuring of the humanities....},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {Los Angeles Review of Books},
	author = {Allington, Daniel and Brouillete, Sarah and Golumbia, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Section: essay},
}

@article{weiskott_there_2017,
	title = {There {Is} {No} {Such} {Thing} as ‘the {Digital} {Humanities}’},
	url = {https://www.chronicle.com/article/there-is-no-such-thing-as-the-digital-humanities/},
	urldate = {2021-12-08},
	journal = {The Chronicle of Higehr Education},
	author = {Weiskott, Eric},
	year = {2017},
}

@incollection{chun_dark_2016,
	address = {Minnesota},
	title = {The {Dark} {Side} of the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	url = {https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/read/untitled/section/ca35736b-0020-4ac6-9ce7-88c6e9ff1bba},
	booktitle = {Debates in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Manifold Scholarship},
	author = {Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong and Grusin, Richard and Jagoda, Patrick and Raley, Rita},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {Chapter 38},
}

@article{grusin_dark_2014,
	title = {The {Dark} {Side} of {Digital} {Humanities}: {Dispatches} from {Two} {Recent} {MLA} {Conventions}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1040-7391, 1527-1986},
	shorttitle = {The {Dark} {Side} of {Digital} {Humanities}},
	url = {https://read.dukeupress.edu/differences/article/25/1/79-92/60682},
	doi = {10.1215/10407391-2420009},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-08},
	journal = {differences},
	author = {Grusin, Richard},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {79--92},
}

@misc{flynn_how_2020,
	title = {How {Big} {Data} {Analytics} are {Used} in the {Banking} {Industry}},
	url = {https://opendatascience.com/how-big-data-analytics-are-used-in-the-banking-industry/},
	abstract = {Banking institutions need to use big data to remodel customer segmentation into a solution that works better for the industry and its customers. Basic customer segmentation generalizes customer wants and needs without addressing any of their pain points. Big data allows the banking industry to create individualized customer profiles that...},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-12-07},
	journal = {Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning \& more},
	author = {Flynn},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{united_nations_inequality_2020,
	title = {‘{Inequality} defines our time’: {UN} chief delivers hard-hitting {Mandela} day message {\textbar} {\textbar} {UN} {News}},
	url = {https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1068611},
	urldate = {2021-12-06},
	journal = {UN News - Global perspective Human stories},
	author = {{United Nations}},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
}

@book{gitelman_raw_2013,
	address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England},
	series = {Infrastructures series},
	title = {"{Raw} data" is an oxymoron},
	isbn = {978-0-262-51828-4},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	editor = {Gitelman, Lisa},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Data transmission systems, Data warehousing, Databases, Information theory},
}

@article{friedman_why_2021,
	chapter = {Style},
	title = {Why {Is} {Facebook} {Rejecting} {These} {Fashion} {Ads}?},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/style/disabled-fashion-facebook-discrimination.html},
	abstract = {The automated intelligence systems of Instagram and Facebook have repeatedly denied ads placed by small businesses that make stylish clothing for people with disabilities.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-12-06},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Friedman, Vanessa},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Adaptive fashion, Artificial Intelligence, Computers and the Internet, Disabilities, Discrimination, Facebook Inc, Fashion and Apparel, Instagram Inc, Online Advertising, Small Business, Social Media, your-feed-fashion},
}

@book{crawford_atlas_2021,
	address = {New Haven},
	title = {Atlas of {AI}: power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence},
	isbn = {978-0-300-20957-0},
	shorttitle = {Atlas of {AI}},
	abstract = {"What happens when artificial intelligence saturates political life and depletes the planet? How is AI shaping our understanding of ourselves and our societies? Drawing on more than a decade of research, award-winning scholar Kate Crawford reveals how AI is a technology of extraction: from the minerals drawn from the earth, to the labor pulled from low-wage information workers, to the data taken from every action and expression. This book reveals how this planetary network is fueling a shift toward undemocratic governance and increased inequity. Rather than taking a narrow focus on code and algorithms, Crawford offers us a material and political perspective on what it takes to make AI and how it centralizes power. This is an urgent account of what is at stake as technology companies use artificial intelligence to reshape the world."--},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Crawford, Kate},
	year = {2021},
	note = {OCLC: on1111967630},
	keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Political aspects, Sociological aspects},
}

@misc{boyd_dont_2018,
	title = {Don’t {Believe} {Every} {AI} {You} {See}},
	url = {https://www.newamerica.org/pit/blog/dont-believe-every-ai-you-see/},
	urldate = {2021-12-06},
	author = {Boyd, Danah},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{eubanks_automating_2017,
	address = {New York, NY},
	edition = {First Edition},
	title = {Automating inequality: how high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor},
	isbn = {978-1-250-07431-7},
	shorttitle = {Automating inequality},
	publisher = {St. Martin's Press},
	author = {Eubanks, Virginia},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Poor, Poverty, Services for Data processing, United States},
}

@article{carver_health_2020,
	title = {Health {Applications} of {Gerontechnology}, {Privacy}, and {Surveillance}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1477-7487},
	shorttitle = {Health {Applications} of {Gerontechnology}, {Privacy}, and {Surveillance}},
	url = {https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/13240},
	doi = {10.24908/ss.v18i2.13240},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-12-03},
	journal = {Surveillance \& Society},
	author = {Carver, Lisa F. and Mackinnon, Debra},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Ageing, Autonomy, Fitness Trackers, Gerontechnology, Seniors, Smart Home, Wearables},
	pages = {216--230},
}

@article{christin_daguerreotypes_2016,
	title = {From daguerreotypes to algorithms: machines, expertise, and three forms of objectivity},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0095-2737},
	shorttitle = {From daguerreotypes to algorithms},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2908216.2908220},
	doi = {10.1145/2908216.2908220},
	abstract = {What claims are made about the objectivity of machines versus that of human experts? Whereas most current debates focus on the growing impact of algorithms in the age of Big Data, I argue here in favor of taking a longer historical perspective on these developments. Drawing on Daston and Galison's analysis of scientific production since the eighteenth century, I show that their distinction among three forms of objectivity ("truth-to-nature," "mechanical objectivity," and "trained judgment") sheds light on existing discussions about algorithmic objectivity and accountability in expert fields.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-03},
	journal = {ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society},
	author = {Christin, Angèle},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {27--32},
}

@book{novick_that_1988,
	address = {Cambridge [England]},
	series = {Ideas in context},
	title = {That noble dream: the "objectivity question" and the {American} historical profession},
	isbn = {978-0-521-34328-2 978-0-521-35745-6},
	shorttitle = {That noble dream},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Novick, Peter},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {Historiography, Objectivity, United States},
}

@book{berry_postdigital_2015,
	address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York, NY},
	title = {Postdigital aesthetics: art, computation and design},
	isbn = {978-1-137-43719-8},
	shorttitle = {Postdigital aesthetics},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	editor = {Berry, David M. and Dieter, Michael},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Aesthetics, Digital media, Digital techniques Philosophy, Mass media, Philosophy, Photography, Technological innovations, Technology, Technology and the arts},
}

@misc{unesco_education_2020,
	title = {Education: {From} disruption to recovery},
	shorttitle = {Education},
	url = {https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse},
	abstract = {A record number of children and youth are not attending school because of closures mandated by governments in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-14},
	journal = {UNESCO},
	author = {{UNESCO}},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@techreport{sua_postpandemic_2020,
	title = {The postpandemic workforce: {Responses} to a {McKinsey} global survey of 800 executives},
	url = {https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/what-800-executives-envision-for-the-postpandemic-workforce},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	institution = {McKinsey Global Institute},
	author = {Sua, André and Cheng, Wan-Lae and Lund, Susan and De Smet, Aaron and Robinson, Olivia and Sanghvi, Saurabh},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
}

@book{graeber_democracy_2013,
	address = {New York, NY},
	edition = {1. ed},
	title = {The {Democracy} {Project}: a history, a crisis, a movement},
	isbn = {978-0-8129-9356-1 978-0-679-64600-6},
	shorttitle = {The {Democracy} {Project}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Spiegel \& Grau},
	author = {Graeber, David},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{graeber_democracy_2013-1,
	address = {New York, NY},
	edition = {1. ed},
	title = {The {Democracy} {Project}: a history, a crisis, a movement},
	isbn = {978-0-8129-9356-1 978-0-679-64600-6},
	shorttitle = {The {Democracy} {Project}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Spiegel \& Grau},
	author = {Graeber, David},
	year = {2013},
}

@incollection{stigler_testing_1987,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Testing hypotheses or fitting models?},
	isbn = {978-0-19-505099-8},
	booktitle = {Neutral models in biology},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Stigler, Stephen M.},
	editor = {Nitecki, M. H. and Hoffman, A.},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand},
}

@book{nitecki_neutral_1987,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Neutral models in biology},
	isbn = {978-0-19-505099-8},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	editor = {Nitecki, Matthew H. and Hoffman, Antoni},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {Biological models},
}

@inproceedings{viola_introducing_2021,
	address = {virtual},
	title = {Introducing the {DHARPA} {Project}: {An} interdisciplinary lab to enable critical {DH} practice},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/5109974},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5109974},
	urldate = {2021-09-29},
	booktitle = {The {Humanities} in a {Digital} {World}},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Cunningham, Angela R and Jaskov, Helena},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
}

@book{hernan_causal_2021,
	address = {Boca Raton},
	series = {Chapman \& {Hall}/{CRC} monographs on statistics \& applied probability},
	title = {Causal inference. {What} if},
	isbn = {978-1-4200-7616-5},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall/CRC},
	author = {Hernán, Miguel and Robins, James M.},
	year = {2021},
}

@book{pearl_causal_2016,
	address = {Chichester, West Sussex},
	title = {Causal inference in statistics: a primer},
	isbn = {978-1-119-18684-7},
	shorttitle = {Causal inference in statistics},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Pearl, Judea and Glymour, Madelyn and Jewell, Nicholas P.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Causation, Mathematical statistics, Probabilities},
}

@book{sollors_beyond_2011,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {Repr.},
	title = {Beyond ethnicity: consent and descent in {American} culture},
	isbn = {978-0-19-505193-3},
	shorttitle = {Beyond ethnicity},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Oxford UP},
	author = {Sollors, Werner},
	year = {2011},
}

@book{pearl_book_2018,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {First edition},
	title = {The book of why: the new science of cause and effect},
	isbn = {978-0-465-09760-9},
	shorttitle = {The book of why},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	author = {Pearl, Judea and Mackenzie, Dana},
	year = {2018},
}

@inproceedings{wallach_topic_2006,
	address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania},
	title = {Topic modeling: beyond bag-of-words},
	isbn = {978-1-59593-383-6},
	shorttitle = {Topic modeling},
	url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1143844.1143967},
	doi = {10.1145/1143844.1143967},
	abstract = {Some models of textual corpora employ text generation methods involving n-gram statistics, while others use latent topic variables inferred using the “bag-of-words” assumption, in which word order is ignored. Previously, these methods have not been combined. In this work, I explore a hierarchical generative probabilistic model that incorporates both n-gram statistics and latent topic variables by extending a unigram topic model to include properties of a hierarchical Dirichlet bigram language model. The model hyperparameters are inferred using a Gibbs EM algorithm. On two data sets, each of 150 documents, the new model exhibits better predictive accuracy than either a hierarchical Dirichlet bigram language model or a unigram topic model. Additionally, the inferred topics are less dominated by function words than are topics discovered using unigram statistics, potentially making them more meaningful.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-15},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on {Machine} learning  - {ICML} '06},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	author = {Wallach, Hanna M.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {977--984},
}

@inproceedings{wang_topical_2007,
	address = {Omaha, NE, USA},
	title = {Topical {N}-{Grams}: {Phrase} and {Topic} {Discovery}, with an {Application} to {Information} {Retrieval}},
	isbn = {978-0-7695-3018-5},
	shorttitle = {Topical {N}-{Grams}},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4470313/},
	doi = {10.1109/ICDM.2007.86},
	abstract = {Most topic models, such as latent Dirichlet allocation, rely on the bag-of-words assumption. However, word order and phrases are often critical to capturing the meaning of text in many text mining tasks. This paper presents topical n-grams, a topic model that discovers topics as well as topical phrases. The probabilistic model generates words in their textual order by, for each word, ﬁrst sampling a topic, then sampling its status as a unigram or bigram, and then sampling the word from a topic-speciﬁc unigram or bigram distribution. Thus our model can model “white house” as a special meaning phrase in the ‘politics’ topic, but not in the ‘real estate’ topic. Successive bigrams form longer phrases. We present experimental results showing meaningful phrases and more interpretable topics from the NIPS data and improved information retrieval performance on a TREC collection.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-15},
	booktitle = {Seventh {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Data} {Mining} ({ICDM} 2007)},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Wang, Xuerui and McCallum, Andrew and Wei, Xing},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {697--702},
}

@article{kherwa_semantic_2020,
	title = {Semantic {N}-{Gram} {Topic} {Modeling}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2032-9407},
	url = {http://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.163131},
	doi = {10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.163131},
	abstract = {In this paper a novel approach for effective topic modeling is presented. The approach is different from traditional vector space model-based topic modeling, where the Bag of Words (BOW) approach is followed. The novelty of our approach is that in phrase-based vector space, where critical measure like point wise mutual information (PMI) and log frequency based mutual dependency (LGMD)is applied and phrase’s suitability for particular topic are calculated and best considerable semantic N-Gram phrases and terms are considered for further topic modeling. In this experiment the proposed semantic N-Gram topic modeling is compared with collocation Latent Dirichlet allocation(coll-LDA) and most appropriate state of the art topic modeling technique latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). Results are evaluated and it was found that perplexity is drastically improved and found significant improvement in coherence score specifically for short text data set like movie reviews and political blogs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {26},
	urldate = {2021-11-15},
	journal = {ICST Transactions on Scalable Information Systems},
	author = {Kherwa, Pooja and Bansal, Poonam},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {163131},
}

@book{miner_practical_2012,
	address = {Waltham, MA},
	edition = {1st ed},
	title = {Practical text mining and statistical analysis for non-structured text data applications},
	isbn = {978-0-12-386979-1},
	abstract = {"The world contains an unimaginably vast amount of digital information which is getting ever vaster ever more rapidly. This makes it possible to do many things that previously could not be done: spot business trends, prevent diseases, combat crime and so on. Managed well, the textual data can be used to unlock new sources of economic value, provide fresh insights into science and hold governments to account. As the Internet expands and our natural capacity to process the unstructured text that it contains diminishes, the value of text mining for information retrieval and search will increase dramatically. This comprehensive professional reference brings together all the information, tools and methods a professional will need to efficiently use text mining applications and statistical analysis. The Handbook of Practical Text Mining and Statistical Analysis for Non-structured Text Data Applications presents a comprehensive how- to reference that shows the user how to conduct text mining and statistically analyze results. In addition to providing an in-depth examination of core text mining and link detection tools, methods and operations, the book examines advanced preprocessing techniques, knowledge representation considerations, and visualization approaches. Finally, the book explores current real-world, mission-critical applications of text mining and link detection using real world example tutorials in such varied fields as corporate, finance, business intelligence, genomics research, and counterterrorism activities"--},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	editor = {Miner, Gary},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Data mining},
}

@article{viola_chroniclitaly_2021,
	title = {\textit{{ChroniclItaly}} and \textit{{ChroniclItaly} 2.0:} {Digital} {Heritage} to {Access} {Narratives} of {Migration}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1753-8548, 1755-1706},
	shorttitle = {\textit{{ChroniclItaly}} and {\textless}i{\textgreater}{ChroniclItaly} 2.0},
	url = {https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/ijhac.2021.0268},
	doi = {10.3366/ijhac.2021.0268},
	abstract = {Although the voice of migrants and minorities has increasingly being heard in migration research, studies of past narratives of migration remain comparatively rare. The reason for this lies in the fact that accessing historical records of migrants’ personal accounts is technically difficult. Voicing the experiences and ‘inner life’ of migrants, the immigrant press represents a suitable compromise. This article presents ChroniclItaly (Viola 2018) and ChroniclItaly 2.0 (Viola 2019), two digital heritage collections of Italian immigrant newspapers published in the United States between 1898 and 1920. Both corpora include the digitized front pages of 4,810 issues of seven Italian newspapers’ titles and contain 16,624,571 words; ChroniclItaly 2.0, in particular, includes annotations for referential entities such as people, places and organizations. The material was collected from Chronicling America, an Internet-based directory of digitized newspapers published in the United States from 1789 to 1963. With their focus on the turn of the twentieth century, ChroniclItaly and ChroniclItaly 2.0 are valuable sources for studying past narratives of migration and for obtaining new insights into the migrants’ role in the history of modern states. This article describes the context, rationale, data design and accessibility of the archives as well as research applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2021-11-09},
	journal = {International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {170--185},
}

@article{blei_latent_2003,
	title = {Latent {Dirichlet} {Allocation}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {ISSN 1533-7928},
	number = {Jan},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
	author = {Blei, David M. and Ng, Andrew Y. and Jordan, Michael I.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {993--1022},
}

@article{blei_latent_2003-1,
	title = {Latent {Dirichlet} {Allocation}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {ISSN 1533-7928},
	number = {Jan},
	urldate = {2020-12-04},
	journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
	author = {Blei, David M. and Ng, Andrew Y. and Jordan, Michael I.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {993--1022},
}

@inproceedings{viola_importance_2021,
	address = {Online event, September},
	series = {{CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	title = {The {Importance} of {Being} {Digital} (keynote)},
	volume = {2981},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th {International} {Workshop} on {Computational} {History} ({HistoInformatics} 2021)},
	publisher = {CEUR},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Sumikawa, Yasunobu and Ikejiri, Ryohei and Doucet, Antoine and Pfanzelter, Eva and Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed and Dias, Gaël and Milligan, Ian and Jatowt, Adam},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
}

@misc{viola_chroniclitaly_2021-1,
	title = {{ChroniclItaly} 3.0. {A} deep-learning, contextually enriched digital heritage collection of {Italian} immigrant newspapers published in the {USA}, 1898-1936.},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/4596345},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.4596345},
	abstract = {This open access collection includes the digitized front pages of 10 Italian language newspapers published in California, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia. It totals 8,653 issues and contains 21,454,455 words. The titles are: {\textless}em{\textgreater}L’Italia{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}Cronaca sovversiva{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}La libera parola{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}The patriot{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}La ragione{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}La rassegna{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}La sentinella del West Virginia{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}L’Indipendente{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, {\textless}em{\textgreater}La Sentinella{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, and {\textless}em{\textgreater}and La Tribuna del Connecticut{\textless}/em{\textgreater}. The material was collected from {\textless}em{\textgreater}Chronicling America{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, an Internet-based, searchable database of U.S. newspapers published in the United States from 1789 to 1963 made available by the Library of Congress. The corpus features mainstream ({\textless}em{\textgreater}prominenti{\textless}/em{\textgreater}), anarchic ({\textless}em{\textgreater}sovversivi{\textless}/em{\textgreater}), and independent newspapers thus providing a very nuanced picture of the Italian immigrant community in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. To promote transparency, the collection includes two versions of {\textless}em{\textgreater}ChroniclItaly 3.0{\textless}/em{\textgreater}: unprocessed (as it was collected from {\textless}em{\textgreater}Chronicling America{\textless}/em{\textgreater}) and processed (with pre-processing interventions). Users can also find the data-sets including all the outputs from all the enrichment steps and post-intervention: named entity recognition (NER), geo-coding, sentiment analysis, and network analysis in addition to the readme.txt file that helps users navigate the folders and the metadata file containing relevant information. The code used to perform all the interventions is available at this GitHub repository https://github.com/lorellav/DeXTER-DeepTextMiner. Finally, all the enrichment outputs can be explored in the interactive app {\textless}strong{\textgreater}DeXTER{\textless}/strong{\textgreater} available at https://c2dh.shinyapps.io/dexter/.},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Fiscarelli, Antonio Maria},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	note = {ISSN: 1613-0073},
	keywords = {AI for digital heritage, American ethnic press, Contextual enrichment, Digital heritage, Italian diaspora},
}

@article{braidotti_theoretical_2019,
	title = {A {Theoretical} {Framework} for the {Critical} {Posthumanities}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0263-2764, 1460-3616},
	doi = {10.1177/0263276418771486},
	abstract = {What are the parameters that define a posthuman knowing subject, her scientific credibility and ethical accountability? Taking the posthumanities as an emergent field of enquiry based on the convergence of posthumanism and post-anthropocentrism, I argue that posthuman knowledge claims go beyond the critiques of the universalist image of ‘Man’ and of human exceptionalism. The conceptual foundation I envisage for the critical posthumanities is a neo-Spinozist monistic ontology that assumes radical immanence, i.e. the primacy of intelligent and self-organizing matter. This implies that the posthuman knowing subject has to be understood as a relational embodied and embedded, affective and accountable entity and not only as a transcendental consciousness. Two related notions emerge from this claim: firstly, the mind-body continuum – i.e. the embrainment of the body and embodiment of the mind – and secondly, the nature-culture continuum – i.e. ‘naturecultural’ and ‘humanimal’ transversal bonding. The article explores these key conceptual and methodological perspectives and discusses the implications of the critical posthumanities for practices in the contemporary ‘research’ university.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {Braidotti, Rosi},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {31--61},
}

@article{braidotti_posthumanities_2019,
	title = {The {Posthumanities} in an {Era} of {Unexpected} {Consequences}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0263-2764, 1460-3616},
	doi = {10.1177/0263276419860567},
	abstract = {The posthumanities constitute an affirmative, expanded development of the traditional humanities embedded within the posthuman convergence. Numerous changes impel recognition of wider forms and constituents of conditions no longer nameable simply as human, also implying mature relations to technology and science. The posthuman condition – in fields as diverse as military strategy, health, education and machine learning – brings entities and processes into transversal relation in ways that are normatively neutral but loaded with implications. Working in this condition is a task of the posthumanities. Being transversal implies risk. One such risk is the unexpected consequence. The article builds on Jevons, Merton, Guattari and Braidotti, to examine how transversality maps unexpected consequences (such as pollution). Transversality is also a pragmatic method to render problems multi-dimensional: expressing active forces and capacities under the radar of established forms of articulation. Short summaries of articles by contributing authors complete this introduction.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {Braidotti, Rosi and Fuller, Matthew},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3--29},
}

@article{braidotti_posthuman_2017,
	title = {Posthuman {Critical} {Theory}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {24724513},
	doi = {10.5325/jpoststud.1.1.0009},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-24},
	journal = {Journal of Posthuman Studies},
	author = {{Braidotti}},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {9},
}

@misc{noauthor_topic_2018,
	title = {Topic {Modeling} in {Python} with {Gensim}},
	url = {https://www.machinelearningplus.com/nlp/topic-modeling-gensim-python/},
	abstract = {Topic Modeling is a technique to understand and extract the hidden topics from large volumes of text. Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) is an algorithm for topic modeling, which has excellent implementations in the Python's Gensim package. This tutorial tackles the problem of finding the optimal number of topics.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2021-02-01},
	journal = {ML+},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
}

@misc{noauthor_adrienguilletom_nodate,
	title = {{AdrienGuille}/{TOM}},
	url = {https://github.com/AdrienGuille/TOM},
	abstract = {A library for topic modeling and browsing. Contribute to AdrienGuille/TOM development by creating an account on GitHub.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {GitHub},
	note = {Library Catalog: github.com},
}

@misc{noauthor_agoldstdfrtopics_nodate,
	title = {agoldst/dfrtopics},
	url = {https://github.com/agoldst/dfrtopics},
	abstract = {An R package for exploring topic models of text. Contribute to agoldst/dfrtopics development by creating an account on GitHub.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {GitHub},
	note = {Library Catalog: github.com},
}

@misc{rao_turbo-charge_2020,
	title = {Turbo-charge your {spaCy} {NLP} pipeline},
	url = {https://towardsdatascience.com/turbo-charge-your-spacy-nlp-pipeline-551435b664ad},
	abstract = {Tips and tricks to significantly speed up text preprocessing in spaCy using custom pipelines and joblib},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-01},
	journal = {Medium},
	author = {Rao, Prashanth},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{noauthor_topic_2018-1,
	title = {Topic modeling visualization - {How} to present results of {LDA} model?},
	url = {https://www.machinelearningplus.com/nlp/topic-modeling-visualization-how-to-present-results-lda-models/},
	abstract = {In this post, we follow a structured approach to build gensim's topic model and explore multiple strategies to visualize results using matplotlib plots.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2021-02-01},
	journal = {ML+},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
}

@misc{noauthor_mining_nodate,
	title = {Mining the {Eleanor} {Roosevelt} \textit{{My} {Day}} {Columns}},
	url = {https://regan008.shinyapps.io/mining_my_day/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@article{mimno_computational_2012,
	title = {Computational historiography: {Data} mining in a century of classics journals},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1556-4673, 1556-4711},
	shorttitle = {Computational historiography},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2160165.2160168},
	doi = {10.1145/2160165.2160168},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage},
	author = {Mimno, David},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1--19},
}

@misc{unknown_sapping_2012,
	title = {Sapping {Attention}: {When} you have a {MALLET}, everything looks like a nail},
	shorttitle = {Sapping {Attention}},
	url = {http://sappingattention.blogspot.com/2012/11/when-you-have-mallet-everything-looks.html},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Sapping Attention},
	author = {Unknown},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Library Catalog: Blogger},
	keywords = {Digital Humanities Now Editors' Choice, Machine Learning, Ships, Topic Modelling, Whaling},
}

@misc{unknown_sapping_2013,
	title = {Sapping {Attention}: {Keeping} the words in {Topic} {Models}},
	shorttitle = {Sapping {Attention}},
	url = {http://sappingattention.blogspot.com/2013/01/keeping-words-in-topic-models.html},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Sapping Attention},
	author = {Unknown},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Library Catalog: Blogger},
	keywords = {Changes in language over time, Digital Humanities Now Editors' Choice, Topic Modelling},
}

@misc{noauthor_topics_nodate,
	title = {Topics in {Theory}},
	url = {https://jgoodwin.net/blog/topics-in-theory/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_same_nodate,
	title = {Same {Stuff}, {Different} {Graph}},
	url = {https://jgoodwin.net/blog/same-stuff-different-graph/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{goodwin_visualizing_2012,
	title = {Visualizing {Topics} in {ELH}},
	url = {https://jgoodwin.net/blog/visualizing-topics-in-elh/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Jonathan Goodwin},
	author = {Goodwin, Jonathan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Library Catalog: jgoodwin.net},
}

@misc{noauthor_bmabeypyldavis_nodate,
	title = {bmabey/{pyLDAvis}},
	url = {https://github.com/bmabey/pyLDAvis},
	abstract = {Python library for interactive topic model visualization. Port of the R LDAvis package. - bmabey/pyLDAvis},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {GitHub},
	note = {Library Catalog: github.com},
}

@misc{noauthor_evaluate_nodate,
	title = {Evaluate {Topic} {Models}: {Latent} {Dirichlet} {Allocation} ({LDA})},
	url = {https://towardsdatascience.com/evaluate-topic-model-in-python-latent-dirichlet-allocation-lda-7d57484bb5d0},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_bmabeypyldavis_nodate-1,
	title = {bmabey/{pyLDAvis}},
	url = {https://github.com/bmabey/pyLDAvis},
	abstract = {Python library for interactive topic model visualization. Port of the R LDAvis package. - bmabey/pyLDAvis},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {GitHub},
	note = {Library Catalog: github.com},
}

@misc{noauthor_topic_2018-2,
	title = {Topic {Modeling} in {Python} with {Gensim}},
	url = {https://www.machinelearningplus.com/nlp/topic-modeling-gensim-python/},
	abstract = {Topic Modeling is a technique to understand and extract the hidden topics from large volumes of text. Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) is an algorithm for topic modeling, which has excellent implementations in the Python's Gensim package. This tutorial tackles the problem of finding the optimal number of topics.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Machine Learning Plus},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Library Catalog: www.machinelearningplus.com},
}

@misc{noauthor_gensim_nodate,
	title = {gensim: topic modelling for humans},
	shorttitle = {gensim},
	url = {https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/auto_examples/core/run_topics_and_transformations.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-core-run-topics-and-transformations-py},
	abstract = {Efficient topic modelling in Python},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	note = {Library Catalog: radimrehurek.com},
}

@misc{noauthor_topic_2018-3,
	title = {Topic {Modeling} in {Python} with {Gensim}},
	url = {https://www.machinelearningplus.com/nlp/topic-modeling-gensim-python/},
	abstract = {Topic Modeling is a technique to understand and extract the hidden topics from large volumes of text. Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) is an algorithm for topic modeling, which has excellent implementations in the Python's Gensim package. This tutorial tackles the problem of finding the optimal number of topics.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Machine Learning Plus},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Library Catalog: www.machinelearningplus.com},
}

@article{qi_sta_nodate,
	title = {Sta n z a : {A} {Python} {Natural} {Language} {Processing} {Toolkit} for {Many} {Human} {Languages}},
	abstract = {We introduce Sta n z a , an open-source Python natural language processing toolkit supporting 66 human languages. Compared to existing widely used toolkits, Sta n z a features a language-agnostic fully neural pipeline for text analysis, including tokenization, multiword token expansion, lemmatization, part-ofspeech and morphological feature tagging, dependency parsing, and named entity recognition. We have trained Sta n z a on a total of 112 datasets, including the Universal Dependencies treebanks and other multilingual corpora, and show that the same neural architecture generalizes well and achieves competitive performance on all languages tested. Additionally, Sta n z a includes a native Python interface to the widely used Java Stanford CoreNLP software, which further extends its functionality to cover other tasks such as coreference resolution and relation extraction. Source code, documentation, and pretrained models for 66 languages are available at https:// stanfordnlp.github.io/stanza/.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Qi, Peng and Zhang, Yuhao and Zhang, Yuhui},
	pages = {8},
}

@misc{noauthor_ways_nodate,
	title = {Ways to {Compute} {Topics} over {Time}, {Part} 3 · {From} {Data} to {Scholarship}},
	url = {https://jeriwieringa.com/2017/06/30/calculating-and-visualizing-topic-significance-over-time-part-3/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_ways_nodate-1,
	title = {Ways to {Compute} {Topics} over {Time}, {Part} 2 · {From} {Data} to {Scholarship}},
	url = {https://jeriwieringa.com/2017/06/23/calculating-and-visualizing-topic-significance-over-time-part-2/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_jupyter_nodate,
	title = {Jupyter {Notebook} {Viewer}},
	url = {https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/dsquareindia/gensim/blob/280375fe14adea67ce6384ba7eabf362b05e6029/docs/notebooks/topic_coherence_tutorial.ipynb#topic=1&lambda=1&term=},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_pipeline_nodate,
	title = {Pipeline and {Processors} {\textbar} {Stanza}},
	url = {https://stanfordnlp.github.io/stanza/pipeline.html#processors},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_nerprocessor_nodate,
	title = {{NERProcessor} {\textbar} {Stanza}},
	url = {https://stanfordnlp.github.io/stanza/ner.html},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_ways_nodate-2,
	title = {Ways to {Compute} {Topics} over {Time}, {Part} 4 · {From} {Data} to {Scholarship}},
	url = {https://jeriwieringa.com/2017/07/09/calculating-and-visualizing-topic-significance-over-time-part-4/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_home_nodate,
	title = {home · {From} {Data} to {Scholarship}},
	url = {https://jeriwieringa.com/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_topic_nodate,
	title = {Topic {Model} {Browser}},
	url = {https://agoldst.github.io/dfr-browser/demo/#/topic/9/1979},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_using_nodate,
	title = {Using {pyLDAvis} with {Mallet} · {From} {Data} to {Scholarship}},
	url = {https://jeriwieringa.com/2018/07/17/pyLDAviz-and-Mallet/},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_ways_nodate-3,
	title = {Ways to {Compute} {Topics} over {Time}, {Part} 1 · {From} {Data} to {Scholarship}},
	url = {https://jeriwieringa.com/2017/06/21/Calculating-and-Visualizing-Topic-Significance-over-Time-Part-1/#topic=0&lambda=0.6&term=},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
}

@misc{noauthor_topic_2018-4,
	title = {Topic modeling visualization - {How} to present results of {LDA} model? {\textbar} {ML}+},
	shorttitle = {Topic modeling visualization - {How} to present results of {LDA} model?},
	url = {https://www.machinelearningplus.com/nlp/topic-modeling-visualization-how-to-present-results-lda-models/},
	abstract = {In this post, we follow a structured approach to build gensim's topic model and explore multiple strategies to visualize results using matplotlib plots.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Machine Learning Plus},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Library Catalog: www.machinelearningplus.com},
}

@article{alghamdi_survey_2015,
	title = {A {Survey} of {Topic} {Modeling} in {Text} {Mining}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {21565570, 2158107X},
	url = {http://thesai.org/Publications/ViewPaper?Volume=6&Issue=1&Code=ijacsa&SerialNo=21},
	doi = {10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060121},
	abstract = {Topic Modeling provides a convenient way to analyze big unclassified text. A topic contains a cluster of words that frequently occurs together. A topic modeling can connect words with similar meanings and distinguish between uses of words with multiple meanings. This paper provides two categories that can be considered under the field of topic modeling. First one discusses the area of methods of Topic Modeling, which has four methods and can be considered under this category. These methods are Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and Correlated Topic Model (CTM). The second category is called Topic Evolution Model, it considers an important factor time. In this category, different models are discussed, such as Topic Over Time (TOT), Dynamic Topic Models (DTM), Multiscale Topic Tomography, Dynamic Topic Correlation Detection, Detecting Topic Evolution in scientific literatures, etc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
	author = {Alghamdi, Rubayyi and Alfalqi, Khalid},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{lancichinetti_high-reproducibility_2015,
	title = {High-{Reproducibility} and {High}-{Accuracy} {Method} for {Automated} {Topic} {Classification}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2160-3308},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011007},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011007},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Physical Review X},
	author = {Lancichinetti, Andrea and Sirer, M. Irmak and Wang, Jane X. and Acuna, Daniel and Körding, Konrad and Amaral, Luís A. Nunes},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {011007},
}

@misc{noauthor_topic_2015,
	title = {Topic {Mapping}},
	url = {https://amaral.northwestern.edu/resources/software/topic-mapping},
	journal = {amaral.northwestern.edu},
	year = {2015},
}

@misc{kapadias_introduction_2019,
	title = {Introduction to {Topic} {Modelling}},
	url = {https://github.com/kapadias/mediumposts/blob/master/nlp/published_notebooks/Introduction%20to%20Topic%20Modeling.ipynb},
	author = {Kapadias},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{lancichinetti_high-reproducibility_2015-1,
	title = {High-{Reproducibility} and {High}-{Accuracy} {Method} for {Automated} {Topic} {Classification}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2160-3308},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011007},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011007},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Physical Review X},
	author = {Lancichinetti, Andrea and Sirer, M. Irmak and Wang, Jane X. and Acuna, Daniel and Körding, Konrad and Amaral, Luís A. Nunes},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {011007},
}

@misc{li_topic_2018,
	title = {Topic {Modeling} and {Latent} {Dirichlet} {Allocation} ({LDA}) in {Python}},
	url = {https://towardsdatascience.com/topic-modeling-and-latent-dirichlet-allocation-in-python-9bf156893c24},
	journal = {Towards data Science},
	author = {Li, Susan},
	year = {2018},
}

@incollection{ang_t-i_topic_2011,
	address = {Stroudsburg, PA},
	title = {Topic modeling on historical newspapers},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1513},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} {Workshop} on {Language} {Technology} for {Cultural} {Heritage}, {Social} {Sciences}, and {Humanities}. {LaTeCH} ’11},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {ang T.-I, and Torget A. J., and Mihalcea R},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {96--104},
}

@incollection{steyvers_probabilistic_2007,
	title = {Probabilistic topic models},
	booktitle = {Latent {Semantic} {Analysis}: {A} {Road} to {Meaning}},
	author = {Steyvers and Griffiths T.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {427--48},
}

@book{landauer_t_latent_2010,
	address = {Hillsdale, NJ},
	title = {Latent {Semantic} {Analysis}: {A} {Road} to {Meaning}},
	publisher = {Laurence Erlbaum},
	editor = {Landauer T and {McNamara D} and {Dennis S} and {Kintsch W}},
	year = {2010},
}

@misc{nelson_r_k_mining_2010,
	title = {Mining the {Dispatch}. {Digital} {Scholarship} {Lab}: {The} {University} of {Richmond}},
	url = {ttp://dsl.richmond.edu/dispatch/pages/about},
	author = {Nelson R. K.},
	year = {2010},
}

@misc{graham_getting_2012,
	title = {Getting started with topic modeling and {MALLET}.},
	url = {http://programminghistorian.org/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet.htm},
	journal = {Programming Historian},
	author = {Graham, S. and Weingart, S. and Milligan, I.},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{singhal_pivoted_nodate,
	title = {Pivoted {Document} {Length} {Normalization}},
	abstract = {Automatic information retrieval systems have to deal with documents of varying lengths in a text collection. Document length normalization is used to fairly retrieve documents of all lengths. In this study, we observe that a normalization scheme that retrieves documents of all lengths with similar chances as their likelihood of relevance will outperform another scheme which retrieves documents with chances very di erent from their likelihood of relevance. We show that the retrieval probabilities for a particular normalization method deviate systematically from the relevance probabilities across di erent collections. We present pivoted normalization, a technique that can be used to modify any normalization function thereby reducing the gap between the relevance and the retrieval probabilities. Training pivoted normalization on one collection, we can successfully use it on other (new) text collections, yielding a robust, collection independent normalization technique. We use the idea of pivoting with the well known cosine normalization function. We point out some shortcomings of the cosine function and present two new normalization functions {\textbar} pivoted unique normalization and pivoted byte size normalization.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Singhal, Amit and Buckley, Chris and Mitra, Mandar},
	pages = {9},
}

@inproceedings{chuang_termite_2012,
	address = {Capri Island, Italy},
	title = {Termite: visualization techniques for assessing textual topic models},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-1287-5},
	shorttitle = {Termite},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2254556.2254572},
	doi = {10.1145/2254556.2254572},
	abstract = {Topic models aid analysis of text corpora by identifying latent topics based on co-occurring words. Real-world deployments of topic models, however, often require intensive expert veriﬁcation and model reﬁnement. In this paper we present Termite, a visual analysis tool for assessing topic model quality. Termite uses a tabular layout to promote comparison of terms both within and across latent topics. We contribute a novel saliency measure for selecting relevant terms and a seriation algorithm that both reveals clustering structure and promotes the legibility of related terms. In a series of examples, we demonstrate how Termite allows analysts to identify coherent and signiﬁcant themes.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-09},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {International} {Working} {Conference} on {Advanced} {Visual} {Interfaces} - {AVI} '12},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	author = {Chuang, Jason and Manning, Christopher D. and Heer, Jeffrey},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {74},
}

@misc{mccallum_a_k_mallet_2002,
	title = {{MALLET}: {A} {Machine} {Learning} for {Language} {Toolkit}},
	url = {http://mallet.cs.umass.edu},
	author = {McCallum A. K},
	year = {2002},
}

@article{andersen_how_nodate,
	title = {How to read the 52.000 pages of the {British} {Journal} of {Psychiatry}? {A} collaborative approach to source exploration},
	abstract = {Historians are confronted with an overabundance of sources that require new perspectives and tools to make use of large-scale corpora. Based on a use case from the history of psychiatry this paper describes the work of an interdisciplinary team to tackle these challenges by combining different NLP tools with new visual interfaces that foster the exploration of the corpus. The paper highlights several research challenges in the preparation and processing of the corpus and sketches new insights for historical research that were gathered due to the use of the tools.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Andersen, Eva and Biryukov, Maria and Kalyakin, Roman and Wieneke, Lars},
	pages = {23},
}

@book{waldrop_complexity_1992,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Complexity: the emerging science at the edge of order and chaos},
	isbn = {978-0-671-76789-1 978-0-671-87234-2},
	shorttitle = {Complexity},
	abstract = {"In a rented convent in Santa Fe, a revolution has been brewing. The activists are not anarchists, but rather Nobel Laureates in physics and economics such as Murray Gell-Mann and Kenneth Arrow, and pony-tailed graduate students, mathematicians, and computer scientists down from Los Alamos. They've formed an iconoclastic think tank called the Santa Fe Institute, and their radical idea is to create a new science called complexity." "These mavericks from academe share a deep impatience with the kind of linear, reductionist thinking that has dominated science since the time of Newton. Instead, they are gathering novel ideas about interconnectedness, coevolution, chaos, structure, and order - and they're forging them into an entirely new, unified way of thinking about nature, human social behavior, life, and the universe itself." "They want to know how a primordial soup of simple molecules managed to turn itself into the first living cell - and what the origin of life some four billion years ago can tell us about the process of technological innovation today. They want to know why ancient ecosystems often remained stable for millions of years, only to vanish in a geological instant - and what such events have to do with the sudden collapse of Soviet communism in the late 1980s. They want to know why the economy can behave in unpredictable ways that economists can't explain - and how the random process of Darwinian natural selection managed to produce such wonderfully intricate structures as the eye and the kidney. Above all, they want to know how the universe manages to bring forth complex structures such as galaxies, stars, planets, bacteria, plants, animals, and brains. There are common threads in all of these queries, and these Santa Fe scientists seek to understand them." "Complexity is their story: the messy, funny, human story of how science really happens. Here is the tale of Brian Arthur, the Belfast-born economist who stubbornly pushed his theories of economic change in the face of hostile orthodoxy. Here, too, are the stories of Stuart Kauffman, the physician-turned-theorist whose most passionate desire has been to find the principles of evolutionary order and organization that Darwin never knew about; John Holland, the affable computer scientist who developed profoundly original theories of evolution and learning as he labored in obscurity for thirty years; Chris Langton, the one-time hippie whose close brush with death in a hang-glider accident inspired him to create the new field of artificial life; and Santa Fe Institute founder George Cowan, who worked a lifetime in the Los Alamos bomb laboratory, until - at age sixty-three - he set out to start a scientific revolution." "Most of all, however, Complexity is the story of how these scientists and their colleagues have tried to forge what they like to call "the sciences of the twenty-first century.""--Jacket.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Simon \& Schuster},
	author = {Waldrop, M. Mitchell},
	year = {1992},
	note = {OCLC: 26310607},
}

@article{tong_physics_2011,
	title = {Physics and the {Integers}},
	journal = {FQXi Essay Contest 2011},
	author = {Tong, David},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Citeseer},
}

@book{ricoeur_rule_2003,
	address = {London; New York},
	title = {The rule of metaphor the creation of meaning in language},
	isbn = {978-0-203-42661-6 978-0-415-31280-6},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Routledge Classics},
	author = {Ricœur, Paul},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 1229646734},
}

@misc{valeurs_actuelles_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus : après avoir critiqué l’{Italie}, la {France} s’en inspire},
	shorttitle = {Coronavirus},
	url = {https://www.valeursactuelles.com/politique/coronavirus-apres-avoir-critique-litalie-la-france-sen-inspire-117319},
	abstract = {Pour le moins hésitante dans ses choix face au coronavirus, la France a multiplié les décisions contraires, à l’image du maintien des élections municipales, dont le second tour a finalement été reporté. Le gouvernement Philippe a même retourné sa veste quant à son analyse de la stratégie italienne, un temps présentée comme dangereuse, note L’Express.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2020-10-23},
	journal = {Valeurs actuelles},
	author = {{Valeurs actuelles}},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@book{llamas_saiz_metaphor_2020,
	address = {Pamplona},
	series = {Colección {Lingüística}. {Nueva} serie},
	title = {Metaphor in political conflict: populism and discourse},
	isbn = {978-84-313-3467-3},
	shorttitle = {Metaphor in political conflict},
	abstract = {Presentación del editor: "Metaphors play a central role in political discourse: the images we use to speak about an issue both reveal and configure the way we think about it. In situations of conflict, the metaphors people choose are particularly significant, as they can be used to provoke strong reactions and manipulate public opinion ? but also to propose creative approaches to restoring harmony. This collection of studies explores the use of metaphor in contemporary political contexts from the USA to Spain, the Netherlands, Russia and Iran, covering a range of genres from speeches and parliamentary debates to social media."},
	number = {17},
	publisher = {EUNSA},
	editor = {Llamas Saíz, Carmen and Breeze, Ruth},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{cox_politics_2012,
	title = {Politics in motion: {Barack} {Obama}'s use of movement metaphors},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Communication Journal},
	author = {Cox, J.L.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1--13},
}

@book{charteris-black_politicians_2006,
	address = {Basingstoke},
	edition = {Nachdr.},
	title = {Politicians and rhetoric: the persuasive power of metaphor},
	isbn = {978-0-230-01981-2 978-1-4039-4689-8},
	shorttitle = {Politicians and rhetoric},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Charteris-Black, Jonathan},
	year = {2006},
}

@book{goatly_washing_2007,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	series = {Discourse {Approaches} to {Politics}, {Society} and {Culture}},
	title = {Washing the {Brain} – {Metaphor} and {Hidden} {Ideology}},
	volume = {23},
	isbn = {978-90-272-2713-3 978-90-272-2720-1 978-90-272-9293-3},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027292933},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-25},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Goatly, Andrew},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	doi = {10.1075/dapsac.23},
}

@incollection{viola_make_2020,
	address = {Navarra},
	title = {Make {Italy} great again. {Trump}’s echo and discursive manipulations in {Salvini}’s end of the year {Facebook} speech},
	isbn = {978-84-313-3467-3},
	booktitle = {Metaphor in politics and populism},
	publisher = {EUNSA},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Llamas Saíz, Carmen and Breeze, Ruth},
	year = {2020},
	note = {ISBN: 8431334673
Publisher: EUNSA},
	pages = {111--142},
}

@book{mio_metaphor_2016,
	address = {London New York},
	edition = {First issued in paperback},
	series = {A psychology press book},
	title = {Metaphor: implications and applications},
	isbn = {978-1-138-99580-2},
	shorttitle = {Metaphor},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge Taylor and Francis Group},
	editor = {Mio, Jeff and Katz, Albert N.},
	year = {2016},
}

@incollection{landau_metaphorical_2014,
	address = {Washington},
	title = {The metaphorical framing model: {Political} communication and public opinion.},
	isbn = {978-1-4338-1579-9},
	shorttitle = {The metaphorical framing model},
	url = {http://content.apa.org/books/14278-009},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-25},
	booktitle = {The power of metaphor: {Examining} its influence on social life.},
	publisher = {American Psychological Association},
	author = {Ottatti, Victor and Renstrom, Randall and Price, Erika},
	editor = {Landau, Mark and Robinson, Michael D. and Meier, Brian P.},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.1037/14278-009},
	pages = {179--202},
}

@book{lakoff_political_2008,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The political mind: why you can't understand 21st-century politics with an 18th-century brain},
	isbn = {978-0-670-01927-4},
	shorttitle = {The political mind},
	abstract = {In What's the Matter with Kansas?, Thomas Frank pointed out that a great number of Americans actually vote against their own interests. In The Political Mind, George Lakoff explains why},
	publisher = {Viking},
	author = {Lakoff, George},
	year = {2008},
	note = {OCLC: ocn213466226},
	keywords = {Communication in politics, Conservatism, Liberalism, Political culture, Progressivism (United States politics), Thought and thinking, United States},
}

@book{lakoff_dont_2004,
	address = {White River Junction, Vt},
	title = {Don't think of an elephant! know your values and frame the debate: the essential guide for progressives},
	isbn = {978-1-931498-71-5},
	shorttitle = {Don't think of an elephant! know your values and frame the debate},
	publisher = {Chelsea Green Pub. Co},
	author = {Lakoff, George},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {2001-2009, Communication in politics, Frames (Linguistics), Political aspects, Politics and government, Progressivism (United States politics), United States},
}

@book{charteris-black_analysing_2018,
	title = {Analysing {Political} {Speeches}: {Rhetoric}, {Discourse} and {Metaphor}},
	isbn = {978-1-350-30802-2},
	url = {https://books.google.lu/books?id=1fhGEAAAQBAJ},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	author = {Charteris-Black, J.},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{lakoff_metaphor_1992,
	title = {Metaphor and {War}: {The} {Metaphor} {System} {Used} to {Justify} {War} in the {Gulf}},
	volume = {2},
	shorttitle = {Metaphor and {War}},
	url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9sm131vj},
	abstract = {Author(s): Lakoff, George},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-10-25},
	journal = {Journal of Urban and Cultural Studies},
	author = {Lakoff, George},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {59--72},
}

@book{musolff_political_2016,
	address = {London, UK ; New York, NY, USA},
	title = {Political metaphor analysis: discourse and scenarios},
	isbn = {978-1-4411-9817-4 978-1-4411-6066-9},
	shorttitle = {Political metaphor analysis},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: ocn957391701},
	keywords = {17.62 retoric and stylistics (linguistics), Communication in politics, Discourse analysis, Metaphor, Political aspects},
}

@book{musolff_national_2021,
	title = {National conceptualisations of the body politic: cultural experience and political imagination},
	isbn = {9789811587405},
	shorttitle = {National conceptualisations of the body politic},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=2675012&site=ehost-live&scope=site},
	abstract = {This book presents the results of a large-scale experiment into interpretations of the metaphor "the Nation as a Body" among 1,800+ respondents from 30 linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In this first account of an empirical study of cross-cultural global metaphor interpretation of that scale, Musolff confirms that the meanings of metaphors are complex, culturally mediated and may differ for senders and recipients. The book provides a historical and cultural map of the traditions underlying differences in how the nation as a body or, "the body politic" is understood. Musolff challenges the hypotheses of the universality of "the nation" as a predominantly male-gendered and hierarchically organized concept and, in so doing, puts into question some of the key presuppositions of traditional historical and cognitive approaches to metaphor. For scholars and students of figurative language, the book lays out methodological foundations for cross-cultural metaphor comparison and reveals hidden meaning differences in political metaphor in English as lingua franca.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-10-25},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2021},
	note = {OCLC: 1256471283},
}

@book{jaeger_entanglement_2009,
	address = {Berlin},
	series = {The frontiers collection},
	title = {Entanglement, information, and the interpretation of quantum mechanics},
	isbn = {978-3-540-92128-8},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Jaeger, Gregg},
	year = {2009},
}

@book{holbach_systeme_1770,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Système de la nature. 1},
	isbn = {978-2-213-02626-8},
	language = {fre},
	publisher = {Fayard},
	author = {Holbach, Paul Henri Thiry d'},
	year = {1770},
}

@book{fenstad_discrete_1985,
	address = {Oslo},
	series = {Preprint series / {Institute} of {Mathematics}, {University} of {Oslo} {Pure} mathematics},
	title = {The discrete and the continuous in mathematics and the natural science},
	isbn = {978-82-553-0591-0},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1985,9},
	publisher = {Inst., Univ},
	author = {Fenstad, Jens Erik},
	year = {1985},
}

@book{weinert_scientist_2005,
	address = {Berlin Heidelberg},
	title = {The scientist as philosopher: philosophical consequences of great scientific discoveries},
	isbn = {978-3-540-21374-1},
	shorttitle = {The scientist as philosopher},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Weinert, Friedel},
	year = {2005},
}

@book{crossley_social_2015,
	address = {London},
	title = {Social network analysis for ego-nets},
	isbn = {978-1-4462-6776-9 978-1-4462-6777-6},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {Crossley, Nick and Bellotti, Elisa and Edwards, Gemma and Everett, Martin G. and Koskinen, Johan and Tranmer, Mark},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: ocn918993384},
	keywords = {Netzwerkanalyse, Research, Social networks},
}

@book{biggs_graph_1986,
	address = {Oxford [Oxfordshire] ; New York},
	title = {Graph theory, 1736-1936},
	isbn = {978-0-19-853916-2},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Biggs, Norman and Lloyd, E. Keith and Wilson, Robin J.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Graph theory, History Sources},
}

@book{drucker_visualization_2020,
	address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
	title = {Visualization and interpretation: humanistic approaches to display},
	isbn = {978-0-262-04473-8},
	shorttitle = {Visualization and interpretation},
	abstract = {"Visusalization argues for the importance of using traditional humanistic methodologies for the interpretation of graphical images (bar graphs, pie charts, network diagrams, etc.)"--},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	author = {Drucker, Johanna},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Graphic arts, Visual analytics, Visual communication},
}

@article{pousman_casual_2007,
	title = {Casual {Information} {Visualization}: {Depictions} of {Data} in {Everyday} {Life}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1077-2626},
	shorttitle = {Casual {Information} {Visualization}},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4376134/},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2007.70541},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-10-11},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	author = {Pousman, Zachary and Stasko, John and Mateas, Michael},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1145--1152},
}

@book{munzner_visualization_2015,
	address = {Boca Raton},
	series = {A.{K}. {Peters} visualization series},
	title = {Visualization analysis and design},
	isbn = {978-1-4665-0891-0},
	publisher = {CRC Press, Taylor \& Francis Group, CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor \& Francis Group, an informa business},
	author = {Munzner, Tamara},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Information visualization},
}

@inproceedings{viola_keynote_2021,
	address = {University of Illinois},
	title = {Keynote: {The} importance of being digital},
	url = {https://sites.google.com/view/histoinformatics2021workshop/home?authuser=0},
	booktitle = {{HistoInformatics2021} {Workshop} - 6th {International} {Workshop} on {Computational} {History}. {Co}-located with {JCDL2021}},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{drucker_performative_2013,
	title = {Performative {Materiality} and {Theoretical} {Approaches} to {Interface}.},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	journal = {DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Drucker, Johanna},
	year = {2013},
	note = {ISBN: 1938-4122},
}

@incollection{glinka_visualising_2015,
	address = {Glückstadt},
	title = {Visualising the »{Un}-seen«: {Towards} {Critical} {Approaches} and {Strategies} of {Inclusion} in {Digital} {Cultural} {Heritage} {Interfaces}},
	isbn = {978-3-86488-082-7},
	abstract = {In recent years, access to cultural heritage has been closely connected to digitisation. We argue the case for recognising this digital shift as an opportunity to create interfaces to cultural heritage that are, first of all, more inviting to the public. Secondly, we want to encourage critical approaches towards the representation of cultural production and allow for alternative or even conflicting narratives and interpretations to surface. We present related work, use cases, and concepts for visualisations and interfaces that invite the reconsideration of modes of categorisation, presentation and clustering. Our intent is to develop ways to scrutinise modes of exclusion, carry out critical evaluations and pursue interventional strategies. We discuss the specific potential of visualisation, annotation and dynamic expansion of digital cultural collections. Building on critical approaches in human-computer interaction, visualisation and cultural theories, we explore how the interface could be a means of reflection, critique and inclusion.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Kultur und {Informatik} ({XIII}) - {Cross} {Media}},
	publisher = {Verlag Werner Hülsbusch},
	author = {Glinka, Katrin and Meier, Sebastian and Dörk, Marian},
	editor = {Busch, Carsten and Sieck, Jürgen},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {105--118},
}

@article{windhager_visualization_2019,
	title = {Visualization of {Cultural} {Heritage} {Collection} {Data}: {State} of the {Art} and {Future} {Challenges}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1077-2626, 1941-0506, 2160-9306},
	shorttitle = {Visualization of {Cultural} {Heritage} {Collection} {Data}},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8352050/},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2018.2830759},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-10-06},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	author = {Windhager, Florian and Federico, Paolo and Schreder, Gunther and Glinka, Katrin and Dork, Marian and Miksch, Silvia and Mayr, Eva},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2311--2330},
}

@incollection{boccagni_participant_2018,
	address = {Cham},
	series = {{IMISCOE} {Research} {Series}},
	title = {Participant {Observation} in {Migration} {Studies}: {An} {Overview} and {Some} {Emerging} {Issues}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-76861-8},
	shorttitle = {Participant {Observation} in {Migration} {Studies}},
	abstract = {Participant observation, as most researchers would probably agree, is essential to the study of international migration. However, human mobility is irreducible to the scope of a closed, territorially based and fully controllable ethnographic field, as it involves multiple physical, social and symbolic locations, whether simultaneously or over time. Moreover, contemporary migration processes are highly heterogeneous in terms of purposes, trajectories and durations. Methodologies that continue to work under assumptions of migration as a unidirectional, purposeful and intentional process from one state of fixity (in the place of origin) to another (in the destination) fail to capture much of its complexity. Based on our own empirical research and on an extended literature overview, we discuss the core methodological issues emerging in fieldwork on migrants’ life experience, whether “in proximity” or “over distance”. We explore the potential and desirability of participant observation to capture the increasing spatio-temporal complexity of present-day mobility. As we argue, the shift from the study of the “uprooted migrant” to that of transnational and fragmented networks involves more than a simple multiplication of fieldwork locations. Moreover, we expand on some aspects of participant observation which are no prerogative of migration studies, but are particularly critical for the success of the latter: the by now well-developed debate on multi-sited ethnography; the relationship between ethnographers and their counterparts (and the influence of their respective backgrounds); and the lures and pitfalls of online ethnography in social research on migration.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-10-16},
	booktitle = {Qualitative {Research} in {European} {Migration} {Studies}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Boccagni, Paolo and Schrooten, Mieke},
	editor = {Zapata-Barrero, Ricard and Yalaz, Evren},
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-76861-8-12},
	keywords = {Ethnography, Insider-outsider divide, Migration, Multi-sited, Online ethnography, Participant observation},
	pages = {209--225},
}

@incollection{gold_where_2012,
	title = {Where {Is} {Cultural} {Criticism} in the {Digital} {Humanities}?},
	isbn = {978-0-8166-7794-8},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	booktitle = {Debates in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Liu, Alan},
	editor = {Gold, Matthew K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.5749/minnesota/9780816677948.003.0049},
	pages = {490--510},
}

@incollection{cameron_beyond_2007,
	title = {Beyond the {Cult} of the {Replicant}: {Museums} and {Historical} {Digital} {Objects}—{Traditional} {Concerns}, {New} {Discourses}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-03353-4},
	shorttitle = {Beyond the {Cult} of the {Replicant}},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	booktitle = {Theorizing {Digital} {Cultural} {Heritage}},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	author = {Cameron, Fiona},
	editor = {Cameron, Fiona and Kenderdine, Sarah},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262033534.003.0004},
	pages = {49--75},
}

@incollection{cazeaux_work_1939,
	edition = {2},
	title = {The {Work} of {Art} in the {Age} of {Mechanical} {Reproduction}},
	isbn = {978-1-351-22638-7},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-24},
	booktitle = {The {Continental} {Aesthetics} {Reader}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Benjamin, Walter},
	editor = {Cazeaux, Clive},
	year = {1939},
	doi = {10.4324/9781351226387-29},
	pages = {429--450},
}

@incollection{kremers_semantic_2020,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Semantic {Data}-{Modeling} and {Long}-{Term} {Interpretability} of {Cultural} {Heritage} {Data}—{Three} {Case} {Studies}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-15198-0 978-3-030-15200-0},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	booktitle = {Digital {Cultural} {Heritage}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Albers, Laura and Große, Peggy and Wagner, Sarah},
	editor = {Kremers, Horst},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-15200-016},
	pages = {239--253},
}

@book{brown_tackling_2010,
	address = {London ; Washington, DC},
	title = {Tackling wicked problems through the transdisciplinary imagination},
	isbn = {978-1-84407-924-7 978-1-84407-925-4},
	publisher = {Earthscan},
	editor = {Brown, Valerie A. and Harris, John A. and Russell, Jacqueline Y.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Environmental aspects, Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge, Interdisciplinary research, Social problems},
}

@book{ritchey_wicked_2011,
	address = {Berlin Heidelberg New York},
	series = {Risk, governance and society},
	title = {Wicked problems-- {Social} messes: decision support modelling with morphological analysis},
	isbn = {978-3-642-19653-9},
	shorttitle = {Wicked problems-- {Social} messes},
	abstract = {This is the first dedicated book to be published on computer-aided General Morphological Analysis (GMA) as a non-quantified modelling method. It presents the history and theory of GMA and describes how it is used to develop interactive, non-quantified inference models. Eleven case studies are presented out of more than 100 projects carried out since 1995, illustrating how GMA has been employed for structuring complex policy and planning issues, developing scenario and strategy laboratories, and analysing organisational and stakeholder structures. Also discussed are the concepts of "wicked problems" and "social messes", their characteristics and treatment, and problems concerning the facilitation of morphological analysis workshops},
	language = {eng},
	number = {v. 17},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Ritchey, Tom},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{churchman_wicked_1967,
	title = {Wicked problems},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0025-1909, 1526-5501},
	url = {http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.14.4.B141},
	doi = {10.1287/mnsc.14.4.B141},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-10-01},
	journal = {Management Science},
	author = {Churchman, West},
	month = dec,
	year = {1967},
	pages = {B--141--B--146},
}

@article{drucker_humanities_2011,
	title = {Humanities {Approaches} to {Graphical} {Display}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1938-4122},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/1/000091/000091.html},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Drucker, Johanna},
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{de_fina_narrative_2017,
	address = {London},
	title = {Narrative in the study of migrants},
	isbn = {978-1-138-80198-1},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Migration} and {Language}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {De Fina, Anna and Tseng, Amelia},
	editor = {Canagarajah, Suresh},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {381--396},
}

@book{canagarajah_routledge_2017,
	address = {London},
	series = {Routledge handbooks in applied linguistics},
	title = {The {Routledge} handbook of migration and language},
	isbn = {978-1-138-80198-1},
	abstract = {In the context of recent forms of globalization, migration has engendered profound social changes and challenged scholars to rethink their disciplinary constructs. The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language surveys this controversial topic through: coverage of issues like identity, superdiversity, \& citizenship and the role language plays in their definition and practice; analysis of migrant experiences in geographical and historical context; exploration of new research orientations; investigation of the place of language in citizenship, educational policies, employment, economy, and social services. This handbook is essential reading for those with an interest in migration studies},
	publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
	editor = {Canagarajah, A. Suresh},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: ocn958351557},
	keywords = {Handbooks, manuals, etc, Immigrants, Language, Language and culture, Language policy, Sociolinguistics},
}

@article{macdonald_chain_1964,
	title = {Chain {Migration} {Ethnic} {Neighborhood} {Formation} and {Social} {Networks}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {00263745},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3348581?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/3348581},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-24},
	journal = {The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly},
	author = {MacDonald, John S. and MacDonald, Leatrice D.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1964},
	pages = {82},
}

@book{bronstein_mutualism_2015,
	address = {Oxford, United Kingdom},
	edition = {First edition},
	title = {Mutualism},
	isbn = {978-0-19-967565-4 978-0-19-967566-1},
	abstract = {"Mutualisms, interactions between two species that benefit both of them, have long captured the public imagination. Their influence transcends levels of biological organization from cells to populations, communities, and ecosystems. Mutualistic symbioses were crucial to the origin of eukaryotic cells, and perhaps to the invasion of land. Mutualisms occur in every terrestrial and aquatic habitat; indeed, ecologists now believe that almost every species on Earth is involved directly or indirectly in one or more of these interactions. Mutualisms are essential to the reproduction and survival of virtually all organisms, as well as to nutrient cycles in ecosystems. Furthermore, the key ecosystem services that mutualists provide mean that they are increasingly being considered as conservation priorities, ironically at the same time as the acute risks to their ecological and evolutionary persistence are increasingly being identified. This volume, the first general work on mutualism to appear in almost thirty years, provides a detailed and conceptually-oriented overview of the subject. Focusing on a range of ecological and evolutionary aspects over different scales (from individual to ecosystem), the chapters in this book provide expert coverage of our current understanding of mutualism whilst highlighting the most important questions that remain to be answered. In bringing together a diverse team of expert contributors, this novel text captures the excitement of a dynamic field that will help to define its future research agenda."--},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	editor = {Bronstein, Judith L.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: ocn909326420},
	keywords = {Mutualism (Biology)},
}

@misc{valla_sites_2014,
	title = {Some {Sites} and {Their} {Artifacts}: {123D} {Catch} {\textbar} {Rhizome}},
	url = {https://rhizome.org/editorial/2014/may/8/some-sites-and-their-artifacts-123d-catch/},
	urldate = {2021-09-24},
	author = {Valla, Clement and Benenson, A.E.},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{goriunova_digital_2019,
	title = {The {Digital} {Subject}: {People} as {Data} as {Persons}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0263-2764, 1460-3616},
	shorttitle = {The {Digital} {Subject}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263276419840409},
	doi = {10.1177/0263276419840409},
	abstract = {This essay explores the return of the subject in the computational context, which I address as a digital subject. This digital subject encompasses a digital identifier, correlations in data or a data profile, moving between biological characteristics and symbolic expression. I focus on the processes through which digital subjects are constructed by matching, correlating, modelling, as well as how they become enactive. The ways of pulling data together into a digital subject is often presented as a logic of fact, where data is equated with documentary evidence. Instead, I propose the notion of the distance in which digital subjects are produced. Indexicality comes from outside of data, whereas the regard for the thick distance becomes a mark of the form of knowledge. I conclude by arguing for a posthumanities approach that establishes the distance while allowing for different subjects to be called upon.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-09-24},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {Goriunova, Olga},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {125--145},
}

@article{jones_3d_2018,
	title = {{3D} heritage visualisation and the negotiation of authenticity: the {ACCORD} project},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1352-7258, 1470-3610},
	shorttitle = {{3D} heritage visualisation and the negotiation of authenticity},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13527258.2017.1378905},
	doi = {10.1080/13527258.2017.1378905},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-09-24},
	journal = {International Journal of Heritage Studies},
	author = {Jones, Siân and Jeffrey, Stuart and Maxwell, Mhairi and Hale, Alex and Jones, Cara},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {333--353},
}

@book{cameron_theorizing_2007,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass},
	series = {Media in transition},
	title = {Theorizing digital cultural heritage: a critical discourse},
	isbn = {978-0-262-03353-4},
	shorttitle = {Theorizing digital cultural heritage},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	editor = {Cameron, Fiona and Kenderdine, Sarah},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: ocm62888361},
	keywords = {Collection management, Computer art, Cultural property, Digitization, Library materials, Museums, New media art, Virtual museums},
}

@book{crymble_technology_2021,
	address = {Urbana},
	series = {Topics in the digital humanities},
	title = {Technology and the historian: transformations in the digital age},
	isbn = {978-0-252-04371-0 978-0-252-08569-7},
	shorttitle = {Technology and the historian},
	abstract = {"Historians have seen their field transformed by the digital age. Research agendas, teaching and learning, scholarly communication, the nature of the archive-all have undergone a sea change that in and of itself constitutes a fascinating digital history. Yet technology's role in the field's development remains a glaring blind spot among digital scholars. Adam Crymble mines private and web archives, social media, and oral histories to show how technology and historians have come together. Using case studies, Crymble merges histories and philosophies of the field, separating issues relevant to historians from activities in the broader digital humanities movement. Key themes include the origin myths of digital historical research; a history of mass digitization of sources; how technology influenced changes in the curriculum; a portrait of the self-learning system that trains historians and the problems with that system; how blogs became a part of outreach and academic writing; and a roadmap for the continuing study of history in the digital era"--},
	publisher = {University of Illinois Press},
	author = {Crymble, Adam},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Computer network resources, Digital media, Historiography, History, Methodology, Research Methodology},
}

@article{evans_whose_2003,
	title = {Whose heritage is it anyway? {Reconciling} the '{National}' and the '{Universal}' in {Quebec} {City}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0269-9222, 1757-8078},
	shorttitle = {{WHOSE} {HERITAGE} {IS} {IT} {ANYWAY}?},
	url = {https://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/bjcs.16.2.9},
	doi = {10.3828/bjcs.16.2.9},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {British Journal of Canadian Studies},
	author = {Evans, Graeme},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {333--347},
}

@article{evans_hard-branding_2003,
	title = {Hard-branding the cultural city - from {Prado} to {Prada}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0309-1317, 1468-2427},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2427.00455},
	doi = {10.1111/1468-2427.00455},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {International Journal of Urban and Regional Research},
	author = {Evans, Graeme},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {417--440},
}

@book{rumsey_strategies_2001,
	address = {Washington, D.C},
	title = {Strategies for building digitized collections},
	url = {https://lccn.loc.gov/2002726838},
	abstract = {"September 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-35). Also available in digital form.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	publisher = {Digital Library Federation, Council on Library and Information Resources},
	author = {Rumsey, Abby Smith and {Digital Library Federation}},
	year = {2001},
}

@misc{noauthor_cultural_nodate,
	title = {Cultural heritage {\textbar} {Shaping} {Europe}’s digital future},
	url = {https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/cultural-heritage},
	abstract = {Cultural heritage has a new breath of life thanks to digital technologies and the internet. Citizens now have opportunities to access cultural material online.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
}

@article{zuanni_heritage_2020,
	title = {Heritage in a digital world: {Algorithms}, data, and future value generation},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 International},
	shorttitle = {Heritage in a digital world},
	url = {https://digital.obvsg.at/limina/periodical/titleinfo/5552067},
	doi = {10.25364/17.3:2020.2.12},
	abstract = {Der Beitrag fragt nach dem Wert genuin digitalen Erbes, insbesondere nach dem Einfluss digitaler Daten als Erbobjekte auf Museumspraktiken und Praktiken zur Erhaltung des Erbes. Digitale Technologien sind heutzutage zutiefst in menschliche Kommunikation und Sozialbeziehungen eingebettet. Wenn nun Erbe als Sozialkonstrukt betrachtet wird, das in der Interaktion von Menschen mit Objekten und Orten entsteht, stellt sich die Frage, wie die Algorithmen, die diese menschliche Erfahrung mitgestalten, auch den Wert dieses Erbes beeinflussen. Die Charakteristika der Online-Plattformen, von Webseiten bis zu sozialen Medien, prägen die Art und Weise, wie Erbe in Online-Interaktionen konstruiert, diskutiert und gewertet wird. Der Beitrag untersucht daher zunächst die Wissenskonstruktion über Erbe in der digitalen Welt, indem mit Bezug auf posthumanistische Ansätze das Ineinander menschlicher und technologischer Prozesse, die die Produktion zeitgenössischen Erbes bestimmen, analysiert wird. In einem zweiten Schritt wird eruiert, inwiefern Big Data und die Anwendung von Algorithmen Grenzziehungen im Bereich von Erbkonzepten unsicher machen, etwa die Grenze zwischen Repräsentation und Simulation. Dabei will der Beitrag die Rolle dieser nicht-menschlichen Akteure in der Produktion zeitgenössisches Erbes und seiner Wertzuschreibung hinterfragen. Abschließend werden die Möglichkeiten der Archivierung, Analyse, Erhaltung, Wiederherstellung und Präsentation genuin digitalen Erbes als Teil digitaler Sammlungsprojekte thematisiert. Es wird argumentiert, dass derartige Interaktionen sowohl die Generierung neuer sozialer Werte bezüglich bestehender Artefakte als auch die Konstruktion neuen Erbes im 21. Jahrhundert beeinflussen. Durch das Einbeziehen posthumanistischer Ansätze auf digitales Erbe werden neue Grenzen zwischen kulturellem und digitalem Erbe wie auch die Auswirkungen der aktuellen Entwicklungen erkennbar},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {Grazer theologische Perspektiven},
	author = {Zuanni, Chiara},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Medium: PDF
Publisher: Universität Graz
Version Number: Version of Record},
	pages = {236--259},
}

@article{sterling_critical_2020,
	title = {Critical heritage and the posthumanities: problems and prospects},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1352-7258, 1470-3610},
	shorttitle = {Critical heritage and the posthumanities},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13527258.2020.1715464},
	doi = {10.1080/13527258.2020.1715464},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {International Journal of Heritage Studies},
	author = {Sterling, Colin},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1029--1046},
}

@book{winter_post-conflict_2011,
	address = {London},
	edition = {1. issued in paperback},
	series = {Routledge studies in {Asia}'s transformations},
	title = {Post-conflict heritage, postcolonial tourism: culture, politics and development at {Angkor}},
	isbn = {978-0-415-68958-8 978-0-415-43095-1},
	shorttitle = {Post-conflict heritage, postcolonial tourism},
	language = {eng},
	number = {21},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Winter, Tim},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{hall_settling_1999,
	title = {Un‐settling ‘the heritage’, re‐imagining the post‐{nationWhose} heritage?},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0952-8822, 1475-5297},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09528829908576818},
	doi = {10.1080/09528829908576818},
	language = {en},
	number = {49},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {Third Text},
	author = {Hall, Stuart},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3--13},
}

@book{butler_return_2007,
	address = {Walnut Creek, Calif},
	series = {Publications of the {Institute} of {Archaeology}, {University} {College} {London}},
	title = {Return to {Alexandria}: an ethnography of cultural heritage, revivalism, and museum memory},
	isbn = {978-1-59874-190-2 978-1-59874-191-9},
	shorttitle = {Return to {Alexandria}},
	publisher = {Left Coast Press},
	author = {Butler, Beverley},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: ocn163603253},
	keywords = {Alexandria (Egypt), Aliksāndrīnā (Library), Antiquities, Case studies, Cultural policy, Cultural property, East and West, Egypt, Egypt Alexandria, History, Library architecture, Museum techniques, North and south, Postcolonialism, Protection, Revival movements (Art)},
}

@book{harrison_heritage_2013,
	address = {Milton Park, Abingdon ; New York},
	title = {Heritage: critical approaches},
	isbn = {978-0-415-59195-9 978-0-415-59197-3 978-0-203-10885-7},
	shorttitle = {Heritage},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Harrison, Rodney},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Cultural property, Culture policy, Historic preservation},
}

@book{hodder_meanings_2013,
	edition = {0},
	title = {The {Meanings} of {Things}},
	isbn = {978-1-317-76232-4},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317762324},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Hodder, I.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.4324/9781315800363},
}

@misc{achs_manifesto_2012,
	title = {Manifesto},
	url = {https://www.criticalheritagestudies.org/history},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {Association of Critical Heritage Studies},
	author = {ACHS},
	year = {2012},
}

@misc{unesco_records_2003,
	title = {Records of the {General} {Conference}, 32nd session, {Paris}, 29 {September} to 17 {October} 2003, v. 1: {Resolutions} - {UNESCO} {Digital} {Library}},
	url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000133171.page=80},
	urldate = {2021-04-15},
	author = {UNESCO},
	year = {2003},
}

@book{potter_discourse_1987,
	address = {London ; Newbury Park, Calif},
	title = {Discourse and social psychology: beyond attitudes and behaviour},
	isbn = {978-0-8039-8055-6 978-0-8039-8056-3},
	shorttitle = {Discourse and social psychology},
	publisher = {Sage Publications},
	author = {Potter, Jonathan and Wetherell, Margaret},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {Discourse analysis, Social psychology},
}

@book{hirsch_generation_2012,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The {Generation} of postmemory: writing and visual culture after the {Holocaust}},
	isbn = {978-0-231-15652-3 978-0-231-15653-0 978-0-231-52627-2},
	shorttitle = {The {Generation} of postmemory},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Hirsch, Marianne},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Children of Holocaust survivors, Family relationships, Gender identity, Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in art, Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in literature, Memorialization, Psychological aspects},
}

@incollection{gimenez_narrative_2010,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Narrative {Analysis} in {Linguistic} {Research}},
	isbn = {0-8264-8993-1},
	booktitle = {Research {Methods} in {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	author = {Gimenez, Dr Julio},
	editor = {Litosseliti, Lia},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {198--215},
}

@inproceedings{bobicev_thumbs_2018,
	title = {Thumbs {Up} and {Down}: {Sentiment} {Analysis} of {Medical} {Online} {Forums}},
	shorttitle = {Thumbs {Up} and {Down}},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/W18-5906},
	abstract = {In the current study, we apply multi-class and multi-label sentence classification to sentiment analysis of online medical forums. We aim to identify major health issues discussed in online social media and the types of sentiments those issues evoke. We use ontology of personal health information for Information Extraction and apply Machine Learning methods in automated recognition of the expressed sentiments.},
	booktitle = {{EMNLP} 2018},
	author = {Bobicev, Victoria and Sokolova, Marina},
	year = {2018},
}

@incollection{paradis_conceptual_2015,
	title = {Conceptual spaces at work in sensory cognition: {Domains}, dimensions and distances},
	booktitle = {Applications of {Conceptual} {Spaces}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Paradis, Carita},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {33--55},
}

@book{dancygier_viewpoint_2012,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Viewpoint in {Language}: {A} {Multimodal} {Perspective}},
	isbn = {978-1-139-08472-7},
	shorttitle = {Viewpoint in {Language}},
	url = {http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139084727},
	urldate = {2021-09-10},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	editor = {Dancygier, Barbara and Sweetser, Eve},
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139084727},
}

@book{gardenfors_geometry_2014,
	address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
	title = {The {Geometry} of {Meaning}: {Semantics} {Based} on {Conceptual} {Spaces}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-02678-9},
	shorttitle = {The {Geometry} of {Meaning}},
	abstract = {A novel cognitive theory of semantics that proposes that the meanings of words can be described in terms of geometric structures.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Gärdenfors, Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
}

@book{langacker_foundations_1983,
	title = {Foundations of {Cognitive} {Grammar}},
	publisher = {Indiana University Linguistics Club},
	author = {Langacker, Ronald W.},
	year = {1983},
}

@article{fiorucci_machine_2020,
	title = {Machine {Learning} for {Cultural} {Heritage}: {A} {Survey}},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {0167-8655},
	shorttitle = {Machine {Learning} for {Cultural} {Heritage}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167865520300532},
	doi = {10.1016/j.patrec.2020.02.017},
	abstract = {The application of Machine Learning (ML) to Cultural Heritage (CH) has evolved since basic statistical approaches such as Linear Regression to complex Deep Learning models. The question remains how much of this actively improves on the underlying algorithm versus using it within a ‘black box’ setting. We survey across ML and CH literature to identify the theoretical changes which contribute to the algorithm and in turn them suitable for CH applications. Alternatively, and most commonly, when there are no changes, we review the CH applications, features and pre/post-processing which make the algorithm suitable for its use. We analyse the dominant divides within ML, Supervised, Semi-supervised and Unsupervised, and reflect on a variety of algorithms that have been extensively used. From such an analysis, we give a critical look at the use of ML in CH and consider why CH has only limited adoption of ML.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	journal = {Pattern Recognition Letters},
	author = {Fiorucci, Marco and Khoroshiltseva, Marina and Pontil, Massimiliano and Traviglia, Arianna and Del Bue, Alessio and James, Stuart},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Cultural Heritage, Digital Humanities, Machine Learning},
	pages = {102--108},
}

@misc{neh_national_2021,
	title = {National {Digital} {Newspaper} {Program}. {Notice} of funding opportunity},
	url = {https://www.neh.gov/grants/preservation/national-digital-newspaper-program},
	abstract = {A partnership between NEH and the Library of Congress to create a national digital resource of historically significant newspapers published between 1690 and 1963, from all the states and U.S. territories.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-11},
	journal = {The National Endowment for the Humanities},
	author = {NEH},
	year = {2021},
}

@book{cameron_future_2021,
	address = {Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY},
	title = {The future of digital data, heritage and curation in a more-than human world},
	isbn = {978-0-367-71164-1 978-0-367-69058-8},
	abstract = {"The Future of Digital Data, Heritage and Curation in a More-than Human World critiques digital cultural heritage concepts, their application to data and develops new theories, curatorial practices and a more-than human museology for a contemporary and future world. Presenting a diverse range of case examples from around the globe, Cameron offers a critical and philosophical reflection on the ways in which digital cultural heritage is currently framed as societal data worth passing on to future generations in two distinct forms: digitally born and digitizations. Demonstrating that most perceptions of digital cultural heritage are distinctly western in nature, the book also examines the complicity of such heritage in climate change and environmental destruction and injustice. Going further still, the book theorizes the future of digital data, heritage, curation and the notion of the human in the context of the profusion of new types of societal data and production processes driven by the intensification of data economies and through the emergence of new technologies. In so doing, the book makes a case for the development of new types of heritage that comprise AI, automated systems, biological entities, infrastructures, minerals and chemicals - all of which have their own forms of agency, intelligence and cognition. The Future of Digital Data, Heritage and Curation is essential reading for academics and students engaged in the study of museums, archives, libraries, galleries, archaeology, cultural heritage management, information management, curatorial studies and digital humanities"--},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Cameron, Fiona},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Cultural property, Curatorship, Data curation, Digital preservation, Museum information networks, Museums, Protection},
}

@article{peels_replicability_2019,
	title = {Replicability and replication in the humanities},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2058-8615},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-018-0060-4},
	doi = {10.1186/s41073-018-0060-4},
	abstract = {A large number of scientists and several news platforms have, over the last few years, been speaking of a replication crisis in various academic disciplines, especially the biomedical and social sciences. This paper answers the novel question of whether we should also pursue replication in the humanities. First, I create more conceptual clarity by defining, in addition to the term “humanities,” various key terms in the debate on replication, such as “reproduction” and “replicability.” In doing so, I pay attention to what is supposed to be the object of replication: certain studies, particular inferences, of specific results. After that, I spell out three reasons for thinking that replication in the humanities is not possible and argue that they are unconvincing. Subsequently, I give a more detailed case for thinking that replication in the humanities is possible. Finally, I explain why such replication in the humanities is not only possible, but also desirable.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	journal = {Research Integrity and Peer Review},
	author = {Peels, Rik},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Humanities, Normativity, Replicability, Replication, Replication crisis, Uniqueness},
	pages = {2},
}

@misc{rougier_r-words_2016,
	title = {R-words · {Issue} \#5 · {ReScience}/{ReScience}-article},
	url = {https://github.com/ReScience/ReScience-article/issues/5},
	abstract = {The idea is to converge on definition of these words according to our respective scientific domains. At this point it is not even sure that all words are relevant to all domains and this may also d...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	journal = {GitHub},
	author = {Rougier, Nicolas P.},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{viola_dexter_2021,
	title = {{DeXTER} ({DeepTextMiner}): {A} deep learning, critical workflow to contextually enrich digital collections and visualise them},
	copyright = {Open Access},
	shorttitle = {{DeXTER} ({DeepTextMiner})},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/4633404},
	abstract = {Source code.zip DeXTER (DeepTextMiner) is a deep learning, critical workflow to contextually enrich digital collections and interactively visualise them. It is task-oriented (as opposed to result-oriented) and it is is designed to be generalisable and interoperable (i.e., it is data-set independent). To implement its interoperability, we used language-agnostic algorithms to encourage scholars to replicate the methodology with their own data-sets. Currently, DeXTER is based on {\textless}em{\textgreater}ChroniclItaly 3.0{\textless}/em{\textgreater} (Viola and Fiscarelli 2021), an open access digital heritage collection of Italian immigrant newspapers published in the United States from 1898 to 1936. Methodologically, 1) we experimented with different state-of-the-art NLP techniques (e.g., deep learning Named Entity Recognition, deep learning sentiment analysis) to enrich the collection with further layers of information (e.g., referential, geographical, emotional, relational); and 2) we developed a Shiny app to visualise the enriched material and facilitate analysis in an intuitive, interactive, and reproduceable way. This documentation is the step-by-step description of the project. You can find the code and the tutorial in the code folder of this repository. Part of this documentation is taken from Viola and Fiscarelli (2021).},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Fiscarelli, Antonio M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.4633404},
	note = {Language: en},
	keywords = {Deep learning, Digital Heritage, Digital Humanities, Enrichment, Migration},
}

@article{lee_refugee_2018,
	title = {Refugee or {Migrant} {Crisis}? {Labels}, {Perceived} {Agency}, and {Sentiment} {Polarity} in {Online} {Discussions}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2056-3051},
	shorttitle = {Refugee or {Migrant} {Crisis}?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118785638},
	doi = {10.1177/2056305118785638},
	abstract = {In recent years, increasing attention has been dedicated to the hazardous and volatile situation in the Middle East, a crisis which has pushed many to flee their countries and seek refuge in neighboring countries or in Europe. In describing or discussing these tragic events, labels such as “European migrant crisis” and “European refugee crisis” started being widely used by the media, politicians, and the online world alike. The use of such labels has the potential to dictate the ways in which displaced people are received and perceived. With this study, we investigate label use in social media (specifically YouTube), the emergent patterns of labeling that can cause further disaffection and tension or elicit sympathy, and the sentiments associated with the different labels. Our findings suggest that migration issues are being framed not only through labels characterizing the crisis but also by their describing the individuals themselves. Using topic modeling and sentiment analysis jointly, our study offers valuable insights into the direction of public sentiment and the nature of discussions surrounding this significant societal crisis, as well as the nature of online opinion sharing. We conclude by proposing a four-dimensional model of label interpretation in relation to sentiment—that accounts for perceived agency, economic cost, permanence, and threat, and identifies threat and agency to be most impactful. This perspective reveals important influential aspects of labels and frames that may shape online public opinion and alter attitudes toward those directly affected by the crisis.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-07-29},
	journal = {Social Media + Society},
	author = {Lee, Ju-Sung and Nerghes, Adina},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {2056305118785638},
}

@inproceedings{liao_analysing_2016,
	title = {Analysing the {Semantic} {Change} {Based} on {Word} {Embedding}},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-50496-4_18},
	abstract = {This paper intend to present an approach to analyse the change of word meaning based on word embedding, which is a more general method to quantize words than before. Through analysing the similar words and clustering in different period, semantic change could be detected. We analysed the trend of semantic change through density clustering method called DBSCAN. Statics and data visualization is also included to make the result more clear. Some words like ‘gay’, ‘mouse’ are traced as case to prove this approach works. At last, we also compared the context words and similar words on semantic presentation and proved the context words worked better.},
	booktitle = {{NLPCC}/{ICCPOL}},
	author = {Liao, Xuanyi and Cheng, Guang},
	year = {2016},
}

@inproceedings{gulordava_distributional_2011,
	address = {Edinburgh, UK},
	title = {A distributional similarity approach to the detection of semantic change in the {Google} {Books} {Ngram} corpus.},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2508},
	urldate = {2020-05-25},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 {Workshop} on {GEometrical} {Models} of {Natural} {Language} {Semantics}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Gulordava, Kristina and Baroni, Marco},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {67--71},
}

@article{turney_frequency_2010,
	title = {From {Frequency} to {Meaning}: {Vector} {Space} {Models} of {Semantics}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1076-9757},
	shorttitle = {From {Frequency} to {Meaning}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.1141},
	doi = {10.1613/jair.2934},
	abstract = {Computers understand very little of the meaning of human language. This profoundly limits our ability to give instructions to computers, the ability of computers to explain their actions to us, and the ability of computers to analyse and process text. Vector space models (VSMs) of semantics are beginning to address these limits. This paper surveys the use of VSMs for semantic processing of text. We organize the literature on VSMs according to the structure of the matrix in a VSM. There are currently three broad classes of VSMs, based on term-document, word-context, and pair-pattern matrices, yielding three classes of applications. We survey a broad range of applications in these three categories and we take a detailed look at a specific open source project in each category. Our goal in this survey is to show the breadth of applications of VSMs for semantics, to provide a new perspective on VSMs for those who are already familiar with the area, and to provide pointers into the literature for those who are less familiar with the field.},
	urldate = {2020-05-25},
	journal = {Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research},
	author = {Turney, Peter D. and Pantel, Patrick},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	note = {arXiv: 1003.1141},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Information Retrieval, Computer Science - Machine Learning, H.3.1, I.2.6, I.2.7},
	pages = {141--188},
}

@article{kulkarni_statistically_2014,
	title = {Statistically {Significant} {Detection} of {Linguistic} {Change}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.3315},
	abstract = {We propose a new computational approach for tracking and detecting statistically significant linguistic shifts in the meaning and usage of words. Such linguistic shifts are especially prevalent on the Internet, where the rapid exchange of ideas can quickly change a word's meaning. Our meta-analysis approach constructs property time series of word usage, and then uses statistically sound change point detection algorithms to identify significant linguistic shifts. We consider and analyze three approaches of increasing complexity to generate such linguistic property time series, the culmination of which uses distributional characteristics inferred from word co-occurrences. Using recently proposed deep neural language models, we first train vector representations of words for each time period. Second, we warp the vector spaces into one unified coordinate system. Finally, we construct a distance-based distributional time series for each word to track it's linguistic displacement over time. We demonstrate that our approach is scalable by tracking linguistic change across years of micro-blogging using Twitter, a decade of product reviews using a corpus of movie reviews from Amazon, and a century of written books using the Google Book-ngrams. Our analysis reveals interesting patterns of language usage change commensurate with each medium.},
	urldate = {2020-05-25},
	journal = {arXiv:1411.3315 [cs]},
	author = {Kulkarni, Vivek and Al-Rfou, Rami and Perozzi, Bryan and Skiena, Steven},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	note = {arXiv: 1411.3315},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Information Retrieval, Computer Science - Machine Learning, H.3.3, I.2.6},
}

@book{macaulay_language_1977,
	address = {Edinburgh},
	title = {Language, {Social} {Class} and {Education}: {A} {Glasgow} {Study}},
	author = {Macaulay, RKS},
	year = {1977},
}

@book{trudgill_social_1974,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {The {Social} {Differentiation} of {English} in {Norwich}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Trudgill, Peter},
	year = {1974},
}

@article{coats_articulation_2019,
	title = {Articulation {Rate} in {American} {English} in a {Corpus} of {YouTube} {Videos}},
	issn = {0023-8309},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830919894720},
	doi = {10.1177/0023830919894720},
	abstract = {Previous studies of the temporal organization of speech in American English have found differences in speaking or articulation rate according to speaker dialect or location, but small sample sizes and incomplete geographic coverage have limited the generalizability of the findings. In this study, articulation rates in American English are calculated from the automatic speech-to-text transcripts of more than 29,000 hours of video from local government and civic organization channels on YouTube from the 48 contiguous US states, containing more than 230 million individual word timings. Two questions are considered: are there regional differences in articulation rate? And do urban speakers articulate faster than rural speakers? The study presents several methodological innovations: first, it identifies a genre of regional speech suitable for interregional comparisons (meetings of local governments or civic organizations). Second, it introduces a new method for the calculation of articulation rate using cue and word timestamps from caption files. Third, it leverages US Census data to correlate the articulation rate with population for a large number of localities. The study shows that, in line with previous studies, Southerners articulate slower, and Americans from the Upper Midwest more quickly. In addition, there is a small but positive correlation between population size and articulation rate. Articulation rates are mapped using a measure of local autocorrelation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-05-15},
	journal = {Language and Speech},
	author = {Coats, Steven},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {0023830919894720},
}

@incollection{jager_discourse_2001,
	address = {London},
	edition = {SAGE},
	title = {Discourse and knowledge: theoretical and methodological aspects of a critical discourse and dispositive analysis},
	booktitle = {Methods of critical discourse analysis},
	author = {Jäger, Siegfried},
	editor = {Wodak, Ruth and Meyer, Michael},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {32--62},
}

@book{wodak_methods_2001,
	title = {Methods of {Critical} {Discourse} {Analysis}},
	isbn = {978-0-7619-6154-3},
	abstract = {This book is designed as an introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and gives an overview of the various theories and methods associated with this sociolinguistic approach. It also introduces the reader to the leading figures in CDA and the methods to which they are most closely related. The text aims to provide a comprehensive description of the individual methods, an understanding of the theories to which methods refer and a comparative treatment of each of these methods so that students may be able to determine which is the most appropriate to select for their particular research question. Given the balance between theory and application, plus the intended audience - no previous knowledge of CDA is assumed - Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis should be useful reading for both students and researchers in the fields of linguistics, sociology, social psychology and the social sciences in general.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {SAGE},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth and Meyer, Michael},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: xJV1f4zvn1MC},
	keywords = {Education / Teaching Methods \& Materials / Social Science, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Psychology / Social Psychology, Social Science / Sociology / General},
}

@incollection{fairclough_critical_1997,
	address = {London},
	title = {Critical {Discourse} {Analysis}},
	booktitle = {Discourse {Studies}: {A} {Multidisciplinary} {Introduction} ({Vol}. 2).},
	publisher = {SAGE},
	author = {Fairclough, N. and Wodak, Ruth},
	editor = {van Dijk, Tuin},
	year = {1997},
}

@book{labov_social_1966,
	address = {Washington, DC},
	title = {The {Social} {Stratification} of {English} in {New} {York} {City}},
	publisher = {Cent. Appl. Ling},
	author = {Labov, William},
	year = {1966},
}

@misc{wenker_sprach-atlas_1878,
	address = {Germany},
	edition = {Marburg},
	title = {Sprach-{Atlas} der {Rheinprovinz} nördlich der {Mosel} sowie des {Kreises} {Siegen}. [{Language}-{Atlas} of the {Rhine} {Province} north of the {Mosel} and of the district of {Siegen}]},
	url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&publication_year=1878&author=G.+Wenker&title=Sprach-Atlas+der+Rheinprovinz+n%C3%B6rdlich+der+Mosel+sowie+des+Kreises+Siegen},
	urldate = {2020-05-15},
	author = {Wenker, George},
	year = {1878},
}

@article{kutuzov_diachronic_2018,
	title = {Diachronic word embeddings and semantic shifts: a survey},
	shorttitle = {Diachronic word embeddings and semantic shifts},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03537},
	abstract = {Recent years have witnessed a surge of publications aimed at tracing temporal changes in lexical semantics using distributional methods, particularly prediction-based word embedding models. However, this vein of research lacks the cohesion, common terminology and shared practices of more established areas of natural language processing. In this paper, we survey the current state of academic research related to diachronic word embeddings and semantic shifts detection. We start with discussing the notion of semantic shifts, and then continue with an overview of the existing methods for tracing such time-related shifts with word embedding models. We propose several axes along which these methods can be compared, and outline the main challenges before this emerging subfield of NLP, as well as prospects and possible applications.},
	urldate = {2020-05-15},
	journal = {arXiv:1806.03537 [cs]},
	author = {Kutuzov, Andrey and Øvrelid, Lilja and Szymanski, Terrence and Velldal, Erik},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	note = {arXiv: 1806.03537},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@article{couldry_mediatization_2008,
	title = {Mediatization or mediation? {Alternative} understandings of the emergent space of digital storytelling:},
	shorttitle = {Mediatization or mediation?},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444808089414},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444808089414},
	abstract = {This article reviews the social potential of digital storytelling, and in particular its potential to contribute to the strengthening of democracy. Through answ...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-05-15},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Couldry, Nick},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE PublicationsSage UK: London, England},
}

@book{locke_critical_2004,
	title = {Critical discourse analysis},
	isbn = {978-0-8264-6486-6},
	abstract = {This introductory text explains the use of critical discourse analysis (CDA) as a research methodology. Beginning with an explanation of the key words and theories behind CDA and how these can be used in research, Terry Locke proceeds to provide a lucid demonstration of the application of these series to both interpretation of print text and the analysis of conversations. The book is an essential guide for students encountering critical discourse analysis for the first time.{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Continuum},
	author = {Locke, Terry},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: rpJsAAAAIAAJ},
	keywords = {Critical discourse analysis, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Semantics, Reference / Research, Research, Research/ Methodology, Social Science / Research},
}

@book{croft_toward_2009,
	address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
	title = {Toward a social cognitive linguistics},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/hcp.24.25cro},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-03-04},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Croft, William A.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher:},
}

@book{firth_papers_1957,
	address = {Place of publication not identified},
	title = {Papers in linguistics, 1934-1951, by j.r. firth.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Oxford uni. Press o},
	author = {Firth, John rupert},
	year = {1957},
	note = {OCLC: 867793141},
}

@book{hanks_lexical_2013,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	title = {Lexical analysis: norms and exploitations},
	isbn = {978-0-262-01857-9 978-0-262-31285-1},
	shorttitle = {Lexical analysis},
	url = {http://site.ebrary.com/id/10651991},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-03-04},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Hanks, Patrick},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 907618528},
}

@article{peters_deep_2018,
	title = {Deep contextualized word representations},
	journal = {Proceedings of NAACL 2018 - Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Peters, M. E. and Neumanny, M. and Mohit, I. and Gardnery, M. and Christopher, C. and Kenton, L. and Zettlemoyer, L.},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{spencer_strangers_1994,
	address = {London; London},
	title = {Strangers \& citizens: a positive approach to migrants and refugees},
	isbn = {978-1-85489-051-1 978-1-85489-050-4},
	shorttitle = {Strangers \& citizens},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Institute for public policy research ; Rivers Oram Press},
	author = {Spencer, Sarah},
	year = {1994},
	note = {OCLC: 797677171},
}

@book{castles_here_1984,
	address = {London},
	title = {Here for {Good}: {Western} {Europe}’s {New} {Ethnic} {Minorities}},
	shorttitle = {{HERE} {FOR} {GOOD}},
	url = {https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780861047529/GOOD-WESTERN-EUROPES-NEW-ETHNIC-0861047524/plp},
	language = {en\_GB},
	urldate = {2020-02-07},
	publisher = {Pluto Press},
	author = {Castles, Stephen and Booth, Heather and Wallace, Tina},
	year = {1984},
}

@book{dijk_discourse_1997,
	title = {Discourse studies: a multidisciplinary introduction. 2, 2,},
	isbn = {978-0-8039-7846-1 978-0-8039-7847-8 978-0-7619-5320-3 978-0-7619-5321-0},
	shorttitle = {Discourse studies},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Sage},
	author = {Dijk, Teun Adrianus van},
	year = {1997},
	note = {OCLC: 634170329},
}

@book{macdonald_immigration_1996,
	title = {Immigration {Law} and {Practice}},
	isbn = {978-0-406-99732-6},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {LexisNexis},
	author = {Macdonald, Ian A. and Blake, Nicholas and Blake, Nick},
	month = dec,
	year = {1996},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: gteJxAEACAAJ},
}

@misc{noauthor_policing_nodate,
	title = {Policing the {Crisis}},
	url = {https://www.macmillanihe.com/page/detail/Policing-the-Crisis/?K=9781137007186},
	abstract = {This special 35th anniversary edition contains the original, unchanged text that inspired a generation, alongside two new chapters that explore the book's continued significance for today's readers. The Preface provides a brief retrospective account of the book's original structure, the rich ethnographic, intellectual and theoretical work that informed it, and the historical context in which it appeared. In the new Afterword, each of the authors takes up a specific theme from the original book and interrogates it in the light of current crises, perspectives and contexts.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-02-07},
	journal = {Macmillan International Higher Education},
}

@article{evans_development_1986,
	title = {The {Development} of {British} {Immigration} {Law} by {V}. {Bevan}. {London}: {Croom} {Helm}, 1986, xxxvii + 388 + (bibliography and index) 55 pp (hardback £29.95).},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0261-3875, 1748-121X},
	shorttitle = {The {Development} of {British} {Immigration} {Law} by {V}. {Bevan}. {London}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-studies/article/the-development-of-british-immigration-law-by-v-bevan-london-croom-helm-1986-xxxvii-388-bibliography-and-index-55-pp-hardback-2995/762BB1F82A7C2172140F8F745360CB7C},
	doi = {10.1017/S0261387500013805},
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS0261387500013805/resource/name/firstPage-S0261387500013805a.jpg},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-01-24},
	journal = {Legal Studies},
	author = {Evans, J. M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1986},
	pages = {340--342},
}

@book{ramdin_making_2017,
	title = {Making of the {Black} {Working} {Class} in {Britain}.},
	isbn = {978-1-78663-066-7 978-1-78663-067-4},
	url = {http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5177461},
	abstract = {A classic history of the role of Black working-class struggles throughout the twentieth century This is the first comprehensive historical perspective on the relationship between Black workers and the changing patterns of Britain's labour needs. It places in an historical context the development of a small black presence in sixteenth-century Britain into the disadvantaged black working class of the 1980s. The book deals with the colonial labour institutions (slavery, indentureship and trade unionism) and the ideology underlying them and also considers the previously neglected role of the nineteenth-century Black radicals in British working-class struggles. Finally, the book examines the emergence of a Black radical ideology that has underpinned the twentieth-century struggles against unemployment, racial attacks and workplace grievances, among them employer and trade union racism. From the Trade Paperback edition.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
	publisher = {Verso},
	author = {Ramdin, Ron},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 1001999249},
}

@book{rich_race_1986,
	address = {Cambridge ; New York},
	series = {Comparative ethnic and race relations},
	title = {Race and empire in {British} politics},
	isbn = {978-0-521-32017-7},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Rich, Paul B.},
	year = {1986},
	note = {OCLC: 13159110},
	keywords = {Colonies Emigration and immigration, Colonies Race relations, Commonwealth countries, Great Britain, History, Politics and government, Race relations, Racism, Racism History},
}

@book{joshua_ride_1983,
	address = {London},
	title = {To ride the storm : the 1980 {Bristol} riot and the state},
	shorttitle = {To ride the storm},
	publisher = {Heinemann},
	author = {Joshua, Harris and Wallace, Tina and Booth, Heather},
	year = {1983},
}

@misc{noauthor_9780435824822_nodate,
	title = {9780435824822: {To} {Ride} the {Storm}: {The} 1980 {Bristol} {Riot} and the {State} - {AbeBooks} - {Joshua}, {Harris}; {Wallace}, {Tina}: 0435824821},
	shorttitle = {9780435824822},
	url = {https://www.abebooks.com/9780435824822/Ride-Storm-1980-Bristol-Riot-0435824821/plp},
	abstract = {AbeBooks.com: To Ride the Storm: The 1980 Bristol Riot and the State (9780435824822) by Joshua, Harris; Wallace, Tina and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
}

@article{hepple_judging_1983,
	title = {Judging {Equal} {Rights}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0070-1998},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/clp/article/36/1/71/395894},
	doi = {10.1093/clp/36.1.71},
	abstract = {B. A. Hepple, M.A.;  Judging Equal Rights, Current Legal Problems, Volume 36, Issue 1, 1 January 1983, Pages 71–90, https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/36.1.71},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
	journal = {Current Legal Problems},
	author = {Hepple, B. A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1983},
	pages = {71--90},
}

@article{evans_immigration_1983,
	title = {Immigration {Law}, 2nd {Edition}},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/faculty_books/250},
	journal = {Books},
	author = {Evans, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1983},
}

@article{carter_195155_1987,
	title = {The 1951–55 conservative government and the racialization of black immigration},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0261-9288},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02619288.1987.9974665},
	doi = {10.1080/02619288.1987.9974665},
	abstract = {‘The problem of colonial immigration has not yet aroused public anxiety, although there was some concern, mainly due to the housing difficulties in a few localities where most of the immigrants were concentrated. On the other hand, if immigration from the colonies, and, for that matter, from India and Pakistan, were allowed to continue unchecked, there was a real danger that over the years there would be a significant change in the racial character of the English people’.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-01-24},
	journal = {Immigrants \& Minorities},
	author = {Carter, Bob and Harris, Clive and Joshi, Shirley},
	month = nov,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {335--347},
}

@book{ramdin_reimaging_1999,
	address = {London; Sterling, Va.},
	title = {Reimaging {Britain}: five hundred years of {Black} and {Asian} history},
	isbn = {978-0-585-42606-8 978-1-84964-520-1},
	shorttitle = {Reimaging {Britain}},
	url = {http://site.ebrary.com/id/10480007},
	language = {English.},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
	publisher = {Pluto Press},
	author = {Ramdin, Ron},
	year = {1999},
	note = {OCLC: 51002828},
}

@misc{directornbspresearchnbspservicesnbspdivision_ride_nodate,
	title = {To {Ride} the {Storm}: the 1980...},
	copyright = {http://www.anu.edu.au/copyright/},
	shorttitle = {To {Ride} the {Storm}},
	url = {https://researchers.anu.edu.au/publications/60300},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
	author = {Director\&nbsp;(Research\&nbsp;Services\&nbsp;Division)},
}

@book{economic_and_social_research_council_great_britain_international_2011,
	address = {Swindon},
	title = {International {Benchmarking} {Review} of {UK} psychology.},
	isbn = {978-0-86226-205-1},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Economics \& Social Research Council},
	author = {{Economic and Social Research Council (Great Britain)} and {British Psychological Society} and {Association of Heads of Psychology Departments} and {Experimental Psychology Society}},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 761364983},
}

@article{richards_how_1993,
	title = {How {Did} {Poor} {People} {Emigrate} from the {British} {Isles} to {Australia} in the {Nineteenth} {Century}?},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0021-9371, 1545-6986},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/how-did-poor-people-emigrate-from-the-british-isles-to-australia-in-the-nineteenth-century/6170881E4ADABA80D94E62FC4DBFD7DB},
	doi = {10.1086/386032},
	abstract = {One of the great themes of modern history is the movement of poor people across the face of the earth. For individuals and families the economic and psychological costs of these transoceanic migrations were severe. But they did not prevent millions of agriculturalists and proletarians from Europe reaching the new worlds in both the Atlantic and the Pacific basins in the nineteenth century. These people, in their myriad voyages, shifted the demographic balance of the continents and created new economies and societies wherever they went. The means by which these emigrations were achieved are little explored.Most emigrants directed themselves to the cheapest destinations. The Irish, for instance, migrated primarily to England, Scotland, and North America. The general account of British and European emigration in the nineteenth century demonstrates that the poor were not well placed to raise the costs of emigration or to insert themselves into the elaborate arrangements required for intercontinental migration. Usually the poor came last in the sequence of emigration.The passage to Australasia was the longest and the most expensive of these migrations. From its foundation as a penal colony in 1788, New South Wales depended almost entirely on convict labor during its first four decades. Unambiguous government sanction for free immigration emerged only at the end of the 1820s, when new plans were devised to encourage certain categories of emigrants from the British population. As each of the new Australian colonies was developed so the dependence on convict labor diminished.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
	journal = {Journal of British Studies},
	author = {Richards, Eric},
	month = jul,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {250--279},
}

@article{richards_how_1993-1,
	title = {How {Did} {Poor} {People} {Emigrate} from the {British} {Isles} to {Australia} in the {Nineteenth} {Century}?},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0021-9371},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/176082},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
	journal = {Journal of British Studies},
	author = {Richards, Eric},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {250--279},
}

@book{pooley_migration_1998,
	address = {London},
	title = {Migration {And} {Mobility} {In} {Britain} since {The} {Eighteenth} {Century}},
	url = {https://b-ok.cc/book/697408/72f250},
	urldate = {2020-01-22},
	publisher = {UCL Press},
	author = {Pooley, Colin G. and Turnbull, Jean},
	year = {1998},
}

@article{bloom_european_2013,
	title = {European {Union} and {Commonwealth} {Free} {Movement}: {A} {Historical}-{Comparative} {Perspective}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1369-183X, 1469-9451},
	shorttitle = {European {Union} and {Commonwealth} {Free} {Movement}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369183X.2013.778022},
	doi = {10.1080/1369183X.2013.778022},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
	author = {Bloom, Tendayi and Tonkiss, Katherine},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1067--1085},
}

@incollection{harris_images_nodate,
	title = {Images of {Blacks} in {Britain}: 1930–60},
	isbn = {978-0-86226-205-1},
	author = {Harris, C},
}

@misc{noauthor_race_nodate,
	title = {Race and {Racism} in {Britain}, {Third} {Edition} {\textbar} {John} {Solomos} {\textbar} download},
	url = {https://b-ok.cc/book/921829/d3b26e},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
}

@article{haines_indigent_1994,
	title = {Indigent {Misfits} or {Shrewd} {Operators}? {Government}-assisted {Emigrants} from the {United} {Kingdom} to {Australia}, 1831–1860},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0032-4728},
	shorttitle = {Indigent {Misfits} or {Shrewd} {Operators}?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000147776},
	doi = {10.1080/0032472031000147776},
	abstract = {Passages funded by Australia's colonial governments accounted for 56 per cent of all arrivals from the United Kingdom between 1831 and 1860. In concert with a range of private, Colonial Office, and Poor Law sources in the UK, analysis of data on the emigrants' age, sex, occupation, county of origin, literacy, and religious persuasion, collected by colonial Immigration Agents, challenges the traditional view of Australia's government immigrants. Rather than indigent misfits, shovelled out by a system anxious to rid the UK of its poor, they were primarily well-informed, self-selecting, literate individuals who often sought help from philanthropic agencies or their local parish to enable them to finance their passage deposit, mandatory clothing, and travel to the port of embarkation. Comparative analysis of data on occupation and county of origin, which suggests that they were not the spillover of the North America-bound streams, further challenges the prevailing view.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-01-23},
	journal = {Population Studies},
	author = {Haines, Robin},
	month = jul,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {223--247},
}

@article{balch_ethics_2016,
	title = {Ethics, {Politics} and {Migration}: {Public} {Debates} on the {Free} {Movement} of {Romanians} and {Bulgarians} in the {UK}, 2006–2013},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0263-3957, 1467-9256},
	shorttitle = {Ethics, {Politics} and {Migration}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9256.12082},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-9256.12082},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Politics},
	author = {Balch, Alex and Balabanova, Ekaterina},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {19--35},
}

@article{balabanova_sending_2010,
	title = {Sending and receiving: {The} ethical framing of intra-{EU} migration in the {European} press},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0267-3231, 1460-3705},
	shorttitle = {Sending and receiving},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323110381005},
	doi = {10.1177/0267323110381005},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {European Journal of Communication},
	author = {Balabanova, Ekaterina and Balch, Alex},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {382--397},
}

@article{boomgaarden_how_2009,
	title = {How news content influences anti-immigration attitudes: {Germany}, 1993-2005},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {03044130, 14756765},
	shorttitle = {How news content influences anti-immigration attitudes},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01831.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01831.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	author = {Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and Vliegenthart, Rens},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {516--542},
}

@book{buchanan_whats_2003,
	address = {London},
	title = {What's the story?: results from research into media coverage of refugees and asylum seekers in the {UK}.},
	isbn = {978-1-902598-62-8 978-1-902598-58-1},
	shorttitle = {What's the story?},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Article 19},
	author = {Buchanan, Sara and Grillo, Bethan and Threadgold, Terry},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 78748873},
}

@book{castles_age_2014,
	address = {Basingstoke},
	edition = {5. ed},
	title = {The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world},
	isbn = {978-0-230-35576-7 978-0-230-35577-4 978-0-230-36639-8},
	shorttitle = {The age of migration},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Castles, Stephen and Haas, Hein de and Miller, Mark J.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 867911249},
}

@article{van_klingeren_real_2015,
	title = {Real {World} is {Not} {Enough}: {The} {Media} as an {Additional} {Source} of {Negative} {Attitudes} {Toward} {Immigration}, {Comparing} {Denmark} and the {Netherlands}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0266-7215, 1468-2672},
	shorttitle = {Real {World} is {Not} {Enough}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/esr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/esr/jcu089},
	doi = {10.1093/esr/jcu089},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {European Sociological Review},
	author = {van Klingeren, Marijn and Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and Vliegenthart, Rens and de Vreese, Claes H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {268--283},
}

@article{gabrielatos_fleeing_2008,
	title = {Fleeing, {Sneaking}, {Flooding}: {A} {Corpus} {Analysis} of {Discursive} {Constructions} of {Refugees} and {Asylum} {Seekers} in the {UK} {Press}, 1996-2005},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0075-4242, 1552-5457},
	shorttitle = {Fleeing, {Sneaking}, {Flooding}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0075424207311247},
	doi = {10.1177/0075424207311247},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Journal of English Linguistics},
	author = {Gabrielatos, Costas and Baker, Paul},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {5--38},
}

@article{arendt_cultivation_2010,
	title = {Cultivation {Effects} of a {Newspaper} on {Reality} {Estimates} and {Explicit} and {Implicit} {Attitudes}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1864-1105, 2151-2388},
	url = {https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1864-1105/a000020},
	doi = {10.1027/1864-1105/a000020},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Journal of Media Psychology},
	author = {Arendt, Florian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {147--159},
}

@book{cottle_ethnic_2000,
	address = {Buckingham; Philadelphia},
	title = {Ethnic minorities and the media: changing cultural boundaries},
	isbn = {978-0-335-23123-2},
	shorttitle = {Ethnic minorities and the media},
	url = {http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780335231232},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	publisher = {Open University Press},
	author = {Cottle, Simon},
	year = {2000},
	note = {OCLC: 647029040},
}

@article{blinder_constructing_2016,
	title = {Constructing {Immigrants}: {Portrayals} of {Migrant} {Groups} in {British} {National} {Newspapers}, 2010–2012},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0197-9183, 1747-7379},
	shorttitle = {Constructing {Immigrants}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/imre.12206},
	doi = {10.1111/imre.12206},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {International Migration Review},
	author = {Blinder, Scott and Allen, William L.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3--40},
}

@misc{berry_press_nodate,
	title = {Press {Coverage} of the {Refugee} and {Migrant} {Crisis} in the {EU}: {A} {Content} {Analysis} of {Five} {European} {Countries}},
	shorttitle = {Press {Coverage} of the {Refugee} and {Migrant} {Crisis} in the {EU}},
	url = {https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/56bb369c9/press-coverage-refugee-migrant-crisis-eu-content-analysis-five-european.html},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {UNHCR},
	author = {Berry, Mike and Gercia-Blanco, Inaki and Moore, Kerry},
}

@article{boomgaarden_news_2010,
	title = {News on the move: exogenous events and news coverage of the {European} {Union}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1350-1763, 1466-4429},
	shorttitle = {News on the move},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501761003673294},
	doi = {10.1080/13501761003673294},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
	author = {Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and Vliegenthart, Rens and de Vreese, Claes H. and Schuck, Andreas R.T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {506--526},
}

@article{vergeer_exposure_2000,
	title = {Exposure to {Newspapers} and {Attitudes} toward {Ethnic} {Minorities}: {A} {Longitudinal} {Analysis}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1064-6175, 1096-4649},
	shorttitle = {Exposure to {Newspapers} and {Attitudes} toward {Ethnic} {Minorities}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/106461700246661},
	doi = {10.1080/106461700246661},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Howard Journal of Communications},
	author = {Vergeer, Maurice and Lubbers, Marcel and Scheepers, Peer},
	month = apr,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {127--143},
}

@article{eberl_european_2018,
	title = {The {European} media discourse on immigration and its effects: a literature review},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {2380-8985, 2380-8977},
	shorttitle = {The {European} media discourse on immigration and its effects},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452},
	doi = {10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Annals of the International Communication Association},
	author = {Eberl, Jakob-Moritz and Meltzer, Christine E. and Heidenreich, Tobias and Herrero, Beatrice and Theorin, Nora and Lind, Fabienne and Berganza, Rosa and Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and Schemer, Christian and Strömbäck, Jesper},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {207--223},
}

@article{dennison_brexit_2018,
	title = {Brexit and the perils of ‘{Europeanised}’ migration},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1350-1763, 1466-4429},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13501763.2018.1467953},
	doi = {10.1080/13501763.2018.1467953},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
	author = {Dennison, James and Geddes, Andrew},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1137--1153},
}

@article{ford_public_2015,
	title = {Public {Opinion}, {Responsiveness} and {Constraint}: {Britain}'s {Three} {Immigration} {Policy} {Regimes}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1369-183X, 1469-9451},
	shorttitle = {Public {Opinion}, {Responsiveness} and {Constraint}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1021585},
	doi = {10.1080/1369183X.2015.1021585},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
	author = {Ford, Robert and Jennings, Will and Somerville, Will},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1391--1411},
}

@book{threadgold_media_2009,
	address = {Washington., DC},
	title = {The {Media} and {Migration} in the {United} {Kingdom}, 1990-2009},
	publisher = {Migration Policy Institute},
	author = {Threadgold, Terry},
	year = {2009},
}

@article{smith_immigration_2018,
	title = {Immigration and the {British} news media: {Continuity} or change?},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {17519020},
	shorttitle = {Immigration and the {British} news media},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/soc4.12618},
	doi = {10.1111/soc4.12618},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	journal = {Sociology Compass},
	author = {Smith, David and Deacon, David},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e12618},
}

@article{meltzer_media_nodate,
	title = {Media {Effects} on {Attitudes} toward {Migration} and {Mobility} in the {EU}: {A} {Comprehensive} {Literature} {Review}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Meltzer, Christine E and Boomgaarden, Hajo G and Eberl, Jakob-Moritz and Heidenreich, Tobias},
	pages = {28},
}

@misc{noauthor_challenge_nodate,
	title = {The {Challenge} in {Mapping} {Multilingual} {Media} {Coverage} on {Migration} and {Freedom} of {Movement} in {Europe}},
	url = {https://www.reminder-project.eu/blog/the-challenge-in-mapping-multilingual-media-coverage-on-migration-and-freedom-of-movement-in-europe/},
	abstract = {Fabienne Lind and Jakob-Moritz Eberl reflect on their work analysing 1.5 million news articles across seven languages.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	journal = {The Reminder Project},
}

@book{bueltmann_locating_2012,
	address = {Liverpool, UNITED STATES},
	title = {Locating the {English} {Diaspora}, 1500-2010},
	isbn = {978-1-78138-706-1},
	url = {http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uunl/detail.action?docID=867097},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	publisher = {Liverpool University Press},
	author = {Bueltmann, Tanja and Gleeson, David T. and MacRaild, Donald M.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {English -- Migrations., English -- North America -- History., North America -- Emigration and immigration -- History.},
}

@article{goodwin_taking_2017,
	title = {Taking back control? {Investigating} the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for {Brexit}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1369-1481, 1467-856X},
	shorttitle = {Taking back control?},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1369148117710799},
	doi = {10.1177/1369148117710799},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {The British Journal of Politics and International Relations},
	author = {Goodwin, Matthew and Milazzo, Caitlin},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {450--464},
}

@book{lucassen_migration_2010,
	address = {Leiden},
	series = {Studies in global social history},
	title = {Migration history in world history: multidisciplinary approaches},
	isbn = {978-90-04-18031-4},
	shorttitle = {Migration history in world history},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	publisher = {Brill},
	editor = {Lucassen, Jan and Lucassen, Leo and Manning, Patrick},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 699756818},
}

@techreport{katwala_engaging_2016,
	address = {Washington, DC},
	title = {Engaging the {Anxious} {Middle} on {Immigration} {Reform}: {Evidence} from the {UK} {Debate}},
	language = {en},
	institution = {Migration Policy Institute},
	author = {Katwala, Sunder and Somerville, Will},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {32},
}

@misc{noauthor_perils_2016,
	title = {The {Perils} of {Perception} and the {EU}},
	url = {https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/perils-perception-and-eu},
	abstract = {New research by UK in a Changing Europe and Ipsos MORI shows the public have a number of significant misperceptions about the EU and how it affects life in the UK.},
	language = {en-uk},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {Ipsos MORI},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{noauthor_migration_nodate,
	title = {Migration {Observatory} at the {University} of {Oxford}},
	url = {https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {Migration Observatory},
}

@misc{noauthor_uk_2018,
	title = {{UK} {Public} {Opinion} toward {Immigration}: {Overall} {Attitudes}},
	shorttitle = {{UK} {Public} {Opinion} toward {Immigration}},
	url = {https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/uk-public-opinion-toward-immigration-overall-attitudes-and-level-of-concern/},
	abstract = {This briefing provides an overview of UK public opinion toward immigration in Britain.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {Migration Observatory},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
}

@misc{noauthor_migration_2019,
	title = {Migration and {Brexit}},
	url = {https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/projects/migration-and-brexit/},
	abstract = {Migration is a defining issue in the UK’s June 2016 referendum on EU membership. This page will bring together resources and analysis informing the exit process and our previous analysis of the referendum.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {Migration Observatory},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{spencer_migration_2011,
	address = {Bristol},
	title = {The migration debate},
	isbn = {978-1-84742-285-9},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Policy Press},
	author = {Spencer, Sarah},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 838076335},
}

@techreport{duffy_perceptions_2014,
	address = {London},
	title = {Perceptions and {Reality}: {Public} attitudes to immigration},
	shorttitle = {Perceptions and {Reality}},
	url = {https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/perceptions-and-reality-public-attitudes-immigration},
	abstract = {With the support of Unbound Philanthropy, Ipsos MORI has written Perceptions and Reality: Public attitudes to immigration; our attempt to present a more complete picture by collating and distilling a wide range of attitudinal data on immigration.},
	language = {en-uk},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	institution = {Ipsos More Social Rsearch institute},
	author = {Duffy, Bobby and Frere-Smith, Tom},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
}

@misc{noauthor_decade_2016,
	title = {A {Decade} of {Immigration} in the {British} {Press}},
	url = {https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/reports/decade-immigration-british-press/},
	abstract = {Looks at trends in the language used in newspapers \& considers how these relate to the UK political context.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Migration Observatory},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
}

@article{sharry_ngos_2000,
	title = {{NGOs} and the future of the migration debate},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1488-3473, 1874-6365},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12134-000-1011-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s12134-000-1011-7},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale},
	author = {Sharry, Frank},
	month = mar,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {121--130},
}

@book{moses_international_2006,
	address = {Bangkok, Thailand : Black Point, Nova Scotia : Bangalore, India : Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia : Cape Town, South Africa : London ; New York : New York},
	series = {Global issues},
	title = {International migration: globalization's last frontier},
	isbn = {978-1-84277-658-2 978-1-84277-659-9 978-1-55266-194-9},
	shorttitle = {International migration},
	publisher = {White Lotus ; Fernwood Publishing ; Books for Change ; SIRD ; David Philip ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Moses, Jonathon Wayne},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: ocm60596233},
	keywords = {Emigration and immigration},
}

@article{mulvey_when_2010,
	title = {When {Policy} {Creates} {Politics}: the {Problematizing} of {Immigration} and the {Consequences} for {Refugee} {Integration} in the {UK}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0951-6328, 1471-6925},
	shorttitle = {When {Policy} {Creates} {Politics}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jrs/feq045},
	doi = {10.1093/jrs/feq045},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {Journal of Refugee Studies},
	author = {Mulvey, G.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {437--462},
}

@book{panayi_immigration_2010,
	address = {Harlow, England ; New York},
	edition = {1st ed},
	title = {An immigration history of {Britain}: multicultural racism since 1800},
	isbn = {978-1-4058-5917-2},
	shorttitle = {An immigration history of {Britain}},
	publisher = {Pearson Longman},
	author = {Panayi, Panikos},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: ocn553364967},
	keywords = {Emigration and immigration History, Emigration and immigration Social aspects, Great Britain, History, Immigrants},
}

@book{hartmann_racism_1974,
	address = {London},
	title = {Racism and the mass media: a study of the role of the mass media in the formation of white beliefs and attitudes in {Britain}},
	isbn = {978-0-7067-0093-0},
	shorttitle = {Racism and the mass media},
	publisher = {Davis-Poynter},
	author = {Hartmann, Paul G. and Husband, Charles},
	year = {1974},
	keywords = {Great Britain, Mass media and race relations},
}

@book{hall_policing_2013,
	address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire},
	edition = {Second edition},
	title = {Policing the crisis: mugging, the state, and law and order},
	isbn = {978-1-137-00719-3},
	shorttitle = {Policing the crisis},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Hall, Stuart and Critcher, C. and Jefferson, Tony and Clarke, John and Roberts, Brian},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {1945-, Great Britain, Mugging, Social conditions},
}

@book{messer_migrations_2012,
	address = {Wien},
	title = {Migrations: interdisciplinary perspectives},
	isbn = {978-3-7091-0950-2 978-3-7091-0949-6},
	shorttitle = {Migrations},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Springer},
	editor = {Messer, Michi and {Schroeder, Rene} and Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2012},
	note = {OCLC: 758395500},
}

@article{abbas_conflating_2019,
	title = {Conflating the {Muslim} refugee and the terror suspect: responses to the {Syrian} refugee “crisis” in {Brexit} {Britain}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0141-9870, 1466-4356},
	shorttitle = {Conflating the {Muslim} refugee and the terror suspect},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2019.1588339},
	doi = {10.1080/01419870.2019.1588339},
	language = {en},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
	author = {Abbas, Madeline-Sophie},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2450--2469},
}

@article{do_ccu_pinto_arena_islamic_2017,
	title = {Islamic {Terrorism} in the {West} and {International} {Migrations}: {The} '{Far}' or '{Near}' {Enemy} {Within}? {What} {Is} the {Evidence}},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	shorttitle = {Islamic {Terrorism} in the {West} and {International} {Migrations}},
	url = {https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2976407},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2976407},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-03},
	journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
	author = {do CCu Pinto Arena, Maria},
	year = {2017},
}

@book{spencer_british_1997,
	address = {New York},
	title = {British immigration policy since 1939: the making of multi-racial {Britain}},
	isbn = {978-0-415-13695-2 978-0-415-13696-9},
	shorttitle = {British immigration policy since 1939},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Spencer, Ian R. G.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {1936-, 20th century, Emigration and immigration Government policy History, Great Britain, Politics and government},
}

@book{spafford_migrants_2016,
	address = {London},
	series = {{OCR} {SHP} {GCSE} {History}},
	title = {Migrants to {Britain} c.1250 to present},
	isbn = {978-1-4718-6014-0},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Hodder Education Group},
	author = {Spafford, Martin and Lyndon, Dan},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{spafford_migration_2016,
	title = {Migration, empire and the historic environment},
	isbn = {978-1-4718-6287-8},
	language = {English},
	author = {Spafford, Martin and Lyndon, Dan and Sherwood, Marika and Adi, Hakim},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 948549194},
}

@incollection{lloyd_englishmen_2012,
	address = {Liverpool},
	title = {‘{The} {Englishmen} here are much disliked’: {Hostility} towards {English} {Immigrants} in {Early} {Twentieth}-{Century} {Toronto}},
	booktitle = {Locating the {English} {Diaspora}, 1500-2010},
	publisher = {Liverpool University Press},
	author = {Lloyd, Amy J.``},
	editor = {Bueltmann, Tanja and Gleeson, David T. and MacRaild, Donald M.},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{liu_framing_nodate,
	title = {Framing immigration: a content analysis of newspapers in {Hong} {Kong}, {Taiwan}, the {United} {Kingdom}, and the {United} {States}},
	issn = {2156-5503},
	shorttitle = {Framing immigration},
	doi = {10.1080/21565503.2019.1674162},
	abstract = {This study examines the media framings of immigration in Hong Kong, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Using a content analysis of over 1700 newspaper articles published in 2014 in different cases, my findings show that, regardless of context, the media use a small number of frames to stereotype, generalize and reduce immigration to a singular dimension. My analysis also suggests that the media do not always only have a binary representation of bad or good immigrants. Instead, the media's othering of immigrants is a complex process, suggesting ambivalence despite superficial affirmation. Although my findings also demonstrate that some national differences exist, common patterns can be found across contexts that share similar historical, cultural, social, economic, and political dimensions of immigration. As one of the first cross-regional comparisons of media framings, this research reflects the power dynamics between the elites and immigrants and offers implications for how the media's reinforcement of stereotypes and outsider status of immigrants could potentially shape public opinion and policies regarding immigration.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Politics Groups and Identities},
	author = {Liu, Shan Jan Sarah},
	note = {WOS:000490695700001},
	keywords = {Asia, Europe, Immigration, North America, construction, content analysis, coverage, culture, debate, europe, frames, framing, media, migration, news, threat},
}

@article{sarah_liu_framing_2019,
	title = {Framing immigration: a content analysis of newspapers in {Hong} {Kong}, {Taiwan}, the {United} {Kingdom}, and the {United} {States}},
	issn = {2156-5503, 2156-5511},
	shorttitle = {Framing immigration},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21565503.2019.1674162},
	doi = {10.1080/21565503.2019.1674162},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-04},
	journal = {Politics, Groups, and Identities},
	author = {Sarah Liu, Shan-Jan},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1--25},
}

@misc{noauthor_special_nodate,
	title = {Special {Restriction} ({Coloured} {Alien} {Seamen}) {Order} (1925) {\textbar} {Making} {Britain}},
	url = {http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/special-restriction-coloured-alien-seamen-order-1925},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
}

@article{tabili_construction_1994,
	title = {The {Construction} of {Racial} {Difference} in {Twentieth}-{Century} {Britain}: {The} {Special} {Restriction} ({Coloured} {Alien} {Seamen}) {Order}, 1925},
	volume = {33},
	number = {January},
	journal = {Journal of British Studies},
	author = {Tabili, Laura},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {54--98},
}

@article{baker_useful_2008,
	title = {A useful methodological synergy? {Combining} critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the {UK} press},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0957-9265, 1460-3624},
	shorttitle = {A useful methodological synergy?},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926508088962},
	doi = {10.1177/0957926508088962},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Baker, Paul and Gabrielatos, Costas and KhosraviNik, Majid and Krzyżanowski, Michał and McEnery, Tony and Wodak, Ruth},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {273--306},
}

@article{burscher_owning_2015,
	title = {Owning the issues of crime and immigration: {The} relation between immigration and crime news and anti-immigrant voting in 11 countries},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {02613794},
	shorttitle = {Owning the issues of crime and immigration},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261379415000463},
	doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.001},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {Burscher, Bjorn and van Spanje, Joost and de Vreese, Claes H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {59--69},
}

@article{stolic_media_2019,
	title = {Media representations of migration and racism},
	issn = {0267-3231, 1460-3705},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323119887838},
	doi = {10.1177/0267323119887838},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-04},
	journal = {European Journal of Communication},
	author = {Stolic, Tijana},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {026732311988783},
}

@book{hammer_palestinians_2005,
	address = {Austin},
	edition = {First edition},
	title = {Palestinians born in exile: diaspora and the search for a homeland},
	isbn = {978-0-292-70295-0 978-0-292-70296-7},
	shorttitle = {Palestinians born in exile},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {University of Texas Press},
	author = {Hammer, Juliane},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 55067799},
}

@article{arcimaviciene_migration_2018,
	title = {Migration, {Metaphor} and {Myth} in {Media} {Representations}: {The} {Ideological} {Dichotomy} of “{Them}” and “{Us}”},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2158-2440, 2158-2440},
	shorttitle = {Migration, {Metaphor} and {Myth} in {Media} {Representations}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244018768657},
	doi = {10.1177/2158244018768657},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	journal = {SAGE Open},
	author = {Arcimaviciene, Liudmila and Baglama, Sercan Hamza},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {215824401876865},
}

@article{musolff_dehumanizing_2015,
	title = {Dehumanizing metaphors in {UK} immigrant debates in press and online media},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2213-1272, 2213-1280},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.3.1.02mus},
	doi = {10.1075/jlac.3.1.02mus},
	abstract = {Some Internet genres, in particular Weblogs and discussion fora, have a dubious reputation for giving voice to strongly polemical discourses or hate-speech. This paper investigates the use of dehumanizing metaphors, specifically
              parasite
              metaphors, in British debates about immigration. It compares the range of metaphors used in Blogs with that used in online fora and in mainstream newspaper coverage and concludes that despite substantial variation, they can be categorised into four main scenarios, of which one includes dehumanizing metaphors such as depictions of immigrants as
              parasites, leeches,
              or
              bloodsuckers
              . Whilst this kind of stigmatizing imagery occurs across the three different media genres, the samples also show significant quantitative and qualitative differences: dehumanizing metaphors occur most often and their potential for aggressive argumentation and polemics is exploited in more detail in Blogs than in the fora, and least in the mainstream press. It is then asked what cognitive import this differential usage has in view of a) the discourse histories of such metaphors and b) their most likely present-day semantic motivation. The paper concludes that while it is unlikely that present-day users have detailed knowledge of the etymological and conceptual histories of such metaphors, it is also improbable to assume a wholly “unconscious” or “automatic” use or reception in the respective community of practice, and that instead it is more likely that they are used with a high degree of “deliberateness” and a modicum of discourse-historical awareness.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	journal = {Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {41--56},
}

@article{j_david_cisneros_contaminated_2008,
	title = {Contaminated {Communities}: {The} {Metaphor} of "{Immigrant} as {Pollutant}" in {Media} {Representations} of {Immigration}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1534-5238},
	shorttitle = {Contaminated {Communities}},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v011/11.4.cisneros.html},
	doi = {10.1353/rap.0.0068},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	journal = {Rhetoric \& Public Affairs},
	author = {{J. David Cisneros}},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {569--601},
}

@article{khosravinik_representation_2010,
	title = {The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in {British} newspapers: {A} critical discourse analysis},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1569-2159, 1569-9862},
	shorttitle = {The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in {British} newspapers},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/jlp.9.1.01kho},
	doi = {10.1075/jlp.9.1.01kho},
	abstract = {The paper is a CDA investigation on discursive strategies employed by various British newspapers between 1996–2006 in the ways they represent refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants. The period covers several world events which have impacted such representation, creating a large number of articles on and/or about these groups. A combination of quantitative and qualitative down-sampling technique is then devised to restrict the number of articles to a sensitive sample which takes into account the newspapers’ ideological stands; conservative/liberal, their types; quality/tabloid and the relevant world events. The paper discusses some of the salient issues in the ways these groups of people are represented in British newspapers during these 10 years and shows that despite differences — arising from differences in ideological viewpoints and their types — in some important ways all the newspapers contribute to construct refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in similar ways.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	journal = {Journal of Language and Politics},
	author = {KhosraviNik, Majid},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1--28},
}

@incollection{messer_dynamics_2012,
	address = {Vienna},
	title = {Dynamics of {Representation} in {Discourse}: {Immigrants} in the {British} {Press}},
	isbn = {978-3-7091-0949-6 978-3-7091-0950-2},
	shorttitle = {Dynamics of {Representation} in {Discourse}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-7091-0950-2_26},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	booktitle = {Migrations: {Interdisciplinary} {Perspectives}},
	publisher = {Springer Vienna},
	author = {KhosraviNik, Majid and Krzyżanowski, Michał and Wodak, Ruth},
	editor = {Messer, Michi and Schroeder, Renee and Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-7091-0950-2_26},
	pages = {283--295},
}

@article{sword_their_1986,
	title = {'{Their} {Prospects} will not be {Bright}': {British} {Responses} to the {Problem} of the {Polish} '{Recalcitrants}' 1946-49},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0022-0094, 1461-7250},
	shorttitle = {'{Their} {Prospects} will not be {Bright}'},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200948602100302},
	doi = {10.1177/002200948602100302},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-12-09},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary History},
	author = {Sword, Keith R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1986},
	pages = {367--390},
}

@article{blaszczyk_resettlement_2017,
	title = {The resettlement of {Polish} refugees after the second world war},
	copyright = {Copyright Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford Department of International Development Feb 2017},
	issn = {14609819},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1876052308?pq-origsite=gscholar},
	abstract = {When it became clear in 1945, at the end of the second world war, that the Polish forces and refugees abroad would not be able to return to their homeland, the British government took on responsibility for them. The first step was the founding of the Polish Resettlement Corps in May 1946. Almost a quarter of a million Polish servicemen supporting the Western Allies found that they could not return home. The 1947 Polish Resettlement Act aimed to resettle political refugees in the UK, at a time when it was on the verge of an era of considerable population increase based largely on immigration. The Act provided Polish refugees in the UK with entitlement to employment and to unemployment benefit. The Act also laid out the responsibilities of several government departments to provide health services, pension entitlement and education for the Poles. The Act was welcomed in parliament and considered to be an act of great statesmanship -- an act that changed people's attitudes to the foreigners then arriving.},
	language = {English},
	number = {54},
	urldate = {2019-12-09},
	journal = {Forced Migration Review; Oxford},
	author = {Blaszczyk, Agata},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Aliens, Attitudes, Committees, Departments, Employment, Expenditures, Foreigners, Health care services, Immigration, Legislative bodies, Military personnel, Poles, Population growth, Post World War II period, Refugees, Relocation, Social Services And Welfare, Unemployment, World War II},
	pages = {71--73},
}

@article{pisarevskaya_mapping_2019,
	title = {Mapping migration studies: {An} empirical analysis of the coming of age of a research field},
	issn = {2049-5846},
	shorttitle = {Mapping migration studies},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/migration/advance-article/doi/10.1093/migration/mnz031/5543467},
	doi = {10.1093/migration/mnz031},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Migration studies have developed rapidly as a research field over the past decades. This article provides an empirical analysis not only on the development in volume and the internationalization of the field, but also on the development in terms of topical focus within migration studies over the past three decades. To capture volume, internationalisation, and topic focus, our analysis involves a computer-based topic modelling of the landscape of migration studies. Rather than a linear growth path towards an increasingly diversified and fragmented field, as suggested in the literature, this reveals a more complex path of coming of age of migration studies. Although there seems to be even an accelerated growth for migration studies in terms of volume, its internationalisation proceeds only slowly. Furthermore, our analysis shows that rather than a growth of diversification of topics within migration topic, we see a shift between various topics within the field. Finally, our study shows that there is no consistent trend to more fragmentation in the field; in contrast, it reveals a recent recovery of connectedness between the topics in the field, suggesting an institutionalisation or even theoretical and conceptual coming of age of migration studies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-06},
	journal = {Migration Studies},
	author = {Pisarevskaya, Asya and Levy, Nathan and Scholten, Peter and Jansen, Joost},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {mnz031},
}

@article{pigarevskii_vitro_1975,
	title = {[{In} vitro effect of leukocytic and thymic histones and their fractions on the activity of the causative agent of meningopneumonia]},
	issn = {0372-9311},
	abstract = {It was found in studying the antimeningococcus activity of the leukocytic and thymus histones and their fractions that both histones were capable of neutralizing in vitro the activity of the causative agent of meningopneumonia (MP). The neutralization effect was chiefly associated with the F3 fraction rich in arginine and depended on the duration of the histone fraction contact with the MP causative agent, the weight concentration of the histone and the pH of the incubation medium.},
	language = {rus},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, I Immunobiologii},
	author = {Pigarevskiĭ, V. E. and Ashmarin, I. P. and Tolybekov, A. S. and Kokriakov, V. N.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {1947},
	keywords = {Animals, Arginine, Cattle, Chlamydia Infections, Chlamydophila psittaci, Culture Media, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Histones, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, In Vitro Techniques, Leukocytes, Mice, Pneumonia, Thymus Gland, Time Factors},
	pages = {76--79},
}

@book{lunn_hosts_1980,
	address = {Folkestone},
	title = {Hosts, immigrants and minorities: historical responses to newcomers in {British} society, 1870-1914},
	isbn = {978-0-7129-0949-5},
	shorttitle = {Hosts, immigrants and minorities},
	publisher = {Dawson},
	editor = {Lunn, Kenneth},
	year = {1980},
	note = {OCLC: 6794523},
}

@book{lunn_race_1985,
	address = {London},
	title = {Race and labour in twentieth century {Britain}},
	isbn = {978-0-7146-3238-4},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Cass},
	editor = {Lunn, Kenneth},
	year = {1985},
	note = {OCLC: 732101763},
}

@misc{archives_discovery_nodate,
	type = {Text},
	title = {The {Discovery} {Service}},
	copyright = {https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/copyright.htm},
	url = {https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C9078},
	abstract = {The National Archives is the UK government's official archive. Our main duties are to preserve Government records and to set standards in information management and re-use.},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2019-12-09},
	author = {Archives, The National},
}

@book{cohen_britains_2014,
	address = {London},
	series = {Israeli history, politics and society},
	title = {Britain's moment in {Palestine}: retrospect and perspectives, 1917 - 1948},
	isbn = {978-0-415-72985-7 978-1-315-85075-7},
	shorttitle = {Britain's moment in {Palestine}},
	abstract = {"Analysing why, and how, the British took on the Palestine Mandate; this book explores how their interests and policies changed during its course, and why they left. Issuing the Balfour Declaration in 1917 for military and strategic reasons, the first decade of the Mandate saw an influx of Jewish capital mobilized by the Zionists which enabled the British to fund not only the administration of Palestine, but also her imperial projects there. In the mid-1930s, as the clouds of World War Two gathered, Britain's commitment to Zionism was superseded by the need to secure her strategic assets in the Middle East and consequently her policy turned to favour the Arabs. The post war period saw Britain abandon any attempts to impose a settlement in Palestine that would be acceptable to the Arab States and the government referred Palestine to the United Nations, without recommendations, leaving the antagonists to settle their conflict on the battlefield. Based on archival sources and the most up-to-date scholarly research, this comprehensive history is a must-read for anyone with an interest in Israel, and the Middle East in general"--},
	language = {eng},
	number = {55},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Cohen, Michael Joseph},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 931327092},
}

@article{hansen_politics_1999,
	title = {The {Politics} of {Citizenship} in 1940s {Britain}: {The} {British} {Nationality} {Act}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0955-2359, 1477-4674},
	shorttitle = {The {Politics} of {Citizenship} in 1940s {Britain}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67},
	doi = {10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-12-12},
	journal = {Twentieth Century British History},
	author = {Hansen, R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {67--95},
}

@book{solomos_race_2003,
	address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire},
	title = {Race and racism in contemporary {Britain}},
	isbn = {978-1-349-20187-7},
	url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21950867.html},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-12-09},
	publisher = {Macmillan Education},
	author = {Solomos, John},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 551428456},
}

@article{patterson_polish_1961,
	title = {{THE} {POLISH} {EXILE} {COMMUNITY} {IN} {BRITAIN}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0032-2970},
	url = {www.jstor.org/stable/25776360},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-12-09},
	journal = {The Polish Review},
	author = {PATTERSON, SHEILA},
	year = {1961},
	pages = {69--97},
}

@article{stadulis_resettlement_1952,
	title = {The {Resettlement} of {Displaced} {Persons} in the {United} {Kingdom}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {00324728},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2172427?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/2172427},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-12-09},
	journal = {Population Studies},
	author = {Stadulis, Elizabeth},
	month = mar,
	year = {1952},
	pages = {207},
}

@book{eini_mandated_2006,
	address = {London},
	title = {Mandated landscape: {British} imperial rule in {Palestine}, 1929 - 1948},
	isbn = {978-0-7146-5426-3},
	shorttitle = {Mandated landscape},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Eini, Roza I. M. el-},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: 834134454},
}

@book{viola_migration_2019,
	address = {Amsteram},
	title = {Migration and media: discourses about identities in crisis},
	isbn = {978-90-272-0247-5},
	shorttitle = {Migration and media},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2019},
	note = {OCLC: 1096357174},
}

@inproceedings{viola_digitised_2021,
	title = {From digitised sources to digital data: {Behind} the scenes of (critically) enriching a digital heritage collection},
	volume = {2810},
	isbn = {1613-0073},
	url = {ttp://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2810/paper5.pdf},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {International} {Conference} {Collect} and {Connect}: {Archives} and {Collections} in a {Digital} {Age}},
	publisher = {CEUR – Workshops Proceedings},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Fiscarelli, M. Antonio},
	editor = {Weber, Andreas and Heerlien, Maarten and Gassó Miracle, Eulàlia and Wolstencroft, Katherine},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {51--64},
}

@book{wills_destination_2005,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Destination {America}},
	isbn = {978-0-7566-1344-0},
	abstract = {Whether escaping religious persecution, political oppression, the violence of war, or looking to further their economic standing, immigrants have come to America. This detailed look at why immigrants leave their homelands, how they travel to America, and what they do once they arrive, includes personal accounts, letters, diaries, photographs and other ephemera; features statistics, maps and charts covering over 40 immigrant groups.--From publisher description.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {DK Pub.},
	author = {Wills, Charles},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 61361495},
}

@book{briggs_italian_1978,
	address = {New Haven [usw.]},
	title = {An {Italian} passage: {Immigrants} to 3 {American} cities, 1890-1930},
	isbn = {978-0-300-02095-3},
	shorttitle = {An {Italian} passage},
	publisher = {Yale Univ. Pr},
	author = {Briggs, John Walker},
	year = {1978},
	note = {OCLC: 163293948},
}

@book{briggs_italian_1978-1,
	address = {New Haven [usw.]},
	title = {An {Italian} passage: {Immigrants} to 3 {American} cities, 1890-1930},
	isbn = {978-0-300-02095-3},
	shorttitle = {An {Italian} passage},
	publisher = {Yale Univ. Pr},
	author = {Briggs, John Walker},
	year = {1978},
	note = {OCLC: 163293948},
}

@book{blanchard_history_2013,
	title = {History of the mass media in the {United} {States}: {An} encyclopedia},
	isbn = {1-135-91742-6},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Blanchard, Margaret A.},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{bandiera_making_2013,
	title = {The {Making} of {Modern} {America}: {Migratory} {Flows} in the {Age} of {Mass} {Migration}},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {03043878},
	shorttitle = {The {Making} of {Modern} {America}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304387812000995},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.11.005},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-19},
	journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
	author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Rasul, Imran and Viarengo, Martina},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {23--47},
}

@article{mcelhinny_talk_2007,
	title = {“{Talk} about luck”: coherence, contingency, character and class in the life stories of {Filipino} {Canadians} in {Toronto}},
	journal = {Language and Asia-Pacific Americans, edited by Adrienne Lo and Angela Reyes. Oxford: Oxford University Press},
	author = {McElhinny, Bonnie and Yeung, Shirley and Damasco, Valerie and DeOcampo, Angela and Febria, Monina and Collantes, Christianne and Salonga, Jason},
	year = {2007},
}

@book{baynham_dislocationsrelocations_2005,
	address = {Manchester},
	series = {Encounters},
	title = {Dislocations/relocations: narratives of displacement},
	isbn = {978-1-900650-79-3},
	shorttitle = {Dislocations/relocations},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	publisher = {St. Jerome Publ},
	editor = {Baynham, Mike and De Fina, Anna},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 835587699},
}

@book{baynham_dislocationsrelocations_2005-1,
	address = {Manchester},
	series = {Encounters},
	title = {Dislocations/relocations: narratives of displacement},
	isbn = {978-1-900650-79-3},
	shorttitle = {Dislocations/relocations},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	publisher = {St. Jerome Publ},
	editor = {Baynham, Mike and De Fina, Anna},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 835587699},
}

@article{king_experiencing_2016,
	title = {Experiencing the {Digital} {World}: {The} {Cultural} {Value} of {Digital} {Engagement} with {Heritage}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2159-032X, 2159-0338},
	shorttitle = {Experiencing the {Digital} {World}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2159032X.2016.1246156},
	doi = {10.1080/2159032X.2016.1246156},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-17},
	journal = {Heritage \& Society},
	author = {King, Laura and Stark, James F. and Cooke, Paul},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {76--101},
}

@incollection{chapelle_immigrant_2012,
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	title = {Immigrant {Discourse}},
	isbn = {978-1-4051-9473-0 978-1-4051-9843-1},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0527},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-17},
	booktitle = {The {Encyclopedia} of {Applied} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	author = {De Fina, Anna and Baynham, Mike},
	editor = {Chapelle, Carol A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0527},
	pages = {wbeal0527},
}

@article{bruner_narrative_1991,
	title = {The {Narrative} {Construction} of {Reality}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {00931896, 15397858},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343711},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-17},
	journal = {Critical Inquiry},
	author = {Bruner, Jerome},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Publisher: The University of Chicago Press},
	pages = {1--21},
}

@article{hickerson_revisiting_2016,
	title = {Revisiting the immigrant press},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884914542742},
	doi = {10.1177/1464884914542742},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2020-11-19},
	journal = {Journalism: Theory, Practice \& Criticism},
	author = {Hickerson, Andrea and Gustafson, Kristin L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {943--960},
}

@article{baynham_narratives_2003,
	title = {Narratives in space and time: {Beyond} “backdrop” accounts of narrative orientation},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1387-6740, 1569-9935},
	shorttitle = {Narratives in space and time},
	url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/ni.13.2.07bay},
	doi = {10.1075/ni.13.2.07bay},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-11-18},
	journal = {Narrative Inquiry},
	author = {Baynham, Mike},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {347--366},
}

@article{bakewell_tracing_2016,
	title = {Tracing diasporic identifications in {Africa}'s urban landscapes: evidence from {Lusaka} and {Kampala}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0141-9870},
	shorttitle = {Tracing diasporic identifications in {Africa}'s urban landscapes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1105994},
	doi = {10.1080/01419870.2016.1105994},
	abstract = {The transnational movements of Africans within the continent are seldom conceptualized as leading to diasporic identifications and relationships. In stark contrast, the migration of Africans beyond the continent, which occurs on a smaller scale, is routinely associated with diaspora formation. Drawing on fieldwork with migrants from Anglophone and Francophone West Africa and the Horn of Africa living in Lusaka and Kampala, this paper explores whether their movements gives rise to the formation of diasporic connections that sustain and reproduce identifications with the place and people of origin, over distance and through generations. The analysis illustrates how different layers of ‘origin’ and ‘destination’ factors interact to reinforce or undermine diasporic identifications in Africa's urban landscapes. The homeland where mobility is embedded in socioeconomic relations that embrace transnational linkages may perpetuate connections. The conditions of urban life that impose pressures to remain outsiders may perpetuate exclusion and hinder integration.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-10-20},
	journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
	author = {Bakewell, Oliver and Binaisa, Naluwembe},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Africa, Diaspora formation, belonging, migration, reproduction of identities, transnationalism},
	pages = {280--300},
}

@book{harney_italian_1992,
	title = {The {Italian} {Diaspora}: {Migration} {Across} the {Globe}},
	isbn = {978-0-919045-59-0},
	shorttitle = {The {Italian} {Diaspora}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Multicultural History Society of Ontario},
	author = {Harney, Robert F. and Ontario, Multicultural History Society of},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: 2Vi4AAAACAAJ},
}

@book{noauthor_enciclopedia_1995,
	address = {Novara},
	title = {Enciclopedia geografica mondiale. 2, {K}-{Z}.},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Istituto geografico De Agostini},
	year = {1995},
}

@misc{noauthor_proquest_nodate,
	title = {{ProQuest} {Ebook} {Central} - {Reader}},
	url = {https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uunl/reader.action?docID=1114129&ppg=7},
	urldate = {2019-10-29},
}

@book{ni_eigeartaigh_rethinking_2007,
	address = {Newcastle},
	title = {Rethinking {Diasporas} : {Hidden} {Narratives} and {Imagined} {Borders}},
	publisher = {Cambridge Scholars},
	author = {Ní Éigeartaigh, Aoileann and Howard, Kevin and Getty, David},
	year = {2007},
}

@article{loland_negotiating_2020,
	title = {Negotiating paradise lost: {Refugee} narratives of pre-war {Syria} – {A} discursive approach to memory, metaphors and religious identifications},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1367-5494, 1460-3551},
	shorttitle = {Negotiating paradise lost},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367549419869352},
	doi = {10.1177/1367549419869352},
	abstract = {How are social relations and ethno-religious identifications of pre-war Syria remembered and narrated by Syrian refugees in exile? Crossing the abyss of war, and negotiated through the shifting times and sites of forced displacement, this article addresses Syrian refugee narratives as discursive practices that attempt to reclaim an irretrievably lost terrain. The metaphor of a ‘paradise lost’ is an unmistakable component of the Syrian refugees’ stories, illustrating multiple understandings of ‘paradise’ in which memories of the past gain a particularly idealized character. At the same time, however, and to some extent belying this metaphor, there are traces of tension-filled undercurrents that call for a plural reading of the past. Discussed within a theoretical framework of memory, metaphors and religious identifications, the empirical analysis highlights two narrative themes: (1) coexistence and diversity: narratives of intercultural and inter-religious relations and (2) living under authoritarian rule: narratives of fear and compliance. Leading up to the revolution and subsequent civil war, these narratives display the ambivalent ways in which Syrian refugees conceptualize the past.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-11-17},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	author = {Løland, Ingrid},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {749--767},
}

@misc{sturge_migration_2019,
	title = {Migration {Statistics}},
	publisher = {House of Commons Library},
	author = {Sturge, Georgina},
	year = {2019},
}

@misc{viola_chroniclitaly_2019,
	address = {Utrecht},
	title = {{ChroniclItaly} 2.0.  {A} corpus of {Italian} {American} newspapers annotated for entities, 1898-1920},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.24416/UU01-4MECRO},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{appadurai_modernity_2008,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization},
	isbn = {978-0-8166-2793-6 978-0-8166-2792-9},
	shorttitle = {Modernity at large},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Univ. of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Appadurai, Arjun},
	year = {2008},
	note = {OCLC: 845479854},
}

@book{brettell_theorizing_2013,
	title = {Theorizing {Migration} in {Anthropology}: {The} {Social} {Construction} of {Networks}, {Identities}, {Communities}, and {Globalscapes}},
	shorttitle = {Theorizing {Migration} in {Anthropology}},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/},
	abstract = {In the late 1920s, while conducting fieldwork in Manus, New Guinea, Margaret Mead made note of the fact that young boys spent two, five, sometimes 
seven years},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-10-16},
	editor = {Brettell, Caroline B. and Hollifield, James F.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203950449-10},
}

@book{forlenza_italian_2016,
	address = {New York, NY},
	series = {Italian and {Italian} {American} studies},
	title = {Italian modernities: competing narratives of nationhood},
	isbn = {978-1-137-50155-4 978-1-137-49212-8},
	shorttitle = {Italian modernities},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Forlenza, Rosario and Thomassen, Bjørn},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 963918648},
}

@book{gabaccia_italys_2000,
	address = {Seattle, Wash.},
	series = {Global diasporas},
	title = {Italy's many diasporas},
	isbn = {978-0-295-97918-2 978-0-295-97917-5},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Univ. of Washington Press},
	author = {Gabaccia, Donna R.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {OCLC: 231849074},
}

@book{handlin_bostons_1991,
	address = {Cambridge},
	edition = {Rev. and enl. ed},
	title = {Boston's immigrants 1790-1880: a study in acculturation},
	isbn = {978-0-674-07986-1},
	shorttitle = {Boston's immigrants 1790 - 1880},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press},
	author = {Handlin, Oscar},
	year = {1991},
	note = {OCLC: 831334710},
}

@book{habermas_structural_1999,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass},
	series = {Studies in contemporary {German} social thought},
	title = {The {Structural} transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society},
	isbn = {978-0-262-58108-0},
	shorttitle = {The {Structural} transformation of the public sphere},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Habermas, Jürgen},
	year = {1999},
	note = {OCLC: 257272167},
}

@article{gans_comment_1992,
	title = {Comment: {Ethnic} invention and acculturation, a bumpy-line approach},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {02785927},
	shorttitle = {Comment},
	abstract = {Comments on the article written by Kathleen Conzen, et al entitled `The Invention of Ethnicity,' published in the Fall 1992 issue of the `Journal of American Ethnic History' which discusses ethnicity and acculturation.  Theoretical mistakes committed by Conzen and her co-authors in their study; Shortcomings of the straight line method used by Conzen, et al in their study.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of American Ethnic History},
	author = {Gans, Herbert J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {ACCULTURATION, ETHNICITY},
	pages = {42},
}

@book{matsaganis_understanding_2011,
	address = {Los Angeles},
	title = {Understanding ethnic media: producers, consumers, and societies},
	isbn = {978-1-4129-5912-4 978-1-4129-5913-1},
	shorttitle = {Understanding ethnic media},
	publisher = {SAGE},
	author = {Matsaganis, Matthew D. and Katz, Vikki S. and Ball-Rokeach, Sandra},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: ocn464584653},
	keywords = {Ethnic mass media, Mass media and minorities},
}

@book{orsi_madonna_2010,
	address = {New Haven, Conn. ; London},
	edition = {3rd ed},
	title = {The {Madonna} of 115th {Street}: faith and community in {Italian} {Harlem}, 1880-1950},
	isbn = {978-0-300-15752-9},
	shorttitle = {The {Madonna} of 115th {Street}},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Orsi, Robert A.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: ocn632079628},
	keywords = {Devotion to, Harlem (New York, N.Y.), Italian Americans, Mary, New York (State) New York, Religion, Religious life and customs, Social conditions},
}

@book{patriarca_italian_2010,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Italian vices: nation and character from the {Risorgimento} to the republic},
	isbn = {978-1-107-67678-7 978-0-521-76101-7},
	shorttitle = {Italian vices},
	abstract = {"Why do Italians believe that they have a national character and that this character is a major reason for their political woes? Why is their self-image so frequently derogatory? In this meticulous new study of the role of national character in Italian political and social discourse, Silvana Patriarca reconstructs the genealogy of a pervasive idea in the culture of modern Italy. Using sources ranging from political pamphlets to newspapers and films, this book shows how self-representations of national character and its vices were shaped by foreign perceptions and stereotypes, internal political struggles, and changing intellectual paradigms. Investigating the politics of these representations, their ideological content, and their uses, the author recasts the study of Italian patriotism and nationalism as discourses and sheds new light on Italian political culture and on the rhetoric of nationalism more generally"--Provided by publisher},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
	author = {Patriarca, Silvana},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 845609078},
}

@incollection{pietro_stampa_1972,
	address = {Florence},
	title = {La stampa periodica italo-americana},
	booktitle = {Gli {Italiani} negli {Stati} {Uniti}. {L}'emigrazione e l'opera degli italiani negli {Stati} {Uniti} d'{America}},
	publisher = {Istituto di studi americani},
	author = {Pietro, , Russo},
	editor = {Vecoli, Rudolph J.},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {495--98},
}

@book{powell_encyclopedia_2005,
	address = {New York, NY},
	series = {Facts on {File} library of {American} history},
	title = {Encyclopedia of {North} {American} immigration},
	isbn = {978-0-8160-4658-4},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Facts On File},
	author = {Powell, John},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 728068532},
}

@book{roediger_working_2006,
	address = {New York, NY},
	title = {Working toward whiteness: how {America}'s immigrants became white ; the strange journey from {Ellis} {Island} to the suburbs},
	isbn = {978-0-465-07074-9 978-0-465-07073-2},
	shorttitle = {Working toward whiteness},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	author = {Roediger, David R.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: 255730033},
}

@article{vecoli_contadini_1964,
	title = {Contadini in {Chicago}: {A} {Critique} of {The} {Uprooted}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {00218723},
	shorttitle = {Contadini in {Chicago}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/1894893},
	doi = {10.2307/1894893},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-04-04},
	journal = {The Journal of American History},
	author = {Vecoli, Rudolph J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1964},
	pages = {404},
}

@book{handlin_uprooted_1990,
	address = {Boston},
	edition = {2. ed},
	title = {The uprooted},
	isbn = {978-0-316-34313-8},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Little, Brown},
	author = {Handlin, Oscar},
	year = {1990},
	note = {OCLC: 260209521},
}

@book{kroes_persistence_1992,
	address = {Urbana},
	series = {Statue of {Liberty}-{Ellis} {Island} {Centennial} series},
	title = {The persistence of ethnicity: {Dutch} {Calvinist} pioneers in {Amsterdam}, {Montana}},
	isbn = {978-0-252-01931-9},
	shorttitle = {The persistence of ethnicity},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {University of Illinois Press},
	author = {Kroes, Rob},
	year = {1992},
	note = {OCLC: 25317269},
}

@book{mangione_storia_2002,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {1. ed., [Nachdr.]},
	series = {Harper {Perennial}},
	title = {La storia: five centuries of the {Italian} {American} experience},
	isbn = {978-0-06-092441-6 978-0-06-016778-3},
	shorttitle = {La storia},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Harper Collins Publ},
	author = {Mangione, Jerre Gerlando and Morreale, Ben},
	year = {2002},
	note = {OCLC: 249122985},
}

@book{parks_cultures_2005,
	address = {Durham},
	series = {Console-ing passions},
	title = {Cultures in orbit: satellites and the televisual},
	isbn = {978-0-8223-3497-2 978-0-8223-3461-3},
	shorttitle = {Cultures in orbit},
	abstract = {Introduction -- Satellite spectacular : our world and the fantasy of global presence -- Satellite footprints : Imparja TV and postcolonial flows in Australia -- Satellite witnessing : views and coverage of the war in Bosnia -- Satellite archaeology : remote sensing Cleopatra in Egypt -- Satellite panoramas : astronomical observation and remote control -- Conclusion},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Duke Univ. Press},
	author = {Parks, Lisa},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 845820007},
}

@book{rhodes_ethnic_2010,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The ethnic press: shaping the {American} dream},
	isbn = {978-1-4331-1038-2 978-1-4331-1037-5},
	shorttitle = {The ethnic press},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Lang},
	author = {Rhodes, Leara D.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 705943676},
}

@book{thernstrom_harvard_1994,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. [u.a]},
	edition = {5. print},
	title = {Harvard encyclopedia of {American} ethnic groups},
	isbn = {978-0-674-37512-3},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press},
	editor = {Thernstrom, Stephan},
	year = {1994},
	note = {OCLC: 258043102},
}

@article{wilding_transnational_2007,
	title = {Transnational {Ethnographies} and {Anthropological} {Imaginings} of {Migrancy}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1369-183X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830601154310},
	doi = {10.1080/13691830601154310},
	abstract = {Accounts of transnationalism are increasingly using ethnography to explore the nuanced details of everyday life in transnational contexts. An ethnographic focus arguably enables researchers to document the many ways in which migration, in association with processes of globalisation, transforms everyday life such that people might sustain connections across time and space in spite of their mobility. In this paper, I discuss some of the features of ethnographic methodologies and their application to understanding migrancy and the transnational. I point to an ongoing tension in ethnographic approaches: between a methodological focus on social relationships that are tied to particular places, and an anthropological assumption of the migrancy of the researcher. I use this tension to consider the extent to which understandings of the transnational might be an outcome of ethnographic research, or, rather, a lens through which ethnographers have come to see the world.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-10-16},
	journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
	author = {Wilding, Raelene},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Anthropology, Ethnography, Migrancy, Mobility, Transnationalism},
	pages = {331--348},
}

@book{wynar_encyclopedic_1976,
	address = {Littleton, Colo},
	edition = {2d ed},
	title = {Encyclopedic directory of ethnic newspapers and periodicals in the {United} {States}},
	isbn = {978-0-87287-154-0},
	publisher = {Libraries Unlimited},
	author = {Wynar, Lubomyr Roman and Wynar, Anna T.},
	year = {1976},
	keywords = {Directories, Ethnic press, United States},
}

@misc{noauthor_positive_nodate,
	title = {The {Positive} contribution by immigrants: a symposium - {UNESCO} {Digital} {Library}},
	url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000068180},
	urldate = {2019-04-04},
}

@incollection{connell_between_2010,
	address = {New York},
	title = {"{Between} {White} {Men} and {Negroes}": {The} {Perception} of {Southern} {Italian} {Immigrants} {Through} the {Lens} of italian {Lynchings}},
	isbn = {978-0-230-11532-3},
	abstract = {There has been an odd reluctance on the part of historians of the Italian American experience to confront the discrimination faced by Italians and Americans of Italian ancestry. This volume is a bold attempt by an esteemed€group of scholars and writers to discuss the question openly by charting the historical and cultural boundaries of stereotypes, prejudice, and assimilation. Contributors offer a continuous series of cultural encounters and experiences in television, literature, and film that deserve the attention of anyone interested in the larger themes of American history.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Anti-{Italianism}: essays on a prejudice},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Vellon, Peter G.},
	editor = {Connell, William J and Gardaphé, Fred L},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 755003583},
	pages = {23--32},
}

@incollection{connell_italian_2018,
	address = {New York and London},
	series = {The {Routledge} histories},
	title = {Italian {American} and {Race} during the era of mass immigration},
	isbn = {978-0-203-50185-6 978-0-415-83583-1},
	abstract = {1) Italians in the Early Atlantic World / William J. Connell -- 2) From the Pilgrim Fathers to the Founding Fathers: Italy and America / Edoardo Tortarolo -- 3) When They Were Few: Italians in America, 1800-1850 / John Paul Russo -- 4) America's Garibaldi: The United States and Italian Unification / Don H. Doyle -- 5) Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy in Nineteenth-Century America / Dennis Looney -- PHOTO ESSAY: LIFE IN ITALIAN AMERICA -- PART II. THE GREAT MIGRATION AND CREATING LITTLE ITALIES -- 6) Why Italians Left Italy: The Physics and Politics of Migration, 1870-1920 / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 7) The Silence of the Atlantians: Contact, Conflict, Consolidation (1880-1913) / Peter Carravetta -- 8) The Little Italies of the Early 1900s: From the Reports of Amy Bernardy / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 9) Interpreting Little Italies: Ethnicity as an Accident of Geography / Maria Susanna Garroni -- 10) Culture and Identity on the Table: Italian American Food as Social History / Simone Cinotto -- 11) Italian Americans and Their Religious Experience / Richard N. Juliani -- 12) Italian Americans and Race During the Era of Mass Immigration / Peter G. Vellon -- 13) Discrimination, Prejudice and Italian American History / Salvatore J. LaGumina -- 14) The Languages of Italian Americans / Nancy C. Carnevale -- 15) Italian American Book Publishing and Book Selling / James J. Periconi -- 16) From Margins to Vanguard to Mainstream: Italian Americans and the Labor Movement / Marcella Bencivenni -- 17) The Sacco and Vanzetti Case and the Psychology of Political Violence / Michael Topp -- 18) A Diary in America and a Death in Rome / Francesco Durante -- PART III. BECOMING AMERICAN AND CONTESTING AMERICA -- 19) The Bumpy Road Toward Political Incorporation, 1920-1984 / Stefano Luconi -- 20) Italian Emigration, Remittances, and the Rise of Made-in-Italy / Mark I. Choate -- 21) Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Italian America / Stanislao G. Pugliese -- 22) World War II Changed Everything / Dominic Candeloro -- 23) Mothers and Daughters in Italian American Narratives / Mary Jo Bona -- 24) The Italian American Family and Transnational Circuits JoAnne Ruvoli 25) Groovin?: A Riff on Italian Americans in Popular Music and Jazz / John Gennari -- 26) Italian Americans and the Cinema / Giuliana Muscio -- 27) Italian Americans and Television / Anthony Julian Tamburri -- 28) Italian Americans in Sport / Lawrence Baldassaro -- 29) Organized Crime and Italian Americans / Antonio Nicaso -- PART IV. POSTWAR TO POST-ETHNIC? -- 30) Italian Americans and Assimilation / Richard Alba -- 31) Italian Americans in the Suburbs: Transplanting Ethnicity to the Crabgrass Frontier / Donald Tricarico 32) "What Ever Happened to Little Italy?" / Jerome Krase -- 33) Italian American Femininities / Ilaria Serra -- 34) Italian American Masculinities / Fred Gardaph -- 35) Fuori per sempre: The Coming Out of Gay and Lesbian Italian Americans / George De Stefano -- 36) Immigration from Italy since the 1990s / Teresa Fiore -- 37) Contemporary Italian American Identities / Rosemary Serra -- 38) The Orphanage: Encounters in Transnational Space / Robert Viscusi},
	language = {eng},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} history of {Italian} {Americans}},
	publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
	author = {Vellon, Peter G.},
	editor = {Connell, William J. and Pugliese, Stanislao G.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {212--222},
}

@incollection{cannistraro_making_2003,
	address = {Westport, Conn.},
	series = {Italian and {Italian} {American} studies},
	title = {The making and the unmaking of the {Italian} {American} working class},
	isbn = {978-0-275-97892-1 978-0-275-97891-4},
	language = {eng},
	booktitle = {The lost world of {Italian} {American} radicalism: politics, labor, and culture},
	publisher = {Praeger},
	author = {Vecoli, Rudolph J.},
	editor = {Cannistraro, Philip V.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 845594221},
	pages = {51--76},
}

@incollection{viola_polentone_2019,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Polentone vs terrone: {A} discourse-historical analysis of media representation of {Italian} internal migration},
	isbn = {978-90-272-0247-5},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Migration and media: discourses about identities in crisis},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Viola, Lorella and Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2019},
	note = {OCLC: 1096357174},
	pages = {45--90},
}

@article{zubrzycki_role_1958,
	title = {The {Role} of the {Foreign}-{Language} {Press} in {Migrant} {Integration}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {00324728},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2172213?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/2172213},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-04-01},
	journal = {Population Studies},
	author = {Zubrzycki, Jerzy},
	month = jul,
	year = {1958},
	pages = {73},
}

@book{bankston_encyclopedia_2010,
	address = {Pasadena, Calif.},
	title = {Encyclopedia of {American} immigration},
	isbn = {978-1-58765-600-2},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Salem Press},
	editor = {Bankston, Carl Leon},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 838229761},
}

@book{cannistraro_lost_2003,
	address = {Westport, Conn.},
	series = {Italian and {Italian} {American} studies},
	title = {The lost world of {Italian} {American} radicalism: politics, labor, and culture},
	isbn = {978-0-275-97892-1 978-0-275-97891-4},
	shorttitle = {The lost world of {Italian} {American} radicalism},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Praeger},
	editor = {Cannistraro, Philip V.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 845594221},
}

@book{archdeacon_becoming_1984,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {1. Free Press paperback ed., [repr.]},
	title = {Becoming {American}: an ethnic history},
	isbn = {978-0-02-900980-2 978-0-02-900830-0},
	shorttitle = {Becoming {American}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Free Press},
	author = {Archdeacon, Thomas J.},
	year = {1984},
	note = {OCLC: 254057374},
}

@book{bodnar_transplanted_1998,
	address = {Bloomington},
	edition = {Nachdr},
	series = {Interdisciplinary studies in history},
	title = {The transplanted: a history of immigrants in urban {America}},
	isbn = {978-0-253-20416-5 978-0-253-31347-8},
	shorttitle = {The transplanted},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Indiana Univ. Press},
	author = {Bodnar, John E.},
	year = {1998},
	note = {OCLC: 247668471},
}

@book{connell_routledge_2018,
	address = {New York and London},
	series = {The {Routledge} histories},
	title = {The {Routledge} history of {Italian} {Americans}},
	isbn = {978-0-203-50185-6 978-0-415-83583-1},
	abstract = {1) Italians in the Early Atlantic World / William J. Connell -- 2) From the Pilgrim Fathers to the Founding Fathers: Italy and America / Edoardo Tortarolo -- 3) When They Were Few: Italians in America, 1800-1850 / John Paul Russo -- 4) America's Garibaldi: The United States and Italian Unification / Don H. Doyle -- 5) Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy in Nineteenth-Century America / Dennis Looney -- PHOTO ESSAY: LIFE IN ITALIAN AMERICA -- PART II. THE GREAT MIGRATION AND CREATING LITTLE ITALIES -- 6) Why Italians Left Italy: The Physics and Politics of Migration, 1870-1920 / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 7) The Silence of the Atlantians: Contact, Conflict, Consolidation (1880-1913) / Peter Carravetta -- 8) The Little Italies of the Early 1900s: From the Reports of Amy Bernardy / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 9) Interpreting Little Italies: Ethnicity as an Accident of Geography / Maria Susanna Garroni -- 10) Culture and Identity on the Table: Italian American Food as Social History / Simone Cinotto -- 11) Italian Americans and Their Religious Experience / Richard N. Juliani -- 12) Italian Americans and Race During the Era of Mass Immigration / Peter G. Vellon -- 13) Discrimination, Prejudice and Italian American History / Salvatore J. LaGumina -- 14) The Languages of Italian Americans / Nancy C. Carnevale -- 15) Italian American Book Publishing and Book Selling / James J. Periconi -- 16) From Margins to Vanguard to Mainstream: Italian Americans and the Labor Movement / Marcella Bencivenni -- 17) The Sacco and Vanzetti Case and the Psychology of Political Violence / Michael Topp -- 18) A Diary in America and a Death in Rome / Francesco Durante -- PART III. BECOMING AMERICAN AND CONTESTING AMERICA -- 19) The Bumpy Road Toward Political Incorporation, 1920-1984 / Stefano Luconi -- 20) Italian Emigration, Remittances, and the Rise of Made-in-Italy / Mark I. Choate -- 21) Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Italian America / Stanislao G. Pugliese -- 22) World War II Changed Everything / Dominic Candeloro -- 23) Mothers and Daughters in Italian American Narratives / Mary Jo Bona -- 24) The Italian American Family and Transnational Circuits JoAnne Ruvoli 25) Groovin?: A Riff on Italian Americans in Popular Music and Jazz / John Gennari -- 26) Italian Americans and the Cinema / Giuliana Muscio -- 27) Italian Americans and Television / Anthony Julian Tamburri -- 28) Italian Americans in Sport / Lawrence Baldassaro -- 29) Organized Crime and Italian Americans / Antonio Nicaso -- PART IV. POSTWAR TO POST-ETHNIC? -- 30) Italian Americans and Assimilation / Richard Alba -- 31) Italian Americans in the Suburbs: Transplanting Ethnicity to the Crabgrass Frontier / Donald Tricarico 32) "What Ever Happened to Little Italy?" / Jerome Krase -- 33) Italian American Femininities / Ilaria Serra -- 34) Italian American Masculinities / Fred Gardaph -- 35) Fuori per sempre: The Coming Out of Gay and Lesbian Italian Americans / George De Stefano -- 36) Immigration from Italy since the 1990s / Teresa Fiore -- 37) Contemporary Italian American Identities / Rosemary Serra -- 38) The Orphanage: Encounters in Transnational Space / Robert Viscusi},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Connell, William J. and Pugliese, Stanislao G.},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{anbinder_five_2014,
	address = {Place of publication not identified},
	title = {Five points: the nineteenth-century new york city neighborhood},
	isbn = {978-1-4391-3774-1},
	shorttitle = {Five points},
	url = {http://www.myilibrary.com?id=893534},
	abstract = {The very letters of the two words seem, as they are written, to redden with the blood-stains of unavenged crime. There is Murder in every syllable, and Want, Misery and Pestilence take startling form and crowd upon the imagination as the pen traces the words." So wrote a reporter about Five Points, the most infamous neighborhood in nineteenth-century America, the place where "slumming" was invented. All but forgotten today, Five Points was once renowned the world over. Its handful of streets in lower Manhattan featured America's most wretched poverty, shared by Irish, Jewish, German, Italian, Chinese, and African Americans. It was the scene of more riots, scams, saloons, brothels, and drunkenness than any other neighborhood in the new world. Yet it was also a font of creative energy, crammed full of cheap theaters and dance halls, prizefighters and machine politicians, and meeting halls for the political clubs that would come to dominate not just the city but an entire era in American politics. From Jacob Riis to Abraham Lincoln, Davy Crockett to Charles Dickens, Five Points both horrified and inspired everyone who saw it. The story that Anbinder tells is the classic tale of America's immigrant past, as successive waves of new arrivals fought for survival in a land that was as exciting as it was dangerous, as riotous as it was culturally rich. Tyler Anbinder offers the first-ever history of this now forgotten neighborhood, drawing on a wealth of research among letters and diaries, newspapers and bank records, police reports and archaeological digs. Beginning with the Irish potato-famine influx in the 1840s, and ending with the rise of Chinatown in the early twentieth century, he weaves unforgettable individual stories into a tapestry of tenements, work crews, leisure pursuits both licit and otherwise, and riots and political brawls that never seemed to let up. Although the intimate stories that fill Anbinder's narrative are heart-wrenching, they are perhaps not so shocking as they first appear. Almost all of us trace our roots to once humble stock. Five Points is, in short, a microcosm of America.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-05-23},
	publisher = {Free Press},
	author = {Anbinder, Tyler},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 893131024},
}

@book{bollati_italiano_2011,
	address = {Torino},
	title = {L'italiano: il carattere nazionale come storia e come invenzione},
	isbn = {978-88-06-20738-0},
	shorttitle = {L'italiano},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Einaudi},
	author = {Bollati, Giulio and {Mondadori}},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 831306664},
}

@incollection{fishman_non-english_1966,
	address = {London},
	title = {The non-{English} and the ethnic group press, 1910-1960},
	booktitle = {Language loyalty in the {United} {States}: {The} maintaince and perpetuation of {Nnon}-{English} mother tongues by {American} ethnic and religious groups},
	publisher = {Mouton \& Co},
	author = {Fishman, Joshua and {Hayden, Robert G.} and Warshauer, Mary E.},
	editor = {Fishman, Joshua},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {51--74},
}

@book{carravetta_after_2017,
	address = {New York},
	title = {After identity: migration, critique, {Italian} {American} culture},
	isbn = {978-1-59954-072-6},
	shorttitle = {After identity},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Bordighera Press},
	author = {Carravetta, Peter},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 986545033},
}

@book{cottle_ethnic_2000,
	title = {Ethnic minorities and the media: changing cultural boundaries},
	isbn = {978-0-335-23123-2},
	shorttitle = {Ethnic minorities and the media},
	language = {English},
	author = {Cottle, Simon},
	year = {2000},
	note = {OCLC: 941569885},
}

@book{gallo_ethnic_1974,
	address = {Rutherford},
	title = {Ethnic alienation. {The} {Italien}-{Americans}},
	isbn = {978-0-8386-1244-6},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Fairleigh Dickinson U. P},
	author = {Gallo, Patrick J.},
	year = {1974},
	note = {OCLC: 695110},
}

@book{dinnerstein_ethnic_1999,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {4th ed},
	title = {Ethnic {Americans}: a history of immigration},
	isbn = {978-0-231-11188-1 978-0-231-11189-8},
	shorttitle = {Ethnic {Americans}},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Dinnerstein, Leonard and Reimers, David M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Americanization, Emigration and immigration, Ethnic relations, Ethnology, History, Immigrants, United States},
}

@article{fuschs_comment_1992,
	title = {Comment: `{The} {Invention} of {Ethnicity}': {The} amen corner},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {02785927},
	shorttitle = {Comment},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9701092215&site=ehost-live},
	abstract = {Comments on the article written by Kathleen Conzen, et al entitled `The Invention of Ethnicity,' published in the Fall 1992 issue of the `Journal of American Ethnic History' which discusses ethnicity and acculturation.  Emphasis on the protean character of ethnicity and the dynamic uses to which it is put in the United States; De-emphasis on the European-American ethnicity.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-04-08},
	journal = {Journal of American Ethnic History},
	author = {Fuschs, Lawrence H.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {ACCULTURATION, ETHNICITY},
	pages = {53},
}

@incollection{connell_silence_2018,
	address = {New York and London},
	series = {The {Routledge} histories},
	title = {The silence of the {Atlantians}: {Contact}, conflict, consolidation, 1880-1913},
	isbn = {978-0-203-50185-6 978-0-415-83583-1},
	abstract = {1) Italians in the Early Atlantic World / William J. Connell -- 2) From the Pilgrim Fathers to the Founding Fathers: Italy and America / Edoardo Tortarolo -- 3) When They Were Few: Italians in America, 1800-1850 / John Paul Russo -- 4) America's Garibaldi: The United States and Italian Unification / Don H. Doyle -- 5) Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy in Nineteenth-Century America / Dennis Looney -- PHOTO ESSAY: LIFE IN ITALIAN AMERICA -- PART II. THE GREAT MIGRATION AND CREATING LITTLE ITALIES -- 6) Why Italians Left Italy: The Physics and Politics of Migration, 1870-1920 / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 7) The Silence of the Atlantians: Contact, Conflict, Consolidation (1880-1913) / Peter Carravetta -- 8) The Little Italies of the Early 1900s: From the Reports of Amy Bernardy / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 9) Interpreting Little Italies: Ethnicity as an Accident of Geography / Maria Susanna Garroni -- 10) Culture and Identity on the Table: Italian American Food as Social History / Simone Cinotto -- 11) Italian Americans and Their Religious Experience / Richard N. Juliani -- 12) Italian Americans and Race During the Era of Mass Immigration / Peter G. Vellon -- 13) Discrimination, Prejudice and Italian American History / Salvatore J. LaGumina -- 14) The Languages of Italian Americans / Nancy C. Carnevale -- 15) Italian American Book Publishing and Book Selling / James J. Periconi -- 16) From Margins to Vanguard to Mainstream: Italian Americans and the Labor Movement / Marcella Bencivenni -- 17) The Sacco and Vanzetti Case and the Psychology of Political Violence / Michael Topp -- 18) A Diary in America and a Death in Rome / Francesco Durante -- PART III. BECOMING AMERICAN AND CONTESTING AMERICA -- 19) The Bumpy Road Toward Political Incorporation, 1920-1984 / Stefano Luconi -- 20) Italian Emigration, Remittances, and the Rise of Made-in-Italy / Mark I. Choate -- 21) Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Italian America / Stanislao G. Pugliese -- 22) World War II Changed Everything / Dominic Candeloro -- 23) Mothers and Daughters in Italian American Narratives / Mary Jo Bona -- 24) The Italian American Family and Transnational Circuits JoAnne Ruvoli 25) Groovin?: A Riff on Italian Americans in Popular Music and Jazz / John Gennari -- 26) Italian Americans and the Cinema / Giuliana Muscio -- 27) Italian Americans and Television / Anthony Julian Tamburri -- 28) Italian Americans in Sport / Lawrence Baldassaro -- 29) Organized Crime and Italian Americans / Antonio Nicaso -- PART IV. POSTWAR TO POST-ETHNIC? -- 30) Italian Americans and Assimilation / Richard Alba -- 31) Italian Americans in the Suburbs: Transplanting Ethnicity to the Crabgrass Frontier / Donald Tricarico 32) "What Ever Happened to Little Italy?" / Jerome Krase -- 33) Italian American Femininities / Ilaria Serra -- 34) Italian American Masculinities / Fred Gardaph -- 35) Fuori per sempre: The Coming Out of Gay and Lesbian Italian Americans / George De Stefano -- 36) Immigration from Italy since the 1990s / Teresa Fiore -- 37) Contemporary Italian American Identities / Rosemary Serra -- 38) The Orphanage: Encounters in Transnational Space / Robert Viscusi},
	language = {eng},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} history of {Italian} {Americans}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Carravetta, Peter},
	editor = {Connell, William J. and Pugliese, Stanislao G.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {132--151},
}

@article{conzen_invention_1992,
	title = {The invention of ethnicity: {A} perspective from the {U}.{S}.{A}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {02785927},
	shorttitle = {The invention of ethnicity},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9701092213&site=ehost-live},
	abstract = {Explores the concept of the invention of ethnicity.  Nature of emerging ethnicity; Construction of ethnicity in 19th century America; Contextuality and periodicity of ethnicity; Case studies of ethnicization; Symbolic occasions, invented traditions and ethnicization in the 1840s and 1850s; Changing images of the old country and the development of ethnic identity among East European immigrants.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-04-08},
	journal = {Journal of American Ethnic History},
	author = {Conzen, Kathleen Neils and Gerber, David A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {ETHNICITY},
	pages = {3--41},
}

@article{dhoest_studying_2012,
	title = {Studying {Ethnic} {Minorities}' {Media} {Uses}: {Comparative} {Conceptual} and {Methodological} {Reflections}},
	volume = {5},
	shorttitle = {Studying {Ethnic} {Minorities}' {Media} {Uses}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article/5/3/372-391/4054414},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1753-9137.2012.01124.x},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-04-02},
	journal = {Communication, Culture \& Critique},
	author = {Dhoest, Alexander and Cola, Marta and Brusa, Manuel Mauri and Lemish, Dafna},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {372--391},
}

@book{gambino_blood_2011,
	address = {Toronto; Buffalo; Lancaster},
	title = {Blood of my blood the dilemma of the {Italian}-{Americans}},
	isbn = {978-1-55071-101-1},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Guernica},
	author = {Gambino, Richard},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 836151886},
}

@book{guglielmo_living_2010,
	address = {Chapel Hill},
	title = {Living the revolution: {Italian} women's resistance and radicalism in {New} {York} {City}, 1880-1945},
	isbn = {978-0-8078-9822-2 978-1-4696-0411-4},
	shorttitle = {Living the revolution},
	url = {http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=565692},
	abstract = {Guglielmo brings to life the Italian working-class women of New York and New Jersey who helped shape the vibrant radical political culture that expanded into the emerging industrial union movement. Tracing the activism of two generations of women who worked in the needle and textile trades, she explores the ways immigrant women and their American-born daughters drew on Italian traditions of protest to form new urban female networks of everyday resistance and political activism. And she shows how their commitment to revolutionary and transnational social movements diminished as they became whit.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-09-25},
	publisher = {University of North Carolina Press},
	author = {Guglielmo, Jennifer},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 656841478},
}

@book{gabaccia_italys_2003,
	title = {Italy's many diasporas},
	isbn = {978-1-315-07263-0},
	url = {http://librarytitles.ebrary.com/id/10783063},
	abstract = {Chapter 2{\textbar}23 pages
Making Italians at home and abroad, 1790-1893
Hide abstract 
In the years after the French Revolution, mass migrations of ordinary workers and peasants traveling beyond the seas and mountains developed alongside a political movement for a unified and independent state of Italy. Few at the time saw the Risorgimento and migration as connected, yet both were rebellions against the status quo of pressing poverty in the countryside, clerical and aristocratic privileges in the cities, and foreign interference everywhere. Both groups of rebels linked their hopes to Italy's lost influence, and to its earliest diasporas. Nationalists saw the Risorgimento as a modern, political expression of civiita italiana. Meanwhile, humble migrants who displayed dancing bears, cleaned chimneys, or shined shoes nodded to their predecessors by calling themselves - the practitioners of far humbler trades - migratory "artists."2 Neither Italy's creation nor the movement to define a new nation of Italians can be understood apart from the country's migrations and many diasporas.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-09-25},
	author = {Gabaccia, Donna R},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 868970524},
}

@book{gabaccia_sicily_1984,
	address = {Albany},
	series = {{SUNY} series in {American} social history},
	title = {From {Sicily} to {Elizabeth} {Street}: housing and social change among {Italian} immigrants, 1880 - 1930},
	isbn = {978-0-87395-769-4 978-0-87395-768-7},
	shorttitle = {From {Sicily} to {Elizabeth} {Street}},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {State Univ. of New York Pr},
	author = {Gabaccia, Donna R.},
	year = {1984},
	note = {OCLC: 9575845},
}

@incollection{connell_invisible_2010,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Invisible {People}: {Shadows} and {Light} in {Italian} {American} {Wirting}},
	isbn = {978-0-230-11532-3},
	abstract = {There has been an odd reluctance on the part of historians of the Italian American experience to confront the discrimination faced by Italians and Americans of Italian ancestry. This volume is a bold attempt by an esteemed€group of scholars and writers to discuss the question openly by charting the historical and cultural boundaries of stereotypes, prejudice, and assimilation. Contributors offer a continuous series of cultural encounters and experiences in television, literature, and film that deserve the attention of anyone interested in the larger themes of American history.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Anti-{Italianism}: essays on a prejudice},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Gardaphé, Fred L},
	editor = {Connell, William J and Gardaphé, Fred L},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 755003583},
}

@article{gerber_response_1992,
	title = {Response},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {02785927},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9701092216&site=ehost-live},
	abstract = {Answers the commentaries made by Lawrence Fuchs and Herbert Gans on the article written by Kathleen Conzen, et al entitled `The Invention of Ethnicity,' published in the Fall 1992 issue of the `Journal of American Ethnic History' which discusses ethnicity and acculturation.  Scope and limitations of the study; Concept of ethnicity.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-04-08},
	journal = {Journal of American Ethnic History},
	author = {Gerber, David A. and Morawska, Ewa},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {ACCULTURATION, ETHNICITY},
	pages = {59},
}

@article{hickerson_revisiting_2016,
	title = {Revisiting the immigrant press},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884914542742},
	doi = {10.1177/1464884914542742},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-04-04},
	journal = {Journalism: Theory, Practice \& Criticism},
	author = {Hickerson, Andrea and Gustafson, Kristin L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {943--960},
}

@book{karim_media_2003,
	edition = {1},
	title = {The {Media} of {Diaspora}: {Mapping} the {Globe}},
	isbn = {978-0-203-38064-2},
	shorttitle = {The {Media} of {Diaspora}},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203380642},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-04-02},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Karim, Karim H.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2003},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203380642},
}

@book{lagumina_wop_1999,
	address = {Toronto},
	title = {{WOP}! a documentary history of anti-{Italian} discrimination in the {United} {States}},
	isbn = {978-1-55071-047-2},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Guernica},
	author = {LaGumina, Salvatore J.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {OCLC: 245879956},
}

@incollection{connell_discrimination_2018,
	address = {New York and London},
	series = {The {Routledge} histories},
	title = {Discrimination, prejudice and {Italian} {American} history},
	isbn = {978-0-203-50185-6 978-0-415-83583-1},
	abstract = {1) Italians in the Early Atlantic World / William J. Connell -- 2) From the Pilgrim Fathers to the Founding Fathers: Italy and America / Edoardo Tortarolo -- 3) When They Were Few: Italians in America, 1800-1850 / John Paul Russo -- 4) America's Garibaldi: The United States and Italian Unification / Don H. Doyle -- 5) Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy in Nineteenth-Century America / Dennis Looney -- PHOTO ESSAY: LIFE IN ITALIAN AMERICA -- PART II. THE GREAT MIGRATION AND CREATING LITTLE ITALIES -- 6) Why Italians Left Italy: The Physics and Politics of Migration, 1870-1920 / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 7) The Silence of the Atlantians: Contact, Conflict, Consolidation (1880-1913) / Peter Carravetta -- 8) The Little Italies of the Early 1900s: From the Reports of Amy Bernardy / Maddalena Tirabassi -- 9) Interpreting Little Italies: Ethnicity as an Accident of Geography / Maria Susanna Garroni -- 10) Culture and Identity on the Table: Italian American Food as Social History / Simone Cinotto -- 11) Italian Americans and Their Religious Experience / Richard N. Juliani -- 12) Italian Americans and Race During the Era of Mass Immigration / Peter G. Vellon -- 13) Discrimination, Prejudice and Italian American History / Salvatore J. LaGumina -- 14) The Languages of Italian Americans / Nancy C. Carnevale -- 15) Italian American Book Publishing and Book Selling / James J. Periconi -- 16) From Margins to Vanguard to Mainstream: Italian Americans and the Labor Movement / Marcella Bencivenni -- 17) The Sacco and Vanzetti Case and the Psychology of Political Violence / Michael Topp -- 18) A Diary in America and a Death in Rome / Francesco Durante -- PART III. BECOMING AMERICAN AND CONTESTING AMERICA -- 19) The Bumpy Road Toward Political Incorporation, 1920-1984 / Stefano Luconi -- 20) Italian Emigration, Remittances, and the Rise of Made-in-Italy / Mark I. Choate -- 21) Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Italian America / Stanislao G. Pugliese -- 22) World War II Changed Everything / Dominic Candeloro -- 23) Mothers and Daughters in Italian American Narratives / Mary Jo Bona -- 24) The Italian American Family and Transnational Circuits JoAnne Ruvoli 25) Groovin?: A Riff on Italian Americans in Popular Music and Jazz / John Gennari -- 26) Italian Americans and the Cinema / Giuliana Muscio -- 27) Italian Americans and Television / Anthony Julian Tamburri -- 28) Italian Americans in Sport / Lawrence Baldassaro -- 29) Organized Crime and Italian Americans / Antonio Nicaso -- PART IV. POSTWAR TO POST-ETHNIC? -- 30) Italian Americans and Assimilation / Richard Alba -- 31) Italian Americans in the Suburbs: Transplanting Ethnicity to the Crabgrass Frontier / Donald Tricarico 32) "What Ever Happened to Little Italy?" / Jerome Krase -- 33) Italian American Femininities / Ilaria Serra -- 34) Italian American Masculinities / Fred Gardaph -- 35) Fuori per sempre: The Coming Out of Gay and Lesbian Italian Americans / George De Stefano -- 36) Immigration from Italy since the 1990s / Teresa Fiore -- 37) Contemporary Italian American Identities / Rosemary Serra -- 38) The Orphanage: Encounters in Transnational Space / Robert Viscusi},
	language = {eng},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} history of {Italian} {Americans}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {LaGumina, Salvatore J.},
	editor = {Connell, William J. and Pugliese, Stanislao G.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {223--238},
}

@book{lanaro_italia_1988,
	address = {Torino},
	title = {L'{Italia} nuova: identità e sviluppo, 1861-1988},
	isbn = {978-88-06-59318-6},
	shorttitle = {L'{Italia} nuova},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {G. Einaudi},
	author = {Lanaro, Silvio},
	year = {1988},
	note = {OCLC: 882093421},
}

@book{miller_ethnic_1987,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The {Ethnic} press in the {United} {States}: a historical analysis and handbook},
	isbn = {978-0-313-23879-6},
	shorttitle = {The {Ethnic} press in the {United} {States}},
	publisher = {Greenwood Press},
	editor = {Miller, Sally M.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {American newspapers, Ethnic press, Foreign language press, United States},
}

@book{naficy_making_1993,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {The making of exile cultures: {Iranian} television in {Los} {Angeles}},
	isbn = {978-0-8166-2084-5 978-0-8166-2087-6},
	shorttitle = {The making of exile cultures},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Univ. of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Naficy, Hamid},
	year = {1993},
	note = {OCLC: 28148370},
}

@incollection{thernstrom_italians_1994,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. [u.a]},
	edition = {5. print},
	title = {Italians},
	isbn = {978-0-674-37512-3},
	language = {eng},
	booktitle = {Harvard encyclopedia of {American} ethnic groups},
	publisher = {Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press},
	author = {Nelli, Humbert S.},
	editor = {Thernstrom, Stephan},
	year = {1994},
	note = {OCLC: 258043102},
	pages = {????},
}

@article{nagel_geopolitics_2002,
	title = {Geopolitics by another name: immigration and the politics of assimilation},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {09626298},
	shorttitle = {Geopolitics by another name},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0962629802000872},
	doi = {10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00087-2},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-04-02},
	journal = {Political Geography},
	author = {Nagel, C.R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {971--987},
}

@incollection{bolin_technostruggles_2014,
	title = {Technostruggles and the satellite dish: a populist approach to infrastructure},
	isbn = {978-1-138-81152-2},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Cultural technologies: the shaping of culture in media and society},
	author = {Parks, Lisa},
	editor = {Bolin, Göran},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 878024257},
	pages = {64--84},
}

@book{habermas_strukturwandel_2015,
	address = {Frankfurt am Main},
	series = {Suhrkamp-{Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
	title = {Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit: {Untersuchungen} zu einer {Kategorie} der bürgerlichen {Gesellschaft} ; mit einem {Vorwort} zur {Neuauflage} 1990},
	isbn = {978-3-518-28491-9},
	shorttitle = {Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit},
	abstract = {"Aufgabe der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Analyse des Typus bürgerliche Öffentlichkeit." Um dieser komplexen Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, integriert Habermas Aspekte aus soziologischen, ökonomischen, staatsrechtlichen, politologischen sowie sozial- und ideengeschichtlichen Untersuchungen. Bürgerliche Öffentlichkeit begreift er als eine epochaltypische Kategorie, die sich nicht aus der spezifischen Entwicklungsgeschichte der im europäischen Hochmittelalter entspringenden bürgerlichen Gesellschaft herauslösen lät︢. Öffentlichkeit fasst er als eine historische Kategorie und zeigt beispielsweise, dass in einem präzisen Sinn etwa von öffentlicher Meinung erst im England des späten 17. und im Frankreich des 18. Jahrhunderts die Rede sein kann},
	language = {ger},
	number = {891},
	publisher = {Suhrkamp},
	author = {Habermas, Jürgen},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: 953254875},
}

@article{cordell_reprinting_2015,
	title = {Reprinting, {Circulation}, and the {Network} {Author} in {Antebellum} {Newspapers}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0896-7148, 1468-4365},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/alh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/alh/ajv028},
	doi = {10.1093/alh/ajv028},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-22},
	journal = {American Literary History},
	author = {Cordell, Ryan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {417--445},
}

@article{altszyler_interpretation_2017,
	title = {The interpretation of dream meaning: {Resolving} ambiguity using {Latent} {Semantic} {Analysis} in a small corpus of text},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {10538100},
	shorttitle = {The interpretation of dream meaning},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053810017301034},
	doi = {10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.004},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},
	author = {Altszyler, Edgar and Ribeiro, Sidarta and Sigman, Mariano and Fernández Slezak, Diego},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {178--187},
}

@book{andrews_newspapers_2014,
	address = {Liverpool},
	title = {Newspapers and newsmakers: the {Dublin} nationalist press in the mid-nineteenth century},
	isbn = {978-1-78138-142-7},
	shorttitle = {Newspapers and newsmakers},
	publisher = {Liverpool University Press},
	author = {Andrews, Ann},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: ocn890162433},
	keywords = {1800 - 1899, 19th century, Dublin, History, Ireland, Ireland Dublin, Irish newspapers, Nationalism in the press, Press and politics},
}

@book{de_bolla_architecture_2013,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The architecture of concepts: the historical formation of human rights},
	isbn = {978-0-8232-5438-5 978-0-8232-5439-2},
	shorttitle = {The architecture of concepts},
	abstract = {"The Architecture of Concepts presents a new history of ideas. Using digital archives to track the historical formation of the concept of human rights across the Anglophone eighteenth century, it argues that a better understanding of the architecture of the concept will enable us to deliver on its universal aspirations"--},
	publisher = {Fordham University Press},
	author = {De Bolla, Peter},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Civil rights, History, Human rights, LITERARY CRITICISM / General, Liberty, POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Freedom \& Security / Civil Rights},
}

@inproceedings{baroni_dont_2014,
	address = {Baltimore, Maryland},
	title = {Don't count, predict! {A} systematic comparison of context-counting vs. context-predicting semantic vectors},
	url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1023},
	doi = {10.3115/v1/P14-1023},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics} ({Volume} 1: {Long} {Papers})},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Baroni, Marco and Dinu, Georgiana and Kruszewski, Germán},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {238--247},
}

@book{brunner_geschichtliche_1972,
	address = {Stuttgart},
	title = {Geschichtliche {Grundbegriffe}: {Historisches} {Lexikon} zur politisch-sozialen {Sprache} in {Deutschland}},
	isbn = {978-3-12-903850-5},
	shorttitle = {Geschichtliche {Grundbegriffe}},
	publisher = {E. Klett},
	editor = {Brunner, Otto and Conze, Werner and Koselleck, Reinhart},
	year = {1972},
	keywords = {Dictionaries German, Germany, History, History Dictionaries German, Political science},
}

@book{hamlin_cholera_2009,
	address = {Oxford ; New York},
	series = {Biographies of disease},
	title = {Cholera: the biography},
	isbn = {978-0-19-954624-4},
	shorttitle = {Cholera},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Hamlin, Christopher},
	year = {2009},
	note = {OCLC: ocn407007623},
	keywords = {19th century, 20th century, Cholera, History, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, history},
}

@book{honigsbaum_history_2014,
	address = {London ; New York},
	series = {International library of cultural studies},
	title = {A history of the great influenza pandemics: death, panic and hysteria, 1830-1920},
	isbn = {978-1-78076-478-8},
	shorttitle = {A history of the great influenza pandemics},
	number = {30},
	publisher = {I.B. Tauris},
	author = {Honigsbaum, Mark},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: ocn824183188},
	keywords = {1800 - 1999, 19th century, 20th century, Angst, Europe, Grippe, History, Influenza, Massenmedien, Pandemie, Social conditions, Social history},
}

@book{jackson_routledge_2017,
	address = {London ; New York},
	series = {The {Routledge} histories},
	title = {The {Routledge} history of disease},
	isbn = {978-0-415-72001-4},
	abstract = {"Presents a varied range of case studies and perspectives on the patterns, technologies and narratives of disease that can be identified in the past and that continue to influence our present"--},
	publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
	editor = {Jackson, Mark},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Disease Outbreaks, Epidemics, History, history},
}

@book{billig_banal_1995,
	address = {London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif},
	title = {Banal nationalism},
	isbn = {978-0-8039-7524-8 978-0-8039-7525-5},
	publisher = {Sage},
	author = {Billig, Michael},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {National characteristics, Nationalism},
}

@book{caduff_pandemic_2015,
	address = {Oakland, California},
	title = {The pandemic perhaps: dramatic events in a public culture of danger},
	isbn = {978-0-520-28408-1 978-0-520-28409-8},
	shorttitle = {The pandemic perhaps},
	abstract = {"In 2005, American experts sent out urgent warnings throughout the country: a devastating flu pandemic was fast approaching. Influenza was a serious disease, not a seasonal nuisance; it could kill millions of people. If urgent steps were not taken immediately, the pandemic could shut down the economy and 'trigger a reaction that will change the world overnight.' The Pandemic Perhaps explores how American experts framed a catastrophe that never occurred. The urgent threat that was presented to the public produced a profound sense of insecurity, prompting a systematic effort to prepare the population for the coming plague. But when that plague did not arrive, the race to avert it carried on. Paradoxically, it was the absence of disease that made preparedness a permanent project. The Pandemic Perhaps tells the story of what happened when nothing really happened. Drawing on fieldwork among scientists and public health professionals in New York City, it's an investigation of how actors and institutions produced a scene of extreme expectation through the circulation of dramatic plague visions. It argues that experts deployed these visions to draw attention to the possibility of a pandemic, frame the disease as a catastrophic event, and make it meaningful to the nation. Today, when we talk about pandemic influenza, we must always say 'perhaps.' What, then, does it mean to engage a disease in the modality of the maybe?"--},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	author = {Caduff, Carlo},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Epidemics, Forecasting, Influenza, Prevention, Social aspects, United States},
}

@misc{gavin_arithmetic_2015,
	title = {The {Arithmetic} of {Concepts}: {A} {Response} to {Peter} de {Bolla},” in: modelingliteraryhistory.org/2015/09/18/the-arithmetic-of-concepts-a-response-to-peter-de-bolla/ (2015).},
	url = {modelingliteraryhistory.org/2015/09/18/the-arithmetic-of-concepts-a-response-to-peter-de-bolla},
	journal = {Modelling Literary History},
	author = {Gavin, Michael},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{gavin_vector_2018,
	title = {Vector {Semantics}, {William} {Empson}, and the {Study} of {Ambiguity}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0093-1896, 1539-7858},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/698174},
	doi = {10.1086/698174},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-03-13},
	journal = {Critical Inquiry},
	author = {Gavin, Michael},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {641--673},
}

@book{kazin_godly_2007,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {1. Anchor Books ed},
	title = {A godly hero: the life of {William} {Jennings} {Bryan}},
	isbn = {978-0-385-72056-4},
	shorttitle = {A godly hero},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Anchor Books},
	author = {Kazin, Michael},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: 254753720},
}

@misc{keck_german_nodate,
	title = {German {Newspapers} in {Europeana} and the {Bavarian} {State} {Library} ({digiPress}), {Deutschsprachige} {Zeitungen} in {Europeana} und der {Bayerischen} {Staatsbibliothek}},
	url = {http://oceanicexchanges.github.io/2018-03-10-data-reports-german/},
	abstract = {Report also available in deutsch 1. Europeana Data Quantity Europeana Newspapers is a collection of collections. It assembles digitised historical newspaper content from 20 distinct data providers, each with their own data parameters and histories. In total, the Europeana collection includes 28,816,750 pages in 40 different languages. The Oceanic Exchanges...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-05-20},
	journal = {Oceanic Exchanges},
	author = {Keck, Jana and Neudecker, Clemens},
}

@article{kuukkanen_making_2008,
	title = {Making {Sense} of {Conceptual} {Change}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {00182656, 14682303},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2008.00459.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2303.2008.00459.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-03-30},
	journal = {History and Theory},
	author = {Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {351--372},
}

@book{margolis_concepts_1999,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass},
	title = {Concepts: core readings},
	isbn = {978-0-262-13353-1 978-0-262-63193-8},
	shorttitle = {Concepts},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	editor = {Margolis, Eric and Laurence, Stephen},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Concepts, Knowledge, Theory of, Philosophy of mind},
}

@article{lenci_distributional_2018,
	title = {Distributional {Models} of {Word} {Meaning}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2333-9683, 2333-9691},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030514-125254},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030514-125254},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-22},
	journal = {Annual Review of Linguistics},
	author = {Lenci, Alessandro},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {151--171},
}

@book{kluge_etymological_1891,
	address = {London},
	title = {Etymological {Dictionary} of the {German} {Language}.},
	publisher = {George Bell \& Sons},
	author = {Kluge, Friedrich},
	year = {1891},
}

@article{landauer_solution_1997,
	title = {A solution to {Plato}'s problem: {The} latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge.},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {1939-1471, 0033-295X},
	shorttitle = {A solution to {Plato}'s problem},
	url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.211},
	doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.211},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-03-11},
	journal = {Psychological Review},
	author = {Landauer, Thomas K. and Dumais, Susan T.},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {211--240},
}

@incollection{brunner_einleitung_1992,
	address = {Stuttgart},
	title = {Einleitung: {Volk}, {Nation}, {Nationalismus}, {Masse}},
	volume = {7},
	isbn = {978-3-12-903850-5},
	booktitle = {Geschichtliche {Grundbegriffe}: {Historisches} {Lexikon} zur politisch-sozialen {Sprache} in {Deutschland}},
	publisher = {E. Klett},
	author = {Koselleck, Reinhart},
	editor = {Brunner, Otto and Conze, Werner and Koselleck, Reinhart},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Dictionaries German, Germany, History, History Dictionaries German, Political science},
	pages = {141--151},
}

@incollection{brunner_lexikalischer_1992,
	address = {Stuttgart},
	title = {Lexikalischer {Rückblick}},
	volume = {7},
	isbn = {978-3-12-903850-5},
	booktitle = {Geschichtliche {Grundbegriffe}: {Historisches} {Lexikon} zur politisch-sozialen {Sprache} in {Deutschland}},
	publisher = {Klett-Cotta},
	author = {Koselleck, Reinhart},
	editor = {Brunner, Otto and Conze, Werner and Koselleck, Reinhart},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Dictionaries German, Germany, History, History Dictionaries German, Political science},
	pages = {380--389},
}

@incollection{nisbet_herder_1999,
	address = {Helsinki},
	title = {Herder: {The} {Nation}},
	booktitle = {Approaches to the {Writing} of {National} {History} in the {North}-{East} {Baltic} {Region}},
	publisher = {Finnish Literature Society},
	author = {Nisbet, H.B.},
	editor = {Branch, Michael},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {78--96},
}

@article{rosie_nation_2004,
	title = {Nation {Speaking} {Unto} {Nation}? {Newspapers} and {National} {Identity} in the {Devolved} {UK}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0038-0261, 1467-954X},
	shorttitle = {Nation {Speaking} {Unto} {Nation}?},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00490.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00490.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-28},
	journal = {The Sociological Review},
	author = {Rosie, Michael and MacInnes, John and Petersoo, Pille and Condor, Susan and Kennedy, James and Rosie, M.J. and MacInnes, J. and Petersoo, P. and Condor, S. and Kennedy, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {437--458},
}

@incollection{hyvarinen_kansa_2003,
	address = {Tampere},
	title = {Kansa},
	booktitle = {Käsitteet liikkeessä: {Suomen} poliittisen kulttuurin käsitehistoria},
	publisher = {Vastapaino},
	author = {Liikanen, I},
	editor = {Hyvärinen, Matti},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {257--307},
}

@incollection{margolis_concepts_2005,
	title = {Concepts},
	url = {https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/concepts/#Aca},
	urldate = {2017-09-20},
	booktitle = {The {Stanford} {Encyclopedia} of {Philosophy}},
	publisher = {Stanford University},
	author = {Margolis, Eric and Laurence, Stephen},
	editor = {Zalta, Edward N.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
}

@incollection{mcmahon_conceptual_2014,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {On conceptual history},
	isbn = {978-0-19-976923-0 978-0-19-976924-7},
	abstract = {Introduction : interim intellectual history / Darrin M. McMahon and Samuel Moyn -- The return of the history of ideas? / Darrin M. McMahon -- Contextualism and criticism in the history of ideas / Peter E. Gordon -- Does intellectual history exist in France? : the chronicle of a renaissance foretold / Antoine Lilti -- On conceptual history / Jan-Werner Müller -- Scandalous relations : supplementing intellectual and cultural history / Judith Surkis -- Imaginary intellectual history / Samuel Moyn -- Has the history of the disciplines had its day? / Suzanne Marchand -- Cosmologies materialized : history of science and history of ideas / John Tresch -- Decentering sex : reflections on Freud, Foucault, and subjectivity in intellectual history / Tracie Matysik -- Can we see ideas? : on evocation, experience, and empathy / Marci Shore -- The space of intellect and the intellect of space / John Randolph -- The international turn in intellectual history / David Armitage -- Global intellectual history and the Indian political / Shruti Kapila -- Intellectual history and the interdisciplinary ideal / Warren Breckman},
	language = {eng},
	booktitle = {Rethinking modern {European} intellectual history},
	publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
	author = {Müller, Jan-Werner},
	editor = {McMahon, Darrin M. and Moyn, Samuel},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 890086709},
	pages = {74--93},
}

@article{martinez-ortiz_design_2016,
	title = {Design and implementation of {ShiCo}: {Visualising} shifting concepts over time},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 3th Histoinformatics Conference, Krakow, July 11 2016},
	author = {Martinez-Ortiz, Carlos and Kenter, Tom and Wevers, Melvin and Huijnen, Pim and Verheul, Jaap and Eijnatten, Joris van},
	editor = {Duering, Marten and Jatowt, Adam and Bosch, Antal van den and {Johannes Preiser-Kappeller}},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{muller_begriffsgeschichte_2016,
	address = {Berlin},
	series = {Suhrkamp {Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
	title = {Begriffsgeschichte und historische {Semantik}: ein kritisches {Kompendium}},
	isbn = {978-3-518-29717-9},
	shorttitle = {Begriffsgeschichte und historische {Semantik}},
	number = {2117},
	publisher = {Suhrkamp},
	author = {Müller, Ernst and Schmieder, Falko},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Semantics, Historical},
}

@inproceedings{recchia_tracing_2016,
	address = {Bologna},
	title = {Tracing {Shifting} {Conceptual} {Vocabularies} {Through} {Time}},
	booktitle = {Proc. of {Detection}, {Representation} and {Management} of {Concept} {Drift} in {Linked} {Open} {Data} ({Drift}-a-{LOD})},
	author = {Recchia, Gabriel and Jones, Ewan and Nulty, Paul and Regan, John and Bolla, Peter de},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2--9},
}

@book{salmi_nineteenth-century_2013,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	title = {Nineteenth-century {Europe}: {A} cultural history},
	isbn = {978-0-7456-4359-5 978-0-7456-4360-1},
	shorttitle = {Nineteenth-century {Europe}},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Polity},
	author = {Salmi, Hannu},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 760459288},
}

@article{skinner_meaning_1969,
	title = {Meaning and {Understanding} in the {History} of {Ideas}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {00182656},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2504188?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/2504188},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-03-06},
	journal = {History and Theory},
	author = {Skinner, Quentin},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {3},
}

@book{skinner_foundations_1978,
	address = {Cambridge ; New York},
	title = {The foundations of modern political thought},
	isbn = {978-0-521-22023-1 978-0-521-22284-6 978-0-521-29435-5},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Skinner, Quentin},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {History, Political science},
}

@book{skinner_visions_2002,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Visions of {Politics}},
	isbn = {978-0-511-79081-2},
	url = {http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511790812},
	urldate = {2019-03-11},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Skinner, Quentin},
	year = {2002},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511790812},
}

@incollection{pernau_forty_2016,
	address = {London ; New York},
	title = {Forty years of conceptual history: the state of the art},
	isbn = {978-1-4742-4254-7 978-1-4742-4255-4},
	abstract = {"The influential readings contained in this volume combine conceptual history - the history of words and languages - and global history, showing clearly how the two disciplines can benefit from a combined approach. The readings familiarize the reader with conceptual history and its relationship with global history, looking at transfers between nations and languages as well as the ways in which world-views are created and transported through language. Part One: Classical Texts presents the three foundational texts for conceptual history, giving the reader a grasp of the origins of the discipline. Part Two: Challenges focuses on critiques of the approach and explores their ongoing relevance today. Part Three: Translations of Concepts provides examples of conceptual history in practice, via case studies of historical research with a global scope. Finally, the book's concluding essay examines the current state and the future potential of conceptual history. This original introduction provides the students of conceptual, global and intellectual history with a firm grasp of the past trajectories of conceptual history as well as its more recent global and transnational tendencies, and the promises and challenges of writing global history"--},
	booktitle = {Global conceptual history: a reader},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	author = {Steinmetz, Willibald},
	editor = {Pernau, Margrit and Sachsenmaier, Dominic},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Globalization, HISTORY / Modern / General, HISTORY / World, Language and culture, Language and education, Language and languages, Semantics, Historical, Variation},
	pages = {339--366},
}

@book{uimonen_hermostumisen_2000,
	address = {Helsinki},
	title = {Hermostumisen aikakausi: {Neuroosit} 1800- ja 1900-lukujen vaihteen suomalaisessa lääketieteessä},
	publisher = {Finnish Literature Society},
	author = {Uimonen, Minna},
	year = {2000},
}

@book{weitz_theories_1988,
	address = {London ; New York},
	title = {Theories of concepts: a history of the major philosophical tradition},
	isbn = {978-0-415-00180-9},
	shorttitle = {Theories of concepts},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Weitz, Morris},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {Concepts, History},
}

@book{skinner_liberty_2012,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Liberty {Before} {Liberalism}},
	isbn = {978-1-139-19717-5},
	url = {http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139197175},
	urldate = {2019-03-06},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Skinner, Quentin},
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139197175},
}

@book{schultz_history_2012,
	address = {Belmont, CA},
	edition = {10th ed},
	title = {A history of modern psychology},
	isbn = {978-1-111-34497-9},
	abstract = {Focusing on modern psychology, the text's coverage begins with the late 19th century. The authors personalize the history of psychology not only by using biographical information on influential theorists, but also by showing how major events in those theorists' lives have affected the authors' own ideas, approaches, and methods},
	publisher = {Wadsworth},
	author = {Schultz, Duane P. and Schultz, Sydney Ellen},
	year = {2012},
	note = {OCLC: ocn711789946},
	keywords = {History, Psychology, Textbooks},
}

@incollection{kamper_vierzig_2008,
	address = {Berlin, Boston},
	title = {Vierzig {Jahre} {Begriffsgeschichte}: {The} {State} of the {Art}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-097055-5},
	url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/37476},
	abstract = {This Yearbook of the German Language Institute aims to call to mind the traditions of linguistics in cultural studies and at the same time to document the connections between linguistics and modern research paths in cultural studies such as the theory of cognition and discourse analysis. In addition, the papers illuminate the linguistic turn in literary and historical studies. Thus the volume presents the foundations and theoretical and methodological approaches to linguistics as a cultural study, together with examples related to practice.},
	language = {DT},
	urldate = {2019-03-12},
	booktitle = {Sprache - {Kognition} - {Kultur}, {Sprache} zwischen mentaler {Struktur} und kultureller {Prägung}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Steinmetz, Willibald},
	editor = {Kämper, Heidrun and Eichinger, Ludwig},
	year = {2008},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110970555},
	keywords = {Cultural studies, linguistics},
}

@book{steinmetz_conceptual_2017,
	address = {New York Oxford},
	series = {European conceptual history},
	title = {Conceptual history in the {European} space},
	isbn = {978-1-78533-482-5 978-1-78533-483-2},
	abstract = {Introduction: Conceptual history : challenges, conundrums, complexities / Willibald Steinmetz, Michael Freeden -- Europe at different speeds : asynchronicities and multiple times in European conceptual history / Helge Jordheim -- Multiple transformations : temporal frameworks for a European conceptual history / Willibald Steinmetz -- Concepts and debates : rhetorical perspectives on conceptual change / Kari Palonen -- Conceptual history, ideology and language / Michael Freeden -- Transnational conceptual history, methodological nationalism and Europe / Jani Marjanen -- Conceptual history : the comparative dimension / Jorn Leonhard -- Concepts, contests and contexts : conceptual history and the problem of translatability / László Kontler -- Conceptualizing spaces within Europe : the case of meso-regions / Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi -- Conceptualizing modernity in multi- and intercultural spaces : the case of Central and Eastern Europe / Victor Neumann -- Concepts in a Nordic periphery / Henrik Stenius -- Conclusions: Setting the agenda for a European conceptual history / Javier Fernández Sebastián},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Berghahn},
	editor = {Steinmetz, Willibald and Freeden, Michael and Fernández Sebastián, Javier},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 971266820},
}

@book{noauthor_oxford_2019,
	title = {Oxford {Dictionary} of {English}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-957112-3},
	url = {http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/acref-9780199571123},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-05-20},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001},
}

@article{wells_rhetoric_2015,
	title = {Rhetoric of the standards: {The} debate over gold and silver in the 1890s},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1537-7814, 1943-3557},
	shorttitle = {Rhetoric of the standards},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S153778141400053X/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S153778141400053X},
	abstract = {Abstract
            In the 1890s, questions about whether to base the American currency upon gold or silver dominated public discourse and eventually forced a realignment of the political parties. The matter often confuses modern observers, who have trouble understanding how such a technically complex—even arcane—issue could arouse such passions. The fact that no major nation currently backs its currency with precious metal creates the suspicion that the issue was a “red herring” that distracted from matters of far greater importance. Yet the rhetoric surrounding the “Battle of the Standards” indicates that the more sophisticated advocates of both sides understood that, in the financial context of the 1890s, the contest between gold and silver not only had important economic implications but would substantially affect the future development of the United States.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-28},
	journal = {The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era},
	author = {Wells, Wyatt},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {49--68},
}

@article{risam_beyond_2015,
	title = {Beyond the {Margins}: {Intersectionality} and the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1938-4122},
	shorttitle = {Beyond the {Margins}},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Risam, Roopika},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
}

@misc{hengchen_models_2019,
	title = {Models for "{A} data-driven approach to the changing vocabulary of the 'nation' in {English}, {Dutch}, {Swedish} and {Finnish} newspapers, 1750-1950"},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/3270648},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3270648},
	abstract = {NOTE: This is a badly rendered version of the README within the archive.

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}A data-driven approach to the changing vocabulary of the ‘nation’ in English, Dutch, Swedish and Finnish newspapers, 1750-1950{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

Simon Hengchen*, Ruben Ros**, Jani Marjanen*

*University of Helsinki: firstname.lastname@helsinki.fi; ** Utrecht University: r.s.lastname@students.uu.nl

These are the supplementary materials for the DH2019 paper {\textless}em{\textgreater}A data-driven approach to the changing vocabulary of the ‘nation’ in English, Dutch, Swedish and Finnish newspapers, 1750-1950{\textless}/em{\textgreater}. If you end up using whole or parts of this resource, please use the following citation:


	Hengchen, S., Ros, R., and Marjanen, J. (2019). A data-driven approach to the changing vocabulary of the ‘nation’ in English, Dutch, Swedish and Finnish newspapers, 1750-1950. In {\textless}em{\textgreater}Proceedings of the Digital Humanities (DH) conference 2019, Utrecht, The Netherlands{\textless}/em{\textgreater},{\textless}br{\textgreater}
	or alternatively use the following {\textless}code{\textgreater}bib{\textless}/code{\textgreater}:


{\textless}pre{\textgreater}{\textless}code{\textgreater}@inproceedings\{\vphantom{\}}hengchen2019nation,
 title="A data-driven approach to the changing vocabulary of the 'nation' in \{E\}nglish, \{D\}utch, \{S\}wedish and \{F\}innish newspapers, 1750-1950.",
 author=\{Hengchen, Simon, and Ros, Ruben, and Marjanen, Jani\},
 year=\{2019\},
 booktitle=\{Proceedings of the Digital Humanities (DH) conference 2019, Utrecht, The Netherlands\}
 \vphantom{\{}\}
{\textless}/code{\textgreater}{\textless}/pre{\textgreater}

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Files{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

This archive contains three folders – one per language – as well as this README. The folders contain the models for their respective languages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Source material{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Finnish:{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

The models were created with data from the Finnish Sub-corpus of the Newspaper and Periodical Corpus of the National Library of Finland (National Library of Finland, 2011). We used everything in the corpus.

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Swedish:{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

The models were created with data from the Kubhist corpus (Språkbanken) – more precisely, the data dumps available at https://spraakbanken.gu.se/swe/resurser/. We used everything in the corpus.

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Dutch:{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

The models were created with data from the Delpher newspaper archive (Royal Dutch Library, 2017), through data dumps for newspapers until and including 1876, and through API hits for articles from 1877 to 1899 (included).


	For anything pre-1877 we discarded full texts that had, in the metadata, anything else than exclusively {\textless}code{\textgreater}nl{\textless}/code{\textgreater} or {\textless}code{\textgreater}NL{\textless}/code{\textgreater} as a language tag.
	For the full texts between 1877 and 1899: we queried the API for all items in the “artikel” category that contained the determiner {\textless}code{\textgreater}de{\textless}/code{\textgreater}.


Our assumption was that most articles should contain {\textless}code{\textgreater}de{\textless}/code{\textgreater} at least once, and those that didn’t were too short to be deemed interesting. A subsequent study showed that was not exactly the case, but we were reassured by the fact that left-out articles were probably “shipping or financial reports” (thanks go to Melvin Wevers).{\textless}br{\textgreater}
We also did not include the colonial newspapers for our embeddings. This is motivated by two reasons, important in the context of our research question: first, only the Dutch dataset has an extensive coverage of colonial newspapers – including them would have weakened our comparisons with the other countries in our studies. Second, Dutch colonial newspapers “showed a great uniformity” because “their news supply was unique and controlled by the official news agency, ANETA”. (Our translation and paraphrasing of Witte 1998:18). A list of removed newspapers is available on request.

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}English:{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

The embeddings are not available at this moment. Do get in touch with Simon if you want to receive an email when they become available.

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Word embeddings{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

For every language, we train diachronic embeddings as follows. We divide the data in 20-year time bins. We first train a model for the first time bin {\textless}code{\textgreater}t{\textless}/code{\textgreater}. To train the model for {\textless}code{\textgreater}t+1{\textless}/code{\textgreater}, we use the {\textless}code{\textgreater}t{\textless}/code{\textgreater} model to initialise the vectors for {\textless}code{\textgreater}t+1{\textless}/code{\textgreater}, set the learning rate to correspond to the end learning rate of {\textless}code{\textgreater}t{\textless}/code{\textgreater}, and continue training. This approach, closely following Kim et al (2014), has the advantage of avoiding the need for post-training vector space alignment.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
Parameters are as follows: CBOW architecture (Mikolov et al 2013), window size of 5, frequency threshold of 100, 5 epochs. {\textless}strong{\textgreater}No tokens (including punctuation) were removed nor altered, aside from lowercasing{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}.

The Python snippet below, which makes use of gensim (Rehurek and Sojka, 2010), illustrates the approach. Special thanks go to Sara Budts.

{\textless}pre{\textgreater}{\textless}code{\textgreater}lang = "fi" \#\# change this
class MySentences(object): \#\# This class has been directly copied from gensim.
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, liste):
        self.liste = liste
    def \_\_iter\_\_(self):
        for file in self.liste:
             with open(file, "r") as fname: \#\# Our files are line-separated, with tab-separated, lowercased tokens
                for line in fname:
                    yield line.split("{\textbackslash}t")
        
count = 0                    
for key in sorted(list(dict\_files.keys())): \# dict\_files is a dict with time bins as keys, and lists of filepaths as values
    number\_of\_files = len(dict\_files[key])
    print("Number of files for double decade starting in",str(key),"is",str(number\_of\_files))
    if os.path.exists(dir\_out+"/model\_"+lang+"\_"+str(key)+".w2v") == False:
        print("model\_"+lang+"\_"+str(key)+" does not exist, running")
        if number\_of\_files \&gt; 0:
            if count == 0: \#\# This is the first model.
                count += 1
                sentences = MySentences(dict\_files[key])
                model = gensim.models.Word2Vec(sentences, min\_count=100, workers=14, seed=1830, epochs=5)
                model.save(dir\_out+"/model\_"+lang+"\_"+str(key)+".w2v")
                print("Model saved, on to the next{\textbackslash}n")
            if count \&gt; 0: \#\# this is for the subsequent models.
                print("model for double decade starting in",str(key))
                model = gensim.models.Word2Vec.load(dir\_out+"/model\_"+lang+"\_"+str(key-20)+".w2v") \#\# If the script crashes, we make sure to have the latest model.
                sentences = MySentences(dict\_files[key])
                model.build\_vocab(sentences, update=True)
                model.train(sentences, total\_examples = model.corpus\_count, start\_alpha = model.alpha, end\_alpha = model.min\_alpha, epochs = model.iter)
                model.save(dir\_out+"/model\_"+lang+"\_"+str(key)+".w2v")
                print("Model saved, on to the next{\textbackslash}n")

{\textless}/code{\textgreater}{\textless}/pre{\textgreater}

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Acknowledgments{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

Part of this work has been supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant 770299 NewsEye.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
The authors would like to thank the following persons and institutions, listed in random order:{\textless}br{\textgreater}
Steven Claeyssens, Mikko Tolonen, Nina Tahmasebi, Melvin Wevers, Eetu Mäkelä, the COMHIS group, Lidia Pivovarova, Antti Kanner, Senka Drobac, Krister Lindén, Lars Borin, Dominik Schlechtweg, Sara Budts, Haim Dubossarsky, Estelle Bunout, Axel-Jean Caurant, Tanja Säily, Elaine Zosa, and Joris van Eijnatten.

{\textless}strong{\textgreater}References{\textless}/strong{\textgreater}

Kim, Y., Chiu, Y.I., Hanaki, K., Hegde, D. and Petrov, S. (2014). Temporal Analysis of Language through Neural Language Models. {\textless}em{\textgreater}ACL 2014{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, p.61.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G. and Dean, J. (2013). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. {\textless}em{\textgreater}arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781{\textless}/em{\textgreater}.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
National Library of Finland (2011). {\textless}em{\textgreater}The Finnish Sub-corpus of the Newspaper and Periodical Corpus of the National Library of Finland, Kielipankki Version{\textless}/em{\textgreater} [text corpus]. Kielipankki. Retrieved from http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:lb-2016050302.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
Rehurek, R. and Sojka, P. (2010). Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora. In {\textless}em{\textgreater}Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks{\textless}/em{\textgreater}.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
Royal Dutch Library (2017). {\textless}em{\textgreater}Delpher open krantenarchief (1.0){\textless}/em{\textgreater}. Den Haag, 2017.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
Språkbanken. {\textless}em{\textgreater}The Kubhist Corpus{\textless}/em{\textgreater}. Department of Swedish, University of Gothenburg. https://spraakbanken.gu.se/korp/?mode=kubhist.{\textless}br{\textgreater}
Witte, R. (1998). {\textless}em{\textgreater}De Indische radio-omroep: overheidsbeleid en ontwikkeling, 1923-1942{\textless}/em{\textgreater}. Uitgeverij Verloren.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-07-12},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Hengchen, Simon and Ros, Ruben and Marjanen, Jani},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {newspapers, word embeddings},
}

@article{betti_modelling_2014,
	title = {Modelling the {History} of {Ideas}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0960-8788, 1469-3526},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09608788.2014.949217},
	doi = {10.1080/09608788.2014.949217},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-03-30},
	journal = {British Journal for the History of Philosophy},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {812--835},
}

@article{mikolov_efficient_2013,
	title = {Efficient {Estimation} of {Word} {Representations} in {Vector} {Space}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781},
	abstract = {We propose two novel model architectures for computing continuous vector representations of words from very large data sets. The quality of these representations is measured in a word similarity task, and the results are compared to the previously best performing techniques based on different types of neural networks. We observe large improvements in accuracy at much lower computational cost, i.e. it takes less than a day to learn high quality word vectors from a 1.6 billion words data set. Furthermore, we show that these vectors provide state-of-the-art performance on our test set for measuring syntactic and semantic word similarities.},
	urldate = {2019-01-19},
	journal = {arXiv:1301.3781 [cs]},
	author = {Mikolov, Tomas and Chen, Kai and Corrado, Greg and Dean, Jeffrey},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {arXiv: 1301.3781},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@article{pumfrey_experiments_2012,
	title = {Experiments in 17th {Century} {English}: {Manual} versus {Automatic} {Conceptual} {History}},
	volume = {27},
	number = {4},
	journal = {iterary and Linguistic Computing},
	author = {Pumfrey, Stephen and Rayson, Paul and Mariani, John},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {395--408},
}

@article{riedl_scaling_2013,
	title = {Scaling to large3 data: {An} {Efficient} and {Effective} {Method} to {Compute} {Distributional} {Thesauri}},
	url = {URL: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1089},
	number = {October},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
	author = {Riedl, Martin and Bieman, Chris},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {884--890},
}

@inproceedings{hamilton_diachronic_2016,
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	title = {Diachronic {Word} {Embeddings} {Reveal} {Statistical} {Laws} of {Semantic} {Change}},
	url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1141},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/P16-1141},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics} ({Volume} 1: {Long} {Papers})},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Hamilton, William L. and Leskovec, Jure and Jurafsky, Dan},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1489--1501},
}

@article{mikolov_exploiting_2013,
	title = {Exploiting {Similarities} among {Languages} for {Machine} {Translation}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.4168},
	abstract = {Dictionaries and phrase tables are the basis of modern statistical machine translation systems. This paper develops a method that can automate the process of generating and extending dictionaries and phrase tables. Our method can translate missing word and phrase entries by learning language structures based on large monolingual data and mapping between languages from small bilingual data. It uses distributed representation of words and learns a linear mapping between vector spaces of languages. Despite its simplicity, our method is surprisingly effective: we can achieve almost 90\% precision@5 for translation of words between English and Spanish. This method makes little assumption about the languages, so it can be used to extend and refine dictionaries and translation tables for any language pairs.},
	urldate = {2019-01-19},
	journal = {arXiv:1309.4168 [cs]},
	author = {Mikolov, Tomas and Le, Quoc V. and Sutskever, Ilya},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	note = {arXiv: 1309.4168},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@article{lund_producing_1996,
	title = {Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0743-3808, 1532-5970},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03204766},
	doi = {10.3758/BF03204766},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, \& Computers},
	author = {Lund, Kevin and Burgess, Curt},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {203--208},
}

@article{mitra_automatic_2015,
	title = {An automatic approach to identify word sense changes in text media across timescales},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1351-3249, 1469-8110},
	url = {http://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/natural-language-engineering/article/an-automatic-approach-to-identify-word-sense-changes-in-text-media-across-timescales/A924AC27C3C6A7EA58AFCE3E959581B5},
	doi = {10.1017/S135132491500011X},
	abstract = {In this paper, we propose an unsupervised and automated method to identify noun sense changes based on rigorous analysis of time-varying text data available in the form of millions of digitized books and millions of tweets posted per day. We construct distributional-thesauri-based networks from data at different time points and cluster each of them separately to obtain word-centric sense clusters corresponding to the different time points. Subsequently, we propose a split/join based approach to compare the sense clusters at two different time points to find if there is ‘birth’ of a new sense. The approach also helps us to find if an older sense was ‘split’ into more than one sense or a newer sense has been formed from the ‘join’ of older senses or a particular sense has undergone ‘death’. We use this completely unsupervised approach (a) within the Google books data to identify word sense differences within a media, and (b) across Google books and Twitter data to identify differences in word sense distribution across different media. We conduct a thorough evaluation of the proposed methodology both manually as well as through comparison with WordNet.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Natural Language Engineering},
	author = {Mitra, Sunny and Mitra, Ritwik and Maity, Suman Kalyan and Riedl, Martin and Biemann, Chris and Goyal, Pawan and Mukherjee, Animesh},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {773--798},
}

@inproceedings{yang_topic_2011,
	address = {Stroudsburg, PA, USA},
	series = {{LaTeCH} '11},
	title = {Topic {Modeling} on {Historical} {Newspapers}},
	isbn = {978-1-937284-04-6},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2107636.2107649},
	abstract = {In this paper, we explore the task of automatic text processing applied to collections of historical newspapers, with the aim of assisting historical research. In particular, in this first stage of our project, we experiment with the use of topical models as a means to identify potential issues of interest for historians.},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} {Workshop} on {Language} {Technology} for {Cultural} {Heritage}, {Social} {Sciences}, and {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Yang, Tze-I and Torget, Andrew J. and Mihalcea, Rada},
	year = {2011},
	note = {event-place: Portland, Oregon},
	pages = {96--104},
}

@article{withers_place_2009,
	title = {Place and the "{Spatial} {Turn}" in {Geography} and in {History}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {1086-3222},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_ideas/v070/70.4.withers.html},
	doi = {10.1353/jhi.0.0054},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of the History of Ideas},
	author = {Withers, Charles W. J.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {637--658},
}

@article{withers_place_2009-1,
	title = {Place and the "{Spatial} {Turn}" in {Geography} and in {History}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {1086-3222},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_ideas/v070/70.4.withers.html},
	doi = {10.1353/jhi.0.0054},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of the History of Ideas},
	author = {Withers, Charles W. J.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {637--658},
}

@book{bodenhamer_spatial_2010,
	address = {Bloomington, Ind.},
	series = {Spatial humanities},
	title = {The spatial humanities: {GIS} and the future of humanities scholarship},
	isbn = {978-0-253-35505-8 978-0-253-22217-6},
	shorttitle = {The spatial humanities},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Indiana Univ. Press},
	editor = {Bodenhamer, David J. and Corrigan, John and Harris, Trevor M.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 695842268},
}

@book{tally_geocritical_2011,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Geocritical explorations: space, place, and mapping in literary and cultural studies},
	isbn = {978-0-230-12080-8},
	shorttitle = {Geocritical explorations},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	editor = {Tally, Robert T.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Geocriticism, Geography and literature, Place (Philosophy) in literature, Space in literature},
}

@article{marrero_named_2013,
	title = {Named {Entity} {Recognition}: {Fallacies}, challenges and opportunities},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {09205489},
	shorttitle = {Named {Entity} {Recognition}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920548912001080},
	doi = {10.1016/j.csi.2012.09.004},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-11-10},
	journal = {Computer Standards \& Interfaces},
	author = {Marrero, Mónica and Urbano, Julián and Sánchez-Cuadrado, Sonia and Morato, Jorge and Gómez-Berbís, Juan Miguel},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {482--489},
}

@incollection{gregory_further_2014,
	address = {Bloomington, Ind.},
	series = {The spatial humanities},
	title = {Further {Reading}: {From} {Historical} {GIS} to {Spatial} {Humanities}: {An} {Evolving} {Literature}},
	isbn = {978-0-253-01180-0 978-0-253-01186-2 978-0-253-01190-9},
	abstract = {"The application of geo-spatial technologies, especially Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to issues in history is among the most exciting developments in both digital humanities and spatial humanities. The book captures the wide variety of geo-spatial applications to both traditional and non-traditional subjects in history through a series of exemplary essays designed to signal to non-specialists the methodological and substantive implications of a spatial approach to the humanities. The aim of the book is to illustrate how the use of historical GIS is changing our understanding of the geographies of the past, and how it has become the foundation for new approaches to the study of history. The essays are divided into two parts. The first features new approaches to the past by focusing on current developments in the use of historical sources. The second looks at the insights gained by applying GIS to develop historiography. Together the essays form, not a 'how-to' guide for researchers, but a compelling demonstration of how GIS can contribute to our historical understanding"--},
	language = {eng},
	booktitle = {Toward spatial humanities: historical {GIS} and spatial history},
	publisher = {Indiana Univ. Press},
	author = {Gregory, Ian N.},
	editor = {Gregory, Ian N. and Geddes, Alistair},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 871592883},
	pages = {186--202},
}

@book{cresswell_place_2010,
	address = {Malden, Mass.},
	edition = {Repr.},
	series = {Short introductions to geography},
	title = {Place: a short introduction},
	isbn = {978-1-4051-0672-6},
	shorttitle = {Place},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	author = {Cresswell, Tim},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 700518225},
}

@article{overell_problem_2011,
	title = {The problem of place name ambiguity},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {19467729},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2047296.2047299},
	doi = {10.1145/2047296.2047299},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-11-10},
	journal = {SIGSPATIAL Special},
	author = {Overell, Simon},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {12--15},
}

@article{donaldson_locating_2017,
	title = {Locating the beautiful, picturesque, sublime and majestic: spatially analysing the application of aesthetic terminology in descriptions of the {English} {Lake} {District}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {03057488},
	shorttitle = {Locating the beautiful, picturesque, sublime and majestic},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305748817300178},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhg.2017.01.006},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of Historical Geography},
	author = {Donaldson, Christopher and Gregory, Ian N. and Taylor, Joanna E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {43--60},
}

@book{gregory_toward_2014,
	address = {Bloomington, Ind.},
	series = {The spatial humanities},
	title = {Toward spatial humanities: historical {GIS} and spatial history},
	isbn = {978-0-253-01180-0 978-0-253-01186-2 978-0-253-01190-9},
	shorttitle = {Toward spatial humanities},
	abstract = {"The application of geo-spatial technologies, especially Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to issues in history is among the most exciting developments in both digital humanities and spatial humanities. The book captures the wide variety of geo-spatial applications to both traditional and non-traditional subjects in history through a series of exemplary essays designed to signal to non-specialists the methodological and substantive implications of a spatial approach to the humanities. The aim of the book is to illustrate how the use of historical GIS is changing our understanding of the geographies of the past, and how it has become the foundation for new approaches to the study of history. The essays are divided into two parts. The first features new approaches to the past by focusing on current developments in the use of historical sources. The second looks at the insights gained by applying GIS to develop historiography. Together the essays form, not a 'how-to' guide for researchers, but a compelling demonstration of how GIS can contribute to our historical understanding"--},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Indiana Univ. Press},
	editor = {Gregory, Ian N. and Geddes, Alistair},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 871592883},
}

@article{eijnatten_something_2019,
	title = {Something about the {Weather}. {Using} {Digital} {Methods} to {Mine} {Geographical} {Conceptions} of {Europe} in {Twentieth}-{Century} {Dutch} {Newspapers}},
	volume = {134},
	copyright = {Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:    Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution License  that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.  Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.  Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See  The Effect of Open Access ).  All third-party images reproduced on this journal are shared under Educational Fair Use. For more information on  Educational Fair Use , please see  this useful checklist prepared by Columbia University Libraries .   All copyright  of third-party content posted here for research purposes belongs to its original owners.  Unless otherwise stated all references to characters and comic art presented on this journal are ©, ® or ™ of their respective owners. No challenge to any owner’s rights is intended or should be inferred.},
	issn = {2211-2898},
	url = {http://www.bmgn-lchr.nl/articles/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10655/},
	doi = {10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10655},
	abstract = {Article: Something about the Weather. Using Digital Methods to Mine Geographical Conceptions of Europe in Twentieth-Century Dutch Newspapers},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-10-08},
	journal = {BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review},
	author = {Eijnatten, Joris Van},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {28--61},
}

@incollection{vrandecic_novel_2018,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {A {Novel} {Ensemble} {Method} for {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} and {Disambiguation} {Based} on {Neural} {Network}},
	volume = {11136},
	isbn = {978-3-030-00670-9 978-3-030-00671-6},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-00671-6_6},
	urldate = {2019-11-11},
	booktitle = {The {Semantic} {Web} – {ISWC} 2018},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Canale, Lorenzo and Lisena, Pasquale and Troncy, Raphaël},
	editor = {Vrandečić, Denny and Bontcheva, Kalina and Suárez-Figueroa, Mari Carmen and Presutti, Valentina and Celino, Irene and Sabou, Marta and Kaffee, Lucie-Aimée and Simperl, Elena},
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-00671-6_6},
	pages = {91--107},
}

@book{barnhurst_form_2001,
	address = {New York},
	series = {The {Guilford} communication series},
	title = {The form of news: a history},
	isbn = {978-1-57230-791-9 978-1-57230-637-0},
	shorttitle = {The form of news},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {The Guilford Press},
	author = {Barnhurst, Kevin G. and Nerone, John C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {American newspapers History, American newspapers Social aspects, Electronic newspapers, Geschichte 1750-2000, Gestaltung, Newspaper layout and typography United States, Newspapers Social aspects, USA, Zeitung},
}

@book{burdick_digital_humanities_2012,
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	title = {Digital\_humanities},
	isbn = {978-0-262-01847-0 0-262-01847-0},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Burdick, Anne},
	year = {2012},
}

@misc{neudecker_named_2014,
	title = {Named {Entity} {Recognition} for digitised newspapers – {Europeana} {Newspapers}},
	url = {http://www.europeana-newspapers.eu/named-entity-recognition-for-digitised-newspapers/},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-11-10},
	author = {Neudecker, Clemens},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
}

@incollection{blomqvist_things_2016,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Things and {Strings}: {Improving} {Place} {Name} {Disambiguation} from {Short} {Texts} by {Combining} {Entity} {Co}-{Occurrence} with {Topic} {Modeling}},
	volume = {10024},
	isbn = {978-3-319-49003-8 978-3-319-49004-5},
	shorttitle = {Things and {Strings}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-49004-5_23},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-10},
	booktitle = {Knowledge {Engineering} and {Knowledge} {Management}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Ju, Yiting and Adams, Benjamin and Janowicz, Krzysztof and Hu, Yingjie and Yan, Bo and McKenzie, Grant},
	editor = {Blomqvist, Eva and Ciancarini, Paolo and Poggi, Francesco and Vitali, Fabio},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-49004-5_23},
	pages = {353--367},
}

@article{yadav_survey_2019,
	title = {A {Survey} on {Recent} {Advances} in {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} from {Deep} {Learning} models},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11470},
	abstract = {Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a key component in NLP systems for question answering, information retrieval, relation extraction, etc. NER systems have been studied and developed widely for decades, but accurate systems using deep neural networks (NN) have only been introduced in the last few years. We present a comprehensive survey of deep neural network architectures for NER, and contrast them with previous approaches to NER based on feature engineering and other supervised or semi-supervised learning algorithms. Our results highlight the improvements achieved by neural networks, and show how incorporating some of the lessons learned from past work on feature-based NER systems can yield further improvements.},
	urldate = {2019-11-10},
	journal = {arXiv:1910.11470 [cs]},
	author = {Yadav, Vikas and Bethard, Steven},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	note = {arXiv: 1910.11470},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Machine Learning},
}

@misc{white_spatial_nodate,
	title = {Spatial {History} {Project}},
	url = {https://web.stanford.edu/group/spatialhistory/cgi-bin/site/pub.php?id=29},
	urldate = {2019-11-08},
	author = {White, Richard},
}

@article{pascual-de-sans_sense_2004,
	title = {Sense of place and migration histories {Idiotopy} and idiotope},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0004-0894, 1475-4762},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00236.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00236.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-10},
	journal = {Area},
	author = {Pascual-de-Sans, Angels},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {348--357},
}

@article{jansen_word_2017,
	title = {Word and {Phrase} {Translation} with word2vec},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03127},
	abstract = {Word and phrase tables are key inputs to machine translations, but costly to produce. New unsupervised learning methods represent words and phrases in a high-dimensional vector space, and these monolingual embeddings have been shown to encode syntactic and semantic relationships between language elements. The information captured by these embeddings can be exploited for bilingual translation by learning a transformation matrix that allows matching relative positions across two monolingual vector spaces. This method aims to identify high-quality candidates for word and phrase translation more cost-effectively from unlabeled data. This paper expands the scope of previous attempts of bilingual translation to four languages (English, German, Spanish, and French). It shows how to process the source data, train a neural network to learn the high-dimensional embeddings for individual languages and expands the framework for testing their quality beyond the English language. Furthermore, it shows how to learn bilingual transformation matrices and obtain candidates for word and phrase translation, and assess their quality.},
	urldate = {2019-01-19},
	journal = {arXiv:1705.03127 [cs]},
	author = {Jansen, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	note = {arXiv: 1705.03127},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@inproceedings{coll_ardanuy_you_2016,
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	title = {You {Shall} {Know} {People} by the {Company} {They} {Keep}: {Person} {Name} {Disambiguation} for {Social} {Network} {Construction}},
	shorttitle = {You {Shall} {Know} {People} by the {Company} {They} {Keep}},
	url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2107},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/W16-2107},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-05-27},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} {Workshop} on {Language} {Technology} for           {Cultural} {Heritage}, {Social} {Sciences}, and {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Coll Ardanuy, Mariona and van den Bos, Maarten and Sporleder, Caroline},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {63--73},
}

@article{gooding_myth_2013,
	title = {The myth of the new: {Mass} digitization, distant reading, and the future of the book},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0268-1145, 1477-4615},
	shorttitle = {The myth of the new},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/llc/fqt051},
	doi = {10.1093/llc/fqt051},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-07-02},
	journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing},
	author = {Gooding, P. and Terras, M. and Warwick, C.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {629--639},
}

@article{graham_getting_2012,
	title = {Getting {Started} with {Topic} {Modeling} and {MALLET}},
	url = {https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-07-01},
	journal = {Programming Historian},
	author = {Graham, Shawn and Weingart, Scott and Milligan, Ian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
}

@misc{lunenfeld_digital_2009,
	title = {Digital {Humanities} {Manifesto} 2.0},
	url = {http://hastac.org/node/2182},
	urldate = {2013-03-17},
	author = {Lunenfeld, Peter and Presner, Todd and Schnapp, Jeffrey},
	year = {2009},
}

@book{moretti_graphs_2005,
	address = {London},
	title = {Graphs, maps, trees: abstract models for a literary history},
	isbn = {978-1-84467-026-0},
	shorttitle = {Graphs, maps, trees},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Verso},
	author = {Moretti, Franco},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 254256194},
}

@misc{porsdam_too_2011,
	title = {Too much ‘digital’, too little ‘humanities’? {An} attempt to explain why many humanities scholars are reluctant converts to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	url = {http://arcadiaproject.lib.cam.ac.uk/docs/DigitalHumanities.pdf},
	publisher = {arcadia@cambridge Publications},
	author = {Porsdam, Helle},
	year = {2011},
}

@book{sherratt_unremembering_2019,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {Unremembering the {Forgotten}},
	url = {https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/read/untitled-f2acf72c-a469-49d8-be35-67f9ac1e3a60/section/be608100-95b6-4e48-bfd5-a82a588da8f1#ch12},
	abstract = {Debates in the Digital Humanities 2019 collects a broad array of important, thought-provoking perspectives on the field’s many sides. With a wide range of subjects including gender-based assumptions made by algorithms, the place of the digital humanities within art history, and data-based methods for exhuming forgotten histories, it assembles a who’s who of the field in more than thirty impactful essays.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-10-15},
	publisher = {Univ of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Sherratt, Tim},
	editor = {Gold, Matthew K. and Klein, Lauren},
	year = {2019},
}

@inproceedings{smith_infectious_2013,
	address = {Silicon Valley, CA, USA},
	title = {Infectious texts: {Modeling} text reuse in nineteenth-century newspapers},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-1293-3},
	shorttitle = {Infectious texts},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6691675/},
	doi = {10.1109/BigData.2013.6691675},
	urldate = {2019-05-22},
	booktitle = {2013 {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Big} {Data}},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Smith, David A. and Cordell, Ryan and Dillon, Elizabeth Maddock},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {86--94},
}

@article{svensson_dhq_nodate,
	title = {{DHQ}: {Digital} {Humanities} {Quarterly}: {Envisioning} the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {6},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/6/1/000112/000112.html},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-03-17},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Svensson, Patrick},
}

@article{svensson_dhq_2011,
	title = {{DHQ}: {Digital} {Humanities} {Quarterly}: {From} {Optical} {Fiber} {To} {Conceptual} {Cyberinfrastructure}},
	volume = {5},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/1/000090/000090.html},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-03-17},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Svensson, Patrick},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{tang_state---art_2018,
	title = {A state-of-the-art of semantic change computation},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1351-3249, 1469-8110},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1351324918000220/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S1351324918000220},
	abstract = {Abstract
            This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of one emergent field in computational linguistics—semantic change computation. It summarizes the literature by proposing a framework that identifies five components in the field: diachronic corpus, diachronic word sense characterization, change modelling, evaluation and data visualization. Despite its potentials, the review shows that current studies are mainly focused on testifying hypotheses of semantic change from theoretical linguistics and that several core issues remain to be tackled: the need of diachronic corpora for languages other than English, the comparison and development of approaches to diachronic word sense characterization and change modelling, the need of comprehensive evaluation data and further exploration of data visualization techniques for hypothesis justification.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Natural Language Engineering},
	author = {Tang, Xuri},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {649--676},
}

@book{unsworth_our_2006,
	title = {Our {Cultural} {Commonwealth}: {The} report of the {American} {Council} {Of} {Learned} {Societies} {Commission} on {Cyberinfrastructure} for the {Humanities} and {Social} {Sciences}},
	publisher = {American Council of Learned Societies},
	editor = {Unsworth, John},
	year = {2006},
}

@book{warwick_digital_2012,
	address = {London},
	title = {Digital humanities in practice},
	isbn = {1-85604-766-0 978-1-85604-766-1},
	abstract = {Korte boekbespreking, Gerrit Bloothooft, 1-2013
Digital Humanities in Practice (2012), Warwick et al.
Het boek is geschreven door onderzoekers in de UK (UC London), die betrokken zijn bij allerlei projecten waarbij ICT wordt gebruikt in de geesteswetenschappen. De titel klopt dus aardig. De auteurs hebben het nodige te vertellen, maar blijven qua inhoud aan de oppervlakte, en veronderstellen (onterecht) ook dat lezers allerlei projecten, termen en acroniemen kennen. Het is niet geschreven als leerboek. Na lezing van het boek kan de conclusie zijn: ja, er is allerlei belangwekkend onderzoek mogelijk, maar als ik daarin verder wil moet ik nog veel meer weten. De beste paragraaf staat op p162: “we are considering a practice that is not identified by bibliographers as digital humanities at all. … we can observe that historical bibliography is a discipline that recognizes that digital skills, and those who possess them, really are indispensible… to echo Melissa Terras ...who calls on digital humanists to prove their skills…”. Kortom, er moeten vaardigheden geleerd worden. Hoe dat moet staat niet in het boek, dat ook niet bedoeld is als leerboek. (dus “core reading for all humanities students…” belooft mijns inziens te veel op de achterflap). 

Als boek bij een Introductiecursus Digital Humanities vind ik het niet zo geschikt: te veel focus op project(management), te weinig inhoud waaruit echt wat te leren valt. Zelfs beperking tot hoofdstukken 1,2,3,4,6 lijkt me niet bijster nuttig (en duur voor de studenten).

Hieronder wat korte opmerkingen bij de hoofdstukken

Contributors.............................................................................................vii
Introduction ............................................................................................xiii
Claire Warwick, Melissa Terras, Julianne Nyhan
1 Studying users in digital humanities.................................................1
Claire Warwick

Precies wat de titel zegt. In presentatie: interageer vroegtijdig met gebruikers; in analyse: studie van gebruikers. Maar wat zijn de researchvragen eigenlijk?

2 Social media for digital humanities and community
engagement...................................................................................23
Claire Ross

Discussie over crowd sourcing, tweet analyse, public engagement. Tsja.

3 Digitization and digital resources in the humanities.....................47
Melissa Terras

Advies over digitalisatie (aan projectmanagers). Nergens concreet over wat digitalisatie eigenlijk inhoudt.

4 Image processing in the digital humanities....................................71
Melissa Terras

Veronderstelt veel kennis bekend, de case study op p83 is ronduit moeilijk. “Phase congruency, which exploits the fact that visual features are detected for some properties of the local phase in the Fourier Domain, and Markov Random Fields…”

5 3D recording and museums .............................................................91
Stuart Robson, Sally MacDonald, Graeme Were and Mona Hess

Moeilijke inleiding, zeker geen leerstof zonder veel nadere uitleg.Vanaf Potential.. beter leesbaar.

6 Text encoding and scholarly digital editions................................117
Julianne Nyhan

Deze tekst is nuttig, maar vooronderstelt kennis. Wederom geen leerboek tekst.

7 Historical bibliography in the digital world .................................139
Anne Welsh

Ook weer heel erg project gebaseerd. Rol van Google books. Een aantal onderzoeksvragen die je met digitale technieken te lijf kunt gaan. 

8 Open access and online teaching materials for digital
humanities ...................................................................................167
Simon Mahony, Ulrich Tiedau and Irish Sirmons

Hier had ik hoop maar het gaat alleen maar over het principe van Open Educational Resources (OER). De site Open Learning Environment for Early Modern Low Countries History lijkt interessant maar ik zie niet meer dan project beschrijving: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/alternative-languages/OER/

9 Institutional models for digital humanities ..193
Claire Warwick

Helemaal geschreven voor het management, geen leerstof.},
	publisher = {Facet},
	author = {Warwick, Claire and Terras, Melissa M. and Nyhan, Julianne},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Opget! Recensie van G. Bloothooft bijgevoegd. Een niet zo best werkje.},
	keywords = {(GTR) Digitaliseren, (LCS) Humanities},
}

@book{snow_two_2012,
	address = {Cambridge},
	edition = {14. print},
	series = {Canto classics},
	title = {The two cultures},
	isbn = {978-1-107-60614-2},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
	author = {Snow, C. P.},
	editor = {Collini, Stefan},
	year = {2012},
	note = {OCLC: 816292328},
}

@article{tahmasebi_survey_2018,
	title = {Survey of {Computational} {Approaches} to {Lexical} {Semantic} {Change}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06278},
	abstract = {Our languages are in constant flux driven by external factors such as cultural, societal and technological changes, as well as by only partially understood internal motivations. Words acquire new meanings and lose old senses, new words are coined or borrowed from other languages and obsolete words slide into obscurity. Understanding the characteristics of shifts in the meaning and in the use of words is useful for those who work with the content of historical texts, the interested general public, but also in and of itself. The findings from automatic lexical semantic change detection, and the models of diachronic conceptual change are currently being incorporated in approaches for measuring document across-time similarity, information retrieval from long-term document archives, the design of OCR algorithms, and so on. In recent years we have seen a surge in interest in the academic community in computational methods and tools supporting inquiry into diachronic conceptual change and lexical replacement. This article is an extract of a survey of recent computational techniques to tackle lexical semantic change currently under review. In this article we focus on diachronic conceptual change as an extension of semantic change.},
	urldate = {2019-05-20},
	journal = {arXiv:1811.06278 [cs]},
	author = {Tahmasebi, Nina and Borin, Lars and Jatowt, Adam},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	note = {arXiv: 1811.06278},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@book{weller_history_2013,
	address = {London ; New York},
	title = {History in the digital age},
	isbn = {978-0-415-66696-1},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	collaborator = {Weller, Toni},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Digital media, Electronic records, Historiography, History, Philosophy, Social change, Study and teaching, Technological innovations},
}

@article{won_ensemble_2018,
	title = {Ensemble {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} ({NER}): {Evaluating} {NER} {Tools} in the {Identification} of {Place} {Names} in {Historical} {Corpora}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2297-2668},
	shorttitle = {Ensemble {Named} {Entity} {Recognition} ({NER})},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fdigh.2018.00002/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fdigh.2018.00002},
	urldate = {2019-04-09},
	journal = {Frontiers in Digital Humanities},
	author = {Won, Miguel and Murrieta-Flores, Patricia and Martins, Bruno},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2},
}

@article{yoon_kim_yi-i_chiu_kentaro_hanaki_darshan_hegde_slav_petrov_temporal_2104,
	title = {Temporal {Analysis} of {Language} through {Neural} {Language} {Models}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the ACL 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science},
	author = {Yoon Kim, Yi-I Chiu, Kentaro Hanaki, Darshan Hegde, Slav Petrov},
	month = jun,
	year = {2104},
	pages = {61--65},
}

@misc{noauthor_digital_nodate,
	title = {Digital {Humanities} with {Professor} {Johanna} {Drucker}},
	url = {http://www.qmul.ac.uk/events/items/2014/119740.html},
	urldate = {2014-11-01},
}

@misc{noauthor_open_nodate,
	title = {Open {Thread}: {The} {Digital} {Humanities} as a {Historical} "{Refuge}" from {Race}/{Class}/{Gender}/{Sexuality}/{Disability}?},
	shorttitle = {Open {Thread}},
	url = {http://dhpoco.org/2013/05/10/open-thread-the-digital-humanities-as-a-historical-refuge-from-raceclassgendersexualitydisability/},
	abstract = {By Adeline Koh and Roopika Risam Read David Golumbia's post on the "Dark Side of the Digital" conference yesterday? Consider this: In 2007, Martha Nell Smith observed: When I first started attendin...},
	urldate = {2013-05-17},
	journal = {Postcolonial Digital Humanities},
}

@book{zaphiris_theory_2012,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	title = {Theory and {Practice} of {Digital} {Libraries}},
	volume = {7489},
	isbn = {978-3-642-33289-0 978-3-642-33290-6},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-3-642-33290-6},
	urldate = {2014-06-26},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	editor = {Zaphiris, Panayiotis and Buchanan, George and Rasmussen, Edie and Loizides, Fernando and Hutchison, David and Kanade, Takeo and Kittler, Josef and Kleinberg, Jon M. and Mattern, Friedemann and Mitchell, John C. and Naor, Moni and Nierstrasz, Oscar and Pandu Rangan, C. and Steffen, Bernhard and Sudan, Madhu and Terzopoulos, Demetri and Tygar, Doug and Vardi, Moshe Y. and Weikum, Gerhard},
	year = {2012},
}

@misc{noauthor_dhq_nodate,
	title = {{DHQ}: {Digital} {Humanities} {Quarterly}: 2012},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/},
	urldate = {2013-03-17},
}

@misc{noauthor_asymmetrical_nodate,
	title = {Asymmetrical {Encounters}},
	url = {http://asymenc.eu/},
	urldate = {2014-11-02},
}

@article{noauthor_first_nodate,
	title = {First {Monday}},
	url = {http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/issue/archive},
	urldate = {2013-03-29},
}

@misc{noauthor_dhq_nodate-1,
	title = {{DHQ}: {Digital} {Humanities} {Quarterly}: {Building} {Better} {Digital} {Humanities} {Tools}: {Toward} broader audiences and user-centered designs},
	url = {http://digitalhumanities.org:8080/dhq/vol/6/2/000136/000136.html},
	urldate = {2014-11-01},
}

@misc{noauthor_myth_nodate,
	title = {The {Myth} of the {New}: {Mass} {Digitization}, {Distant} {Reading} and the {Future} of the {Book} {\textbar} {Digital} {Humanities} 2012},
	shorttitle = {The {Myth} of the {New}},
	url = {the-myth-of-the-new-mass-digitization-distant-reading-and-the-future-of-the-book.1.html},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-07-02},
}

@misc{noauthor_roy_nodate,
	title = {Roy {Rosenzweig} {Center} for {History} and {New} {Media} » {Digital} {History}: {A} {Guide} to {Gathering}, {Preserving}, and {Presenting} the {Past} on the {Web}},
	url = {http://chnm.gmu.edu/digital-history-a-guide-to-gathering-preserving-and-presenting-the-past-on-the-web/},
	urldate = {2013-01-22},
}

@misc{noauthor_translantis_nodate,
	title = {Translantis {\textbar} {Digital} {Humanities} {Approaches} to {Reference} {Cultures}: {The} {Emergence} of the {United} {States} in {Public} {Discourse} in the {Netherlands}, 1890-1990},
	url = {http://translantis.wp.hum.uu.nl/},
	urldate = {2014-11-02},
}

@misc{noauthor_which_nodate,
	title = {Which {Way}, {Digital}\_Humanities?{\textbar}{The} {Getty} {Iris}},
	shorttitle = {Which {Way}, {Digital}\_Humanities?},
	url = {http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/which-way-digital_humanities/?goback=%2Egde_1936390_member_226333780},
	abstract = {The Iris is the Getty's online magazine. Launched in April 2010, it is written by the staff, volunteers, scholars, interns, and others at the Getty's two Los Angeles campuses—the Getty Center in Los Angeles and the Getty Villa in Malibu—and around the world.},
	urldate = {2013-03-26},
}

@misc{noauthor_palladio_nodate,
	title = {Palladio},
	url = {http://hdlab.stanford.edu/projects/palladio/},
	urldate = {2014-11-02},
}

@inproceedings{noauthor_myth_nodate-1,
	title = {The {Myth} of the {New}: {Mass} {Digitization}, {Distant} {Reading} and the {Future} of the {Book}},
}

@misc{viola_geonewsminer_2019,
	address = {Utrecht},
	title = {The {GeoNewsMiner} ({GNM}): {An} interactive spatial humanities tool to visualize geographical references in historical newspapers (v1.0.0)},
	isbn = {DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3484591},
	url = {https://github.com/lorellav/GeoNewsMiner},
	publisher = {Utrecht University},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and De Bruin, Jonathan and van Eijden, Kees and Verheul, Jaap},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{viola_mining_2019,
	title = {Mining ethnicity: {Discourse}-driven topic modelling of immigrant discourses in the {USA}, 1898–1920},
	doi = {10.1093/llc/fqz068},
	journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},
	author = {Viola, Lorella and Verheul, Jaap},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{bodenhamer_deep_2015,
	address = {Bloomington},
	series = {The spatial humanities},
	title = {Deep maps and spatial narratives},
	isbn = {978-0-253-01555-6 978-0-253-01560-0},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	editor = {Bodenhamer, David J. and Corrigan, John and Harris, Trevor M.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Cartography, Digital mapping, Geographic information systems, Multimedia cartography, Social aspects},
}

@book{bruhn_jensen_handbook_1999,
	address = {Abington, Oxfordshire},
	title = {Handbook of {Media} \& {Communication} {Research}},
	isbn = {0-415-22588-4 978-0-415-22588-5},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	editor = {Bruhn Jensen, Klaus},
	year = {1999},
}

@phdthesis{ardanuy_entity-centric_2017,
	address = {Göttingen},
	title = {Entity-{Centric} {Text} {Mining} for {Historical} {Documents}},
	school = {Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen},
	author = {Ardanuy, Maria Coll},
	year = {2017},
}

@inproceedings{ardanuy_toponym_2017,
	address = {G\&\#246;ttingen, Germany},
	title = {Toponym disambiguation in historical documents using semantic and geographic features},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-5265-9},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3078081.3078099},
	doi = {10.1145/3078081.3078099},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-05-27},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd {International} {Conference} on {Digital} {Access} to {Textual} {Cultural} {Heritage}  - {DATeCH2017}},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	author = {Ardanuy, Mariona Coll and Sporleder, Caroline},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {175--180},
}

@article{story_impact_2016,
	title = {The impact of diasporas: markers of identity},
	volume = {39},
	doi = {10.1080/01419870.2016.1105999},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
	author = {Story, Joanna and Walker, Iain},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {35--141},
}

@article{baroni_dont_2014,
	title = {Don’t count, predict! {A} systematic comparison of context-counting vs. context-predicting semantic vectors},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Baroni, Marco and Kruszewski, German and Dinu, Georgiana},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {238--247},
}

@book{berry_understanding_2012,
	address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York},
	title = {Understanding digital humanities},
	isbn = {978-0-230-29265-9},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	editor = {Berry, David M.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Data processing, Digital media, Humanities},
}

@book{berry_digital_2017,
	address = {Cambridge Malden, MA},
	title = {Digital humanities: knowledge and critique in a digital age},
	isbn = {978-0-7456-9769-7 978-0-7456-9765-9 978-0-7456-9766-6 978-0-7456-9768-0},
	shorttitle = {Digital humanities},
	abstract = {Genealogies of the digital humanities -- Computational thinking -- Knowledge representation and archives -- Research infrastructures -- Digital methods and tools -- Digital scholarship and interface criticism -- Towards a critical digital humanities},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Polity},
	author = {Berry, David M. and Fagerjord, Anders},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 986233467},
	keywords = {Digital humanities},
}

@book{despain_teaching_2019,
	address = {Urbana},
	title = {Teaching with {Digital} {Humanities} {Tools} and {Methods} for {Nineteenth}-{Century} {American} {Literature}},
	isbn = {978-0-252-05097-8},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/book/63040/},
	abstract = {"Scholars of nineteenth-century American literature have been at the forefront of digital humanities scholarship with several of the most successfully funded and publicized digital projects, including The Walt Whitman Archive, the Emily Dickinson Electronic Archive, and the Melville Electronic Library. This collection brings together several scholars who are foundational to the development of digital humanities and to the building of nineteenth-century American digital archives alongside scholars who have made digital methods central to their pedagogy. Here they write about their pedagogical practices, focus on specific tools that are available to teachers and scholars, and share their resources and inspirations for the American literature classroom. Essays in the collection consider how to both use and build digital projects and how to incorporate into the curriculum already established digital materials pertaining to the study of the period"--},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-07-01},
	publisher = {University of Illinois Press},
	author = {DeSpain, Jessica and Travis, Jennifer and {Project Muse}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {OCLC: 1076799378},
}

@misc{drucker_visualizing_2014,
	address = {Queen Mary University of London},
	title = {Visualizing {Temporality}: {Modelling} {Time} from the {Textual} {Record}},
	url = {http://www.qmul.ac.uk/events/items/2014/119740.html},
	author = {Drucker, Johanna},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
}

@misc{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate,
	title = {Zotero {Beknopte} handleiding},
	url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},
	author = {Center for History {and} New Media},
}

@article{donohue_what_1999,
	title = {What {Gender} {Is} the {Consumer}?: {The} {Role} of {Gender} {Connotations} in {Defining} the {Political}},
	volume = {33},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1999 British Association for American Studies},
	issn = {0021-8758},
	shorttitle = {What {Gender} {Is} the {Consumer}?},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27556533},
	doi = {10.2307/27556533},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-05-15},
	journal = {Journal of American Studies},
	author = {Donohue, Kathleen G.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	note = {ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Women in America / Full publication date: Apr., 1999 / Copyright © 1999 British Association for American Studies},
	pages = {19--43},
}

@incollection{drucker_speculative_2004,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Speculative {Computing}: {Aesthetic} {Provocations} in {Humanities} {Computing}},
	booktitle = {A {Companion} to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	author = {Drucker, Johanna and Nowviskie,, Bethany},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	year = {2004},
}

@book{earhart_american_2011,
	address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
	title = {The {American} {Literature} {Scholar} in the {Digital} {Age}},
	urldate = {2013-07-23},
	publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	editor = {Earhart and Jewell, Andrew},
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{biemann_multi-perspective_2014,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Multi-perspective {Event} {Detection} in {Texts} {Documenting} the 1944 {Battle} of {Arnhem}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-12654-8 978-3-319-12655-5},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-12655-5_10},
	urldate = {2019-06-11},
	booktitle = {Text {Mining}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Düring, Marten and van den Bosch, Antal},
	editor = {Biemann, Chris and Mehler, Alexander},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-12655-5_10},
	pages = {201--219},
}

@book{eijnatten_van_2014,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Van dorpsplein tot cyberspace: een cultuurgeschiedenis van de communicatie},
	isbn = {978-90-351-3388-4},
	shorttitle = {Van dorpsplein tot cyberspace},
	publisher = {Prometheus/Bert Bakker},
	author = {Eijnatten, Joris van},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Communication, History, Mass media},
}

@article{fokkens_semantics_nodate,
	title = {On the {Semantics} of {Concept} {Drift}: {Towards} {Formal} {Definitons} of {Semantic} {Change}},
	author = {Fokkens, Antske},
}

@book{gold_debates_2012,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	title = {Debates in the digital humanities},
	isbn = {978-0-8166-7794-8},
	shorttitle = {Debates},
	publisher = {Univ Of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Gold, Matthew K.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Website met de complete tekst van het boek beschikbaar op de URL. Deze tekst wordt steeds gereviseerd. De nieuwste editie van dit boek staat dus altijd op de website.},
	keywords = {Digital media, EDUCATION / Educational Policy \& Reform / General, EDUCATION / Higher, Humanities, Study and teaching (Higher) Data processing, Technological innovations},
}

@book{graham_exploring_2016,
	address = {London},
	title = {Exploring big historical data: the historian's macroscope},
	isbn = {978-1-78326-637-1 978-1-78326-608-1},
	shorttitle = {Exploring big historical data},
	abstract = {The joys of Big Data for historians -- The DH moment -- Text mining tools: techniques and visualizations -- Topic modeling: a hands-on adventure in Big Data -- Making your data legible: a basic introduction to visualizations -- Network analysis -- Networks in practice -- Conclusion},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Imperial College Press},
	author = {Graham, Shawn and Milligan, Ian and Weingart, Scott B.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 935869833},
}

@article{hart_tracking_2011,
	title = {Tracking the {Language} of {Space} and {Time}, 1948-2008},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary History},
	author = {Hart, Roderick P. and Lim, Elvin T.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {591--609},
}

@article{fish_digital_2012,
	title = {The {Digital} {Humanities} and the {Transcending} of {Mortality}},
	url = {http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com},
	journal = {New York Times},
	author = {Fish, Stanley},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
}

@article{gibbs_building_2012,
	title = {Building {Better} {Digital} {Humanities} {Tools}: {Toward} broader audiences and user-centered designs},
	volume = {6},
	url = {http://digitalhumanities.org:8080/dhq/vol/6/2/000136/000136.html},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Gibbs, Fred and Owens, Trevor},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{gold_debates_2019,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	edition = {updated version},
	title = {Debates in the digital humanities},
	isbn = {978-0-8166-7794-8},
	shorttitle = {Debates},
	url = {https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/projects/debates-in-the-digital-humanities},
	publisher = {Univ Of Minnesota Press},
	editor = {Gold, Matthew K.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Website met de complete tekst van het boek beschikbaar op de URL. Deze tekst wordt steeds gereviseerd. De nieuwste editie van dit boek staat dus altijd op de website.},
	keywords = {Digital media, EDUCATION / Educational Policy \& Reform / General, EDUCATION / Higher, Humanities, Study and teaching (Higher) Data processing, Technological innovations},
}

@inproceedings{gooding_myth_2012,
	title = {The myth of the new: {Mass} digitization, distant reading, and the future of the book},
	volume = {28},
	shorttitle = {The myth of the new},
	url = {http://www.dh2012.uni-hamburg.de/conference/programme/abstracts/the-myth-of-the-new-mass-digitization-distant-reading-and-the-future-of-the-book.1.html},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-07-02},
	author = {Gooding, P. and Terras, M. and Warwick, C.},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{hariman_no_2011,
	address = {Chicago},
	title = {No caption needed: iconic photographs, public culture, and liberal democracy},
	isbn = {978-0-226-31612-3},
	shorttitle = {No caption needed},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Univ. of Chicago Press},
	author = {Hariman, Robert and Lucaites, John Louis},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Fotografie, Geschichte 1945-1989, Massenkultur, Politik, USA},
}

@misc{harvard_university_digital_nodate,
	title = {Digital {Humanities} {Resource} {Guide}},
	url = {http://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas-it.fas.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2FDigHumBooklet_Final.pdf&ei=a7_-UL-5JcO50QXWh4GADQ&usg=AFQjCNHnn2Ap1laKKNHrC3S6NLRWMjDB9A&bvm=bv.41248874,d.d2k},
	urldate = {2013-01-22},
	author = {Harvard University},
	note = {Dropbox Horizon Project Reading Shelf},
}

@incollection{nadamoto_digital_2012,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {A {Digital} {Humanities} {Approach} to the {History} of {Science} {Eugenics} {Revisited} in {Hidden} {Debates} by {Means} of {Semantic} {Text} {Mining}. {In} {A} {Nadamoto}, {A} {Jatowt}, {A} {Wierzbicki} \& {JL} {Leidner} ({Eds}.), {SOCIAL} {INFORMATICS}, {SOCINFO} 2013 (pp. 70-84) (15 p.). {BERLIN}: {Springer}-{Verlag}, {Berlin}.},
	booktitle = {{SOCIAL} {INFORMATICS}, {SOCINFO}},
	publisher = {Springer Verlag},
	author = {Huijnen, Pim and Pieters, Toine and Rijke, Maarten de and Laan, Fons},
	editor = {Nadamoto, A. and Wierzbicki, A. and Leidner, J.L.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {70--84},
}

@incollection{huijnen_digital_2014,
	address = {Berlin},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	title = {A {Digital} {Humanities} {Approach} to the {History} of {Science}},
	copyright = {©2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
	isbn = {978-3-642-55284-7 978-3-642-55285-4},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55285-4_6},
	abstract = {Comparative historical research on the the intensity, diversity and fluidity of public discourses has been severely hampered by the extraordinary task of manually gathering and processing large sets of opinionated data in news media in different countries. At most 50,000 documents have been systematically studied in a single comparative historical project in the subject area of heredity and eugenics. Digital techniques, like the text mining tools WAHSP and BILAND we have developed in two successive demonstrator projects, are able to perform advanced forms of multi-lingual text-mining in much larger data sets of newspapers. We describe the development and use of WAHSP and BILAND to support historical discourse analysis in large digitized news media corpora. Furthermore, we argue how text mining techniques overcome the problem of traditional historical research that only documents explicitly referring to eugenics issues and debates can be incorporated. Our tools are able to provide information on ideas and notions about heredity, genetics and eugenics that circulate in discourses that are not directly related to eugenics (e.g., sport, education and economics).},
	language = {en},
	number = {8359},
	urldate = {2014-06-25},
	booktitle = {Social {Informatics}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Huijnen, Pim and Laan, Fons and Rijke, Maarten de and Pieters, Toine},
	editor = {Nadamoto, Akiyo and Jatowt, Adam and Wierzbicki, Adam and Leidner, Jochen L.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Computer Appl. in Arts and Humanities, Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet), Information Systems and Communication Service, User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction},
	pages = {71--85},
}

@incollection{kleppe_polimedia_2013,
	address = {Geneva},
	title = {{PoliMedia}: {Analysing} {Media} {Coverage} of {Political} {Debates} by {Automatically} {Generated} {Links} to {Radio} \& {Newspaper} {Items}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LinkedUp} {Veni} {Competition} on {Linked} and {Open} {Data} for {Education} held at the {Open} {Knowledge} {Conference}},
	publisher = {CEUR-WS},
	author = {Kleppe, Martijn and Hollink, Laura and Kemman, Max and Jurric, Damir and Beunders, Henri and Blom, Jaap and Oomen, Johan and Houben, Geert-Jan},
	editor = {d'Aquin, Mathieu and Dietze, Stefan and Drachsler, Hendrik and Guy, Marieke and Herder, Eelco},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{hollink_corpus_2016,
	title = {A corpus of images and text in online news},
	journal = {Proceedings of the LREC2016 (May 2016, Portoroz, Slovenia)},
	author = {Hollink, Laura and Bedjeti, Adriatik and Harmelen, Martin van and Elliott, Desmond},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{jockers_macroanalysis_2013,
	address = {Urbana, Chicago Springfield},
	series = {Topics in the digital humanities},
	title = {Macroanalysis: digital methods and literary history},
	isbn = {978-0-252-07907-8 978-0-252-03752-8 978-0-252-09476-7},
	shorttitle = {Macroanalysis},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {University of Illinois Press},
	author = {Jockers, Matthew Lee},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 820381957},
}

@inproceedings{kenter_ad_2015,
	title = {Ad {Hoc} {Monitoring} of {Vocabulary} {Shifts} over {Time}},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3794-6},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2806416.2806474},
	doi = {10.1145/2806416.2806474},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-11-01},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	author = {Kenter, Tom and Wevers, Melvin and Huijnen, Pim and de Rijke, Maarten},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1191--1200},
}

@article{luong_bilingual_2015,
	title = {Bilingual {Word} {Representations} with {Monolingual} {Quality} in {Mind}},
	journal = {NAACL Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for NLP},
	author = {Luong, Minh-Thang and Pham, Hieu and Manning, Christopher D.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {151--159},
}

@book{jensen_handbook_2012,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The handbook of media and communication research: qualitative and quantitative methodologies},
	isbn = {978-0-415-60965-4 0-415-60965-8 978-0-415-60966-1 0-415-60966-6 978-0-203-35725-5 0-203-35725-6},
	shorttitle = {The handbook of media and communication research},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Jensen, Klaus Bruhn},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{knowles_handbook_2008,
	address = {Los Angeles},
	title = {Handbook of the arts in qualitative research: perspectives, methodologies, examples, and issues},
	isbn = {978-1-4129-0531-2},
	shorttitle = {Handbook of the arts in qualitative research},
	publisher = {Sage Publications},
	author = {Knowles, J. Gary},
	collaborator = {Cole, Ardra L.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Humanities, Research, Social sciences},
}

@incollection{berry_how_2012,
	title = {How to {Compare} {One} {Million} {Images}?},
	isbn = {978-0-230-37193-4},
	url = {http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=868344},
	abstract = {"The application of new computational techniques and visualisation technologies in the Arts and Humanities are resulting in fresh approaches and methodologies for the study of new and traditional corpora. This 'computational turn' takes the methods and techniques from computer science to create innovative means of close and distant reading. This book discusses the implications and applications of 'Digital Humanities' and the questions raised when using algorithmic techniques. Key researchers in the field provide a comprehensive introduction to important debates surrounding issues such as the contrast between narrative versus database, pattern-matching versus hermeneutics, and the statistical paradigm versus the data mining paradigm. Also discussed are the new forms of collaboration within the Arts and Humanities that are raised through modular research teams and new organisational structures, as well as techniques for collaborating in an interdisciplinary way"--Provided by publisher.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2016-05-13},
	booktitle = {Understanding digital humanities},
	author = {Manovich, Lev},
	editor = {Berry, David M},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {249--278},
}

@article{mccrae_interchanging_2012,
	title = {Interchanging lexical resources on the {Semantic} {Web}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1574-020X, 1574-0218},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10579-012-9182-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s10579-012-9182-3},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-11-01},
	journal = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
	author = {McCrae, John and Aguado-de-Cea, Guadalupe and Buitelaar, Paul and Cimiano, Philipp and Declerck, Thierry and Gómez-Pérez, Asunción and Gracia, Jorge and Hollink, Laura and Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena and Spohr, Dennis and Wunner, Tobias},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {701--719},
}

@book{margolis_sage_2011,
	address = {Los Angeles},
	title = {The {SAGE} handbook of visual research methods},
	isbn = {978-1-84787-556-3},
	publisher = {SAGE},
	editor = {Margolis, Eric and Pauwels, L.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Methodology, Research, Social sciences, Visual sociology},
}

@book{le_deuff_digital_2018,
	title = {Digital humanities: history and development},
	isbn = {978-1-119-30816-4 978-1-119-30819-5 978-1-119-30817-1},
	shorttitle = {Digital humanities},
	url = {http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5349048},
	abstract = {Where do the digital humanities really come from' Are they really news' What are the theoretical and technical influences that participate in this scientific field that arouses interest and questions' This book tries to show and explain the main theories and methods that have allowed their current constitution. The aim of the book is to propose a new way to understand the history of digital humanities in a broader perspective than the classic history with the project of Robert Busa. The short digital humanities perspective neglects lots of actors and disciplines. The book tries to show the importance of other fields than humanities computing like scientometry, infometry, econometry, mathematical linguistics, geography and documentation.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-07-01},
	author = {Le Deuff, Olivier},
	year = {2018},
	note = {OCLC: 1031706316},
}

@incollection{mccarty_modeling_2004,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Modeling: {A} {Study} in {Words} and {Meanings}},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/},
	booktitle = {A {Companion} to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	author = {McCarty, Willard},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens,, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	year = {2004},
}

@book{makarow_research_2011,
	series = {Science {Policy} {Briefing}},
	title = {Research {Infrastructures} in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {European Science Foundation},
	author = {Makarow, Marja and Fuch, Milena Zic and Moulin, Claudine},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
}

@article{manovich_cultural_2009,
	title = {Cultural {Analytics}: {Visualizing} {Cultural} {Patterns} in the {Era} of “{More} {Media}”},
	journal = {Domus},
	author = {Manovich, Lev},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{odijk_supporting_2015,
	title = {Supporting {Exploration} of {Historical} {Perspectives} across {Collections}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {TPDL2015} ({September} 2015, {Poznan}, {Poland})},
	author = {Odijk, Daan and Gârbacea, Cristina and Schoegje, Thomas and Hollink, Laura and Boer, Victor de and Ribbens, Kees and Ossenbruggen, Jacco van},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{moretti_distant_2013,
	address = {London New York},
	title = {Distant reading},
	isbn = {978-1-78168-084-1 978-1-78168-112-1},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Verso},
	author = {Moretti, Franco},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 813931586},
}

@article{oxx_envisioning_2013,
	title = {Envisioning {Deep} {Maps}: {Exploring} the {Spatial} {Navigation} {Metaphor} in {Deep} {Mapping}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1753-8548, 1755-1706},
	shorttitle = {Envisioning {Deep} {Maps}},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/ijhac.2013.0090},
	doi = {10.3366/ijhac.2013.0090},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2019-07-03},
	journal = {International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing},
	author = {Oxx, Katie and Brimicombe, Allan and Rush, Johnathan},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {201--227},
}

@book{parr_domestic_1999,
	title = {Domestic {Goods}:},
	isbn = {0-8020-7947-4},
	shorttitle = {Domestic {Goods}},
	publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
	author = {Parr, Joy},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
}

@book{schreibman_new_2016,
	address = {Chichester, West Sussex Malden, MA Oxford},
	series = {Blackwell companions to literature and culture},
	title = {A new companion to digital humanities},
	isbn = {978-1-118-68059-9 978-1-118-68064-3 978-1-118-68062-9},
	abstract = {"A New Companion to Digital Humanities offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date collection of research currently available in this dynamic and burgeoning field"--Provided by publisher},
	language = {eng},
	number = {93},
	publisher = {Wiley Blackwell},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens, Raymond George and Unsworth, John},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 941971028},
}

@incollection{ciancarini_tracing_2017,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Tracing {Shifting} {Conceptual} {Vocabularies} {Through} {Time}},
	volume = {10180},
	isbn = {978-3-319-58693-9 978-3-319-58694-6},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-58694-6_2},
	urldate = {2017-11-01},
	booktitle = {Knowledge {Engineering} and {Knowledge} {Management}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Recchia, Gabriel and Jones, Ewan and Nulty, Paul and Regan, John and de Bolla, Peter},
	editor = {Ciancarini, Paolo and Poggi, Francesco and Horridge, Matthew and Zhao, Jun and Groza, Tudor and Suarez-Figueroa, Mari Carmen and d'Aquin, Mathieu and Presutti, Valentina},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-58694-6_2},
	pages = {19--28},
}

@incollection{zaphiris_semantic_2012,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {Semantic {Document} {Selection}},
	isbn = {978-3-642-33289-0},
	number = {7489},
	booktitle = {Theory and practice of digital libraries: second international conference, {TPDL} 2012, {Paphos}, {Cyprus}, {September} 23-27, 2012. {Proceedings}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Odijk, Daan and Rooij, Ork de and Peetz, Maria-Hendrike and Pieters, Toine and Rijke, Maarten de and Snelders, Stephen},
	editor = {Zaphiris, Panayiotis},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Digital libraries, Information retrieval, Management},
	pages = {215--221},
}

@book{pearson_theatrearchaeology_2001,
	address = {London ; New York},
	title = {Theatre/archaeology},
	isbn = {978-0-415-19457-0 978-0-415-19458-7},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Pearson, Mike and Shanks, Michael},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Archaeology, Historical reenactments, Philosophy, Social archaeology, Theater, Theater and society},
}

@book{rose_visual_2007,
	address = {London},
	edition = {2nd ed},
	title = {Visual methodologies: an introduction to the interpretation of visual materials},
	isbn = {978-1-4129-2190-9 978-1-4129-2191-6},
	shorttitle = {Visual methodologies},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications},
	author = {Rose, Gillian},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Visual communication, Visual literacy},
}

@article{shawn_review_2012,
	title = {Review of {MALLET}, produced by {Andrew} {Kachites} {McCallum}},
	volume = {2},
	url = {http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org/2-1/review-mallet-by-ian-milligan-and-shawn-graham/},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Digital Humanities},
	author = {Shawn, Graham and Milligan, Ian},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{schreibman_companion_2004,
	address = {Oxford},
	edition = {Hardcover},
	series = {Blackwell {Companions} to {Literature} and {Culture}},
	title = {Companion to {Digital} {Humanities} ({Blackwell} {Companions} to {Literature} and {Culture})},
	isbn = {1-4051-0321-3},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Professional},
	author = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
}

@book{sogaard_cross-lingual_2019,
	address = {S.l.},
	title = {Cross-lingual word embeddings},
	isbn = {978-1-68173-064-6},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Morgan and Claypool},
	author = {Søgaard, Anders and Vulić, Ivan and Ruder,, Sebastian and Faruqui, Manaal and Hirst, Graeme},
	year = {2019},
	note = {OCLC: 1104689651},
}

@article{svensson_dhq_2010,
	title = {{DHQ}: {Digital} {Humanities} {Quarterly}: {The} {Landscape} of {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {4},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/4/1/000080/000080.html},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-03-17},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Svensson, Patrick},
	year = {2010},
}

@book{tpdl_conference_theory_2012,
	address = {Berlin ; New York},
	series = {{LNCS} sublibrary. {SL} 3, {Information} systems and application, incl. {Internet}/{Web} and {HCI}},
	title = {Theory and practice of digital libraries: second international conference, {TPDL} 2012, {Paphos}, {Cyprus}, {September} 23-27, 2012. {Proceedings}},
	isbn = {978-3-642-33289-0},
	shorttitle = {Theory and practice of digital libraries},
	number = {7489},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {{TPDL (Conference)}},
	editor = {Zaphiris, Panayiotis},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Digital libraries, Information retrieval, Management},
}

@book{snow_two_2013,
	address = {Mansfield Center, CT},
	title = {The two cultures and the scientific revolution},
	isbn = {978-1-61427-547-3},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Martino Publishing},
	author = {Snow, C. P},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 908393033},
}

@article{svensson_landscape_2010,
	title = {The {Landscape} of {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Svensson, Patrick},
	year = {2010},
}

@article{svensson_dhq_nodate,
	title = {{DHQ}: {Digital} {Humanities} {Quarterly}: {Humanities} {Computing} as {Digital} {Humanities}},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/3/3/000065/000065.html},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-03-17},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Svensson, Patrick},
}

@inproceedings{wijaya_understanding_2011,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Understanding {Semantic} {Change} of {Words} over {Centuries}},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2064475},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 {International} {Workshop} on {DETecting} and {Exploiting} {Cultural} {diversiTy} on the {Social} {Web}},
	author = {Wijaya, Tanti and Yeniterzi, Reyyan},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {35--40},
}

@incollection{thomas_iii_computing_2004,
	address = {Malden, MA},
	title = {Computing and the {Historical} {Imagination}},
	booktitle = {A {Companion} to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	author = {Thomas, III, William G.},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan},
	year = {2004},
}

@article{bhambra_brexit_2017,
	title = {Brexit, trump, and ‘methodological whiteness’: {On} the misrecognition of race and class.},
	doi = {doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.1231},
	number = {68(S1)},
	journal = {The British Journal of Sociology},
	author = {Bhambra, GK.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {214--232},
}

@book{stokes_how_2021,
	title = {How to do media and cultural studies},
	isbn = {1-5264-5257-X},
	publisher = {Sage},
	author = {Stokes, Jane},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{bearman_becoming_2000,
	title = {Becoming a {Nazi}: {A} model for narrative networks},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0304422X},
	shorttitle = {Becoming a {Nazi}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304422X99000224},
	doi = {10.1016/S0304-422X(99)00022-4},
	language = {en},
	number = {2-3},
	urldate = {2021-07-23},
	journal = {Poetics},
	author = {Bearman, Peter S. and Stovel, Katherine},
	month = mar,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {69--90},
}

@incollection{gimenez_narrative_2010,
	address = {London, UK},
	title = {Narrative analysis in linguistic research},
	isbn = {978-0-8264-8993-7},
	url = {https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9650z/narrative-analysis-in-linguistic-research},
	abstract = {This chapter introduces the key elements of traditional and new emerging socio-linguistic approaches to the analysis of narratives, focusing speciﬁcally on narrative networks. It illustrates how a narrative networks approach examines narratives not only as texts, but also as representative of an array of social processes in their own contexts of production and consumption. The chapter ﬁrst reviews the main deﬁnitions of narratives and illustrates traditional analytical perspectives,namely the componential and functional analyses. It then presents narrative net-works: its origins and theoretical principles. It outlines a step-by-step procedure for designing and analysing networks, showing how they can facilitate the critical analysis of narratives as sociolinguistic manifestations.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-23},
	publisher = {Continuum},
	author = {Gimenez, J.},
	editor = {Litosseliti, L.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {198--215},
}

@incollection{noauthor_narrative_nodate,
	title = {Narrative analysis in linguistic research},
}

@book{litosseliti_research_2014,
	address = {London},
	series = {Research methods in linguistics},
	title = {Research methods in linguistics},
	isbn = {978-0-8264-8993-7},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury},
	editor = {Litosseliti, Lia},
	year = {2014},
}

@book{fairclough_discourse_1992,
	address = {Cambridge},
	edition = {Reprinted},
	title = {Discourse and social change},
	isbn = {978-0-7456-1218-8},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Polity Press},
	author = {Fairclough, Norman},
	year = {1992},
}

@book{fairclough_discourse_2009,
	address = {Cambridge},
	edition = {Reprinted},
	title = {Discourse and social change},
	isbn = {978-0-7456-1218-8},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Polity Press},
	author = {Fairclough, Norman},
	year = {2009},
}

@article{herring_faceted_2007,
	title = {A {Faceted} {Classification} {Scheme} for {Computer}-{Mediated} {Discourse}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1860-2029},
	url = {http://www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2007/761},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Language@Internet},
	author = {Herring, Susan C.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
}

@book{georgakopoulou_routledge_2020,
	address = {London New York},
	edition = {First published in paperback},
	series = {Routledge handbooks in applied linguistics},
	title = {The {Routledge} handbook of language and digital communication},
	isbn = {978-0-367-46645-9},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Georgakopoulou, Alexandra and Spilioti, Tereza},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{androutsopoulos_introduction_2006,
	title = {Introduction: {Sociolinguistics} and computer-mediated communication: {INTRODUCTION}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {13606441},
	shorttitle = {Introduction},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2006.00286.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9841.2006.00286.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-07-20},
	journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics},
	author = {Androutsopoulos, Jannis},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {419--438},
}

@book{bou-franch_analyzing_2019,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Analyzing digital discourse: new insights and future directions},
	isbn = {978-3-319-92662-9},
	shorttitle = {Analyzing digital discourse},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	editor = {Bou-Franch, Patricia and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{thurlow_digital_2011,
	address = {Oxford ; New York},
	series = {Oxford studies in sociolinguistics},
	title = {Digital discourse: language in the new media},
	isbn = {978-0-19-979543-7 978-0-19-979544-4},
	shorttitle = {Digital discourse},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	editor = {Thurlow, Crispin and Mroczek, Kristine R.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: ocn683596544},
	keywords = {Digital media, Discourse analysis, Social aspects, Social media, Sociolinguistics, Technological innovations},
}

@incollection{earnshaw_digital_2018,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Digital {Media} {Theory}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-73079-0 978-3-319-73080-6},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-73080-6_1},
	urldate = {2021-07-19},
	booktitle = {Research and {Development} in {Digital} {Media}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Earnshaw, Rae},
	collaborator = {Earnshaw, Rae},
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-73080-6_1},
	note = {Series Title: SpringerBriefs in Computer Science},
	pages = {1--6},
}

@book{jones_discourse_2015,
	address = {London ; New York},
	title = {Discourse and digital practices: doing discourse analysis in the digital age},
	isbn = {978-1-138-02232-4 978-1-138-02233-1},
	shorttitle = {Discourse and digital practices},
	abstract = {"Discourse and Digital Practices shows how tools from discourse analysis can be used to help us understand new communication practices associated with digital media, from video gaming and social networking to apps and photo sharing. This cutting-edge book:draws together fourteen eminent scholars in the field including James Paul Gee, David Barton, Ilana Snyder, Phil Benson, Victoria Carrington, Guy Merchant, Camilla Vasquez, Neil Selwyn and Rodney Jonesaddresses the central question: "How does discourse analysis enable us to understand digital practices?"demonstrates how digital practices and the associated new technologies challenge discourse analysts to adapt traditional analytic tools and formulate new theories and methodologiesanalyses a different type of digital media in each chapterexamines digital practices from a wide variety of approaches including textual analysis, conversation analysis, interactional sociolinguistics, multimodal discourse analysis, object ethnography, geosemiotics, and critical discourse analysis. Discourse and Digital Practices will be of interest to advanced students studying courses on digital literacies or language and digital practices"--},
	publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
	editor = {Jones, Rodney H. and Chik, Alice and Hafner, Christoph A.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Data processing, Digital media, Discourse analysis, LANGUAGE ARTS \& DISCIPLINES / General, LANGUAGE ARTS \& DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General, Social media, Technological innovations},
}

@book{chomsky_new_2000,
	edition = {1},
	title = {New {Horizons} in the {Study} of {Language} and {Mind}},
	isbn = {978-0-521-65147-9 978-0-521-65822-5 978-0-511-81193-7},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511811937/type/book},
	urldate = {2021-07-06},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Chomsky, Noam and Smith, Neil},
	month = apr,
	year = {2000},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511811937},
}

@book{christiansen_language_2003,
	title = {Language {Evolution}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-924484-3},
	url = {https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244843.001.0001/acprof-9780199244843},
	urldate = {2021-07-06},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	editor = {Christiansen, Morten H. and Kirby, Simon},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244843.001.0001},
	doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244843.001.0001},
}

@book{liu_sentiment_2020,
	title = {Sentiment analysis: {Mining} opinions, sentiments, and emotions},
	isbn = {1-108-78728-2},
	publisher = {Cambridge university press},
	author = {Liu, Bing},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{mantyla_evolution_2018,
	title = {The evolution of sentiment analysis—{A} review of research topics, venues, and top cited papers},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {15740137},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1574013717300606},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cosrev.2017.10.002},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
	journal = {Computer Science Review},
	author = {Mäntylä, Mika V. and Graziotin, Daniel and Kuutila, Miikka},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {16--32},
}

@article{puschmann_turning_2018,
	title = {Turning {Words} {Into} {Consumer} {Preferences}: {How} {Sentiment} {Analysis} {Is} {Framed} in {Research} and the {News} {Media}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2056-3051, 2056-3051},
	shorttitle = {Turning {Words} {Into} {Consumer} {Preferences}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305118797724},
	doi = {10.1177/2056305118797724},
	abstract = {Sentiment analysis is an increasingly popular instrument for the analysis of social media discourse. Sentiment scores seemingly represent an objective means of assessing the mood of social media users, consumers, and the public at large. Similar to other computational tools, sentiment analysis promises to reduce complexity and mitigate information overload, and to inform the decisions of marketers, pollsters, and scholars with reliable data. This article argues that the assumptions encoded into sentiment analysis as a method are accompanied by a number of constraints, both regarding its technical limitations (in terms of what sentiment analysis can and cannot accomplish) and conceptually (in terms of what the notion of sentiment implicitly represents), constraints which are often de-emphasized in public discourse. After providing an overview of its history and development in computer science as well as psychology and the social sciences, we turn to the role of sentiment as a currency in the attention economy. We then present a brief study of common framing of sentiment analysis in the news media, highlighting the expectations that exist regarding its analytical capabilities. We close by discussing the kind of conceptual work that takes place around computational methods such as sentiment analysis in specific cultural environments, highlighting their influence on the public imaginary.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
	journal = {Social Media + Society},
	author = {Puschmann, Cornelius and Powell, Alison},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {205630511879772},
}

@article{hirsch_generation_2008,
	title = {The {Generation} of {Postmemory}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0333-5372, 1527-5507},
	url = {https://read.dukeupress.edu/poetics-today/article/29/1/103-128/20954},
	doi = {10.1215/03335372-2007-019},
	abstract = {Postmemory describes the relationship of the second generation to powerful, often traumatic, experiences that preceded their births but that were nevertheless transmitted to them so deeply as to seem to constitute memories in their own right. Focusing on the remembrance of the Holocaust, this essay elucidates the generation of postmemory and its reliance on photography as a primary medium of transgenerational transmission of trauma. Identifying tropes that most potently mobilize the work of postmemory, it examines the role of the family as a space of transmission and the function of gender as an idiom of remembrance.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
	journal = {Poetics Today},
	author = {Hirsch, M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {103--128},
}

@misc{noauthor_generation_nodate,
	title = {The {Generation} of {Postmemory}: {Writing} and {Visual} {Culture} {After} the {Holocaust} ({Gender} and {Culture} {Series}): {Hirsch}, {Marianne}: 9780231156530: {Amazon}.com: {Books}},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Generation-Postmemory-Writing-Culture-Holocaust/dp/0231156537},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
}

@book{de_fina_discourse_2006,
	title = {Discourse and {Identity}},
	isbn = {978-1-107-32060-4},
	abstract = {The relationship between language, discourse and identity has always been a major area of sociolinguistic investigation. In more recent times, the field has been revolutionized as previous models - which assumed our identities to be based on stable relationships between linguistic and social variables - have been challenged by pioneering new approaches to the topic. This volume brings together a team of leading experts to explore discourse in a range of social contexts. By applying a variety of analytical tools and concepts, the contributors show how we build images of ourselves through language, how society moulds us into different categories, and how we negotiate our membership of those categories. Drawing on numerous interactional settings (the workplace; medical interviews; education), in a variety of genres (narrative; conversation; interviews), and amongst different communities (immigrants; patients; adolescents; teachers), this revealing volume sheds light on how our social practices can help to shape our identities.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {De Fina, Anna and Schiffrin, Deborah and Bamberg, Michael},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: a6ObMPzv9cgC},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General},
}

@article{bircan_d21_2020,
	title = {D2.1 {Gaps} in {Migration} {Research}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Bircan, Tuba and Purkayastha, Damini and Ahmad-Yar, Ahmad Wali and Lotter, Kathrin and Iakono, Chiara Dello and Göler, Daniel and Stanek, Miko and Yilmaz, Sinem and Ünver, Özgün},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {104},
}

@misc{ecdpc_publications_nodate,
	title = {Publications \& {Data} {\textbar} {European} {Centre} for {Disease} {Prevention} and {Control}},
	url = {https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data},
	urldate = {2021-05-26},
	author = {ECDPC},
}

@misc{our_world_in_data_coronavirus_nodate,
	title = {Coronavirus {Pandemic} ({COVID}-19) - {Statistics} and {Research} - {Our} {World} in {Data}},
	url = {https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus},
	urldate = {2020-10-20},
	author = {Our World in Data},
}

@inproceedings{bosco_evalita_2014,
	title = {The {EVALITA} 2014 dependency parsing task},
	isbn = {88-6741-472-0},
	booktitle = {{EVALITA} 2014 {Evaluation} of {NLP} and {Speech} {Tools} for {Italian}},
	publisher = {Pisa University Press},
	author = {Bosco, Cristina and Dell'Orletta, Felice and Montemagni, Simonetta and Sanguinetti, Manuela and Simi, Maria},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--8},
}

@article{devlin_bert_2019,
	title = {{BERT}: {Pre}-training of {Deep} {Bidirectional} {Transformers} for {Language} {Understanding}},
	shorttitle = {{BERT}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805},
	abstract = {We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models, BERT is designed to pre-train deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be fine-tuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial task-specific architecture modifications. BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5\% (7.7\% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7\% (4.6\% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).},
	urldate = {2021-05-05},
	journal = {arXiv:1810.04805 [cs]},
	author = {Devlin, Jacob and Chang, Ming-Wei and Lee, Kenton and Toutanova, Kristina},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	note = {arXiv: 1810.04805},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
}

@article{bosco_evalita_2014-1,
	title = {The {Evalita} 2014 {Dependency} {Parsing} task},
	abstract = {English. The Parsing Task is among the “historical” tasks of Evalita, and in all editions its main objective has been to deﬁne and improve state-of-the-art technologies for parsing Italian. The 2014’s edition of the shared task features several novelties that have mainly to do with the data set and the subtasks. The paper therefore focuses on these two strictly interrelated aspects and presents an overview of the participants systems and results.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Bosco, Cristina and Dell’Orletta, Felice and Montemagni, Simonetta and Sanguinetti, Manuela and Simi, Maria},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {8},
}

@misc{parisi_musixmatchresearchumberto_2021,
	title = {musixmatchresearch/umberto},
	copyright = {MIT License         ,                 MIT License},
	url = {https://github.com/musixmatchresearch/umberto},
	abstract = {UmBERTo: an Italian Language Model trained with Whole Word Masking.},
	urldate = {2021-05-05},
	publisher = {Musixmatch Research},
	author = {Parisi, Loreto and Francia, Simone and Magnani, Paolo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {original-date: 2020-01-10T09:55:31Z},
}

@inproceedings{bianchi_feel-it_2021,
	address = {Online},
	title = {{FEEL}-{IT}: {Emotion} and {Sentiment} {Classification} for the {Italian} {Language}},
	shorttitle = {{FEEL}-{IT}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2021.wassa-1.8},
	abstract = {While sentiment analysis is a popular task to understand people's reactions online, we often need more nuanced information: is the post negative because the user is angry or sad? An abundance of approaches have been introduced for tackling these tasks, also for Italian, but they all treat only one of the tasks. We introduce FEEL-IT, a novel benchmark corpus of Italian Twitter posts annotated with four basic emotions: anger, fear, joy, sadness. By collapsing them, we can also do sentiment analysis. We evaluate our corpus on benchmark datasets for both emotion and sentiment classification, obtaining competitive results. We release an open-source Python library, so researchers can use a model trained on FEEL-IT for inferring both sentiments and emotions from Italian text.},
	urldate = {2021-05-05},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Eleventh} {Workshop} on {Computational} {Approaches} to {Subjectivity}, {Sentiment} and {Social} {Media} {Analysis}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Bianchi, Federico and Nozza, Debora and Hovy, Dirk},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {76--83},
}

@incollection{aarts_i_2013,
	address = {Cambridge},
	series = {Studies in {English} {Language}},
	title = {I was just reading this article– on the expression of recentness and the {English} past progressive},
	isbn = {978-1-107-01635-4},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/verb-phrase-in-english/i-was-just-reading-this-article-on-the-expression-of-recentness-and-the-english-past-progressive/AC37FBC4670E9692D589377763FDB836},
	urldate = {2021-05-05},
	booktitle = {The {Verb} {Phrase} in {English}: {Investigating} {Recent} {Language} {Change} with {Corpora}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Pfaff, Meike and Bergs, Alexander and Hoffmann, Thomas},
	editor = {Aarts, Bas and Leech, Geoffrey and Close, Joanne and Wallis, Sean},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139060998.010},
	pages = {217--238},
}

@incollection{aarts_progressive_2013,
	address = {Cambridge},
	series = {Studies in {English} {Language}},
	title = {The progressive verb in modern {American} {English}},
	isbn = {978-1-107-01635-4},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/verb-phrase-in-english/progressive-verb-in-modern-american-english/ACDAF43189B42A891156D3AB7A4E8769},
	urldate = {2021-05-05},
	booktitle = {The {Verb} {Phrase} in {English}: {Investigating} {Recent} {Language} {Change} with {Corpora}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Levin, Magnus},
	editor = {Aarts, Bas and Leech, Geoffrey and Close, Joanne and Wallis, Sean},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139060998.009},
	pages = {187--216},
}

@book{traugott_regularity_2001,
	address = {Cambridge},
	series = {Cambridge {Studies} in {Linguistics}},
	title = {Regularity in {Semantic} {Change}},
	isbn = {978-0-521-58378-7},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/regularity-in-semantic-change/F07CBB401A177975904C1E37BE0D9E07},
	abstract = {This important study of semantic change examines how new meanings arise through language use, especially the various ways in which speakers and writers experiment with uses of words and constructions in the flow of strategic interaction with addressees. There has been growing interest in exploring systemicities in semantic change from a number of perspectives including theories of metaphor, pragmatic inferencing, and grammaticalization. Like earlier studies, these have for the most part been based on data taken out of context. This book is a detailed examination of semantic change from the perspective of historical pragmatics and discourse analysis. Drawing on extensive corpus data from over a thousand years of English and Japanese textual history, Traugott and Dasher show that most changes in meaning originate in and are motivated by the associative flow of speech and conceptual metonymy.},
	urldate = {2021-05-05},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Dasher, Richard B.},
	year = {2001},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511486500},
}

@book{smith_strategies_2001,
	address = {Washington, DC},
	title = {Strategies for building digitized collections},
	isbn = {978-1-887334-87-7},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Digital Library Federation, Council on Library and Information Resources},
	author = {Smith, Abby},
	year = {2001},
	note = {OCLC: 248754666},
}

@article{winter_clarifying_2013,
	title = {Clarifying the critical in critical heritage studies},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1352-7258},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.720997},
	doi = {10.1080/13527258.2012.720997},
	abstract = {This paper considers the term critical in the unfolding formulation of critical heritage studies. It argues for a shift in emphasis from the subject of our effort to the object of attention, in other words focusing primarily on the critical issues that face the world today, the larger issues that bear upon and extend outwards from heritage. To that end, the paper presents two key directions. It suggests much is to be gained from tackling the uneasy relationship that currently exists between social science and humanities-based approaches to heritage and the professional conservation sector oriented by a scientistic materialism. Second, there is a need for heritage studies to account for its relationship to today’s regional and global transformations by developing post-western understandings of culture, history and heritage and the socio-political forces that actualise them.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-04-19},
	journal = {International Journal of Heritage Studies},
	author = {Winter, Tim},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.720997},
	keywords = {conservation, critical heritage theory, heritage studies, material culture, post western},
	pages = {532--545},
}

@book{vergo_new_1989,
	address = {London},
	title = {The {New} museology},
	isbn = {978-0-948462-04-7 978-0-948462-03-0 978-0-295-97034-9},
	abstract = {With essays by Charles Saumarez Smith, Ludmilla Jordanova, Paul Greenhalgh, Colin Sorensen, Nick Merriman, Stephen Bann, Philip Wright, Norman Palmer and Peter Vergo. "A lively and controversial symposium ... thought-provoking"--The Sunday Times (Paperbacks of the Year, 1989)"The essays are all distinguished by their topicality and lucidity."--Museum News"A welcome addition to the library of Museology"--Art Monthly"The New Museology is essential reading for all those seeking to understand the current debate in museum ideologies."--International Journal of Museum Management and Scholarship.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Reaktion Books},
	author = {Vergo, Peter},
	year = {1989},
	note = {OCLC: 21874494},
}

@misc{noauthor_history_nodate,
	title = {History},
	url = {https://www.criticalheritagestudies.org/history},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-04-19},
	journal = {Association of Critical Heritage Studies},
}

@misc{httpsplusgooglecomunesco_cutting_2020,
	title = {Cutting {Edge} {\textbar} {Protecting} and preserving cultural diversity in the digital era},
	url = {https://en.unesco.org/news/cutting-edge-protecting-and-preserving-cultural-diversity-digital-era},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-04-15},
	journal = {UNESCO},
	author = {https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{noauthor_digitisation_nodate,
	title = {Digitisation of {Cultural} {Heritage} - {Smart} {Specialisation} {Platform}},
	url = {https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/digitisation-of-cultural-heritage},
	urldate = {2021-04-15},
}

@misc{andreas_maier_will_2019,
	title = {Will {Machine} {Learning} {Enable} {Time} {Travel}?},
	url = {https://www.marktechpost.com/2019/01/30/will-machine-learning-enable-time-travel/},
	abstract = {Will Machine Learning Enable Time Travel? Traveling in time has always been a dream of mankind. Imagine being able to experience ancient Rome first},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-04-15},
	journal = {MarkTechPost},
	author = {Andreas Maier},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
}

@misc{noauthor_inequality_2021,
	title = {The {Inequality} {Virus}},
	url = {https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequality-virus},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-12},
	journal = {Oxfam International},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{noauthor_about_nodate,
	title = {About},
	url = {https://lareviewofbooks.org/about/},
	abstract = {ABOUT LARB The Los Angeles Review of Books is a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting and disseminating rigorous, incisive, and engaging writing on every aspect of literature, culture, and the arts. The Los Angeles Review of Books magazine was created in part as a response to the disappearance of the traditional newspaper book review supplement, and, …},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	journal = {Los Angeles Review of Books},
}

@misc{noauthor_covid-19_nodate,
	title = {{COVID}-19 and the digital divide - {POST}},
	url = {https://post.parliament.uk/covid-19-and-the-digital-divide/},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
}

@misc{noauthor_coronavirus_nodate,
	title = {Coronavirus reveals need to bridge the digital divide {\textbar} {UNCTAD}},
	url = {https://unctad.org/news/coronavirus-reveals-need-bridge-digital-divide},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
}

@misc{wangenge-ouma_post_nodate,
	title = {Post {COVID}-19: opportunity for universities to have a rethink},
	shorttitle = {Post {COVID}-19},
	url = {http://theconversation.com/post-covid-19-opportunity-for-universities-to-have-a-rethink-149474},
	abstract = {The higher education sector has to re-think what the future of higher education looks like and take steps towards this.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	journal = {The Conversation},
	author = {Wangenge-Ouma, Gerald and Kupe, Tawana},
}

@misc{noauthor_25_2019,
	title = {25+ {Big} {Data} {Statistics} - {How} {Big} {It} {Actually} {Is} in 2020?},
	url = {https://techjury.net/blog/big-data-statistics/},
	abstract = {Did you know we generate 2.5 quintillion bytes of data every day? Our big data statistics reveal much more interesting facts! Find out more!},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	journal = {TechJury},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
}

@misc{guariglia_technology_2020,
	title = {Technology {Can}’t {Predict} {Crime}, {It} {Can} {Only} {Weaponize} {Proximity} to {Policing}},
	url = {https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/09/technology-cant-predict-crime-it-can-only-weaponize-proximity-policing},
	abstract = {Special thanks to Yael Grauer for additional writing and research.In June 2020, Santa Cruz, California became the first city in the United States to ban municipal use of predictive policing, a method of deploying law enforcement resources according to data-driven analytics that supposedly are able...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	journal = {Electronic Frontier Foundation},
	author = {Guariglia, Matthew},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{noauthor_statement_nodate,
	title = {Statement of {Concern} {About} {Predictive} {Policing} by {ACLU} and 16 {Civil} {Rights} {Privacy}, {Racial} {Justice}, and {Technology} {Organizations}},
	url = {https://www.aclu.org/other/statement-concern-about-predictive-policing-aclu-and-16-civil-rights-privacy-racial-justice},
	abstract = {On August 31, 2016, a coalition of 17 organizations issued the following statement about predictive policing tools used by law enforcement in the United States, pointing to the technology’s racial biases, lack of transparency, and other deep flaws that lead to injustice, particularly for people of color.Predictive Policing Today: A Shared Statement of Civil Rights},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	journal = {American Civil Liberties Union},
}

@misc{noauthor_ai_nodate,
	title = {{AI} \& {Global} {Governance}: {Turning} the {Tide} on {Crime} with {Predictive} {Policing} - {United} {Nations} {University} {Centre} for {Policy} {Research}},
	shorttitle = {{AI} \& {Global} {Governance}},
	url = {https://cpr.unu.edu/publications/articles/ai-global-governance-turning-the-tide-on-crime-with-predictive-policing.html},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
}

@misc{179_predictive_2020,
	title = {Predictive {Policing} {Explained} {\textbar} {Brennan} {Center} for {Justice}},
	url = {https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/predictive-policing-explained},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-11},
	author = {179},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{insights_healthcare_2020,
	title = {Healthcare {Analytics} {Market} worth {USD} 80.21 {Billion} by 2026, growing at 27.5\% {CAGR}; {Demand} for {Reducing} {Risks} of {Epidemics} to {Bolster} {Growth}: {Fortune} {Business} {Insights}™},
	shorttitle = {Healthcare {Analytics} {Market} worth {USD} 80.21 {Billion} by 2026, growing at 27.5\% {CAGR}; {Demand} for {Reducing} {Risks} of {Epidemics} to {Bolster} {Growth}},
	url = {http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/06/18/2050329/0/en/Healthcare-Analytics-Market-worth-USD-80-21-Billion-by-2026-growing-at-27-5-CAGR-Demand-for-Reducing-Risks-of-Epidemics-to-Bolster-Growth-Fortune-Business-Insights.html},
	abstract = {Key Companies Profiled are Cerner Corporation, IBM Corporation (IBM Watson), Flatiron Health, Linguamatics, Allscripts Healthcare, LLC, Epic Systems Corporation, Health Catalyst, Inovalon and other key market players.},
	urldate = {2021-02-05},
	journal = {GlobeNewswire News Room},
	author = {Insights, Fortune Business},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{european_parliament_il_2007,
	title = {Il {Libro} {Bianco} sullo sport della {Commissione} {Europea}},
	url = {https://www.acesitalia.eu/aces/il-libro-bianco-ue},
	abstract = {Il Libro Bianco sullo Sport, presentato dalla Commissione europea al Consiglio, al Parlamento europeo, al Comitato delle regioni e al Comitato economico e sociale europeo l’11 luglio 2007, costituisce il principale contributo della Commissione sul tema dello sport e sul ruolo dello sport per t},
	language = {it-it},
	urldate = {2020-12-08},
	author = {European Parliament},
	year = {2007},
}

@misc{european_commission_european_2020,
	title = {European disability strategy 2010-2020 - {Employment}, {Social} {Affairs} \& {Inclusion} - {European} {Commission}},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1484&langId=en},
	urldate = {2020-12-08},
	author = {European Commission},
	year = {2020},
}

@techreport{favaro_per_2010,
	title = {Per una scuola dell'inclusione},
	url = {https://www.cremi.it/pdf/per%20una%20scuola%20dell'inclusione.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-11-11},
	institution = {Centro di Ricerca e Mediazione Interculturale},
	author = {Favaro, Graziella},
	year = {2010},
}

@misc{ministero_dellistruzione_delluniversita_e_della_ricerca_cm_2010,
	title = {C.{M}. n. 2 dell'8.1.2010 - {Indicazioni} e raccomandazioni per l'integrazione di alunni con cittadinanza non italiana},
	url = {http://www.cislscuola.it/index.php?id=2872&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=21519&cHash=e5c74bc127f686e7d10ed1f8b414713b},
	language = {it-IT},
	urldate = {2020-12-08},
	author = {Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca},
	year = {2010},
}

@techreport{ministero_dellistruzione_delluniversita_e_della_ricerca_piano_2014,
	title = {Piano {Nazionale} {Scuola} {DIgitale}},
	url = {https://www.istruzione.it/scuola_digitale/allegati/Materiali/pnsd-layout-30.10-WEB.pdf},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2020-11-10},
	institution = {Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca},
	author = {Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {140},
}

@techreport{european_commission_scheda_2020,
	title = {Scheda {Tematica} per il {Semestre} {Europeo}. {Inclusione} {Sociale}},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/european-semester_thematic-factsheet_social_inclusion_it.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-11-10},
	author = {European Commission},
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{ministero_del_lavoro_e_delle_poltiche_sociali_direzione_2014,
	title = {Direzione {Generale} per la lotta alla povertà e per la programmazione sociale},
	url = {https://www.lavoro.gov.it/ministro-e-ministero/Il-ministero/Organizzazione/Pagine/DG-per-lotta-alla-poverta-e-per-la-programmazione-sociale.aspx},
	urldate = {2020-12-07},
	author = {Ministero del Lavoro e delle Poltiche Sociali},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{griffiths_finding_2004,
	title = {Finding scientific topics},
	volume = {101},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004, The National Academy of Sciences},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/101/suppl_1/5228},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0307752101},
	abstract = {A first step in identifying the content of a document is determining which topics that document addresses. We describe a generative model for documents, introduced by Blei, Ng, and Jordan [Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y. \& Jordan, M. I. (2003) J. Machine Learn. Res. 3, 993-1022], in which each document is generated by choosing a distribution over topics and then choosing each word in the document from a topic selected according to this distribution. We then present a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for inference in this model. We use this algorithm to analyze abstracts from PNAS by using Bayesian model selection to establish the number of topics. We show that the extracted topics capture meaningful structure in the data, consistent with the class designations provided by the authors of the articles, and outline further applications of this analysis, including identifying “hot topics” by examining temporal dynamics and tagging abstracts to illustrate semantic content.},
	language = {en},
	number = {suppl 1},
	urldate = {2020-12-07},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Griffiths, Thomas L. and Steyvers, Mark},
	month = apr,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {14872004},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Colloquium},
	pages = {5228--5235},
}

@article{pedregosa_scikit-learn_2011,
	title = {Scikit-learn: {Machine} {Learning} in {Python}},
	volume = {12},
	url = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v12/pedregosa11a.html},
	number = {85},
	journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
	author = {Pedregosa, Fabian and Varoquaux, Gaël and Gramfort, Alexandre and Michel, Vincent and Thirion, Bertrand and Grisel, Olivier and Blondel, Mathieu and Prettenhofer, Peter and Weiss, Ron and Dubourg, Vincent and Vanderplas, Jake and Passos, Alexandre and Cournapeau, David and Brucher, Matthieu and Perrot, Matthieu and Duchesnay, Édouard},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2825--2830},
}

@misc{noauthor_about_nodate-1,
	title = {About us — scikit-learn 0.23.2 documentation},
	url = {https://scikit-learn.org/stable/about.html#citing-scikit-learn},
	urldate = {2020-12-04},
}

@techreport{istat_poverta_2018,
	address = {Rome},
	title = {La povertà in {Italia}},
	url = {https://www.istat.it/it/files/2018/06/La-povert%C3%A0-in-Italia-2017.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-12-03},
	author = {Istat},
	year = {2018},
}

@techreport{samek_lodovici_employment_2019,
	title = {Employment, {Vocational} {Education} and {Training} and {Social} {Policies} in {Italy}. {A} review of employment, {VET} and social policies},
	url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/631050/IPOL_STU(2018)631050_EN.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-12-03},
	institution = {Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies Directorate-General for Internal Policies},
	author = {Samek Lodovici, Manuela and Nico, Gianluigi and Romaniello, Davide},
	year = {2019},
}

@techreport{agostini_multilevel_2020,
	type = {Combating {Poverty} in {Europe}: {Re}-organising {Active} {Inclusion} through {Participatory} and {Integrated} {Modes} of {Multilevel} {Governance}},
	title = {Multilevel “{Arenas}” for {Fighting} {Poverty} and {Social} exclusion. {National} report ({Italy})},
	url = {http://cope-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/COPE_WP4_National_Report_Italy.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-12-03},
	institution = {European Union},
	author = {Agostini, Chiara and Sabato, Sebastiano},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{catalano_local_2016,
	title = {The local governance of social inclusion policies in {Italy}: working via ‘organ pipes’},
	booktitle = {Integrating {Social} and {Employment} {Policies} in {Europe}},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {Catalano, Serida L. and Graziano, Paolo R. and Bassoli, Matteo},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{ministero_del_lavoro_e_delle_politiche_sociali_reddito_2019,
	title = {Reddito di cittadinanza - {Cos}'è},
	url = {http://www.redditodicittadinanza.gov.it/schede/dettaglio},
	abstract = {La misura di reinserimento nel mondo del lavoro per integrare i redditi familiari},
	urldate = {2020-12-01},
	author = {Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{zappavigna_discourse_2012,
	address = {London ; New York},
	series = {Continuum discourse},
	title = {The discourse of {Twitter} and social media},
	isbn = {978-1-4411-4186-6 978-1-4411-2303-9},
	publisher = {Continuum International Pub. Group},
	author = {Zappavigna, Michele},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Digital media, Discourse analysis, Social aspects, Social media, Sociolinguistics, Technological innovations, Twitter (Firm)},
}

@inproceedings{poulston_topic_2015,
	title = {Topic {Models} and n-gram {Language} {Models} for {Author} {Profiling} - {Notebook} for {PAN} at {CLEF} 2015},
	booktitle = {{CLEF}},
	author = {Poulston, Adam and Stevenson, Mark and Bontcheva, Kalina},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{alghamdi_survey_2015,
	title = {A {Survey} of {Topic} {Modeling} in {Text} {Mining}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {21565570, 2158107X},
	url = {http://thesai.org/Publications/ViewPaper?Volume=6&Issue=1&Code=ijacsa&SerialNo=21},
	doi = {10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060121},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-27},
	journal = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
	author = {Alghamdi, Rubayyi and Alfalqi, Khalid},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{gagniuc_markov_2017,
	address = {Hoboken, NJ},
	title = {Markov chains: from theory to implementation and experimentation},
	isbn = {978-1-119-38757-2 978-1-119-38758-9},
	shorttitle = {Markov chains},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Gagniuc, Paul A.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Markov processes},
}

@misc{taspinar_twitterscraper_2017,
	title = {twitterscraper 0.2.7},
	url = {https://pypi.org/project/twitterscraper/0.2.7/},
	author = {Taspinar, Ahmet and Schuirmann, Lasse},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
}

@misc{library_of_congress_update_2017,
	title = {Update on the {Twitter} {Archive} at the {Library} of {Congress}},
	url = {https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/files/2017/12/2017dec_twitter_white-paper.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-12-12},
	author = {Library of Congress},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
}

@book{weller_twitter_2013,
	address = {New York},
	series = {Digital formations},
	title = {Twitter and society},
	isbn = {978-1-4331-2170-8 978-1-4331-2169-2},
	number = {vol. 89},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	editor = {Weller, Katrin and Bruns, Axel and Burgess, Jean and Mahrt, Merja and Puschmann, Cornelius},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Information society, Internet, Online social networks, Social aspects, Twitter},
}

@misc{noauthor_twitter_2020,
	title = {Twitter - {About}},
	url = {https://about.twitter.com/en_us/company.html},
	abstract = {From our Twitter headquarters in San Francisco all the way to New Delhi, we’re dedicated to building a platform where all voices can be heard.},
	language = {en\_us},
	urldate = {2020-11-11},
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{sarno_twitter_2009,
	title = {Twitter creator {Jack} {Dorsey} illuminates the site's founding document. {Part} {I}},
	url = {https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-11},
	journal = {LA Times Blogs - Technology},
	author = {Sarno, David},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
}

@techreport{akcora_twitter_2010,
	address = {State University of New York at Buffalo},
	type = {Technical},
	title = {Twitter: {Roots}, {Influence}, {Applications}},
	url = {http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2010-03.pdf},
	institution = {Department of Computing Science and Engineering},
	author = {Akcora, Cuneyt Gurcan and Demirbas, Murat},
	year = {2010},
}

@book{waltz_alternative_2005,
	address = {Edinburgh},
	series = {Media topics},
	title = {Alternative and activist media},
	isbn = {978-0-7486-1957-3 978-0-7486-1958-0},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Edinburgh Univ. Press},
	author = {Waltz, Mitzi},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 255323685},
}

@article{labonte_social_2004,
	title = {Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0957-4824, 1460-2245},
	shorttitle = {Social inclusion/exclusion},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/heapro/dah112},
	doi = {10.1093/heapro/dah112},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-10},
	journal = {Health Promotion International},
	author = {Labonte, Ronald},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {115--121},
}

@article{chamberlain_whispers_2011,
	title = {“{Whispers} on the wind”: social inclusion and the media},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1836-8808},
	shorttitle = {“{Whispers} on the wind”},
	url = {https://josi.org.au/article/10.36251/josi.34/},
	doi = {10.36251/josi.34},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-11-10},
	journal = {Journal of Social Inclusion},
	author = {Chamberlain, Susanna},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {71},
}

@incollection{zeynep_copur_social_2015,
	address = {Hershey, PA, USA},
	title = {Social {Exclusion} and {Poverty}: {EU} 2020 {Objectives} and {Turkey}},
	isbn = {978-1-4666-7484-4},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-7484-4.ch010},
	abstract = {In this chapter The EU's 2020 Objectives concerning social exclusion and poverty and Turkey's vision on social exclusion and poverty based on tenth development plan and Justice and Development Party's 2023 vision is dealt. The EU has developed a growth strategy named “EU 2020” in 2010. The objective concerning social exclusion and poverty of this strategy is to rescue as much EU citizens as possible from social exclusion and poverty and decreasing the number of EU citizens who live under poverty line by 20\%. Although Turkey is not officially obliged to follow goals stated in EU 2020 objectives, it is integral for Turkey to pursue those principles in order to be harmony with the EU and reach her final aim of being a member of the EU.},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Research} on {Behavioral} {Finance} and {Investment} {Strategies}: {Decision} {Making} in the {Financial} {Industry}},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	author = {{Davuthan Günaydin} and {Hakan Cavlak} and {Neslihan Cavlak}},
	editor = {{Zeynep Copur}},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-4666-7484-4.ch010},
	pages = {170--186},
}

@incollection{maria_manuela_cruz-cunha_independent_2013,
	address = {Hershey, PA, USA},
	title = {Independent {Living} {Support} for {Disabled} and {Elderly} {People} using {Cell} {Phones}},
	isbn = {978-1-4666-3986-7},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-3986-7.ch020},
	abstract = {This chapter presents a technological solution to promote and help independent access to work for disabled people using Smart Phones. A deep state of the art about smart phones technologies and about examples of other projects is presented. The aim is to develop a form of technical assistance that supports them in the control of schedules, prevention of dangerous areas in the work place, warnings, and automatic alarm generation. The device chosen to exchange all this information is a Smartphone based on Android Operating System and GPS technology. A set of Android applications have been developed using Java language, and controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. All of these are connected to the Server Application through the Communications Module. The server Application Module provides the assistants or psychologists the possibility of supervise all the handicapped people’s activities. The assistants, psychologists, and users have all evaluated the application very positively as it covers disabled people’s needs perfectly.},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Research} on {ICTs} for {Human}-{Centered} {Healthcare} and {Social} {Care} {Services}},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	author = {{Begoña García Zapirain} and {Amaia Mendez Zorrilla}},
	editor = {{Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha} and {Isabel Maria Miranda} and {Patricia Gonçalves}},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-4666-3986-7.ch020},
	pages = {379--397},
}

@incollection{lidia_oliveira_research_2019,
	address = {Hershey, PA, USA},
	title = {Research on {Information} {Literacy} and {Social} {Inclusion} of {Female} {Inmates}},
	isbn = {978-1-5225-5975-7},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7.ch004},
	abstract = {Information literacy in prisons is still an incipient issue for the scientific community, as evidenced by the absence of studies on information literacy activities in prisons. There are hardly any specific training programs for the acquisition of informational competences in Spanish prisons. They are presented results of research that have been aimed at creating a theoretical-application model of training in informational and digital skills for people in prison. The project had a methodological approach based on action research. The digital divide makes it difficult to integrate people into the labor market, leading them to social exclusion. In the case of female prisoners, this gap is even more accentuated and integration difficulties increase, so the project has adopted a gender perspective. In order to meet the objectives, a training program aimed at social and labor inclusion was created with the aim of improving the living and working conditions of women prisoners and increasing their participation as active citizens in the information society.},
	booktitle = {Infocommunication {Skills} as a {Rehabilitation} and {Social} {Reintegration} {Tool} for {Inmates}},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	author = {{Aurora Cuevas-Cerveró} and {María Antonia Agúndez Soriano}},
	editor = {{Lídia Oliveira} and {Daniela Graça}},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7.ch004},
	pages = {86--104},
}

@incollection{lidia_oliveira_research_2019-1,
	address = {Hershey, PA, USA},
	title = {Research on {Information} {Literacy} and {Social} {Inclusion} of {Female} {Inmates}},
	isbn = {978-1-5225-5975-7},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7.ch004},
	abstract = {Information literacy in prisons is still an incipient issue for the scientific community, as evidenced by the absence of studies on information literacy activities in prisons. There are hardly any specific training programs for the acquisition of informational competences in Spanish prisons. They are presented results of research that have been aimed at creating a theoretical-application model of training in informational and digital skills for people in prison. The project had a methodological approach based on action research. The digital divide makes it difficult to integrate people into the labor market, leading them to social exclusion. In the case of female prisoners, this gap is even more accentuated and integration difficulties increase, so the project has adopted a gender perspective. In order to meet the objectives, a training program aimed at social and labor inclusion was created with the aim of improving the living and working conditions of women prisoners and increasing their participation as active citizens in the information society.},
	booktitle = {Infocommunication {Skills} as a {Rehabilitation} and {Social} {Reintegration} {Tool} for {Inmates}},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	author = {{Aurora Cuevas-Cerveró} and {María Antonia Agúndez Soriano}},
	editor = {{Lídia Oliveira} and {Daniela Graça}},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7.ch004},
	pages = {86--104},
}

@article{snowden_im_2012,
	title = {‘{I}'m {Alright}, {Thanks}’: {Non}-{Conformity} and the {Media} {Framing} of {Social} {Inclusion}},
	volume = {142},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Media International Australia},
	author = {Snowden, Collette},
	year = {2012},
	note = {ISBN: 1329-878X
Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
	pages = {64--73},
}

@techreport{kovacheva_eu-coe_2020,
	title = {{EU}-{CoE} youth partnership policy sheet {Social} {Inclusion}},
	institution = {Council of Europe},
	author = {Kovacheva, Siyka},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{marlier_analyzing_2010,
	title = {Analyzing and measuring social inclusion in a global context},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Journal of Policy analysis and Management},
	author = {Marlier, Eric and Atkinson, A. B.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {285--304},
}

@misc{noauthor_social_nodate,
	title = {Social {Inclusion} {\textbar} {Poverty} {Eradication}},
	url = {https://www.un.org/development/desa/socialperspectiveondevelopment/issues/social-integration.html},
	urldate = {2020-11-06},
}

@book{oliveira_infocommunication_2019,
	series = {Advances in {Religious} and {Cultural} {Studies}},
	title = {Infocommunication {Skills} as a {Rehabilitation} and {Social} {Reintegration} {Tool} for {Inmates}:},
	isbn = {978-1-5225-5975-7 978-1-5225-5976-4},
	shorttitle = {Infocommunication {Skills} as a {Rehabilitation} and {Social} {Reintegration} {Tool} for {Inmates}},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	editor = {Oliveira, Lídia and Graça, Daniela and Erbe, Nancy},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7},
}

@book{cruz-cunha_handbook_2013,
	title = {Handbook of {Research} on {ICTs} for {Human}-{Centered} {Healthcare} and {Social} {Care} {Services}:},
	isbn = {978-1-4666-3986-7 978-1-4666-3987-4},
	shorttitle = {Handbook of {Research} on {ICTs} for {Human}-{Centered} {Healthcare} and {Social} {Care} {Services}},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-3986-7},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	editor = {Cruz-Cunha, Maria Manuela and Miranda, Isabel Maria and Gonçalves, Patricia},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-4666-3986-7},
}

@book{copur_handbook_2015,
	series = {Advances in {Finance}, {Accounting}, and {Economics}},
	title = {Handbook of {Research} on {Behavioral} {Finance} and {Investment} {Strategies}: {Decision} {Making} in the {Financial} {Industry}},
	isbn = {978-1-4666-7484-4 978-1-4666-7485-1},
	shorttitle = {Handbook of {Research} on {Behavioral} {Finance} and {Investment} {Strategies}},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-7484-4},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	editor = {Copur, Zeynep and Driouchi, Ahmed},
	year = {2015},
	note = {10.4018/978-1-4666-7484-4.ch010},
}

@book{management_association_socio-economic_2019,
	title = {Socio-{Economic} {Development}: {Concepts}, {Methodologies}, {Tools}, and {Applications}},
	isbn = {978-1-5225-7311-1 978-1-5225-7312-8},
	shorttitle = {Socio-{Economic} {Development}},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	editor = {Management Association, Information Resources},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1},
}

@book{management_association_socio-economic_2019-1,
	title = {Socio-{Economic} {Development}: {Concepts}, {Methodologies}, {Tools}, and {Applications}},
	isbn = {978-1-5225-7311-1 978-1-5225-7312-8},
	shorttitle = {Socio-{Economic} {Development}},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	editor = {Management Association, Information Resources},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1},
}

@book{copur_handbook_2015-1,
	series = {Advances in {Finance}, {Accounting}, and {Economics}},
	title = {Handbook of {Research} on {Behavioral} {Finance} and {Investment} {Strategies}: {Decision} {Making} in the {Financial} {Industry}},
	isbn = {978-1-4666-7484-4 978-1-4666-7485-1},
	shorttitle = {Handbook of {Research} on {Behavioral} {Finance} and {Investment} {Strategies}},
	url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-7484-4},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	editor = {Copur, Zeynep and Driouchi, Ahmed},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.4018/978-1-4666-7484-4},
}

@article{morgan_social_2007,
	title = {Social exclusion and mental health: {Conceptual} and methodological review},
	volume = {191},
	issn = {0007-1250, 1472-1465},
	shorttitle = {Social exclusion and mental health},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125000247594/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034942},
	abstract = {Background
              The concept of social exclusion is now widely used in discussions about the nature of disadvantage, and there are ongoing initiatives to promote social inclusion among those with mental health problems.
            
            
              Aims
              To conduct a conceptual and methodological review of social exclusion, focusing initially on the origins and definitions of the concept and then on approaches to its measurement, both in general and in relation to mental health.
            
            
              Method
              We used two main strategies. First, we utilised expertise within the study team to identify major texts and reviews on social exclusion and related topics. Second, we searched major bibliographic databases for literature on social exclusion and mental health. We adopted a non-quantitative approach to synthesising the findings.
            
            
              Results
              There is no single accepted definition of social exclusion. However, most emphasise lack of participation in social activities as the core characteristic. There are a number of approaches to measuring social exclusion, including use of indicator lists and dimensions. In the mental health literature, social exclusion is poorly defined and measured.
            
            
              Conclusions
              If social exclusion is a useful concept for understanding the social experiences of those with mental health problems, there is an urgent need for more conceptual and methodological work.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {British Journal of Psychiatry},
	author = {Morgan, Craig and Burns, Tom and Fitzpatrick, Ray and Pinfold, Vanessa and Priebe, Stefan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {477--483},
}

@book{rimmerman_social_2012,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Social {Inclusion} of {People} with {Disabilities}: {National} and {International} {Perspectives}},
	isbn = {978-1-139-03566-8},
	shorttitle = {Social {Inclusion} of {People} with {Disabilities}},
	url = {http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139035668},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Rimmerman, Arie},
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139035668},
}

@article{ewart_medias_2012,
	title = {The {Media}'s {Role} in {Social} {Inclusion} and {Exclusion}},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {1329-878X, 2200-467X},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1329878X1214200108},
	doi = {10.1177/1329878X1214200108},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Media International Australia},
	author = {Ewart, Jacqui and Snowden, Collette},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {61--63},
}

@article{dickins_social_2016,
	title = {Social inclusion and the {Fatosphere}: the role of an online weblogging community in fostering social inclusion},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {01419889},
	shorttitle = {Social inclusion and the {Fatosphere}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-9566.12397},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-9566.12397},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Sociology of Health \& Illness},
	author = {Dickins, Marissa and Browning, Colette and Feldman, Susan and Thomas, Samantha},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {797--811},
}

@article{lin_include_2018,
	title = {To include, or not to include, that is the question: {Disability} digital inclusion and exclusion in {China}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
	shorttitle = {To include, or not to include, that is the question},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818774866},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444818774866},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	author = {Lin, Zhongxuan and Yang, Liu and Zhang, Zhi’an},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {4436--4452},
}

@misc{noauthor_include_nodate,
	title = {To include, or not to include, that is the question: {Disability} digital inclusion and exclusion in {China} - {Zhongxuan} {Lin}, {Liu} {Yang}, {Zhi}’an {Zhang}, 2018},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444818774866},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
}

@article{brookes_insulin_2019,
	title = {Insulin restriction, medicalisation and the {Internet}: {A} corpus-assisted study of diabulimia discourse in online support groups},
	volume = {15},
	url = {https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/OLDCAM/article/view/33067},
	doi = {10.1558/cam.33067},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Brookes, Gavin},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {14--27},
}

@book{seeger_narratives_2016,
	title = {Narratives of crisis: {Telling} stories of ruin and renewal},
	shorttitle = {Narratives of crisis},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	author = {Seeger, Matthew and Sellnow, Timothy L.},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{hay_narrating_1996,
	title = {Narrating {Crisis}: {The} {Discursive} {Construction} of the `{Winter} of {Discontent}'},
	volume = {30},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038038596030002004},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038596030002004},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-10-27},
	journal = {Sociology},
	author = {Hay, Colin},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {253--277},
}

@misc{bfm_tv_olivier_2020,
	title = {Olivier {Véran} sur le confinement: "{L}'{Italie} fait face à une très grande détresse de son système hospitalier"},
	shorttitle = {Olivier {Véran} sur le confinement},
	url = {https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/olivier-veran-sur-le-confinement-l-italie-fait-face-a-une-tres-grande-detresse-de-son-systeme-hospitalier_VN-202003090224.html},
	abstract = {Bruce Toussaint et Aurélie Casse reçoivent Olivier Véran, ministre de la Santé, pour une soirée spéciale consacrée à l’épidémie. Jusqu’où ira-t-elle ? Quelles conséquences aura-t-elle sur notre vie quotidienne ? Une interview exclusive suivie de la diffusion de notre grand reportage "Virus, l’État...},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2020-10-23},
	author = {BFM TV},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{govuk_covid-19_2020,
	title = {{COVID}-19: government announces moving out of contain phase and into delay},
	shorttitle = {{COVID}-19},
	url = {https://www.gov.uk/government/news/covid-19-government-announces-moving-out-of-contain-phase-and-into-delay},
	abstract = {The government has announced that we are moving out of the contain phase and into delay, in response to the ongoing coronavirus outbreak.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-21},
	journal = {GOV.UK},
	author = {GOV.UK},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{nosnl_crisis-experts_2020,
	title = {Crisis-experts: onze corona-aanpak is goed, communicatie kan beter},
	shorttitle = {Crisis-experts},
	url = {https://nos.nl/l/2326736},
	abstract = {Nederland neemt minder drastische maatregelen dan veel andere landen om het coronavirus in te dammen, maar volgens experts is Nederland daarmee niet te laks.},
	language = {nl},
	urldate = {2020-10-20},
	author = {Nos.nl},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{ratto_trabucco_riflessioni_2020,
	title = {Riflessioni sui d.{P}.{C}.{M}. marzolini “di salute pubblica” sull’emergenza {Coronavirus} con limitazioni draconiane ai diritti costituzionali a mezzo atto amministrativo},
	url = {lexitalia.it},
	abstract = {In «LexItalia.it», Palermo, 2020, 3, 1-10, ISSN 2240-5534},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-20},
	author = {Ratto Trabucco, Fabio},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{roser_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus {Pandemic} ({COVID}-19)},
	url = {https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus},
	abstract = {Country-by-country data and research on the pandemic. Updated daily.},
	urldate = {2020-10-20},
	journal = {Our World in Data},
	author = {Roser, Max and Ritchie, Hannah and Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban and Hasell, Joe},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{guzman_fernando_2020,
	title = {Fernando {Simón}: «{El} 90\% de los casos de coronavirus en {España} proceden de {Italia}»},
	shorttitle = {Fernando {Simón}},
	url = {https://www.newtral.es/fernando-simon-el-90-de-los-casos-de-coronavirus-en-espana-proceden-de-italia/20200302/},
	abstract = {Fernando Simón, director del Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias del Ministerio de Sanidad, estuvo este domingo en El Objetivo respondiendo a las preguntas de Ana Pastor y de algunos espectadores sobre el coronavirus. «Vamos a basar nuestras decisiones en la evidencia de la circulación del virus de nuestro país«, explicó Simón, apuntando […]},
	language = {es},
	urldate = {2020-10-20},
	journal = {Newtral},
	author = {Guzmán, Por Javier},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{el_mundo_criticas_2020,
	title = {Críticas a {Italia} por la gestión de la epidemia de coronavirus},
	url = {https://www.elmundo.es/ciencia-y-salud/salud/2020/03/02/5e5c0bb0fc6c838e278b4683.html},
	abstract = {Aumentan las críticas a Italia por su actuación frente a la epidemia de coronavirus. El país, que acumula un saldo de casi 1.600 casos (con 34 fallecidos) y el domingo registró más},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-20},
	journal = {ELMUNDO},
	author = {El Mundo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Section: Ciencia-y-salud/salud},
}

@misc{who_public_2020,
	title = {Public health criteria to adjust public health and social measures in the context of {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/public-health-criteria-to-adjust-public-health-and-social-measures-in-the-context-of-covid-19},
	abstract = {Annex to Considerations in adjusting public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-15},
	author = {WHO},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{kafka_what_2020,
	title = {What went wrong with the media’s coronavirus coverage?},
	url = {https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/13/21214114/media-coronavirus-pandemic-coverage-cdc-should-you-wear-masks},
	abstract = {And can we do better?},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-01},
	journal = {Vox},
	author = {Kafka, Peter},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{brooks_like_2020,
	title = {Like the flu? {Trump}'s coronavirus messaging confuses public, pandemic researchers say},
	shorttitle = {Like the flu?},
	url = {https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mixed-messages-idUSKBN2102GY},
	abstract = {The coronavirus is not as bad as the seasonal flu. President Donald Trump is not worried about having had direct exposure to the virus. The United States is in far better shape than other countries.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-01},
	journal = {Reuters},
	author = {Brooks, Brad},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {CORONAVIRUS, Epidemics, HEALTH, Health / Medicine, Healthcare (TRBC level 1), MESSAGES, MIXED, Major News, Pictures, Respiratory Conditions, US, US Government News, US House of Representatives, US President},
}

@misc{united_nations_tackles_2020,
	title = {{UN} tackles ‘infodemic’ of misinformation and cybercrime in {COVID}-19 crisis},
	url = {https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-tackling-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation-and-cybercrime-covid-19},
	abstract = {From selling fake coronavirus cures online to a cyberattack on hospitals’ critical information systems, criminals are exploiting the COVID-19 crisis, the United Nations has warned, as it also steps up its fight against a proliferation of false information about the virus. “We’re not just fighting an epidemic; we’re fighting an infodemic,” said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus of WHO.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-01},
	journal = {United Nations},
	author = {United Nations},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: United Nations},
}

@misc{brennen_types_2020,
	title = {Types, sources, and claims of {COVID}-19 misinformation},
	url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-01},
	journal = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism},
	author = {Brennen, J. Scott and Simon, Felix and Howard, Philip N. and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{usa_today_top_2020,
	title = {Top disease official: {Risk} of coronavirus in {USA} is 'minuscule'; skip mask and wash hands},
	shorttitle = {Top disease official},
	url = {https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/02/17/nih-disease-official-anthony-fauci-risk-of-coronavirus-in-u-s-is-minuscule-skip-mask-and-wash-hands/4787209002/},
	abstract = {Should I wear a mask? The U.S. infectious disease chief says no: {\textbackslash}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-30},
	journal = {USA TODAY},
	author = {USA Today},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
}

@book{bamberg_considering_2004,
	title = {Considering {Counter}-{Narratives}},
	isbn = {978-90-272-9502-6},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/sin.4},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Bamberg, Michael{\textbar}Andrews},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publication Title: sin.4},
}

@misc{who_who_2020,
	title = {{WHO} {Director}-{General}'s opening remarks at the media briefing on {COVID}-19 - 13 {March} 2020},
	url = {https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---13-march-2020},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	author = {WHO},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{who_who_2020-1,
	title = {{WHO} {Director}-{General}'s opening remarks at the media briefing on {COVID}-19 - 11 {March} 2020},
	url = {https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	author = {WHO},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{safi_coronavirus_2020,
	chapter = {World news},
	title = {Coronavirus: {Italy} bans any movement inside country as toll nears 5,500},
	issn = {0261-3077},
	shorttitle = {Coronavirus},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/22/italian-pm-warns-of-worst-crisis-since-ww2-as-coronavirus-deaths-leap-by-almost-800},
	abstract = {PM shuts down all non-essential factories and businesses as lockdowns spread across the world},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	author = {Safi, Michael and Giuffrida, Angela and Farrer, Martin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Asia Pacific, China, Coronavirus outbreak, Infectious diseases, Italy, Science, US news},
}

@article{bbc_news_coronavirus_2020,
	chapter = {Europe},
	title = {Coronavirus: {Italy} extends emergency measures nationwide},
	shorttitle = {Coronavirus},
	url = {https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51810673},
	abstract = {The entire population - some 60 million people - are told to stay at home amid the outbreak.},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {BBC News},
	author = {BBC News},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{corriere_della_sera_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus, due casi a {Milano}},
	url = {https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_febbraio_22/coronavirus-italia-nuovi-contagi-lombardia-veneto-245e72d4-5540-11ea-8418-2150c9ca483e.shtml},
	abstract = {Aumentano i casi di Coronavirus in Italia},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {Corriere della Sera},
	author = {Corriere della Sera},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Section: cronache},
}

@misc{corriere_della_sera_coronavirus_2020-1,
	title = {Coronavirus, primi due casi in {Italia}: sono due turisti cinesi},
	shorttitle = {Coronavirus, primi due casi in {Italia}},
	url = {https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_gennaio_30/coronavirus-italia-corona-9d6dc436-4343-11ea-bdc8-faf1f56f19b7.shtml},
	abstract = {I due cinesi in vacanza a Roma da dieci giorni},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {Corriere della Sera},
	author = {Corriere della Sera},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Section: cronache},
}

@misc{yle_uutiset_finlands_2020,
	title = {Finland's first coronavirus case confirmed in {Lapland}},
	url = {https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finlands_first_coronavirus_case_confirmed_in_lapland/11182855},
	abstract = {A Chinese tourist in Lapland has tested positive for novel coronavirus.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {Yle Uutiset},
	author = {Yle Uutiset},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{who_statement_2020,
	title = {Statement on the second meeting of the {International} {Health} {Regulations} (2005) {Emergency} {Committee} regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-{nCoV})},
	url = {https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)},
	abstract = {Following the advice of the Emergency Committee today, WHO Director-General has declared the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. In China, more than 7700 cases have been confirmed, and 170 people have died. There are 82 additional cases confirmed in 18 countries.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	author = {WHO},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{amante_first_2020,
	title = {First {Italian} dies of coronavirus as outbreak flares in north},
	url = {https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-italy-idUSKBN20F0UI},
	abstract = {An elderly man in the northern city of Padua has died after being infected with the coronavirus, becoming the first Italian victim of the disease, Health Minister Roberto Speranza said on Friday.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {Reuters},
	author = {Amante, Angelo, Elisa Anzolin},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Asia / Pacific, CHINA, China (PRC), Diplomacy / Foreign Policy, Diseases, Epidemics, Europe, Government / Politics, HEALTH, Health / Medicine, Healthcare (TRBC level 1), ITALY, Infectious Diseases, Italy, Major News, Picture Available, Pictures, Reuters Top News, US, Video Available, Western Europe},
}

@misc{berliner_morgenpost_coronavirus_nodate,
	title = {Coronavirus: {Interaktive} {Karte} zeigt aktuelle {Zahl} der {Corona}-{Infektionen} in {Deutschland}, {Europa} und weltweit},
	shorttitle = {Coronavirus},
	url = {https://interaktiv.morgenpost.de/corona-virus-karte-infektionen-deutschland-weltweit/},
	abstract = {So breitet sich das Coronavirus aus - in den deutschen Bundesländern, Europa und weltweit. Aktuelle Zahlen der bestätigten Infektionen, der geheilten Patienten und der Todesfälle auf einer interaktiven Karte.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {Berliner Morgenpost},
	author = {Berliner Morgenpost},
}

@misc{noauthor_who_2020,
	title = {{WHO} {\textbar} {Novel} {Coronavirus} – {China}},
	url = {http://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {WHO},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: World Health Organization},
}

@article{leduc_sars_2004,
	title = {{SARS}, the {First} {Pandemic} of the 21st {Century1}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1080-6040},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3329048/},
	doi = {10.3201/eid1011.040797_02},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},
	author = {LeDuc, James W. and Barry, M. Anita},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {null},
	pmcid = {PMC3329048},
	pages = {e26},
}

@book{fidler_sars_2004,
	title = {{SARS}, {Governance} and the {Globalization} of {Disease}},
	isbn = {978-1-4039-3326-3},
	url = {https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403933263},
	abstract = {SARS, Governance and the Globalization of Disease provides a comprehensive and original analysis of the historic global SARS outbreak of 2003. David P. Fidler constructs a political pathology of the SARS outbreak, analyzes the government responses to it, places these responses in historical context and assesses the implications of the successful management of the outbreak for handling future pathogenic threats that will arise. The book includes a detailed description of the outbreak and governance responses to it, as well as a focused analysis of China's role in the outbreak.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
	author = {Fidler, D.},
	year = {2004},
	doi = {10.1057/9780230006263},
}

@article{drosten_identification_2003,
	title = {Identification of a {Novel} {Coronavirus} in {Patients} with {Severe} {Acute} {Respiratory} {Syndrome}},
	volume = {348},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030747},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa030747},
	abstract = {This study used cell culture and molecular techniques to identify the infectious agent associated with SARS. A novel coronavirus was found in multiple samples from 18 patients but in no specimens from control subjects. In the patients there were high concentrations of viral RNA in sputum, a finding consistent with a highly infectious agent. Low concentrations of viral RNA were also detected in stool.},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Drosten, Christian and Günther, Stephan and Preiser, Wolfgang and van der Werf, Sylvie and Brodt, Hans-Reinhard and Becker, Stephan and Rabenau, Holger and Panning, Marcus and Kolesnikova, Larissa and Fouchier, Ron A.M. and Berger, Annemarie and Burguière, Ana-Maria and Cinatl, Jindrich and Eickmann, Markus and Escriou, Nicolas and Grywna, Klaus and Kramme, Stefanie and Manuguerra, Jean-Claude and Müller, Stefanie and Rickerts, Volker and Stürmer, Martin and Vieth, Simon and Klenk, Hans-Dieter and Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E. and Schmitz, Herbert and Doerr, Hans Wilhelm},
	month = may,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12690091},
	note = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030747},
	pages = {1967--1976},
}

@article{ksiazek_novel_2003,
	title = {A {Novel} {Coronavirus} {Associated} with {Severe} {Acute} {Respiratory} {Syndrome}},
	volume = {348},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030781},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa030781},
	abstract = {This report summarizes the laboratory studies undertaken to identify the etiologic agent of the worldwide outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In specimens from patients from seven countries, a coronavirus was identified by electron microscopy. The virus is only distantly related to previously sequenced coronaviruses. From serologic studies it appears that this virus has not previously circulated in humans.},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Ksiazek, Thomas G. and Erdman, Dean and Goldsmith, Cynthia S. and Zaki, Sherif R. and Peret, Teresa and Emery, Shannon and Tong, Suxiang and Urbani, Carlo and Comer, James A. and Lim, Wilina and Rollin, Pierre E. and Dowell, Scott F. and Ling, Ai-Ee and Humphrey, Charles D. and Shieh, Wun-Ju and Guarner, Jeannette and Paddock, Christopher D. and Rota, Paul and Fields, Barry and DeRisi, Joseph and Yang, Jyh-Yuan and Cox, Nancy and Hughes, James M. and LeDuc, James W. and Bellini, William J. and Anderson, Larry J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12690092},
	note = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030781},
	pages = {1953--1966},
}

@book{potter_discourse_1987,
	address = {Thousand Oaks, CA, US},
	series = {Discourse and social psychology:  {Beyond} attitudes and behaviour},
	title = {Discourse and social psychology:  {Beyond} attitudes and behaviour},
	isbn = {978-0-8039-8055-6 978-0-8039-8056-3},
	shorttitle = {Discourse and social psychology},
	abstract = {This book, which is aimed at the advanced undergraduate student, is the first systematic and comprehensible introduction to the theory and application of discourse analysis within the field of social psychology and related disciplines. Its authors use discourse' in its most open sense, meaning all forms of talking and writing, to look at the subtle ways in which language orders perceptions and makes things happen. Language is active, they contend, and thus carries social and political implications and meanings (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc},
	author = {Potter, Jonathan and Wetherell, Margaret},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Pages: 216},
	keywords = {Language, Nonverbal Communication, Oral Communication, Semiotics, Social Psychology},
}

@misc{noauthor_discourse_2020,
	title = {Discourse and {Social} {Psychology}},
	url = {https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/discourse-and-social-psychology/book202303},
	abstract = {Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{reuters_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus : cinq nouveaux cas en {France} annonce {Buzyn}, deux écoles fermées en {Haute}-{Savoie}},
	shorttitle = {Coronavirus},
	url = {https://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/coronavirus-5-nouveaux-cas-en-france-20200208},
	abstract = {Des enquêtes sont en cours pour déterminer les personnes ayant été en contact avec les cinq nouveaux cas confirmés de coronavirus en Haute-Savoie.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2020-09-29},
	journal = {Le Figaro.fr},
	author = {Reuters, Le Figaro avec AFP et},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Section: Sciences \& Environnement},
}

@article{potter_model_2016,
	title = {A {Model} of {Discourse} in {Action}:},
	shorttitle = {A {Model} of {Discourse} in {Action}},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764293036003008},
	doi = {10.1177/0002764293036003008},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
	author = {Potter, Jonathan and Edwards, Derek and Wetherell, Margaret},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONThousand Oaks},
}

@book{edwards_discourse_1997,
	address = {Thousand Oaks, CA, US},
	series = {Discourse and cognition},
	title = {Discourse and cognition},
	isbn = {978-0-8039-7696-2 978-0-8039-7697-9},
	abstract = {The central project of [this book] is a wholesale reappraisal of psychological concepts of human action, mental states, language and social interactions. Derek Edwards reviews a wide range of thought and research to demonstrate how the dominant cognitive approach to psychology has failed. He makes a compelling case that language is best understood as a kind of activity, as discourse.  The argument draws upon ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, linguistic philosophy, and social studies of science. These influences underpin [an] intellectual survey ranging across cognitivism, discursive psychology, shared knowledge, categories and metaphor, emotion and narrative. The emphasis throughout is on the value of close empirical study of text and talk, through which the topics of mind, world, and 'who we are' are all seen as 'ways of talking.'  [This book is intended] for students and academics in social, discursive and cognitive psychology and across the social sciences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc},
	author = {Edwards, Derek},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Pages: vii, 356},
	keywords = {Cognitive Processes, Language},
}

@article{nikander_constructionism_2008,
	title = {Constructionism and discourse analysis},
	journal = {Handbook of constructionist research},
	author = {Nikander, Pirjo},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {413--428},
}

@misc{noauthor_pdf_nodate,
	title = {({PDF}) {Constructionism} and discourse analysis},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255637981_Constructionism_and_discourse_analysis},
	abstract = {PDF {\textbar} On Jan 1, 2008, Pirjo Nikander published Constructionism and discourse analysis {\textbar} Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {ResearchGate},
}

@article{patrona_journalists_2012,
	title = {Journalists on the news: {The} structured panel discussion as a form of broadcast talk},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	shorttitle = {Journalists on the news},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511431505},
	doi = {10.1177/0957926511431505},
	abstract = {This article examines the structured panel discussion as a new form of broadcast news interaction. This involves live conversation among the anchorperson and news journalists on political news stories. The article draws upon the conversation analytic literature on news interviews, as well as detailed discourse analysis of journalistic discourse. By analysing data from Greek commercial prime-time news, it is argued that both the sequential organization and intra-turn design of journalists’ talk help construct their professional role as that of an authoritative expert (analyst and opinionated commentator) on political current affairs. The rhetoric of expertise legitimizes the journalists’ attribution of accountability, as well as their formulation of personal points of view. Given the absence of political actors from such extended exchanges, journalists are enabled to ‘impose’ their preferred readings of political actions and events on the audience. The structured panel discussion is a unique inter-journalistic conversational format, which exists alongside the more standard news interview, and is consequential for the representation of politics and political actors by the broadcast media.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Patrona, Marianna},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {145--162},
}

@book{patrona_crisis_2018,
	title = {Crisis and the {Media}},
	isbn = {978-90-272-6442-8},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/dapsac.76},
	abstract = {This book is a collection of studies that brings together current research into the ways in which crisis is constructed and communicated in contemporary media discourse.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Patrona, Marianna},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publication Title: dapsac.76},
}

@article{drewery_discourse_2000,
	title = {Discourse and {Cognition}. {Edwards}, {D}. (1997). {Sage}, {London}: pp. 368. £49.50 {ISBN} 0-8039-7696-8 (hardback), £15.99 {ISBN} 0-8039-7697-6 (paperback)},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-1298},
	shorttitle = {Discourse and {Cognition}. {Edwards}, {D}. (1997). {Sage}, {London}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1298%28200001/02%2910%3A1%3C79%3A%3AAID-CASP536%3E3.0.CO%3B2-1},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(200001/02)10:1<79::AID-CASP536>3.0.CO;2-1},
	abstract = {Wendy Drewery is a philosopher by training and teaches health development and counselling at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {Journal of Community \& Applied Social Psychology},
	author = {Drewery, Wendy},
	year = {2000},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/\%28SICI\%291099-1298\%28200001/02\%2910\%3A1\%3C79\%3A\%3AAID-CASP536\%3E3.0.CO\%3B2-1},
	pages = {79--81},
}

@article{nikander_constructionism_2008-1,
	title = {Constructionism and {Discourse} {Analysis}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Nikander, Pirjo},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {16},
}

@article{patrona_conversationalization_2006,
	title = {Conversationalization and media empowerment in {Greek} television discussion programs:},
	shorttitle = {Conversationalization and media empowerment in {Greek} television discussion programs},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926506058062},
	doi = {10.1177/0957926506058062},
	abstract = {This article explores the conversational practices of the hosts of Greek television discussion programs vis-à-vis experts. The aim is to discover, first, the ex...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Patrona, Marianna},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE PublicationsLondon, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi},
}

@article{wodak_grexit_2014,
	title = {From {Grexit} to {Grecovery}: {Euro}/crisis discourses},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	shorttitle = {From {Grexit} to {Grecovery}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926514536967},
	doi = {10.1177/0957926514536967},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth and Angouri, Jo},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	pages = {417--423},
}

@article{heath_introduction_2010,
	series = {The handbook of crisis communication. - {Chichester} : {Wiley}-{Blackwell}, {ISBN} 978-1-4051-9441-9. - 2010, p. 1-13},
	title = {Introduction: crisis communication : defining the beast and de-marginalizing key publics},
	shorttitle = {Introduction},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The handbook of crisis communication},
	author = {Heath, Robert L.},
	year = {2010},
}

@incollection{noauthor_introduction_nodate,
	title = {Introduction: {Crisis} {Communication}: {Defining} the {Beast} and {De}-marginalizing {Key} {Publics}},
}

@incollection{wodak_discourse-historical_2001,
	address = {London},
	title = {The discourse-historical approach},
	booktitle = {Methods of {Critical} {Discourse} {Analysis}},
	publisher = {Sage},
	author = {Reisigl, Martin and Wodak, Ruth},
	editor = {Wodak, Ruth and Meyer, Michael},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {63--94},
}

@incollection{genovesi_il_1966,
	address = {Roma/Bari},
	edition = {Laterza},
	title = {Il problema della terra},
	language = {Italian},
	booktitle = {Il {Sud} nella storia d'{Italia}},
	author = {Genovesi, Antonio},
	editor = {Villari, Rosario},
	year = {1966},
	note = {OCLC: 883510393},
	pages = {3--11},
}

@book{luconi_paesani_2001,
	address = {Albany},
	title = {From {Paesani} to {White} {Ethnics}: {The} {Italian} {Experience} in {Philadelphia}},
	publisher = {SUNI Press},
	author = {Luconi, Stefano},
	year = {2001},
}

@article{cibotti_giornalismo_1994,
	title = {Giornalismo politico e politica giornalistica. {La} formazione pubblica di una opinione italiana nella {Buenos} {Aires} di fine secolo.},
	volume = {4},
	author = {Cibotti, Ema},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {351--376},
}

@book{rossini_woodrow_2008,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	title = {Woodrow {Wilson} and the {American} {Myth} in {Italy}},
	url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674028241},
	abstract = {In 1918, Woodrow Wilson's image as leader of the free world and the image of America as dispenser of democracy spread throughout Italy, filling an ideological void. American popularity, though, did not ensure mutual understanding. Rossini sets the Italian-American political confrontation within the full context of the two countries' cultural perceptions of each other, different war experiences, and ideas about participatory democracy and peace.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	author = {Rossini, Daniela},
	year = {2008},
}

@misc{mccallum_mallet:_2002,
	title = {{MALLET}: {A} {Machine} {Learning} for {Language} {Toolkit}},
	url = {http://mallet.cs.umass.edu},
	author = {McCallum, Andrew Kachites},
	year = {2002},
}

@misc{noauthor_about_nodate,
	title = {About {MALLET}},
	url = {http://mallet.cs.umass.edu/about.php},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
}

@article{lee_how_2018,
	title = {How are ‘immigrant workers’ represented in {Korean} news reporting?—{A} text mining approach to critical discourse analysis},
	shorttitle = {How are ‘immigrant workers’ represented in {Korean} news reporting?},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/dsh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/llc/fqy017/5039835},
	doi = {10.1093/llc/fqy017},
	abstract = {Abstract.  The present study explores the usefulness of a text mining approach to investigating the representation of minorities in news reporting. The question},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},
	author = {Lee, Changsoo},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{ferraro_ethnic_1993,
	address = {Chcago},
	title = {Ethnic {Passages}: {Literary} {Immigrants} in {Twentieth}-{Century} {America}},
	publisher = {University of Chicago press},
	author = {Ferraro, Thomas J.},
	year = {1993},
}

@article{bridgewater_caribbean_2010,
	title = {Caribbean {Immigrants}' {Discourses}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0021-9436},
	abstract = {The authors determined how Caribbean immigrants position themselves and make sense of their workplace communication through their storytelling. Using the constant comparative technique, they analyzed interviews with 25 Caribbean immigrants and found two discursive positionings: (a) within their cultural-moral narratives of the American Dream and (b) in stories that reproduce and resist specific intercultural workplace communication. Personal sensemaking stories broke down the monolithic cultural and moral narratives of the American Dream to display participants' perceptions about, communicative strategies for, and discursive self-positioning for handling their unique workplace experiences. They made sense of their experiences through invocation of difference discourses--race, class, gender, and immigrant status--and actively sought ways of asserting their agency materially and discursively.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Business Communication},
	author = {Bridgewater, Melissa and Buzzanell, Patrice},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 648741304},
	pages = {235--265},
}

@book{bamberg_discourse_2011,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Discourse and identity},
	isbn = {978-0-521-54191-6 978-0-521-83402-5},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Bamberg, Michael G. W and De Fina, Anna and Schiffrin, Deborah},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 1026040262},
}

@book{noauthor_discourse_nodate,
	title = {Discourse and {Identity}},
}

@book{de_fina_identity_2003,
	address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
	title = {Identity in {Narrative}},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/sin.3},
	abstract = {This volume presents both an analysis of how identities are built, represented and negotiated in narrative, as well as a theoretical reflection on the links between narrative discourse and identity construction. The data for the book are Mexican immigrants' personal experience narratives and chronicles of their border crossings into the United States. Embracing a view of identity as a construct firmly grounded in discourse and interaction, the author examines and illustrates the multiple threads that connect the local expression and negotiation of identity to the wider social contexts that frame the experience of migration, from material conditions of life in the United States to mainstream discourses about race and color. The analysis reveals how identities emerge in discourse through the interplay of different levels of expression, from implicit adherence to narrative styles and ways of telling, to explicit negotiation of membership categories.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {De Fina, Anna},
	year = {2003},
}

@article{musolff_truths_2017,
	title = {Truths, lies and figurative scenarios. {Metaphors} at the heart of {Brexit}},
	volume = {16},
	url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/jlp.16033.mus},
	abstract = {This article studies one of the key-metaphors that has dominated British EU-debates for the past 25 years, i.e. the slogan, Britain at the heart of Europe. The discourse career of this metaphor up to the Brexit referendum shows a decline in its affirmative, optimistic use, and a converse increase of deriding uses to the point of declaring the heart of Europe irredeemably diseased, dead, non-existent or rotten. We argue that these changes in the metaphor scenario of the heart of Europe concept helped to entice the British public to integrate the information supplied by pro-Brexit campaigners into a narrative of a dying EU, which motivated their voting preferences. Even statements that were exposed as factually wrong or implausible before the Brexit referendum were still accepted as fitting the narrative and thus considered as more reliable than unframed pieces of counter-information supplied by the Brexit critics.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {641--657},
}

@incollection{khosravinik_immigration_2014,
	address = {London},
	title = {Immigration discourses and critical discourse analysis: dynamics of world events and immigration representations in the {British} press},
	booktitle = {Contemporary {Critical} {Discourse} {Studies}},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury},
	author = {KhosraviNik, Majid},
	editor = {Hart, Christopher and Cap, Piotr},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {501--519},
}

@book{richardson_misrepresenting_2004,
	address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
	title = {({Mis})representing {Islam}: {The} {Racism} and {Rhetoric} of {British} {Broadsheet} {Newspapers}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing},
	author = {Richardson, John},
	year = {2004},
}

@book{santa_ana_brown_2002,
	address = {Austin},
	title = {Brown {Tide} {Rising} {Metaphors} of {Latinos} in {Contemporary} {American} {Public} {Discourse} {By} {Otto} {Santa} {Ana}},
	isbn = {978-0-292-77766-8 978-0-292-77767-5 978-0-292-79635-5 978-0-292-77480-3},
	url = {https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/sanbro},
	abstract = {Applying the insights of cognitive metaphor theory to an extensive natural language data set drawn from hundreds of articles in the Los Angeles Times and other media, Santa Ana reveals how metaphorical language portrays Latinos as invaders, outsiders, burdens, parasites, diseases, animals, and weeds.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	publisher = {Universoty of Texas Press},
	author = {Santa Ana, Otto},
	year = {2002},
}

@article{dijk_note_2012,
	title = {A note on epistemics and discourse analysis},
	volume = {51},
	copyright = {©2011 The British Psychological Society},
	issn = {2044-8309},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02044.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02044.x},
	abstract = {Discursive Psychology has the great merit of having introduced discourse analysis (DA) to social psychology and to have contributed to DA itself by its study of the expression of ‘psychological’ notions in text and talk. Within this perspective, this paper presents some elements of a proposal to study the expression of knowledge in discourse. Beginning with a brief summary of our multidisciplinary approach to knowledge, followed by a summary of discourse structures that express knowledge, the main argument of the paper is that we not only need to take discourse seriously in the study of knowledge, but cannot ignore their cognitive underlying structures if we want to describe and explain many properties of discourse, such as all implicit or presupposed knowledge, as well as the interactional and contextual management of old and new knowledge in text and talk.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
	author = {Dijk, Teun A. van},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {478--485},
}

@article{van_dijk_principles_1993,
	title = {Principles of {Critical} {Discourse} {Analysis}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006},
	doi = {10.1177/0957926593004002006},
	abstract = {This paper discusses some principles of critical discourse analysis, such as the explicit sociopolitical stance of discourse analysts, and a focus on dominance relations by elite groups and institutions as they are being enacted, legitimated or otherwise reproduced by text and talk. One of the crucial elements of this analysis of the relations between power and discourse is the patterns of access to (public) discourse for different social groups. Theoretically it is shown that in order to be able to relate power and discourse in an explicit way, we need the `cognitive interface' of models, knowledge, attitudes and ideologies and other social representations of the social mind, which also relate the individual and the social, and the micro- and the macro-levels of social structure. Finally, the argument is illustrated with an analysis of parliamentary debates about ethnic affairs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {Discourse \& Society},
	author = {van Dijk, Teun A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {249--283},
}

@article{viola_chroniclitaly:_2018,
	address = {Utrecht},
	title = {{ChroniclItaly}: {A} corpus of {Italian} {American} newspapers from 1898 to 1920},
	url = {https://public.yoda.uu.nl/i-lab/UU01/T4YMOW.html},
	journal = {Utrecht University},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{entman_book_2004,
	title = {Book {Reviews} - {Projections} of {Power}: {Framing} {News}, {Public} {Opinion} and {U}.{S}. {Foreign} {Policy}},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0002-9602},
	shorttitle = {Book {Reviews} - {Projections} of {Power}},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The American journal of sociology.},
	author = {Entman, Robert and Molotch, Harvey},
	year = {2004},
	note = {OCLC: 97413981},
	pages = {833},
}

@book{entman_projections_2003,
	title = {Projections of {Power}: {Framing} {News}, {Public} {Opinion}, and {U}.{S}. {Foreign} {Policy} ({Studies} in communication, media, and public opinion)},
	shorttitle = {Projections of {Power}},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Entman, Robert M},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 938915715},
}

@book{orgad_media_2012,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Media representation and the global imagination},
	isbn = {978-0-7456-4379-3 978-0-7456-4380-9},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Polity},
	author = {Orgad, Shani},
	year = {2012},
	note = {OCLC: 959729253},
}

@book{musolff_metaphor_2010,
	address = {New York, N.Y},
	title = {Metaphor, nation and the holocaust: the concept of the body politic},
	isbn = {978-0-415-80119-5},
	shorttitle = {Metaphor, nation and the holocaust},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 901216467},
}

@book{sher_praise_2006,
	title = {In praise of blame},
	isbn = {978-0-19-533931-4 978-0-19-518742-7},
	language = {English},
	author = {Sher, George},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: 974131814},
}

@article{wodak_grexit_2014,
	title = {From {Grexit} to {Grecovery}: {Euro}/crisis discourses},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	shorttitle = {From {Grexit} to {Grecovery}},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Discourse Soc. Discourse and Society},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth and Angouri, Jo},
	year = {2014},
	note = {OCLC: 5605147740},
	pages = {417--423},
}

@misc{extramiana_linguistic_2014,
	title = {Linguistic {Integration} of {Adult} {Migrants}: {Policy} and practice},
	publisher = {Language Policy Unit, Council of Europe},
	author = {Extramiana, Claire and Pulinx, Reinhilde and Van Avermaet, Piet},
	year = {2014},
}

@book{delanty_identity_2011,
	address = {Liverpool},
	title = {Identity, belonging and migration},
	isbn = {978-1-84631-689-0},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Liverpool Univ. Press},
	author = {Delanty, Gerard},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 745493129},
}

@article{bauman_making_1997,
	title = {The making and unmaking of strangers},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Debating cultural hybridity : multi-cultural identities and the politics of anti-racism},
	author = {Bauman, Zygmunt},
	year = {1997},
	note = {OCLC: 717012489},
}

@book{simmel_sociology_1950,
	address = {N.Y.},
	title = {The sociology of {Georg} {Simmel}: trans.},
	shorttitle = {The sociology of {Georg} {Simmel}},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Free Press},
	author = {Simmel, Georg and Wolff, Kurt H},
	year = {1950},
	note = {OCLC: 216740237},
}

@article{wodak_discourses_2007,
	title = {Discourses in {European} {Union} organizations: {Aspects} of access, participation, and exclusion},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0165-4888},
	shorttitle = {Discourses in {European} {Union} organizations},
	abstract = {The aim of this paper is to make processes of co-constructing, negotiating, defining, legitimizing, and justifying inclusion/exclusion in European Union (EU) organizations transparent, both on a structural and on a discursive level. Moreover, individual experiences from migrants present everyday exclusionary practices. In this attempt, I use research on EU organizations and on discrimination in eight EU countries (focus-group discussions) as illustrative examples. I propose a \&lsquo;discourse-historical\&rsquo; framework, which relates different discursive and structural forms of inclusion and exclusion to each other. I assume that many contradictions come into play, while discursive shifts in inclusion and exclusion are decided upon. These contradictions imply-inter alia-value conflicts (conflicts between values of tolerance, democracy, etc.), conflicts of ideologies and beliefs, and power conflicts. Another theoretical assumption implies that managing \&lsquo;inclusion\&rsquo; and \&lsquo;exclusion\&rsquo; is a question of \&lsquo;grading\&rsquo; and \&lsquo;scales\&rsquo;, ranging from explicit legal and economic restrictions to implicit discursive negotiations and processes of decision making. Finally, the paper illustrates the fluidity of membership categorization when defining exclusion and inclusion.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5-6},
	journal = {Text},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: 356492146},
	pages = {655--680},
}

@article{van_leeuwen_legitimizing_1999,
	title = {Legitimizing {Immigration} {Control}: {A} {Discourse}-{Historical} {Analysis}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1461-4456},
	shorttitle = {Legitimizing {Immigration} {Control}},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Discourse Studies Discourse Studies},
	author = {Van Leeuwen, Theo and Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {1999},
	note = {OCLC: 4654648977},
	pages = {83--118},
}

@article{vollmer_hermeneutical_2017,
	title = {A {Hermeneutical} {Approach} to {European} {Bordering}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1478-2804},
	abstract = {Post-Westphalia processes such as the increasing mobility of people, the rise of the international human rights framework, globalization, transnationalization and the political integration of Europe have ‘fundamentally changed the meaning of borders’ (Guild 2001, Moving the Borders of Europe. Inaugural Lecture. Nijmegen: University of Nijmegen, 3). Borders have a ‘polysemic nature’ (Balibar 2002, Politics and the Other Scene. London: Verso, 81), they do not have the same meaning for everyone. This article claims, however, there is another, yet new, fundamental shift as regards the meaning of border: a socio-psychological shift. There is a drastic increase in the public profile of borders. This hypothesized shift requires a new approach on borders. In part it confirms Balibar’s (2002) claim but the article considers the implications for research agendas (Politics and the Other Scene. London: Verso). The article posits a research agenda that goes back to basic questions. It suggests a hermeneutical approach to European bordering and border regimes.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary European Studies},
	author = {Vollmer, Bastian A},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 7065501412},
	pages = {1--15},
}

@article{musolff_chapter_2010,
	title = {Chapter 2. {Political} metaphor and bodies politic},
	language = {English},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 7335490927},
	pages = {23--42},
}

@book{noauthor_refugee_2017,
	title = {A 'refugee crisis' unfolding: 'real' events and their interpretation in media and political debates},
	shorttitle = {A 'refugee crisis' unfolding},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1814/48864},
	abstract = {This article offers a comparative overview of the case studies included in this Special Issue with the aim of providing a narrative of how the refugee emergency in Europe has unfolded during the period 2014–2016. I look at the ‘real’ events as they happened, identify which events were taken up in the different national political scenes and media landscape as highly relevant, and then identify on the basis of a meta-analysis of the findings of the different articles, the main interpretative frames used to make sense of the refugee emergency. This meta-analysis allows me also to relate the discourses with the actual policies adopted or decisions taken with a view to addressing the emergency. The article focuses on contrasted discourses, how they are politicized in different countries and how they are eventually brought together adopting a frame of ‘reason’/rationalization that reconciles solidarity with public order.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2018-05-29},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 1016151546},
}

@article{triandafyllidou_refugee_2018,
	title = {A “{Refugee} {Crisis}” {Unfolding}: “{Real}” {Events} and {Their} {Interpretation} in {Media} and {Political} {Debates}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1556-2948},
	shorttitle = {A “{Refugee} {Crisis}” {Unfolding}},
	abstract = {This article offers a comparative overview of the case studies included in this Special Issue with the aim of providing a narrative of how the refugee emergency in Europe has unfolded during the period 2014-2016. I look at the ‘real’ events as they happened, identify which events were taken up in the different national political scenes and media landscape as highly relevant, and then identify on the basis of a meta-analysis of the findings of the different articles, the main interpretative frames used to make sense of the refugee emergency. This meta-analysis allows me also to relate the discourses with the actual policies adopted or decisions taken with a view to addressing the emergency. The article focuses on contrasted discourses, how they are politicized in different countries and how they are eventually brought together adopting a frame of ‘reason’/rationalization that reconciles solidarity with public order.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Journal of Immigrant \& Refugee Studies},
	author = {Triandafyllidou, Anna},
	year = {2018},
	note = {OCLC: 7342897069},
	pages = {198--216},
}

@article{krzyzanowski_mediatization_2017,
	title = {The {Mediatization} and the {Politicization} of the “{Refugee} {Crisis}” in {Europe}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1556-2948},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Journal of Immigrant \& Refugee Studies Journal of Immigrant \& Refugee Studies},
	author = {Krzyżanowski, Michał and Triandafyllidou, Anna and Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 7338880615},
	pages = {1--14},
}

@article{rheindorf_m_borders_2018,
	title = {Borders, {Fences}, and {Limits}—{Protecting} {Austria} {From} {Refugees}: {Metadiscursive} {Negotiation} of {Meaning} in the {Current} {Refugee} {Crisis}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1556-2948},
	shorttitle = {Borders, {Fences}, and {Limits}—{Protecting} {Austria} {From} {Refugees}},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {J. Immigr. Refugee Stud. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies},
	author = {{Rheindorf M} and {Wodak R}},
	year = {2018},
	note = {OCLC: 7029393717},
	pages = {15--38},
}

@article{rheindorf_borders_2018,
	title = {Borders, {Fences}, and {Limits}-{Protecting} {Austria} {From} {Refugees}: {Metadiscursive} {Negotiation} of {Meaning} in the {Current} {Refugee} {Crisis}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1556-2948},
	shorttitle = {Borders, {Fences}, and {Limits}-{Protecting} {Austria} {From} {Refugees}},
	abstract = {The so-called refugee crisis presents a field of discursive struggle over meanings in politics. In Austria, mediatized politics in 2015 and 2016 was dominated by metadiscursive negotiation of terminology related to building a border fence and setting a maximum limit on refugees. Both issues raised serious ideological and legal concerns and were thus largely euphemized; as responses to ever-increasing pressure from the political right, however, they were also intended as signals to voters. This article presents a discourse-historical study of the normalization of restrictive policies in the theoretical framework of border and body politics, otherness, and mediatization.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Journal of Immigrant \& Refugee Studies},
	author = {Rheindorf, Markus and Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2018},
	note = {OCLC: 7342895463},
	pages = {15--38},
}

@article{wodak_european_2015,
	title = {European identities and the revival of nationalism in the {European} {Union}: {A} discourse historical approach},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1569-9862},
	shorttitle = {European identities and the revival of nationalism in the {European} {Union}},
	abstract = {To date, the concept of ‘European identity’ remains quite vague and obscure. Who is European and who is not? What values do Europeans share, and who is included in or excluded from the European community? This paper deals with the renegotiation of European identity/ies and the simultaneous increase of discourses about national security and nationalism in Europe, especially during the financial crisis since 2008. We first discuss a range of theoretical approaches to European identity from an interdisciplinary perspective. In a second step, after summarising the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) and especially the concept of topos, we illustrate the link between discursive constructions of European identities and cultural ‘Others’ via some recent examples of European and national debates on migration and economic issues. More specifically, we first analyse a speech by Geert Wilders on immigration and multiculturalism after the clashes in Tunisia in 2011 and the subsequent arrival of many refugees in Italy; secondly, we focus on a speech about British relations to the European Union in the 21st century by the British Prime Minister, David Cameron. It becomes apparent that debates about European identities – especially since the financial crisis of 2008 – have increasingly been accompanied by debates about both more traditional racialised cultural concerns and more recently, about economic security, leading to new distinctions between ‘Us’, the ‘real Europeans’, and ‘Them’, the ‘Others’. In this way, the socio-political unification of Europe is challenged – once again.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {jlp Journal of Language and Politics},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth and Boukala, Salomi},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: 7186139638},
	pages = {87--109},
}

@book{stone_policy_2002,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Policy paradox: the art of political decision making},
	shorttitle = {Policy paradox},
	url = {https://archive.org/details/policyparadoxart00ston},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2018-05-29},
	publisher = {Norton},
	author = {Stone, Deborah A},
	year = {2002},
	note = {OCLC: 1036829574},
}

@book{matouschek_notwendige_1995,
	address = {Wien},
	title = {Notwendige {Massnahmen} gegen {Fremde}?: {Genese} und {Formen} von rassistischen {Diskursen} der {Differenz}},
	shorttitle = {Notwendige {Massnahmen} gegen {Fremde}?},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=MwVDAQAAIAAJ},
	language = {German},
	urldate = {2018-05-29},
	publisher = {Passagen Verlag},
	author = {Matouschek, Bernd and Wodak, Ruth and Januschek, Franz},
	year = {1995},
	note = {OCLC: 741762516},
}

@book{yilmaz_how_2016,
	title = {How the workers became {Muslims}: immigration, culture, and hegemonic transformation in {Europe}},
	isbn = {978-0-472-07308-5 978-0-472-05308-7 978-0-472-12178-6},
	shorttitle = {How the workers became {Muslims}},
	language = {English},
	author = {Yılmaz, Ferruh},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 946943692},
}

@article{khosravinik_m_representation_2010,
	title = {The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in {British} newspapers: {A} critical discourse analysis},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1569-2159},
	shorttitle = {The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in {British} newspapers},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {J.Lang.Pol. Journal of Language and Politics},
	author = {{KhosraviNik M}},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 650319477},
	pages = {1--28},
}

@article{baker_useful_2008,
	title = {A useful methodological synergy? {Combining} critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the {UK} press},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	shorttitle = {A useful methodological synergy?},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}This article discusses the extent to which methods normally associated with corpus linguistics can be effectively used by critical discourse analysts. Our research is based on the analysis of a 140-million-word corpus of British news articles about refugees, asylum seekers, immigrants and migrants (collectively RASIM). We discuss how processes such as collocation and concordance analysis were able to identify common categories of representation of RASIM as well as directing analysts to representative texts in order to carry out qualitative analysis. The article suggests a framework for adopting corpus approaches in critical discourse analysis.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {discsoci Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Baker, Paul and Gabrielatos, Costas and KhosraviNik, Majid and Krzyżanowski, Michał and McEnery, Tony and Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2008},
	note = {OCLC: 5919395996},
	pages = {273--306},
}

@incollection{wodak_integration_2017,
	address = {Florence},
	title = {Integration and culture: from ‘communicative competence’ to ‘competence in plurality’},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45187},
	abstract = {This book addresses the challenges that the current migration and refugee crisis poses to the traditional integration mechanisms and processes employed by European countries. These challenges arise from the unprecedented number of migrants and refugees that have recently entered Europe; the mostly unregulated and uncontrolled nature of this new immigration; the burden that this puts on those European countries that have previously had very little experience with immigration and integration; the desire of immigrants and refugees to settle in specific countries; the security concerns that have arisen in the aftermath of terrorist attacks. The book explores the medium and long-term impact of these and other challenges on the debate and measurement of the success of immigrant integration. It covers four aspects of integration: (I) citizenship and legal statuses, (II) education, (III) labor market integration, (IV) cultural integration.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2018-05-29},
	booktitle = {The integration of migrants and refugees: an {EUI} forum on migration, citizenship and demography},
	publisher = {European University Institute},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth},
	editor = {Bauböck, Rainer and Tripkovic, Milena},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 978287909},
	pages = {116--137},
}

@book{miller_strangers_2016,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	title = {Strangers in our midst: the political philosophy of immigration},
	isbn = {978-0-674-08890-0},
	shorttitle = {Strangers in our midst},
	abstract = {This book defends democratic states' rights to control their borders, and powerfully criticizes the arguments offered in support of international freedom of movement - common ownership of the earth, global equality of opportunity, and the human right to immigrate},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	author = {Miller, David},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 951009532},
}

@book{penninx_migration_2008,
	title = {Migration and integration in {Europe}: the state of research},
	shorttitle = {Migration and integration in {Europe}},
	language = {No Linguistic Content},
	publisher = {COMPAS, University of Oxford},
	author = {Penninx, R and Spencer, D and Hear, N, van},
	year = {2008},
	note = {OCLC: 6893659956},
}

@incollection{fellbaum_notitle_1998,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	isbn = {978-0-262-06197-1},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {{WordNet}: an electronic lexical database},
	publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	author = {Graeme, Hirst and St-onge, David},
	editor = {Fellbaum, Christiane},
	year = {1998},
	note = {OCLC: 760692490},
	pages = {305--332},
}

@misc{noauthor_10_nodate,
	title = {(10) {Lexical} {Chains} as {Representations} of {Context} for the {Detection} and {Correction} of {Malapropisms}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2735129_Lexical_Chains_as_Representations_of_Context_for_the_Detection_and_Correction_of_Malapropisms},
	abstract = {ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-05-24},
	journal = {ResearchGate},
}

@article{guha_rock:_2000,
	title = {Rock: {A} robust clustering algorithm for categorical attributes},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0306-4379},
	shorttitle = {Rock},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306437900000223},
	doi = {10.1016/S0306-4379(00)00022-3},
	abstract = {Clustering, in data mining, is useful to discover distribution patterns in the underlying data. Clustering algorithms usually employ a distance metric based (e.g., euclidean) similarity measure in order to partition the database such that data points in the same partition are more similar than points in different partitions. In this paper, we study clustering algorithms for data with boolean and categorical attributes. We show that traditional clustering algorithms that use distances between points for clustering are not appropriate for boolean and categorical attributes. Instead, we propose a novel concept of links to measure the similarity/proximity between a pair of data points. We develop a robust hierarchical clustering algorithm ROCK that employs links and not distances when merging clusters. Our methods naturally extend to non-metric similarity measures that are relevant in situations where a domain expert/similarity table is the only source of knowledge. In addition to presenting detailed complexity results for ROCK, we also conduct an experimental study with real-life as well as synthetic data sets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques. For data with categorical attributes, our findings indicate that ROCK not only generates better quality clusters than traditional algorithms, but it also exhibits good scalability properties.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-05-24},
	journal = {Information Systems},
	author = {Guha, Sudipto and Rastogi, Rajeev and Shim, Kyuseok},
	month = jul,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Clustering Algorithms, Data Mining, Knowledge Discovery},
	pages = {345--366},
}

@book{han_data_2011,
	address = {Haryana, India; Burlington, MA},
	edition = {3 edition},
	title = {Data {Mining}: {Concepts} and {Techniques}, {Third} {Edition}},
	isbn = {978-93-80931-91-3},
	shorttitle = {Data {Mining}},
	abstract = {The increasing volume of data in modern business and science calls for more complex and sophisticated tools. Although advances in data mining technology have made extensive data collection much easier, itâs still always evolving and there is a constant need for new techniques and tools that can help us transform this data into useful information and knowledge. Since the previous editionâs publication, great advances have been made in the field of data mining. Not only does the third of edition of Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques continue the tradition of equipping you with an understanding and application of the theory and practice of discovering patterns hidden in large data sets, it also focuses on new, important topics in the field: data warehouses and data cube technology, mining stream, mining social networks, and mining spatial, multimedia and other complex data. Each chapter is a stand-alone guide to a critical topic, presenting proven algorithms and sound implementations ready to be used directly or with strategic modification against live data. This is the resource you need if you want to apply todayâs most powerful data mining techniques to meet real business challenges. * Presents dozens of algorithms and implementation examples, all in pseudo-code and suitable for use in real-world, large-scale data mining projects. * Addresses advanced topics such as mining object-relational databases, spatial databases, multimedia databases, time-series databases, text databases, the World Wide Web, and applications in several fields. *Provides a comprehensive, practical look at the concepts and techniques you need to get the most out of your data},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	author = {Han, Jiawei and Kamber, Micheline and Pei, Jian},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
}

@article{xu_survey_2005,
	title = {Survey of clustering algorithms},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1045-9227},
	doi = {10.1109/TNN.2005.845141},
	abstract = {Data analysis plays an indispensable role for understanding various phenomena. Cluster analysis, primitive exploration with little or no prior knowledge, consists of research developed across a wide variety of communities. The diversity, on one hand, equips us with many tools. On the other hand, the profusion of options causes confusion. We survey clustering algorithms for data sets appearing in statistics, computer science, and machine learning, and illustrate their applications in some benchmark data sets, the traveling salesman problem, and bioinformatics, a new field attracting intensive efforts. Several tightly related topics, proximity measure, and cluster validation, are also discussed.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks},
	author = {Xu, Rui and Wunsch, D.},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Adaptive resonance theory (ART), Algorithms, Application software, Bioinformatics, Clustering algorithms, Computer Simulation, Computer science, Data analysis, Humans, Machine learning, Machine learning algorithms, Models, Statistical, Neural Networks (Computer), Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Statistics, Stochastic Processes, Traveling salesman problems, benchmark data sets, bioinformatics, cluster analysis, cluster validation, clustering, clustering algorithm, data analysis, neural networks, pattern classification, pattern clustering, proximity, self-organizing feature map (SOFM), traveling salesman problem},
	pages = {645--678},
}

@article{harris_distributional_1954,
	title = {Distributional structure},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Word. Journal of the linguistic circle of New York},
	author = {Harris, Zellig Sabbatai},
	year = {1954},
	pages = {146--162},
}

@article{newman_modularity_2006,
	title = {Modularity and community structure in networks},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482622/},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0601602103},
	abstract = {Many networks of interest in the sciences, including social networks, computer networks, and metabolic and regulatory networks, are found to divide naturally into communities or modules. The problem of detecting and characterizing this community structure is one of the outstanding issues in the study of networked systems. One highly effective approach is the optimization of the quality function known as “modularity” over the possible divisions of a network. Here I show that the modularity can be expressed in terms of the eigenvectors of a characteristic matrix for the network, which I call the modularity matrix, and that this expression leads to a spectral algorithm for community detection that returns results of demonstrably higher quality than competing methods in shorter running times. I illustrate the method with applications to several published network data sets.},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2018-05-23},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16723398},
	pmcid = {PMC1482622},
	pages = {8577--8582},
}

@article{viegas_f.b_participatory_2009,
	title = {Participatory visualization with wordle},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1077-2626},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	author = {{Viegas F.B} and {Wattenberg M} and {Feinberg J}},
	year = {2009},
	note = {OCLC: 469119124},
	pages = {1137--1144},
}

@book{accademia_della_crusca_vocabolario_1863,
	address = {In Firenze; Firenze},
	title = {Vocabolario degli {Accademici} della {Crusca}.},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Nella Tipografia galileiana di M. Cellini e C.(IS) Tipografia Galileiana.},
	author = {{Accademia della Crusca}},
	year = {1863},
	note = {OCLC: 797687165},
}

@book{park_immigrant_1922,
	address = {New York; London},
	title = {The immigrant press and its control,},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Harper \& Brothers},
	author = {Park, Robert Ezra},
	year = {1922},
	note = {OCLC: 711682462},
}

@incollection{parati_notitle_2011,
	address = {Madison [N.J.]; Lanham, Md.},
	isbn = {978-1-61147-038-3 978-1-61147-039-0},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The cultures of {Italian} migration: diverse trajectories and discrete perspectives},
	publisher = {Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ; Rowman \& Littlefield},
	author = {Deschamps, Bénédicte},
	editor = {Parati, Graziella and Tamburri, Anthony Julian},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 711777280},
	pages = {75--94},
}

@incollection{pompeo_stampa_2007,
	address = {Roma},
	title = {La stampa etnica negli {Stati} {Uniti} : {Tra} nostalgia nazionale, ricostruzione dell'identità e alternativa culturale},
	isbn = {978-88-8353-340-2},
	language = {Italian},
	booktitle = {La società di tutti: multiculturalismo e politiche dell'identità},
	publisher = {Meltemi},
	author = {Deschamps, Bénédicte},
	editor = {Pompeo, Francesco},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: 762297797},
	pages = {151--168},
}

@article{barrett_inbetween_1997,
	title = {Inbetween {Peoples}: {Race}, {Nationality} and the "{New} {Immigrant}" {Working} {Class}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0278-5927},
	shorttitle = {Inbetween {Peoples}},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {jamerethnhist Journal of American Ethnic History},
	author = {Barrett, James R and Roediger, David},
	year = {1997},
	note = {OCLC: 5543891291},
	pages = {3--44},
}

@book{roediger_working_2005,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Working toward whiteness: how {America}'s immigrants became white : the strange journey from {Ellis} {Island} to the suburbs},
	isbn = {978-0-465-07073-2},
	shorttitle = {Working toward whiteness},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {BasicBooks},
	author = {Roediger, David R},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 475064525},
}

@book{brodkin_how_1998,
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ},
	title = {How {Jews} became white folks and what that says about race in {America}},
	isbn = {978-0-8135-2589-1 978-0-8135-2590-7},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Rutgers Univ. Press},
	author = {Brodkin, Karen},
	year = {1998},
	note = {OCLC: 237334921},
}

@article{orsi_religious_1992,
	title = {The {Religious} {Boundaries} of an {Inbetween} {People}: {Street} {Feste} and the {Problem} of the {Dark}-{Skinned} {Other} in {Italian} {Harlem}, 1920-1990},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0003-0678},
	shorttitle = {The {Religious} {Boundaries} of an {Inbetween} {People}},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {amerquar American Quarterly},
	author = {Orsi, Robert},
	year = {1992},
	note = {OCLC: 5545566646},
	pages = {313--347},
}

@book{foley_white_1997,
	address = {Berkeley},
	title = {The white scourge: {Mexicans}, {Blacks}, and poor whites in {Texas} cotton culture},
	isbn = {978-0-520-20723-3 978-0-520-20724-0},
	shorttitle = {The white scourge},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Univ. of California Press},
	author = {Foley, Neil},
	year = {1997},
	note = {OCLC: 231724580},
}

@book{jacobson_whiteness_1998,
	address = {Cambridge; London},
	title = {Whiteness of a different color: {European} immigrants and the alchemy of race},
	isbn = {978-0-674-06371-6},
	shorttitle = {Whiteness of a different color},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	author = {Jacobson, Matthew Frye},
	year = {1998},
	note = {OCLC: 439573264},
}

@book{immigration_commission_1907-1910_immigration_1911,
	address = {Washington},
	title = {Immigration legislation.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {G.P.O.},
	author = {{Immigration Commission (1907-1910)} and Dillingham, William P and Shaw, Frank L and {United States} and {Immigration Commission (1907-1910)}},
	year = {1911},
	note = {OCLC: 81979752},
}

@incollection{luconi_frank_2003,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Frank {L}. {Rizzo} and the whitening of {Italian} {Americans} in {Philadelphia}},
	booktitle = {Are {Italians} {White}? {How} {Race} is made in {America}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Luconi, Stefano},
	editor = {Guglielmo, Jennifer and Salvatore, Salerno},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {177--191},
}

@book{guglielmo_are_2003,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Are {Italians} white?: how race is made in {America}},
	isbn = {978-0-415-93450-3 978-0-415-93451-0 978-0-203-61667-3},
	shorttitle = {Are {Italians} white?},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Guglielmo, Jennifer and Salerno, Salvatore},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 51622484},
}

@book{castellani_quanti_1982,
	address = {Roma},
	title = {Quanti erano gl'italofoni nel 1861?},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Salerno},
	author = {Castellani, Arrigo Ettore},
	year = {1982},
	note = {OCLC: 878094846},
}

@book{serianni_il_1990,
	address = {Bologna},
	title = {Il secondo {Ottocento}: dall'unità alla prima guerra mondiale},
	isbn = {978-88-15-02793-1},
	shorttitle = {Il secondo {Ottocento}},
	language = {Undetermined},
	publisher = {Soc. Ed. Il Mulino},
	author = {Serianni, Luca},
	year = {1990},
	note = {OCLC: 231339162},
}

@incollection{viola_polentone_nodate,
	address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
	title = {Polentone vs terrone: a historical corpus-based analysis of media representation of {Italian} internal migration},
	booktitle = {Migration and {Media}: {Discourses} about {Identities} in {Crisis}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	editor = {Musolff, Andreas and Viola, Lorella},
}

@article{vertovec_super-diversity_2007,
	title = {Super-diversity and its implications},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0141-9870},
	abstract = {AbstractDiversity in Britain is not what it used to be. Some thirty years of government policies, social service practices and public perceptions have been framed by a particular understanding of immigration and multicultural diversity. That is, Britain's immigrant and ethnic minority population has conventionally been characterized by large, well-organized African-Caribbean and South Asian communities of citizens originally from Commonwealth countries or formerly colonial territories. Policy frameworks and public understanding - and, indeed, many areas of social science - have not caught up with recently emergent demographic and social patterns. Britain can now be characterized by ‘super-diversity,’ a notion intended to underline a level and kind of complexity surpassing anything the country has previously experienced. Such a condition is distinguished by a dynamic interplay of variables among an increased number of new, small and scattered, multiple-origin, transnationally connected, socio-economically differentiated and legally stratified immigrants who have arrived over the last decade. Outlined here, new patterns of super-diversity pose significant challenges for both policy and research.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
	author = {Vertovec, Steven},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: 4901264526},
	pages = {1024--1054},
}

@book{blommaert_sociolinguistics_2013,
	title = {The sociolinguistics of globalization},
	isbn = {978-0-521-88406-8 978-0-521-71023-7},
	language = {English},
	author = {Blommaert, Jan},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 1012893957},
}

@book{arnaut_language_2015,
	title = {Language and {Superdiversity}.},
	isbn = {978-1-317-54833-1},
	url = {http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4219313},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2018-04-24},
	author = {Arnaut, Karel and Blommaert, Jan and Rampton, Ben and Spotti, Massimiliano},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: 934382587},
}

@article{bounegru_metaphors_2011,
	title = {Metaphors in editorial cartoons representing the global financial crisis},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1470-3572},
	abstract = {Lakoff and Johnson claim that metaphors play a crucial role in systematically structuring concepts, not just language. Probing the validity of this far-reaching claim requires an investigation of multimodal discourse. In this article, the authors analyse the 25 metaphors that structure a sample of 30 political cartoons pertaining to the global financial crisis that hit the world in 2008, and find that certain source domains recur systematically. They examine the role of visual and verbal modalities and argue that metaphors are manifestations of underlying conceptual ones. In the service of future research pertaining to multimodal metaphor and multimodal discourse, the authors also reflect on the methodological problems they encountered, and on the decisions they took to solve them.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Visual Communication},
	author = {Bounegru, Liliana and Forceville, Charles},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 729746112},
	pages = {209--229},
}

@article{musolff_metaphor_2011,
	title = {Metaphor in political dialogue},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2210-4119},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {LD Language and Dialogue},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 4815211140},
	pages = {191--206},
}

@book{musolff_metaphor_2004,
	address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York},
	title = {Metaphor and political discourse: analogical reasoning in debates about {Europe}},
	isbn = {978-1-4039-3389-8},
	shorttitle = {Metaphor and political discourse},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2004},
	note = {OCLC: 1025286722},
}

@book{charteris-black_corpus_2004,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis},
	isbn = {978-1-4039-3292-1},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Charteris-Black, Jonathan},
	year = {2004},
	note = {OCLC: 1025140802},
}

@article{group_mip:_2007,
	title = {{MIP}: {A} {Method} for {Identifying} {Metaphorically} {Used} {Words} in {Discourse}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1092-6488},
	shorttitle = {{MIP}},
	abstract = {This article presents an explicit method that can be reliably employed to identify metaphorically used words in discourse. Our aim is to provide metaphor scholars with a tool that may be flexibly applied to many research contexts. We present the "metaphor identification procedure" (MIP), followed by an example of how the procedure can be applied to identifying metaphorically used words in 1 text. We then suggest a format for reporting the results of MIP, and present the data from our case study describing the empirical reliability of the procedure, discuss several complications associated with using the procedure in practice, and then briefly compare MIP to other proposals on metaphor identification. The final section of the paper suggests ways that MIP may be employed in disciplinary and interdisciplinary studies of metaphor.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Metaphor and Symbol},
	author = {Group, Pragglejaz},
	year = {2007},
	note = {OCLC: 440372174},
	pages = {1--39},
}

@article{khosravinik_dynamics_2012,
	title = {Dynamics of {Representation} in {Discourse}: {Immigrants} in the {British} {Press}},
	shorttitle = {Dynamics of {Representation} in {Discourse}},
	language = {English},
	author = {KhosraviNik, Majid and Krzyżanowski, Michał and Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2012},
	note = {OCLC: 7323034879},
	pages = {283--295},
}

@book{hart_critical_2010,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Critical discourse analysis and cognitive science: new perspectives on immigration discourse},
	shorttitle = {Critical discourse analysis and cognitive science},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Hart, Christopher},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 863189243},
}

@article{kushner_meaning_2003,
	title = {Meaning nothing but good: ethics, history and asylum-seeker phobia in {Britain}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0031-322X},
	shorttitle = {Meaning nothing but good},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Patterns of Prejudice Patterns of Prejudice},
	author = {Kushner, Tony},
	year = {2003},
	note = {OCLC: 4660325041},
	pages = {257--276},
}

@article{charteris-black_britain_2006,
	title = {Britain as a container: immigration metaphors in the 2005 election campaign},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0957-9265},
	shorttitle = {Britain as a container},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}This article explores how metaphors contribute to the formation of legitimacy in right-wing political communication on immigration policy in the 2005 British election campaign. It investigates the role played by metaphors in the formation of right-wing political legitimacy and the differences in how metaphor is used by the far and centre-right. The two main types identified are 'natural disaster' metaphors - predominantly relating to fluids - and 'container' metaphors concerning a build up of pressure within or outside a container. These two types are related through the notion of a bounded area protecting what is within from external danger. The container metaphor is persuasive in political communication because it merges a fourth dimension of time with spatially based concepts of two or three dimensions. It implies that controlling immigration through maintaining the security of borders (a spatially-based concept) will ensure control over the rate of social change in Britain (a time-based concept). It also heightens emotional fears associated with the penetration of a container.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {discsoci Discourse \& Society},
	author = {Charteris-Black, Jonathan},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: 5919412285},
	pages = {563--581},
}

@book{jung_sprache_1997,
	address = {Opladen},
	title = {Die {Sprache} des {Migrationsdiskurses}: das {Reden} über "{Ausländer}" in {Medien}, {Politik} und {Alltag}},
	isbn = {978-3-531-12924-2},
	shorttitle = {Die {Sprache} des {Migrationsdiskurses}},
	language = {German},
	publisher = {Westdeutscher Verlag},
	editor = {Jung, Matthias and Wengeler, Martin and Böke, Karin and {Fachtagung "Migrationsdiskurse"}},
	year = {1997},
	note = {OCLC: 38865765},
}

@book{becker_asyldiskurs_2015,
	address = {Frankfurt am Main},
	title = {Der {Asyldiskurs} in {Deutschland}: eine medienlinguistische {Untersuchung} von {Pressetexten}, {Onlineforen} und {Polit}-{Talkshows}},
	isbn = {978-3-631-66652-4},
	shorttitle = {Der {Asyldiskurs} in {Deutschland}},
	language = {German},
	publisher = {PL Academic Research},
	author = {Becker, Maria},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: 960941816},
}

@book{cap_proximization:_2013,
	address = {Amsterdam; Philadelphia},
	title = {Proximization: the pragmatics of symbolic distance crossing},
	isbn = {978-90-272-5637-9},
	shorttitle = {Proximization},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Benjamins},
	author = {Cap, Piotr},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 875775367},
}

@book{billig_banal_1995,
	address = {London},
	title = {Banal nationalism},
	isbn = {978-0-8039-7524-8 978-0-8039-7525-5},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Sage},
	author = {Billig, Michael},
	year = {1995},
	note = {OCLC: 1023923673},
}

@book{bhabha_location_2004,
	address = {London},
	title = {The location of culture},
	isbn = {978-0-415-33639-0},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Bhabha, Homi K},
	year = {2004},
	note = {OCLC: 1027895372},
}

@book{anderson_imagined_2006,
	address = {London},
	title = {Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism},
	isbn = {978-1-84467-086-4},
	shorttitle = {Imagined communities},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Verso},
	author = {Anderson, Benedict R. O'G},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: 963762428},
}

@article{musolff_immigrants_2012,
	title = {Immigrants and {Parasites}: {The} {History} of a {Bio}-social {Metaphor}},
	shorttitle = {Immigrants and {Parasites}},
	language = {English},
	author = {Musolff, Andreas},
	year = {2012},
	note = {OCLC: 7323015968},
	pages = {249--258},
}

@article{holmes_community_1999,
	title = {The {Community} of {Practice}: {Theories} and methodologies in language and gender research},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0047-4045},
	shorttitle = {The {Community} of {Practice}},
	language = {No Linguistic Content},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Lang. Soc. Language in Society},
	author = {Holmes, Janet and Meyrhoff, Miriam},
	year = {1999},
	note = {OCLC: 4654339619},
	pages = {173--183},
}

@book{wenger_communities_2008,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Communities of practice: learning, meaning, and identity},
	isbn = {978-0-521-43017-3 978-0-521-66363-2},
	shorttitle = {Communities of practice},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Wenger, Etienne},
	year = {2008},
	note = {OCLC: 716702160},
}

@book{wodak_politics_2015,
	address = {Los Angeles},
	title = {The politics of fear: what right-wing populist discourses mean},
	isbn = {978-1-4462-4700-6},
	shorttitle = {The politics of fear},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {SAGE},
	author = {Wodak, Ruth},
	year = {2015},
	note = {OCLC: 927084915},
}

@book{haynes_public_2016,
	address = {London; New York},
	title = {Public and political discourses of migration: international perspectives},
	isbn = {978-1-78348-328-0 978-1-78348-327-3},
	shorttitle = {Public and political discourses of migration},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield International},
	author = {Haynes, Amanda and Power, Martin J and Devereux, Eoin},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 953796913},
}

@book{hampshire_politics_2013,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {The politics of immigration: contradictions of the liberal {State}},
	isbn = {978-0-7456-3898-0 978-0-7456-3899-7},
	shorttitle = {The politics of immigration},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Polity},
	author = {Hampshire, James},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 909373725},
}

@book{freeman_immigration_2013,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Immigration and public opinion in liberal democracies},
	isbn = {978-0-415-51908-3},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Freeman, Gary P and Hansen, Randall and Leal, David L},
	year = {2013},
	note = {OCLC: 852216177},
}

@incollection{pell_terroni_2010,
	address = {Leicester},
	title = {Terroni di mezzo: dangerous physiognomies},
	booktitle = {From terrone to extracomunitario : new manifestations of racism in contemporary {Italian} cinema : shifting demographics and changing images in a multi-cultural globalized society},
	publisher = {Troubadour Pub.},
	author = {Pell, Gregory},
	editor = {Bullaro, Grace Russo},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {178 -- 218},
}

@book{bullaro_terrone_2010,
	address = {Leicester},
	title = {From terrone to extracomunitario: new manifestations of racism in contemporary {Italian} cinema : shifting demographics and changing images in a multi-cultural globalized society},
	isbn = {978-1-84876-176-6},
	shorttitle = {From terrone to extracomunitario},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Troubadour Pub.},
	author = {Bullaro, Grace Russo},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 620103679},
}

@incollection{rossini_favretti_corpus_2003,
	address = {Munich},
	title = {A corpus of written {Italian}: a defined and a dynamic model},
	booktitle = {A {Rainbow} of {Corpora}: {Corpus} {Linguistics} and the {Languages} of the {World}},
	publisher = {LINCOM Europa},
	author = {Rossini Favretti, Rema and Tamburini, Fabio and De Santis, Cristiana},
	editor = {Wilson, Andrew and Rayson, Paul and McEnery, Tony},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {27--38},
}

@book{panzini_dizionario_1963,
	title = {Dizionario moderno: appendice parole nuove},
	shorttitle = {Dizionario moderno},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Hoeplu},
	author = {Panzini, Alfredo and Migliorini, Bruno},
	year = {1963},
	note = {OCLC: 59378308},
}

@book{panzini_dizionario_1942,
	address = {Milano},
	title = {Dizionario moderno delle parole che non si trovano nei dizionari comuni.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {U. Hoepli},
	author = {Panzini, Alfredo},
	year = {1942},
	note = {OCLC: 606871213},
}

@book{deglinnocenti_lemigrazione_1978,
	address = {Firenze},
	title = {L’emigrazione nella storia d’{Italia} dal 1914 al 1975},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Vallecchi},
	author = {Degl'Innocenti, Maurizio},
	year = {1978},
	note = {OCLC: 885584450},
}

@book{barbagallo_lavoro_1973,
	address = {Napoli},
	title = {Lavoro ed esodo nel sud: 1861-1971},
	shorttitle = {Lavoro ed esodo nel sud},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Guida},
	author = {Barbagallo, Francesco},
	year = {1973},
	note = {OCLC: 797734880},
}

@article{casacchia_migrazioni_1999,
	title = {Migrazioni interne e migrazioni internazionali: il nuovo ruolo del {Mezzogiorno} nel sistema migratorio nazionale},
	shorttitle = {Migrazioni interne e migrazioni internazionali},
	language = {Italian},
	journal = {Mezzogiorno e migrazioni interne / a cura di Corrado Bonifazi},
	author = {Casacchia, Oliviero and Natale, Luisa and Strozza, Salvatore},
	year = {1999},
	note = {OCLC: 849043343},
}

@book{pugliese_italia_2006,
	address = {Bologna},
	title = {L'{Italia} tra migrazioni internazionali e migrazioni interne},
	isbn = {978-88-15-11287-3},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Il mulino},
	author = {Pugliese, Enrico},
	year = {2006},
	note = {OCLC: 71777107},
}

@article{santillo_i_2010,
	title = {I flussi migratori tra memoria storica e nuovi modelli di mobilità. {Le} migrazioni interne e il {Mezzogiorno}},
	journal = {Rivista di storia finanziaria},
	author = {Santillo, Marco},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {51--84},
}

@book{rosoli_secolo_1978,
	address = {Roma},
	title = {Un secolo di emigrazione italiana. 1876-1976},
	publisher = {Centro studi emigrazione},
	author = {Rosoli, Gianfausto},
	year = {1978},
}

@book{candeloro_storia_1975,
	address = {Milano},
	title = {Storia dell’{Italia} moderna vol. {I}},
	publisher = {Feltrinelli},
	author = {Candeloro, Giorgio},
	year = {1975},
}

@book{di_fiore_controstoria_2016,
	address = {Milano},
	title = {Controstoria dell'unità d'{Italia}: fatti e misfatti del {Risorgimento}},
	isbn = {978-88-17-04281-9},
	shorttitle = {Controstoria dell'unità d'{Italia}},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {BUR Rizzoli},
	author = {Di Fiore, Gigi},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 981569775},
}

@book{mack_smith_storia_2011,
	address = {Roma; Bari},
	title = {Storia d'{Italia} dal 1861 al 1997},
	isbn = {978-88-420-6143-4},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {GLF editori Laterza},
	author = {Mack Smith, Denis},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 819295195},
}

@book{de_mauro_storia_2005,
	address = {Roma},
	title = {Storia linguistica dell'{Italia} unita},
	isbn = {978-88-420-3742-2},
	language = {Italian},
	publisher = {Ed. Laterza},
	author = {De Mauro, Tullio},
	year = {2005},
	note = {OCLC: 255696765},
}

@book{maiden_linguistic_1995,
	address = {London},
	title = {A linguistic history of {Italian}},
	isbn = {978-0-582-05928-3},
	abstract = {A Linguistic History of Italian offers a clear and concise explanation of why modern Italian grammar has become the way it is. It focuses on the effects of historical changes on the modern structure of Italian, revealing patterns and structures which are not always apparent to those who are only familiar with modern Italian. Although the book concentrates on the internal history of the language, the emergence of Italian is considered against the wider background of the history of the Italian dialects, and other external factors such as cultural and social influences are also examined.Surveys of current research are included, covering a wide range of phenomena recently brought to light or re-evaluated. This book includes discussion of some areas relatively neglected by earlier histories of the language, such as the development of Italian outside Italy. Particular attention is paid to the influence of other Romance dialects, the linguistic effects of Italian becoming a literary rather than a spoken language, and structural variations which have resulted from the acquisition of the language by a predominantly dialect-speaking population.Containing clearly presented examples, the book is designed to be accessible to those with no knowledge of Italian itself. It will therefore appeal to students of general linguistics, history linguistics, and Romance linguistics, as well as those studying Italian. It is the only major 'internal' history of Italian currently available in English.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Longman},
	author = {Maiden, Martin},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: GRhdAAAAMAAJ},
	keywords = {Foreign Language Study / Italian, History / World, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical \& Comparative},
}

@book{dazeglio_i_1866,
	address = {Roma},
	series = {Raccolta {Azegliana}},
	title = {I miei ricordi},
	publisher = {Archivio dell’Istituto per la Storia del Risorgimento},
	author = {D'Azeglio, Massimo},
	year = {1866},
}

@book{dannunzio_per_1915,
	address = {Milano},
	title = {Per la più grande {Italia}: orazioni e messaggi di {Gabriele} {D}’{Annunzio}},
	publisher = {Fratelli Treves},
	author = {D'Annunzio, Gabriele},
	year = {1915},
}

@misc{noauthor_annunzio:_nodate,
	title = {d'{Annunzio}: {Per} la più grande {Italia}: orazioni e... - {Google} {Scholar}},
	url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&publication_year=1915&author=Gabriele+D%E2%80%99Annunzio&title=Per+la+pi%C3%B9+grande+Italia%3A+orazioni+e+messaggi+di+Gabriele+D%E2%80%99Annunzio},
	urldate = {2018-03-27},
}

@article{hom_origins_2013,
	title = {On the {Origins} of {Making} {Italy}: {Massimo} {D}’{Azeglio} and ‘{Fatta} l’{Italia}, bisogna fare gli {Italiani}’},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0161-4622},
	shorttitle = {On the {Origins} of {Making} {Italy}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1179/0161462212Z.00000000012},
	doi = {10.1179/0161462212Z.00000000012},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-27},
	journal = {Italian Culture},
	author = {Hom, Stephanie Malia},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1--16},
}

@article{hom_origins_2013-1,
	title = {On the {Origins} of {Making} {Italy}: {Massimo} {D}’{Azeglio} and ‘{Fatta} l’{Italia}, bisogna fare gli {Italiani}’},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0161-4622},
	shorttitle = {On the {Origins} of {Making} {Italy}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1179/0161462212Z.00000000012},
	doi = {10.1179/0161462212Z.00000000012},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-27},
	journal = {Italian Culture},
	author = {Hom, Stephanie Malia},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1--16},
}

@book{dazeglio_i_2011,
	address = {Torino},
	title = {I miei ricordi},
	urldate = {2018-03-26},
	publisher = {UTET},
	author = {d'Azeglio, Massimo},
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{genovesi_il_1974,
	address = {Roma/Bari},
	title = {Il problema della terra},
	booktitle = {Il {Il} {Sud} nella storia d’{Italia}},
	publisher = {Laterza},
	author = {Genovesi, Antonio},
	editor = {Villari, Rosario},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {3--11},
}

@book{migliorini_parole_1975,
	address = {Milano},
	title = {Parole e storia},
	language = {it},
	publisher = {Rizzoli},
	author = {Migliorini, Bruno},
	year = {1975},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: 1OvWnQAACAAJ},
}

@misc{noauthor_panzini_nodate,
	title = {Panzini, {Dizionario} moderno hoepli 1950 nona edizione},
	url = {https://www.maremagnum.com/libri-antichi/panzini-dizionario-moderno-hoepli-1950-nona-edizione/137089473},
	abstract = {Panzini
dizionario moderno
nona edizione   con un proemio di a. schiaffini e un'appendice di b. migliorino
hoepli  editore 1950
997 pagine
brossura
usato in buono stato .  tracce d'uso legate agli anni(tracce di colla trasparente ) e minimo strappo margine pagina finale},
	language = {it},
	urldate = {2018-03-26},
	journal = {Maremagnum.com},
}

@article{lampugnani_envisioning_2002,
	title = {Envisioning the {Italian} migrant experience in {Australia}. {Giorgio} {Mangiamele}, poet of the image},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Italian Historical Society Journal},
	author = {Lampugnani, Raffaele},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {16--24},
}

@article{tartamella_il_2016,
	title = {Il “volgarometro”: un questionario per valutare la forza offensiva delle parolacce},
	url = {http://www.llsh.univ-savoie.fr/automne_modules_files/pmedia/public/r963_9__insultes_-_v._tartamella.pdf},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2017-03-20},
	journal = {Les insultes : bilan et perspectives, théorie et actions},
	author = {Tartamella, Vito},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {113--138},
}

@book{villari_il_1974,
	address = {Roma/Bari},
	title = {Il {Sud} nella storia d’{Italia}},
	publisher = {Laterza},
	author = {Villari, Rosario},
	year = {1974},
}

@article{viola_corpus-based_2017,
	title = {A corpus-based investigation of language change in {Italian}. {The} case of grazie/ringraziare di and grazie/ringraziare per},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {372--388},
}

@book{burdick_digital_humanities._2016,
	address = {Place of publication not identified},
	title = {Digital\_humanities.},
	isbn = {978-0-262-52886-3},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Mit Press},
	author = {Burdick, Anne},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 926821221},
}

@article{nicholson_digital_2013,
	title = {{THE} {DIGITAL} {TURN}: {Exploring} the methodological possibilities of digital newspaper archives},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1368-8804, 1469-9729},
	shorttitle = {{THE} {DIGITAL} {TURN}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13688804.2012.752963},
	doi = {10.1080/13688804.2012.752963},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-08},
	journal = {Media History},
	author = {Nicholson, Bob},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {59--73},
}

@book{berry_understanding_2012,
	title = {Understanding {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Palgrave MacMillan},
	editor = {Berry, David},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{viola_stai_2016,
	title = {Stai scherzando?‘{Are} you kidding?’: {Investigating} the influence of dubbing on the {Italian} {Progressive}},
	volume = {28},
	shorttitle = {Stai scherzando?},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Italian Journal of Linguistics},
	author = {Viola, Lorella},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {181--202},
}
